Article(id=1322927939716776427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926492627378659, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793340199640, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793340199640, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793340199640, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793340199640, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322926492627378659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757433600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339854628, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340762858, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322930302095590169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926492627378659, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322930302095590170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926492627378659, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=21, endPage=25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322927939934880236, articleId=1322927939716776427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Application exploration of SAM and FastSAM Interactive Segmentation Technology in Ojectification of Traditional Chinese Medicine Inspection Diagnosis, columnId=1256183375241535778, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Digital Traditional Chinese Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

This study explored the application of the Segment Anything Model(SAM)series in digitalizing traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)inspection diagnosis research,aiming to reduce extensive manual annotation required for specific part segmentation models of tongue,face,eye,and hand under TCM theoretical guidance.

Methods

First,the Fast Segment Anything Model(Fast SAM)was used to perform unsupervised segmentation on images of the tongue,face and eyes. The evaluation of its ability to fully segment these areas indicated that FastSAM is highly effective in isolating the specific regions needed for TCM diagnostics. Secondly,SAM used with bounding box prompts,can compensate for Fast SAM's suboptimal performance in segmenting finer details such as cracks in the tongue,the forehead on the face,blood vessels in the eyes,and fingernails on the hands.

Results

FastSAM achieved Intersection over Union(IOU)values exceeding 0.9 for both the tongue and facial areas,and over 0.8 for the ocular area,indicating its good performance in overall or partial image segmentation. Additionally,SAM demonstrated the excellent segmentation results for detailed areas that Fast SAM cannot handle.

Conclusion

The SAM series of models offers a novel segmentation approach for the subsequent analysis of image features in TCM inspection guided by TCM theory. It enables zeroshot segmentation of various TCM inspection images across different dimensions,potentially significantly reducing the manual annotation workload for TCM inspection image features. At the same time,it effectively enhances the accuracy and reliability of TCM inspection.

, authors=Mai LIU, Jing WANG, Manrui WANG, Linmiao FAN, Hengyu ZHOU, Xiaoqing ZHANG, authorsList=Mai LIU, Jing WANG, Manrui WANG, Linmiao FAN, Hengyu ZHOU, Xiaoqing ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaoqing ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322927943336460799, articleId=1322927939716776427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=基于SAM与FastSAM交互式分割技术在中医望诊客观化中的应用探究, columnId=1256183387140776248, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=数字中医中药, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

旨在探索分割一切模型(Segment Anything Model,SAM)系列图像分割大模型在数字化中医望诊研究中的应用,有望减少在中医理论指导下为训练舌、面、目、手等图像的特定部位分割模型过程中所需的大量人工标注工作。

方法

首先采用快速分割一切模型(Fast Segment Anything Model,FastSAM)完成无监督分割舌、面、目等图像,评估其分割完整的舌部、面部和目部的效果,表明FastSAM能够高效分离中医望诊所需的特定部位。其次采用SAM在框选提示下可弥补FastSAM对舌部的裂纹、面部的额头、眼部的眼络、手部的指甲等细节部分分割结果不理想的缺点。

结果

Fast-SAM在舌部和面部的交并比(Intersection over Union,IOU)值均超过0.9,目部超过0.8,表明在整体或部分图像分割方面表现良好,并且SAM能针对FastSAM无法处理的细节部位展现出良好的分割效果。

结论

SAM系列模型为后续中医理论指导下实现中医望诊图像特征分析提供一种新的分割方法,实现零样本分割各类中医望诊维度图像,从而有望大量减少中医望诊图像特征的人工标注工作量,同时有效提升中医望诊的准确性和可靠性。

, authors=刘迈, 王晶, 王曼睿, 樊林淼, 周恒宇, 张晓晴, authorsList=刘迈, 王晶, 王曼睿, 樊林淼, 周恒宇, 张晓晴, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张晓晴, authorNote=

刘迈(2000-),男,陕西渭南人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药人工智能。

, correspAuthorsNote=
张晓晴(1973-),女,北京石景山人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医智能诊断设备及大数据。E-mail:。
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刘迈(2000-),男,陕西渭南人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药人工智能。

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刘迈(2000-),男,陕西渭南人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药人工智能。

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journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927939716776427, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=舌诊), Keyword(id=1322927946947756585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927939716776427, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=面诊), Keyword(id=1322927947010671146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927939716776427, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=目诊), Keyword(id=1322927947065197099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927939716776427, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=甲诊), Keyword(id=1322927947128111660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927939716776427, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=四诊客观化)], refs=[Reference(id=1322927948864553539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927939716776427, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=41, issue=1, pageStart=100, pageEnd=102, url=null, language=null, 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分割部位眼睑+白睛+黑睛白睛+黑睛黑睛部分白睛
IOU0.861 90.900 30.921 60.814 6
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分割效果图各个部分的IoU值

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分割部位眼睑+白睛+黑睛白睛+黑睛黑睛部分白睛
IOU0.861 90.900 30.921 60.814 6
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基于SAM与FastSAM交互式分割技术在中医望诊客观化中的应用探究
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刘迈 , 王晶 , 王曼睿 , 樊林淼 , 周恒宇 , 张晓晴
中华中医药学刊 | 数字中医中药 2025,43(9): 21-25
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中华中医药学刊 |数字中医中药 2025 , 43 (9) : 21 -25
基于SAM与FastSAM交互式分割技术在中医望诊客观化中的应用探究
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刘迈, 王晶, 王曼睿, 樊林淼, 周恒宇, 张晓晴
作者信息
  • 北京中医药大学生命科学学院,北京 100029
通讯作者:
张晓晴(1973-),女,北京石景山人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医智能诊断设备及大数据。E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘迈(2000-),男,陕西渭南人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药人工智能。

Application exploration of SAM and FastSAM Interactive Segmentation Technology in Ojectification of Traditional Chinese Medicine Inspection Diagnosis
Mai LIU, Jing WANG, Manrui WANG, Linmiao FAN, Hengyu ZHOU, Xiaoqing ZHANG
Affiliations
  • School of Life Sciences,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine,Beijing 100029,China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.005
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目的

旨在探索分割一切模型(Segment Anything Model,SAM)系列图像分割大模型在数字化中医望诊研究中的应用,有望减少在中医理论指导下为训练舌、面、目、手等图像的特定部位分割模型过程中所需的大量人工标注工作。

方法

首先采用快速分割一切模型(Fast Segment Anything Model,FastSAM)完成无监督分割舌、面、目等图像,评估其分割完整的舌部、面部和目部的效果,表明FastSAM能够高效分离中医望诊所需的特定部位。其次采用SAM在框选提示下可弥补FastSAM对舌部的裂纹、面部的额头、眼部的眼络、手部的指甲等细节部分分割结果不理想的缺点。

结果

Fast-SAM在舌部和面部的交并比(Intersection over Union,IOU)值均超过0.9,目部超过0.8,表明在整体或部分图像分割方面表现良好,并且SAM能针对FastSAM无法处理的细节部位展现出良好的分割效果。

结论

SAM系列模型为后续中医理论指导下实现中医望诊图像特征分析提供一种新的分割方法,实现零样本分割各类中医望诊维度图像,从而有望大量减少中医望诊图像特征的人工标注工作量,同时有效提升中医望诊的准确性和可靠性。

图像分割  /  舌诊  /  面诊  /  目诊  /  甲诊  /  四诊客观化
Objective

This study explored the application of the Segment Anything Model(SAM)series in digitalizing traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)inspection diagnosis research,aiming to reduce extensive manual annotation required for specific part segmentation models of tongue,face,eye,and hand under TCM theoretical guidance.

Methods

First,the Fast Segment Anything Model(Fast SAM)was used to perform unsupervised segmentation on images of the tongue,face and eyes. The evaluation of its ability to fully segment these areas indicated that FastSAM is highly effective in isolating the specific regions needed for TCM diagnostics. Secondly,SAM used with bounding box prompts,can compensate for Fast SAM's suboptimal performance in segmenting finer details such as cracks in the tongue,the forehead on the face,blood vessels in the eyes,and fingernails on the hands.

Results

FastSAM achieved Intersection over Union(IOU)values exceeding 0.9 for both the tongue and facial areas,and over 0.8 for the ocular area,indicating its good performance in overall or partial image segmentation. Additionally,SAM demonstrated the excellent segmentation results for detailed areas that Fast SAM cannot handle.

Conclusion

The SAM series of models offers a novel segmentation approach for the subsequent analysis of image features in TCM inspection guided by TCM theory. It enables zeroshot segmentation of various TCM inspection images across different dimensions,potentially significantly reducing the manual annotation workload for TCM inspection image features. At the same time,it effectively enhances the accuracy and reliability of TCM inspection.

image segmentation  /  tongue diagnosis  /  face diagnosis  /  eye diagnosis  /  hand diagnosis  /  objectification of four diagnostic methods
刘迈, 王晶, 王曼睿, 樊林淼, 周恒宇, 张晓晴. 基于SAM与FastSAM交互式分割技术在中医望诊客观化中的应用探究. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (9) : 21 -25 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.005
Mai LIU, Jing WANG, Manrui WANG, Linmiao FAN, Hengyu ZHOU, Xiaoqing ZHANG. Application exploration of SAM and FastSAM Interactive Segmentation Technology in Ojectification of Traditional Chinese Medicine Inspection Diagnosis[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (9) : 21 -25 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.005
四诊客观化是中医药现代化进程中的重要组成部分,加速推进四诊客观化研究显得尤为迫切[1-2],在《难经》中有“望而知之谓之神”,故实现望诊的客观化和智能至关重要,其关键就在于对望诊图像的精准分割以获得更完整的信息,助力于疾病诊断[3-4]。在舌象客观化方面,舌体的精确分割直接影响舌特征分析的效率和准确性,是后续特征分析的基础[5]。从最初的舌图像阈值分割算法[6],发展到基于Snake模型的可变模型舌象分割法[7],再到当前基于深度学习的网络算法[8],舌体分割算法在不断完善。然而,要实现对舌尖、舌边、裂纹等细节的精确分割,需要专门的模型训练或研究特定算法。例如,卢运西等[9]发现,Deeplab系列分割方法的平均交并比(Mean Intersection over Union,MIoU)可达98%。针对裂纹特征的分割,已有研究采用[10]U-Net+SE的方法,[11]基于宽线检测器的统计形状特征识别舌头是否有裂纹。对于齿痕特征的分割[12],有研究运用粗预测引导的残差U型网络的方法进行分割。尽管存在多种针对不同舌图特征的分割方法,但目前仍缺乏一种能够相对统一准确分割所有舌图特征的方法。
在面象客观化方面,面部不同部分代表着不同的脏腑[13],因此精确地分割面部区域对后续特征的分析至关重要。中医理论体系下完整的面诊分区,使用普通的深度学习算法需要大量数据作为学习样本,且对数据采集和训练设备要求高,模型训练难度大。有研究表明,改进的U-Net方法能有效提高面部图像分割的精度[14],LIN等[15]通过训练深度卷积神经网络,成功分割患者面部照片的不同区域,此外,Voronoi图技术在面部分割中也有所应用[16],但也缺乏能实现零样本分割不同面图部位的方法。
在目诊客观化方面[16],眼底血管分割是眼科成像中最常见的课题[18]。基于机器学习对眼底图像进行视网膜血管分割非常重要,有研究基于[19]U-Net并引入注意力机制的神经网络Eye-UNet,用于低质量人眼图像分割技术,但该方法仍无法满足中医望诊理论对上下眼睑、目内外眦等部位的分割需求。在手部甲诊客观化方面,有引入Snakes算法分割甲部[20],但目前尚未引入SAM分割技术。
随着学科交叉融合不断深化,计算机技术在中医药领域得到了多元化应用,图像处理在中医望诊领域发展迅速,且有广泛的应用前景[21]。对于需要特殊分割的部位,需要专门训练相应的分割模型[22]。然而,在医学领域中,图像数据标注耗费大量人力,需要专业人员全程参与[23]。而在中医理论下望诊图像的精确分割是望诊图像处理的核心问题,对于大规模医学图像,需要快速且准确的分割模型,因此本文引入了FastSAM模型。然而,对于舌图的舌尖、舌边、裂纹,目图的目内眦,手图的指甲,以及面图的鼻部和下颌部等更为精细的分割需求,需进一步采用SAM模型实现精细分割。
为实现望诊客观化所需的不同区域分割,需采用不同的分割技术,甚至针对特定部位需要训练相应的分割模型。在中医药领域,尚未发现有研究采用SAM模型对望诊图像进行细节化分割。SAM模型以其强大的泛化能力,能够显著减少标注时间并提升标注质量,尤其在需要标记多种解剖结构的情境下表现更为突出[24-25]。因此,本文引入SAM模型,旨在探索其在分割中医望诊图像特定部位方面的应用,以推动中医药现代化发展进程。
SAM主要用于图像分割任务,是计算机视觉中的一项创新性突破。SAM在多个学科中都有所应用,在医学领域[26],SAM实现了左心室自动分割,并有效地从磁共振成像(Magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)中分割显著性前列腺癌区域[27]。在交通领域,SAM被用于铁路场景的分割[28],同时在遥感影像中也展现了其分割能力[29]。SAM结构如插页Ⅴ图1所示,主要由三部分组成:标准的视觉变换(Vision Transformer,ViT)图像编码器、多种提示方式的提示编码器以及轻量级掩码编码器。SAM基于Dosovitskiy等人提出的ViT模型,并在包含10亿个掩模的1100万张图像的大型数据集上进行了训练。SAM的显著优点在于其出色的零样本分割性能,适用于各种分割任务和广泛的应用场景[24]。SAM模型支持提示式分割,其设计灵活且通用,能够提供强大的预训练模型以满足各种下游应用需求。在交互式临床医疗等领域,SAM能够实时输出分段掩码,支持多种灵活的提示和组合方式,使得单个模型能够适应多种未知任务。然而,SAM在处理特定物体时表现突出,但在其他情况下可能不稳定或失败,特别是在没有明确提示的情况下[25]。因此,为了获得良好的分割效果,选择合适的提示方式至关重要,并可能需要通过微调SAM来适应特定的医学数据[4]。
SAM的改进版本有多种,其中FastSAM用于提高推理速度,高质量分割一切模型(SAM in High Qualit,HQ-SAM)与语义分割一切模型Semantic-SAM用于提高预测精度。FastSAM是基于YOLOv8-seg算法的快速分割模型,其运行速度如插页Ⅴ图2所示比SAM(32×32)快50倍。FastSAM配备了实例分割分支的对象检测器,在基本低级边缘检测任务中,通过选择全实例分割阶段的Mask概率图,再对所有Mask概率映射进行Sobel滤波[31]操作,生成边缘映射。最后,用非极大值抑制(Non-maximum suppression,NMS)[23]来结束预测。该方法借鉴了YOLACT技术,并利用了由SAM发布的广泛的SA-1B数据集。通过在仅图像注释数据集(Segment Anything 1-Billion,SA-1B)数据集的2%(即1/50)上训练卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Networks,CNN)检测器,FastSAM实现了与SAM相当的性能,同时大大降低了计算和资源需求。值得特别指出的是,FastSAM只有在全分割模式下成功分割出特定区域,这些区域在框选提示或语言提示下才有可能输出所需的分割结果。
IoU值是用于衡量预测分割区域与真实分割区域之间的重叠程度,测试集上的MIoU很高,但是实际的分割结果很差,几乎没有分割出前景,主要是因为要分割的目标占总面积之比太少,即出现样本不均衡的问题。此时,前景所占的比例太小,背景所占的比例太大,前景背景占比严重失衡。背景的IoU大大提高了MIoU,导致MIoU不再准确,更重要的是前景的IoU,需要说明的是在本文真实分割区域是使用Labelme所标注的区域,而预测分割区域是模型根据提示所预测出的区域,重叠程度越强,IoU值就越大,说明模型分割效果就越好。如插页Ⅴ图3所示,IoU的计算方法为IoU=TP/(TP+FP),TP为前景被正确预测为前景的像素点个数,为背景被错误预测为前景的像素点个数,FP为前景被错误预测为背景的像素点个数[32]。
眼睛在中医中又称目,目诊是中医望诊中的重要内容,目与体内多个脏腑经络都有着密切的联系,目可视为一个完整的“全息胚”[36],在《黄帝内经》中有[33]:“诸脉者,皆属于目”,“五脏六腑之精气,皆上注于目而为之精”等论述,目诊最早出现在马王堆出土的《阴阳脉死候》中有:“面黑,目寰,视衮,则气先死”,在《重订通俗伤寒论》中强调了目诊在诊法中地位,载有:“凡病至危,必察两目,视其目色,以知病之存亡也,故观目为诊法之首要”。采用观察目部进行辨证论治的理论基础有五轮学说和八廓学说[34]。其中五轮学说能通过观察目的不同部位,推测出应脏腑功能的盛衰,其源于《灵枢·大惑论》:“精之窼为眼,骨之精为瞳子,筋之精为黑眼,血之精为络,其窼气之精为白眼,肌肉之精为约束”[35]。
而八廓学说则是通过诊察眼目八廓,即白睛上血络的细微变化可了解脏腑功能与疾病的基本情况。在《审视瑶函》中有:“夫八廓应乎八卦,脉络经纬于脑,贯通脏腑,以达血气,往来滋养于目”,“盖验靡之病与轮不同,而廟惟以轮上血脉丝络为凭。或粗细连断,或乱直赤紫,起于何位,侵犯何部,以辨何脏何腑之受病,浅深轻重,血气虚实,衰旺邪正之不同,察其自病传病,经络之生克逆顺而调治之耳”[34]。在现代研究中,白睛络脉是一个可触及的复杂微血管网络,对其定量化评估可以揭示微血管血流动力学特性[37],微循环功能障碍与干眼症、高血压病、冠心病、高脂血症、糖尿病、镰状细胞性贫血以及大血管等许多疾病之间存在密切关系,通过识别白睛络脉包括[38]血脉、斑等特征辅助临床医师进行证型判别,但这些理论都要求分割模型能够对目部有较好的分割能力。
目诊与高血压病有着密切的关系,准确分割出白睛图像对高血压病诊断具有极为重要的意义[39-40]。使用四诊仪(上海道生医疗科技有限公司,型号DS01-A)所采集得到的图像,运行FastSAM模型在框选提示下精确地将带有血脉的区域分割出来,插页Ⅴ图4展示了FastSAM在框选提示下对目的分割效果,包括了黑睛、部分白睛等的分割结果。本研究试验方案及相关文件已通过北京中医药大学东直门医药医学伦理委员会批准(伦理批号:2023DZMEC-228-02)。
表1展示了眼睑与白睛与黑睛、白睛与黑睛、黑睛及部分白睛分割结果所对应的IoU值。
在插页Ⅵ图5中的目图是由北京博奥晶典生物技术有限公司自主研发的My-EyeD-10白睛无影成像健康智能分析系统(械注准20182160164)所采集的图片,传统若要进行眼部脉络的提取,则需设计专门的自动提取方法[41],根据插页Ⅵ图5中的Fast-SAM与SAM分割效果对比显示,在FastSAM的全分割模式下,不同颜色反映了其能够成功分割的不同区域。从图中可观察到,FastSAM不能够分割出上下眼睑、眼内外眦、眼白及其血管络脉。相较之下,SAM技术能够精确分割上述位置,显示出其在眼部结构分割中的优势。
舌诊是中医望诊重要的组成部分,其能洞察疾病本质,指导临床辨证论治[42]。舌诊起源于春秋战国时期,在殷墟出土的甲骨文中,就有关于“疾舌”的记载[42]。《黄帝内经》阐明了人体的统一整体观,象征着舌诊的系统性、理论性初步形成。在东汉末年,张仲景在《伤寒杂病论》中首创“舌胎”一词,并且在疾病中辨舌质、辨舌态、辨舌感,全面将舌诊技巧运用到临床辨病辨证,进一步丰富并发展了舌诊[42]。在《辨舌指南》中指出:“四诊以望居先,望者何?察面色、观目神、辨舌苔、验齿垢四者而已。四者之中,尤以辨舌最为重要。盖舌为心之外候,苔乃胃之明徵”,这是指通过观察舌苔、舌质、舌下络脉的变化,来探究人体内气血阴阳运行、脏腑功能变化的诊察方法。《临证验舌法》中言:“凡内外杂证,亦无一不呈其形,著其色于舌”,可见通过舌诊也能够认识脏腑功能的现象和本质、局部和整体的变化。
舌图像的区域分割是舌诊智能化、定量化分析中的关键步骤。舌体分割指的是从整体图像中准确提取舌体部分,其价值在于衡量预测掩膜与真实掩膜的交并比。通过研究FastSAM相关代码并进行调试,成功计算了算法预测的掩膜与人工在labelme上标注的真实舌像掩膜之间的交并比。使用DS01-A型四诊仪所采集的图像,运行FastSAM相关代码,其分割结果如插页Ⅵ图6所示,在第一部分中,舌体并未完整展示,但模型仍能准确分割出舌体,其交并比高达0.977 7。通过调整与色彩相关的代码,将背景色改为黑色后,结果如第二部分分割齿痕舌所示,交并比达到了0.961 4。在第三部分,上半部分使用Labelme标注,再次分割,交并比为0.967 4。这些结果表明该模型在舌体分割方面具有显著效果和精度。
舌苔、舌尖、舌边、裂纹、齿痕等特征在诊断里有重要的意义[43-44],如插页Ⅶ图7所示FastSAM无法对舌体的细节特征进行精确分割,只能实现整体舌头分割。相比之下,SAM模型能够达到更好的分割效果。传统的分割算法若要处理这些特征,必需进行人工标注。对于舌象图像的详细分割,例如裂纹、齿痕、舌尖、舌边、舌苔等,需要经过专门的训练才能实现。通常使用Labelme进行标注,该工具会生成包含舌体实例坐标、类别和尺寸等关键信息的JS键值对数据(JavaScript Object Notation,JSON)文件。标注完成后,将JSON文件转换为通用物体检测数据集(Common Objects in Context,COCO)数据集格式,然后输入深度学习网络进行训练[45],而SAM无需独立进行训练,仅需通过框选提示的方式即可实现对舌体的精细化分割。
面诊是中医诊法中的特色之一,是中医临床辨证的有力依据[46-48]。面部不同部位与相应脏腑的功能状态密切相关,《素问·刺热篇》[33]中云:“肝热病者,左颊先赤;心热病者,颜先赤;脾热病者,鼻先赤;肺热病者,右颊先赤;肾热病者,颐先赤。”在《灵枢·五色》[35]中有:“黄帝曰:明堂者,鼻也;阙者,眉间也;庭者,颜也;蕃者,颊侧也;蔽者,耳门也。”。同样,面部不同部位与脏腑的关系在钱乙的《小儿药证直诀》[52]中有“左腮为肝,右腮为肺,额上为心,鼻为脾,颏为肾”的论述;而针对面型的变化在《灵枢·五阅五使》中有“肺病者,喘息鼻张。肝病者,眦青。脾病者,唇黄。心病者,舌卷短,颧赤。肾病者,颧与颜黑”[49]。《黄帝内经》中针对面色与病位的关系有着详细阐述[50],通过观察面部色泽变化,有助于临床对疾病病位、病性的判断[51],故是否能精确分割出面图中五脏六腑的特定反映区域,影响到其图像特征与疾病诊断之间回归关系的研究[51]。
插页Ⅶ图8展示了基于FastSAM分割的进一步结果。面部整体的分割采用了FastSAM的语言提示模式,其IOU值为0.979 4,表现出良好的分割效果。然而,在全分割模式下,FastSAM仅能成功分割出面部整体,而对于额头、左右颊和下颏等细节部位,Fast-SAM无法达到预期的分割效果。采用SAM的框选提示模式进行进一步分割时,边缘不规整的现象尤为明显,显示出分割效果不佳。
甲诊是中医望诊中不可或缺的一环,在《素问·六节藏象论篇》[35]中有“肝者,罢极之本,魂之居也;其华在爪”的论述,甲诊作为辅助诊断的方法之一,通过经络联系可以反映出五脏六腑、四肢百骸、五官九窍的情况是否正常[53],在自然光线下,通过捏、推、挤、捋等多种手法,来观察患者双手指甲的形态、色泽、半月痕等多种特征变化情况[54]。而脏腑、经络、气血与指甲的特征有着密不可分的联系,准确分割出指甲对研究其定量化特征与脏腑状态之间的关联极为关键[55],插页Ⅶ图9展示了在全分割模式下,尽管FastSAM能够分割出手部的指甲,但其分割效果并不理想。在框选模式下,FastSAM也未能如预期般获得良好的分割结果图。可以观察到,FastSAM仅对手部做了简单的分割。相比之下,SAM在框选提示下能够精确地分割出中指和无名指的效果图。
通过本文研究,SAM系列模型展现了在中医望诊理论下进行图像分割的潜力。这些模型能有效辅助人工标注,提高标签质量并缩短标注时间。实验结果表明,对于大规模中医望诊图像的简要分割,经过对FastSAM进行了部分代码调整,支持中文文件的批量处理和相关指标的计算,也能够快速且有效地达到预期结果。然而,针对舌部的齿痕、裂纹、舌尖、舌边,面部的额头、两颊、下颏,眼部的眼络、目胞、目内外眦,还需要使用SAM并结合框提示模式才能获得较为满意的分割效果。特别地,精细的图像分割通常需要精确的边界框提示支持,而SAM对点提示和框提示的随机性较为敏感[31]。未来的研究方向可以进一步增强生成的边界框提示,评估其不确定性以优化分割结果,并改进FastSAM模型,以提升其对细节特征的分割能力。
本文尚未探索SAM模型本身的改进,也未引入在医学领域表现出色的改进模型即医学任意分割模型(Segment Anything in Medical Images,MedSAM)、外科解耦的全景分割模型(Surgical Decoupled Segment Anything Model,Surgical-De-SAM)、基于自然图像分割模型的医学图像增强(SAM-based image enhancement,SAM-IE)和带不确定性修正的全景分割模型(Segment Anything Model with Uncertainty Rectification,UR-SAM)等在医学领域中表现良好的改进模型,这些模型在医院诊断实践中展示出了出色的分割能力[56-58]。但本文凸显了SAM在中医望诊理论下的应用潜力,尽管未提供具体的分割指标,且从其对舌面细节部位的分割结果来看,其边缘并不规整,需要进一步改进以获得更精确的分割结果。医学图像的准确分割对于后续图像特征分析至关重要[60-61],深度学习模型在医学图像分割领域展示出了巨大的潜力[62],SAM通过分割舌、面、目的细节特征,为中医定量化研究提供了有力支持。未来的工作将继续改进模型,以更好地满足中医药领域的应用需求。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3502301)
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2025年第43卷第9期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.005
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3502301)
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    北京中医药大学生命科学学院,北京 100029

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张晓晴(1973-),女,北京石景山人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医智能诊断设备及大数据。E-mail:。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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