Article(id=1322928495046820364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926985957221241, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.11.026, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793340332041, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1762704000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793340332041, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793340332041, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793340332041, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322926985957221241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762704000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339972247, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340743335, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322930220201804556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926985957221241, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322930220201804557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926985957221241, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=131, endPage=135, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322928495512388109, articleId=1322928495046820364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Non-Specific Drug Resistance of Helicobacter pylori and Anti-Drug Resistance Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Increased resistance of Helicobacter pylori to antibiotics is the primary factor contributing to the failure of clinical eradication therapy. Resistance mechanisms include specific resistance to certain types of antibiotics and nonspecific resistance to external attack factors. The latter includes impaired drug uptake/excretory mechanisms,biofilm formation,spherical transformation,and internalization of Helicobacter pylori,all of which are significant in the development of multidrug resistance in Helicobacter pylori. The use of Chinese herbal medicines or their active ingredients to enhance Helicobacter pylori eradication rates,inhibit drug-resistant strains and increase sensitivity to antibiotics has garnered increased attention in eradication therapy. The pathways of action of these herbal medicines are primarily associated with nonspecific resistance mechanisms. This review focused on the nonspecific drug resistance of Helicobacter pylori and the anti-drug resistance mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine to address the growing issue of antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori,which holds great clinical significance.

, authors=Yuqin ZHANG, Qiuyue HUANG, Xiaofen JIA, Hui YE, Xuezhi ZHANG, authorsList=Yuqin ZHANG, Qiuyue HUANG, Xiaofen JIA, Hui YE, Xuezhi ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xuezhi ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322928498079302160, articleId=1322928495046820364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=幽门螺杆菌非特异性耐药与中药抗耐药机制的研究进展, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,HP)对抗生素耐药性的增加是导致临床根除治疗失败的最主要因素,其耐药机制包括针对特定类型抗生素的特异性耐药,以及针对外部攻击因子的非特异性耐药,后者主要包括药物摄取/外排机制受损、生物膜形成、球形变和HP内化等,是导致HP多药耐药的重要机制。中药或其有效成分提高HP根除率、抑制耐药HP、提高HP对抗生素敏感性的作用使其在根除治疗中的作用日益受到重视,其作用途径主要与非特异性耐药机制相关。对幽门螺杆菌的非特异性耐药以及中药抗耐药机制进行综述,以帮助解决幽门螺杆菌耐药性不断上升的问题,具有重要的临床意义。

, authors=张毓芹, 黄秋月, 贾晓芬, 叶晖, 张学智, authorsList=张毓芹, 黄秋月, 贾晓芬, 叶晖, 张学智, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张学智, authorNote=

张毓芹(1999-),女,甘肃兰州人,博士在读,研究方向:损伤性胃黏膜疾病的中西医结合诊疗。

, correspAuthorsNote=
张学智(1965-),男,北京人,教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:消化系统疾病的中西医结合诊疗。E-mail:。
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张毓芹(1999-),女,甘肃兰州人,博士在读,研究方向:损伤性胃黏膜疾病的中西医结合诊疗。

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幽门螺杆菌非特异性耐药与中药抗耐药机制的研究进展
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张毓芹 , 黄秋月 , 贾晓芬 , 叶晖 , 张学智
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(11): 131-135
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (11) : 131 -135
幽门螺杆菌非特异性耐药与中药抗耐药机制的研究进展
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张毓芹(1999-),女,甘肃兰州人,博士在读,研究方向:损伤性胃黏膜疾病的中西医结合诊疗。

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张毓芹(1999-),女,甘肃兰州人,博士在读,研究方向:损伤性胃黏膜疾病的中西医结合诊疗。

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张毓芹, 黄秋月, 贾晓芬, 叶晖, 张学智
作者信息
  • 北京大学第一医院,北京大学中西医结合研究所,北京 100034
通讯作者:
张学智(1965-),男,北京人,教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:消化系统疾病的中西医结合诊疗。E-mail:。
作者简介:

张毓芹(1999-),女,甘肃兰州人,博士在读,研究方向:损伤性胃黏膜疾病的中西医结合诊疗。

Research Progress of Non-Specific Drug Resistance of Helicobacter pylori and Anti-Drug Resistance Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Yuqin ZHANG, Qiuyue HUANG, Xiaofen JIA, Hui YE, Xuezhi ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Peking University First Hospital,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine,Peking University,Beijing 100034,China
出版时间: 2025-11-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.11.026
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幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,HP)对抗生素耐药性的增加是导致临床根除治疗失败的最主要因素,其耐药机制包括针对特定类型抗生素的特异性耐药,以及针对外部攻击因子的非特异性耐药,后者主要包括药物摄取/外排机制受损、生物膜形成、球形变和HP内化等,是导致HP多药耐药的重要机制。中药或其有效成分提高HP根除率、抑制耐药HP、提高HP对抗生素敏感性的作用使其在根除治疗中的作用日益受到重视,其作用途径主要与非特异性耐药机制相关。对幽门螺杆菌的非特异性耐药以及中药抗耐药机制进行综述,以帮助解决幽门螺杆菌耐药性不断上升的问题,具有重要的临床意义。

幽门螺杆菌  /  非特异性耐药机制  /  外排泵  /  生物膜  /  球形变  /  中药抗耐药机制

Increased resistance of Helicobacter pylori to antibiotics is the primary factor contributing to the failure of clinical eradication therapy. Resistance mechanisms include specific resistance to certain types of antibiotics and nonspecific resistance to external attack factors. The latter includes impaired drug uptake/excretory mechanisms,biofilm formation,spherical transformation,and internalization of Helicobacter pylori,all of which are significant in the development of multidrug resistance in Helicobacter pylori. The use of Chinese herbal medicines or their active ingredients to enhance Helicobacter pylori eradication rates,inhibit drug-resistant strains and increase sensitivity to antibiotics has garnered increased attention in eradication therapy. The pathways of action of these herbal medicines are primarily associated with nonspecific resistance mechanisms. This review focused on the nonspecific drug resistance of Helicobacter pylori and the anti-drug resistance mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine to address the growing issue of antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori,which holds great clinical significance.

Helicobacter pylori  /  non-specific resistance mechanism  /  efflux pump  /  biofilm  /  spherical change  /  anti-resistance mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine
张毓芹, 黄秋月, 贾晓芬, 叶晖, 张学智. 幽门螺杆菌非特异性耐药与中药抗耐药机制的研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (11) : 131 -135 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.11.026
Yuqin ZHANG, Qiuyue HUANG, Xiaofen JIA, Hui YE, Xuezhi ZHANG. Research Progress of Non-Specific Drug Resistance of Helicobacter pylori and Anti-Drug Resistance Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (11) : 131 -135 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.11.026
幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,HP)是一种螺旋状、微需氧的革兰氏阴性杆菌,定植于胃[1]。全球范围内HP感染率普遍较高,中国大陆的HP总患病率为44.2%[2]。HP感染能够导致慢性胃炎、消化性溃疡、胃癌等消化系统疾病,世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构工作组和美国卫生公共服务部分别于1994和2022年将HP确定为人类致癌物[3]。近年来,由于抗生素的普遍使用,HP对抗生素的耐药性逐渐增加。HP的耐药模式可分为单药耐药性(Single drug resistance,SDR)、多药耐药性(Multidrug resistance,MDR)和异药耐药性(Heteroresistance,HR),它们在分子机制和临床意义上可能重叠和相关[4]。多药耐药性一般与非特异性耐药机制有关,包括药物摄取/外排机制受损、生物膜形成、球形变和HP内化等,HP通过这些高度复杂的机制来逃避抗生素作用。近年来,中药因其在提高HP根除率、降低HP耐药性、改善患者症状、降低不良反应等方面具有积极效应而受到关注。基础研究发现,中药主要通过干预非特异性耐药机制提高HP对抗生素的敏感性。本文旨在对HP的非特异性耐药途径以及中药抗耐药HP作用机制进行概述,以增进对HP非特异性耐药机制的理解,为提高临床HP根除率提供新的思路。
外排泵被认为是导致HP非特异性耐药性的关键因素之一[5]。外排泵是一种横跨细胞膜的蛋白,能够将菌体内的多种抗生素主动排出以降低胞内药物浓度,从而引起药物抵抗。外排泵可分为6个家族:ATP结合盒家族(ATPbinding cassette,ABC)、促进因子超家族(Major facilitator superfamily,MFS)、多药和毒物外排家族(Multidrug and toxic efflux,MATE)、小多重耐药家族(Small multidrug resistance,SMR)、耐受-结节-细胞分裂家族(Resistance nodulation and cell division family,RND)和变形菌抗菌化合物外流超家族(Proteobacterial antimicrobial compound efflux superfamily,PACE)。其中,ABC家族选择ATP作为其主要的能源来源来推动运输过程,而另外5个外排泵家族则依赖于在跨膜离子梯度中捕获的电化学能量来提供所需的动力[6]。在抗生素浓度增加的环境中,HP外排泵系统的表达过度,导致菌株对多种抗生素产生耐药性[7]。RND家族、ABC家族、MFS家族和MATE家族与HP单药耐药性或多药耐药性有关[8]。尤其是RND家族中的外排泵AcrAB-TolC系统,它是由内膜中的转运蛋白、周质辅助蛋白和外膜通道蛋白组成的,并分别由HP0605-0607(hefABC)、HP0969-0971(hefDEF)、HP1327-1329(hefGHI)和HP1487-1489组成的4个基因簇编码[9]。转运蛋白能在细胞质中捕获抗生素,并通过外膜通道蛋白将其转运到细胞外[10]。甲硝唑浓度的增加能够造成外排泵相关基因HP0605、HP0971、HP1327和HP1489基因的过度表达[11],HP0605和HP0971同时失活可增加HP对甲硝唑敏感度[12],hefA的过度表达可能是HP获得甲硝唑耐药性的最初步骤[13]。HP对克拉霉素的耐药除了与23s rRNA突变相关外,还与RND外排泵的作用相关[14],HP0939、HP0497和HP0471基因通过改变外排泵hefA和hefI造成HP对克拉霉素的耐受[15]。红霉素、甲硝唑、青霉素G、四环素和环丙沙星耐药的菌株中hefA基因表达也显著升高[16]。但外排泵的过度表达不影响阿莫西林和氨苄青霉素的杀菌活性,可能是由于这些抗生素作用于细菌细胞壁,不通过外排泵机制排出细胞[17]。
HP是一种螺旋状杆菌,当面临恶劣的环境条件,如氧含量增加、培养时间延长或暴露于抗生素时,HP细菌形态从螺旋形变为球状以适应不利条件[18]。球状菌的形式分为A、B型两种:A型表面形状不规则、粗糙,鞭毛少,细胞质膜模糊,掩盖了细胞质内的大部分结构,并相互黏附,无生物活性;B型表面光滑,鞭毛紧密环绕,膜结构相对清晰,细胞质内结构得以维持,处于低活力状态[19],与指数期生长的可培养菌体相比,具有较低的代谢率和不同的基因表达谱[20]。球形变的B型HP以休眠形式存活,当环境条件变好,能够恢复到原始螺旋形式,再次具备感染能力[21]。HP的球形菌株通常对抗生素具有耐药性,能够在含有抗生素(如甲硝唑、四环素、克拉霉素、阿莫西林、呋喃唑酮、环丙沙星和利福平)的培养基上生长7天[22];阿莫西林可以在体外杀灭螺旋型HP,但对体内球状菌没有作用[23]。
细菌生物膜是由细菌和细菌分泌的蛋白质、多糖、脂质、DNA等胞外聚合物(extracellular polymers,EPS)组成的复合物[24-25]。与其他细菌一样,HP形成生物膜分为附着、生长、成熟、扩散4个步骤[26-27]。生物膜对恶劣的环境(如饥饿、高氧自由基环境、抗生素暴露等)具有较高的抵抗力[25],是HP产生抗生素耐药性的重要机制。研究发现,生物膜能够提高细菌在接触抗生素后的存活率[28],并且生物膜细胞的耐药性比浮游细胞提高了近1000倍[29]。
生物膜导致抗生素耐药的机制是比较复杂的,主要有(1)细胞外聚合物(EPS)的屏障保护:EPS位于生物膜的最外层,抗生素渗透进EPS的能力较差,所以EPS能够保护HP不被靶标在细胞内的抗生素和人体免疫细胞作用[30]。此外,EPS带负电,形成天然的电荷屏障,限制了带正电的抗生素渗透[26]。(2)代谢下降:生物膜内的菌体以缓慢生长或饥饿状态存在于氧气和营养成分含量低的生物膜内部环境,其生长速率低,代谢活性低,对抗生素不敏感[24]。(3)球形变:HP的形态转化和生物膜形成过程似乎密切相关,并可能相互诱导,球形形式通过自动聚集能力升高刺激生物膜的形成,而生物膜通过降低营养物质或氧气浓度来促进HP向球形形式的转变[31]。(4)外排泵:与浮游细胞相比,生物膜HP细胞编码外排泵的基因表达增加了数倍,包括HP0471(kefB)、HP0497、HP0605(hefA)、HP0939(yckJ)、HP 1165(tetA)、HP 1174(gluP)、HP1327(crdB/hefG)、HP1486(ybhS)和HP1489[31]。若使用外排泵抑制剂(Efflux pump inhibitor,EPI),可观察到生物膜形成显著减少[32]。(5)黏附:黏附是启动HP生物膜形成重要过程,由黏附素及其受体介导,并在生物膜的全生命周期中起到关键作用[27]。黏附素是一种由HP表达的外膜蛋白,参与胃黏膜的黏附和定植,目前研究已经发现中性粒细胞激活蛋白A(Neutrophil-activating protein A,napA)、唾液酸结合黏附素A(Sialic acid-binding adhesin A,sabA)、外膜蛋白1(Outer membrane protein 1,omp1)、幽门螺杆菌外膜蛋白A(Helicobacter outer membrane protein A,homA)、幽门螺杆菌外膜蛋白B(Helicobacter outer membrane protein B,homB)、外膜蛋白18(Outer membrane protein 18,omp18)参与生物膜形成[33-39]。
HP生物膜的生成是由小分子介导的信号传导机制所调控的,其中主要包括(1)群体感应:群体感应是一种在细菌群体中普遍存在的、依赖于细菌密度的信号系统,细菌利用这种细胞间通讯机制来协调多种群体行为,包括生物膜形成、毒素产生和运动性等[40]。(2)严禁反应:严禁反应是一种应对营养缺乏的应激信号系统,能够导致细菌代谢活性的普遍下降。严禁反应的标志包括五磷酸鸟苷[Guanosine pentaphosphate,(p)ppGpp]的快速积累和稳定RNA的合成抑制[41]。HP具有负责(p)ppGpp合成的SpoT的功能同源物[42]。ppGpp会导致外排泵基因和耐药决定簇基因的转录调节、抗生素靶标结构的变化,从而产生耐药[43]。球状HP过表达spoT[44],上调黏附素napA,促进HP生物膜形成并具备多药耐药性[38]。作为MFS家族的外排泵被SpoT上调,参与了HP生物膜的形成和多药耐药性[45]。(3)双组分系统(Two-component system,TCS):TCS通常由膜传感器激酶(Histidine kinase,HK)以及效应胞浆反应调节因子(Response regulator,RR)两种蛋白质组成,这两种蛋白质在磷酸化介导下调控细胞基因组,激活细菌对抗生素的防御功能,增加抗生素耐药性[46]。HP中表达多种TCS,ArsRS系统根据组氨酸激酶ArsS(HP0165)感知外部环境变化,并通过响应调节因子ArsR(HP0166)来调整相关基因的表达,从而参与到适应胃的酸性环境、黏附素的表达、应对氧化压力和生物膜的形成等过程中[47]。缺乏功能性ArsRS系统的菌株表现出加剧的应激反应,生物膜形成也出现增强和加速。同时缺失ArsS与nikR的HP菌株正常功能受限,球状菌增加[48]。缺失ArsRS能够增加黏附素基因sabA、hopZ和labA的转录水平[33],ArsRS系统能够调节黏附素sabA、homB,促进HP生物膜的形成,赋予抗生素耐药性[47,49]。
HP通常被认为是一种非侵入性病原体,但目前有研究表明HP可以入侵上皮细胞和胃固有层,并在质膜或细胞质的双层囊泡中繁殖[50-51],此过程称为HP的内化。HP的入侵与受体介导的内吞作用、上皮细胞肌动蛋白的利用以及不同HP毒力基因有关,毒力因子空泡毒素相关蛋白(Vacuolating cytotoxin A,VacA)会产生一个细胞内储存库,保护HP免受抗生素的侵害,HP在根除治疗后持续存在并重新定植[52]。在HP感染的抗生素治疗过程中,入侵活性高的细菌耐药性强[51],只有高浓度的具有细胞内活性的抗生素才能从细胞中清除细菌[53]。
中医药在克服HP的耐药性问题上具有一定优势。它能有效抑制和杀灭耐药HP,进一步改善相关病理状况和症状。近年来,大量的基础研究显示,中药主要通过干预耐药HP的非特异性耐药机制发挥降低菌株对抗生素耐药性的作用。其耐药机制见插页ⅩⅩⅩⅥ图1。
周帆等[54]选取了27株高水平耐药的多药耐药株,发现经过黄连素处理后,外排泵基因HP0605、HP0606、HP1328、HP1488的表达量有所降低,这一变化导致部分多药耐药株对3种抗生素的耐药性降低,但特异性耐药基因的突变并未恢复。董礼刚等[55]研究显示,健脾清化汤通过下调外排基因hefA、hefC的表达量,抑制甲硝唑耐药HP的生长,并促进甲硝唑耐药HP对甲硝唑的吸收。广藿香醇能够增强克拉霉素对HP的抑菌和杀菌效果,且能剂量依赖性下调HP外排泵基因(HP0605、HP1327和HP1489)的表达[56]。HUANG YQ等[57]研究者发现,大黄素、黄芩苷、五味子甲素和黄连素能够显著降低阿莫西林和四环素对某些耐药HP菌株的最小抑菌浓度(Minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC)。在阿莫西林MIC降低的菌株中,大多数表现出hefA mRNA表达的降低,据此推测,这种作用的机制可能与降低外排泵基因hefA的表达有关。荆花胃康胶丸对HP耐药菌株具有显著的抗菌活性,能够逆转HP对MTZ的耐药性,并能够降低外排泵基因HP0605-HP0607(hefABC)、HP0971-HP0969(hefDEF)、HP1327-HP1329(hefGHI)和HP1489-HP1487的表达[58]。
中药通过干预生物膜的形成,有效降低了其屏障功能和表型变化,从而削弱了生物膜对抗生素的抵抗力,实现了抑菌和杀菌效果[59]。连翘素对敏感、耐药和多重耐药菌株均有显著抑制作用,其关键机制在于下调双功能酶及HP1174基因的表达,抑制了生物膜的形成[60]。土荆芥能够抑制HP生物膜的形成,并呈剂量依赖性。表明土荆芥的抗HP以及其与抗生素协同改善耐药性的机制,可能与抑制生物膜的形成密切相关[61]。二氢丹参酮Ⅰ,作为丹参酮的衍生物,不仅在体内外实验中展现了针对HP的强大抗菌活性,还能以剂量依赖的方式抑制生物膜的形成,其抑菌效果甚至优于甲硝唑[62]。经过荆花胃康胶丸处理后,HP生物膜的结构遭到破坏,且破坏程度随荆花胃康胶丸浓度的增加而加剧。这不仅降低了HP对胃黏膜上皮细胞的黏附能力,还显著下调了黏附素napA、sabA和babA的表达[58]。
综上所述,HP的非特异性耐药涉及多个机制,并且相互交叉和影响。外排泵系统能够主动地将已经扩散到细菌细胞内的抗菌药物排出体外;球形菌株由于自身代谢能力降低,适应不利的环境条件,对抗生素不敏感;生物膜结构可以影响抗菌药物的渗透和作用;另外,菌株侵入胃上皮细胞内部,逃避自身免疫系统以及抗生素作用。非特异性耐药机制研究尽管取得了一些成就,但仍具有多样性和复杂性,各种机制与小分子调控之间存在着复杂的关系。中药对HP的抗药性研究日益丰富,中医药有潜力成为HP治疗的新方向。但由于中药成分的复杂性、HP的嗜酸性,中草药干预HP耐药性的研究多集中于体外,且中药对抗非特异性耐药的具体机制缺乏深入探讨,还需要进一步的体内实验探索。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(82304930)
  • 北京市自然科学基金面上项目(7232323)
  • 中央高水平医院临床科研业务费资助北京大学第一医院科研“希望之星”专项(2023XW07)
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2025年第43卷第11期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.11.026
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-11-10
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国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(82304930)
北京市自然科学基金面上项目(7232323)
中央高水平医院临床科研业务费资助北京大学第一医院科研“希望之星”专项(2023XW07)
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    北京大学第一医院,北京大学中西医结合研究所,北京 100034

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张学智(1965-),男,北京人,教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:消化系统疾病的中西医结合诊疗。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
Number of
genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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