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Research and Application Status of Flame Retardants Compatible with Flammable Low-GWP Refrigerants
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Rui Zhai1, Zhijun Li1, Zhao Yang2, Yuan Zhuang1, Bin Ye1, Jingchun Tang1, Hongling Zhao1
Journal of Refrigeration | 2025, 46(4) : 13 - 21
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Journal of Refrigeration | 2025, 46(4): 13-21
Research and Application Status of Flame Retardants Compatible with Flammable Low-GWP Refrigerants
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Rui Zhai1, Zhijun Li1, Zhao Yang2, Yuan Zhuang1, Bin Ye1, Jingchun Tang1, Hongling Zhao1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
  • 2.School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
Published: 2025-08-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.013
Outline
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The current greenhouse effect and the "dual-carbon" goal have set off a new wave of refrigerant substitution, requiring new refrigerants to achieve a comprehensive balance between environmental protection, safety and thermal properties. However, there are currently no ideal substitutes for these refrigerants. Most environmentally friendly refrigerants, such as R290, R32, and R1234yf, which have low ozone depletion potential (ODP) and Global Warming Potential (GWP), are flammable and pose safety risks. Identifying suitable flame retardants for environmentally friendly flammable refrigerants has emerged as a crucial focus of current research on refrigerant alternatives. This article provides a recent overview of research progress on the compatibility of flame retardants with flammable refrigerants. The main focus was categorizing the various flame retardants and assessing their efficacy across different flammable substances. It also discusses their performance, effects, mechanisms, and environmental impacts. Furthermore, the article analyzes their potential applications and development trends and recommends flame retardants compatible with flammable substances.

flammable refrigerants  /  flame retardants  /  safety  /  flame retarding properties  /  research status
Rui Zhai, Zhijun Li, Zhao Yang, Yuan Zhuang, Bin Ye, Jingchun Tang, Hongling Zhao. Research and Application Status of Flame Retardants Compatible with Flammable Low-GWP Refrigerants[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (4) : 13 -21 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.013
Funding
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  • National Natural Science Foundation of China(52106005)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China(52076065)
  • China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M721059)
  • Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Central Universities(JZ2023HGTB0254)
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Year 2025 volume 46 Issue 4
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Article Info
doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.013
  • Receive Date：2024-03-12
  • Online Date：2026-03-13
  • Published：2025-08-16
Article Data
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History
  • Received：2024-03-12
  • Revised：2024-04-16
  • Accepted：2024-07-18
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52106005)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52076065)
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M721059)
Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Central Universities(JZ2023HGTB0254)
Affiliations
    1.School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
    2.School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China

Corresponding:

Zhuang Yuan, male, associate professor, School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 86-13920110876, E-mail: . Research fields: advanced composite combustion technology and reaction dynamics, high efficiency and environmentally friendly power technology, new energy science and advanced power system, mobile source pollutant control and prediction.
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.04.013
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小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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