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A Multi-connected Air Conditioner with Refrigerant and Water Using Hot Water from District Heating System for Direct Heating
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Fuhai Zha1, Yuan Wang1, Xianting Li1, Defang Guo2, Chao Gu2
Journal of Refrigeration | 2025, 46(2) : 38 - 46
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Journal of Refrigeration | 2025, 46(2): 38-46
A Multi-connected Air Conditioner with Refrigerant and Water Using Hot Water from District Heating System for Direct Heating
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Fuhai Zha1, Yuan Wang1, Xianting Li1, Defang Guo2, Chao Gu2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
  • 2.Qingdao Haier Air Conditioning Electronics Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266000, China
Published: 2025-04-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.038
Outline
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In northern China, public buildings commonly use direct-expansion air-conditioning systems for cooling and district heating networks for heating, necessitating separate terminals for each function. This study proposes a multi-connected air conditioning system capable of utilizing refrigerants and water for direct heating with hot water from district heating systems. The system integrates three-fluid heat exchangers within indoor units, enabling seamless switching between direct-expansion air-conditioning and district heating systems. Using an office building in Beijing as a case study, the system was evaluated under summer cooling design conditions, and its heating performance during winter and transitional seasons was analyzed. Results reveal that during winter, the system requires user-side water temperatures below 54 ℃, while in transitional seasons, the direct-expansion mode delivers unit capacities exceeding peak heating demands with energy efficiency surpassing 3.5 over 49% of operating hours. This system simplifies existing configurations by providing a single terminal for year-round heating and cooling, enhancing efficiency and thermal comfort.

Fuhai Zha, Yuan Wang, Xianting Li, Defang Guo, Chao Gu. A Multi-connected Air Conditioner with Refrigerant and Water Using Hot Water from District Heating System for Direct Heating[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (2) : 38 -46 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.038
Funding
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  • National Natural Science Foundation of China(52178078)
Appendix
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Year 2025 volume 46 Issue 2
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46
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Article Info
doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.038
  • Receive Date：2023-12-04
  • Online Date：2026-03-13
  • Published：2025-04-16
Article Data
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History
  • Received：2023-12-04
  • Revised：2023-12-21
  • Accepted：2024-01-30
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52178078)
Affiliations
    1.School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
    2.Qingdao Haier Air Conditioning Electronics Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266000, China

Corresponding:

Li Xianting, male, professor, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, 86-10-62785860, E-mail: . Research fields: demand-oriented non-uniform indoor environment and energy-efficient equipment and system for built environment.
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
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光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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