Article(id=1322927901494083677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926492627378659, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793340190527, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793340190527, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793340190527, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793340190527, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322926492627378659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757433600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339854628, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340762858, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322930302095590169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926492627378659, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322930302095590170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926492627378659, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=58, endPage=65, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322927901733159006, articleId=1322927901494083677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Chiral Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Chirality is a common phenomenon in nature. Many components of traditional Chinese medicine have chiral centers,and the pharmacological activity of drugs is closely related to the chiral structure. In recent years,a large number of traditional Chinese medicine chiral drugs have been applied to the clinic. Undoubtedly,“chirality”has attracted wide attention in the safe use of traditional Chinese medicine. From this,it can be seen that studying the forms and mechanisms of chiral components in traditional Chinese medicine is crucial for in-depth exploration of its pharmacology and efficacy. And it is of great significance for drug development and safe use in the field of traditional Chinese medicine. In order to have a better understanding of chiral components,this paper summarized the research progress on research status,the characteristics of the existence,biological activity,toxicity and other aspects of chiral components of traditional Chinese medicine,for the purpose of providing references for the activity evaluation of chiral components of traditional Chinese medicine and the improvementof quality standards of traditional Chinese medicine.

, authors=Mengjiao ZHOU, Yehan ZHU, Luhuan TANG, Mengru WU, Yanyan CHEN, Zhenna XU, Yaqi YAO, Yubo LI, authorsList=Mengjiao ZHOU, Yehan ZHU, Luhuan TANG, Mengru WU, Yanyan CHEN, Zhenna XU, Yaqi YAO, Yubo LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yaqi YAO, Yubo LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322927907475161253, articleId=1322927901494083677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=中药手性成分的研究进展, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

手性是自然界中的一种普遍现象,很多中药成分都具有手性中心,且药物的药理活性与手性结构密切相关。近几年,大量中药手性药物在临床上使用,“手性”无疑在中药安全使用中引起广泛关注。由此可见,研究中药手性成分的存在形式以及作用机制,对中药的药理、药效的深入探究至关重要,对中药领域的药物研发以及中药的安全使用具有重大意义。归纳中药手性成分的研究现状、存在特征、生物活性、毒性等方面的研究进展,以期为中药手性成分的活性评价,以及中药质量标准的提升提供参考。

, authors=周梦娇, 朱叶寒, 汤露环, 吴梦茹, 陈妍妍, 徐振娜, 姚雅琦, 李遇伯, authorsList=周梦娇, 朱叶寒, 汤露环, 吴梦茹, 陈妍妍, 徐振娜, 姚雅琦, 李遇伯, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=姚雅琦, 李遇伯, authorNote=

周梦娇(2000-),女,山东济南人,硕士在读,研究方向:药物分析。

, correspAuthorsNote=
姚雅琦(1992-),女,河北张家口人,讲师,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:药物分析学。E-mail:。
李遇伯(1978-),女,河北保定人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:药物分析学、中药学。E-mail:。
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周梦娇(2000-),女,山东济南人,硕士在读,研究方向:药物分析。

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周梦娇(2000-),女,山东济南人,硕士在读,研究方向:药物分析。

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化合物类型化合物名称植物来源结构构型参考文献
生物碱类麻黄碱麻黄[6]
吗啡罂粟[7]
延胡索乙素延胡索[8]
东莨菪碱颠茄[9]
奎宁金鸡纳树[10]
吴茱萸碱吴茱萸[11]
黄皮酰胺黄皮叶[12]
一叶萩碱一叶萩(叶底珠)[13]
常山碱常山[14]
去氢钩藤碱钩藤[15]
辛弗林枳实、柑橘[16]
告依春板蓝根[17]
秋水仙碱秋水仙[18]
黄酮类橙皮素橙类、柠檬、荆芥、猪殃殃、佛手等[19]
二氢杨梅素藤茶[20]
儿茶素茶叶[21]
光甘草定光果甘草[22]
芹菜甲素芹菜[23]
杜鹃素满山红、照山白[24]
表儿茶素儿茶Acacia catechu[21]
萜类冰片植物樟/艾纳香[25]
樟脑植物樟[26]
薄荷醇薄荷[27]
香芹酮莳萝草/薄荷/茴芹[28]
棉酚棉花[29]
α-松油醇油樟[28]
柠檬烯薄荷[28]
大环酮类麝香酮麝香[30]
木脂素五味子乙素北五味子[31]
香豆素类氧化前胡素前胡[32]
白花前胡甲素白花前胡[33]
白花前胡乙素白花前胡[33]
甾体皂苷类人参皂苷人参[34]
), ArticleFig(id=1322927910801244384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927901494083677, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常见手性成分结构式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物类型化合物名称植物来源结构构型参考文献
生物碱类麻黄碱麻黄[6]
吗啡罂粟[7]
延胡索乙素延胡索[8]
东莨菪碱颠茄[9]
奎宁金鸡纳树[10]
吴茱萸碱吴茱萸[11]
黄皮酰胺黄皮叶[12]
一叶萩碱一叶萩(叶底珠)[13]
常山碱常山[14]
去氢钩藤碱钩藤[15]
辛弗林枳实、柑橘[16]
告依春板蓝根[17]
秋水仙碱秋水仙[18]
黄酮类橙皮素橙类、柠檬、荆芥、猪殃殃、佛手等[19]
二氢杨梅素藤茶[20]
儿茶素茶叶[21]
光甘草定光果甘草[22]
芹菜甲素芹菜[23]
杜鹃素满山红、照山白[24]
表儿茶素儿茶Acacia catechu[21]
萜类冰片植物樟/艾纳香[25]
樟脑植物樟[26]
薄荷醇薄荷[27]
香芹酮莳萝草/薄荷/茴芹[28]
棉酚棉花[29]
α-松油醇油樟[28]
柠檬烯薄荷[28]
大环酮类麝香酮麝香[30]
木脂素五味子乙素北五味子[31]
香豆素类氧化前胡素前胡[32]
白花前胡甲素白花前胡[33]
白花前胡乙素白花前胡[33]
甾体皂苷类人参皂苷人参[34]
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中药手性成分的研究进展
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周梦娇 , 朱叶寒 , 汤露环 , 吴梦茹 , 陈妍妍 , 徐振娜 , 姚雅琦 , 李遇伯
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(9): 58-65
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中药手性成分的研究进展
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周梦娇(2000-),女,山东济南人,硕士在读,研究方向:药物分析。

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周梦娇, 朱叶寒, 汤露环, 吴梦茹, 陈妍妍, 徐振娜, 姚雅琦 , 李遇伯
作者信息
  • 天津中医药大学中药学院,天津市中药功效物质重点实验室,天津 301617
通讯作者:
姚雅琦(1992-),女,河北张家口人,讲师,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:药物分析学。E-mail:。
李遇伯(1978-),女,河北保定人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:药物分析学、中药学。E-mail:。
作者简介:

周梦娇(2000-),女,山东济南人,硕士在读,研究方向:药物分析。

Research Progress on Chiral Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Mengjiao ZHOU, Yehan ZHU, Luhuan TANG, Mengru WU, Yanyan CHEN, Zhenna XU, Yaqi YAO , Yubo LI
Affiliations
  • School of Chinese Medicine,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Tianjin 301617,China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.010
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目的

手性是自然界中的一种普遍现象,很多中药成分都具有手性中心,且药物的药理活性与手性结构密切相关。近几年,大量中药手性药物在临床上使用,“手性”无疑在中药安全使用中引起广泛关注。由此可见,研究中药手性成分的存在形式以及作用机制,对中药的药理、药效的深入探究至关重要,对中药领域的药物研发以及中药的安全使用具有重大意义。归纳中药手性成分的研究现状、存在特征、生物活性、毒性等方面的研究进展,以期为中药手性成分的活性评价,以及中药质量标准的提升提供参考。

中药  /  对映体  /  手性成分  /  毒性  /  活性

Chirality is a common phenomenon in nature. Many components of traditional Chinese medicine have chiral centers,and the pharmacological activity of drugs is closely related to the chiral structure. In recent years,a large number of traditional Chinese medicine chiral drugs have been applied to the clinic. Undoubtedly,“chirality”has attracted wide attention in the safe use of traditional Chinese medicine. From this,it can be seen that studying the forms and mechanisms of chiral components in traditional Chinese medicine is crucial for in-depth exploration of its pharmacology and efficacy. And it is of great significance for drug development and safe use in the field of traditional Chinese medicine. In order to have a better understanding of chiral components,this paper summarized the research progress on research status,the characteristics of the existence,biological activity,toxicity and other aspects of chiral components of traditional Chinese medicine,for the purpose of providing references for the activity evaluation of chiral components of traditional Chinese medicine and the improvementof quality standards of traditional Chinese medicine.

traditional Chinese medicine  /  enantiomer  /  chiral component  /  toxicity  /  activity
周梦娇, 朱叶寒, 汤露环, 吴梦茹, 陈妍妍, 徐振娜, 姚雅琦, 李遇伯. 中药手性成分的研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (9) : 58 -65 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.010
Mengjiao ZHOU, Yehan ZHU, Luhuan TANG, Mengru WU, Yanyan CHEN, Zhenna XU, Yaqi YAO, Yubo LI. Research Progress on Chiral Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (9) : 58 -65 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.010
手性是指化合物的不对称性,是实物与镜像不能重合的性质,是自然界中广泛存在的一种自然现象。手性成分在中药中广泛存在,如生物碱[1]、黄酮类[2]、氨基酸[3]、糖苷[4]等化合物结构中都含有一个或多个手性中心。由于手性中心的存在,在立体选择性作用下,手性药物对映体间的药理活性往往表现出质和量的差异,从而在药效学、药代动力学和毒理学等方面有很大差异。由此可见,关注中药成分的手性特性对中药使用的安全性、有效性具有重要意义,研究药物的手性性质至关重要。基于上述原因,本文就中药手性成分的存在情况、生物活性、毒性等方面的研究现状进行综述,以期对中药中手性化合物的进一步研究提供参考与思路。
手性是地球上生命的基础,临床上超过60%的药物都具有手性结构,毫无疑问,对手性药物的深入研究有着广阔的应用价值以及发展前景。研究表明,手性成分在中药中广泛存在,很多常见药材如麻黄、薄荷、板蓝根、吴茱萸、钩藤等中都存在手性药物分子。当前已经从多种中药中成功获得很多著名手性成分,如青蒿素[5]、一叶萩碱、红景天苷、喜树碱、黄皮酰胺、长春西汀等,源自于中药的手性药物在临床手性药物中占据了一席之地。尤其是屠呦呦先生从黄花蒿中提取出的青蒿素,引起世界的轰动,让世界看到了中医药的价值。
然而,由于中药成分复杂、含量差异大,很难提取得到足够量的手性化合物进行研究,此外,中药本身处理过程复杂多样,在处理过程中可能会发生构型转换从而使药效发生改变,使得中药手性成分的研究存在一定的困难。甚至仍有错误观点认为中药手性成分是单一构型,对某些药物的药理学研究仍是按照消旋体或者混合物的形式进行测定的,而单个对映体和外消旋体的药理学和毒理学之间的显著差异尚未得到证实。因此,很多研究人员致力于中药手性成分的药理活性、作用机制以及分离合成方法构建的研究。当前,对中药中生物碱、黄酮类手性成分研究较为透彻,已成功提取分离或合成多种手性成分并深入探索出活性或毒性差异。对手性成分的开发与使用具有指导性意义。然而,仍有很多手性成分并没有得到较为深入的研究,尤其是对多手性成分。深入探索透彻研究中药手性成分仍是目前的热点。
为了对中药中的手性成分有更深入地了解,首先要明确其在中药中的存在情况。通过对中药材中手性成分的提取分析,我们发现中药中大多数手性化合物是多种对映体共存的,如当归中的氧化前胡素[35],吴茱萸中的吴茱萸碱[36],棉籽仁中的棉酚[37],艾纳香中的冰片[25],板蓝根中的告依春[38]等。进一步研究发现,有些手性成分由非酶促反应生成,因此在天然状态下以外消旋体的形式存在,如天然棉酚一般以(-)-棉酚和(+)-棉酚的混合物外消旋体(±)-棉酚形式存在;也有些成分在天然状态下存在含量差异,且其含量易受地域差异、采摘时间和加工方法等因素影响[39],会出现成分来源不同含量具有差异的情况,如相对于(-)-白花前胡丙素,前胡中的(+)-白花前胡丙素的含量更高。不同厂家板蓝根药材中R-告依春的含量均明显高于S-告依春[40]。新疆种植的棉花品种等绝大多数棉花品种中(+)-棉酚含量大于(-)-棉酚,部分品种中(+)-棉酚占绝对优势,占总量的80%以上[41]。在植物樟中冰片主要以(+)-冰片的形式存在,而在艾纳香中(-)-冰片含量居多。(+)-柠檬烯广泛存在于柑橘类果实,如橘子、橙子、柚子的果皮中。(-)-柠檬烯主要存在于薄荷等植物精油中,而(±)-柠檬烯存在于云南松油等精油中[28]。
当然,也有某些化合物虽然具有手性中心,但是由植物体内的酶催化而生成,因此在中药中仍以单一对映体的形式存在。如从罂粟中所提取的天然吗啡即是(-)-吗啡,薄荷醇在自然界中主要以(-)-薄荷醇的形式存在,从芹菜籽中提取得到的芹菜甲素为(-)-芹菜甲素,具有一个手性中心的橙皮素在自然界中主要以S-对映体的形式存在。但上述情况仍是少数,且很多化合物的单一构型不稳定,同时提取过程中的酸碱度、光照度、温度等条件会对手性化合物的旋光性产生影响,导致构型转变形成外消旋体。如天然存在于植物中的(-)-莨菪碱不稳定,可以快速转变为(+)-莨菪碱,直到形成外消旋体,因此我们提取得到的都是消旋莨菪碱,也就是阿托品。东莨菪碱与阿托品类似,在制备提取过程中也会发生外消旋化,从而使药效降低。有研究表示东莨菪碱在中性偏酸性、低温、避光条件下更加稳定,而在强酸或碱性、温度超过80℃、光照度增加的条件下易发生降解和变旋,且相同条件下,东莨菪碱在高浓度比低浓度时更容易发生变旋反应[42]。钩藤碱和异钩藤碱是一对差向异构体,有研究发现异钩藤碱在加热或一定酸碱条件下会异构化成活性较弱的钩藤碱。二氢杨梅素是一种二氢黄酮醇类化合物,也称为蛇葡萄素,具有两个手性中心,自然界中主要以(2R,3R)-二氢杨梅素的形式存在,然而,在提取过程中易受高温、金属离子、碱性条件等因素的影响而发生消旋化[20,43]。基于上述情况,了解中药手性成分的含量差异对这些成分的进一步研究具有重要意义。见插页ⅩⅦ图1。
中药材中的手性分子本身具有旋光性,现已发现很多不同对映体之间的药效活性存在普遍差异[44-45]。为了提高中药使用的安全性、有效性,研究对映体间的活性差异已成为目前中药手性成分的研究热点。见插页ⅩⅦ图2。
药物进入体内后与机体内的具有高度立体特异性的代谢酶及血浆蛋白或转运蛋白等相互作用,使手性药物对映体在药代动力学方面具有立体选择性[46],即不同的对映体在吸收、分布、代谢、排泄过程中存在手性差异。研究表明,相对于二氢杨梅素消旋体,(2R,3R)-二氢杨梅素的代谢更加缓慢[47]。通过测定吴茱萸碱对映体对人血清蛋白(Human Serum Albumin,HSA)和α1-酸性糖蛋白(Alpha-1 Acid Glycoprotein,AAG)的结构适应性发现,R-吴茱萸碱与HSA和AAG的结合效果更好[48]。在小鼠和人肝脏微体中,没有烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate,NADPH)再生系统的情况下,(-)-白花前胡甲素的代谢能力更强。在对儿茶素对映体的活性进行测定时发现,(-)-儿茶素的生物利用度低于(+)-儿茶素。对氧化前胡素进行立体选择性药代动力学研究发现,在体内(-)-氧化前胡素的最大浓度(Maximum Concentration,Cmax)和浓度-时间曲线下面积(Area Under the Concentration-time Curve,AUC)值高于(+)-对映体且代谢速率快于(+)-对映体,表现出明显的立体选择性药代动力学特征[35]。有学者研究了橙皮素S-和R-构型的动力学差异,发现二者在代谢、转运和生物活性方面的确存在差异,但差异相对较小[49],这表明使用外消旋橙皮素进行实验所得结果可以代表天然存在的S型对映体的实验结果。也有研究对比了延胡索乙素(Tetrahydropalmatine,THP)对映体药代动力学差异[8],发现THP对映体在大鼠肝微粒体中主要被细胞色素P450 3A1/2(Cytochrome P450 3A1/2,CYP3A1/2)和细胞色素P450 1A2(Cytochrome P450 1A2,CYP1A2)代谢,其中CYP3A1/2对(+)-THP的代谢能力更强,而CYP1A2对(-)-THP的代谢能力更强[50];在人肝微粒体中主要被CYP3A4和CYP1A2代谢,但CYP1A2对(+)-THP的代谢能力强于(-)-THP[51]。当药苦苷在体内发挥抗炎等药效作用的实体可能为其代谢物R-双羟基龙胆二醇(R-gentiandiol,RG)与S-双羟基龙胆二醇(S-gentiandiol,SG),李鹏宇等发现,当药苦苷大鼠给药后,血中RG和SG浓度迅速达峰,且RG的最大血药浓度及AUC均明显大SG[52]。
手性药物的药理作用是通过与体内大分子之间的严格手性匹配与分子识别实现的,也就是在人体内,药物通过与具有特定物理形态的受体反应起作用。中药手性成分的对映体中,当只有一种更合适与受体或活性部位结合时,就会出现活性强度差异。通过对映体活性强度测定,发现某些对映体之间会出现一种对映体有活性,而另一种无活性的情况。如(-)-吗啡有镇痛的活性,而(+)-吗啡并没有。表儿茶素一种从金荞麦中提取的活性物质,黄梅芳等发现(-)-表儿茶素可通过抑制mTOR信号通路诱导A549R细胞自噬和凋亡改善放疗敏感性,即可作为放疗增敏剂,但(+)-表儿茶素并未发现具有该活性。通过对薄荷醇活性测定,发现(-)-薄荷醇具有抗抑郁[53]和治疗牛皮癣[54]的作用,而(+)-薄荷醇没有。(-)-THP通过抑制α4β2-nAChRs减少人体对尼古丁的依赖性[55],并可以通过阻断DA2受体来减少甲基苯丙胺和阿片类药物的成瘾作用[56-57],且对细胞色素P450 2D6(Cytochrome P450 2D6,CYP2D6)的酶活性有抑制作用。然而目前并没有发现(+)-THP有上述作用,不仅如此,(+)-THP还常被认为会导致大脑多巴胺的耗竭。(-)-儿茶素可以抑制克钦样因子7(Kruppel-like factor7,KLF7)的表达,增加3T3-L1细胞中脂联素蛋白的表达和分泌,而(+)-儿茶素并未发现具有该抑制作用。XIAO等发现在一叶萩碱对映体中,只有(-)-一叶萩碱可通过刺激mTOR显示出抗抑郁活性[58]。与(+)-黄皮酰胺相比,(-)-黄皮酰胺可有效增强人类的认知能力,治疗神经退行性疾病中的记忆障碍[12],且樟脑具有很强的镇静作用[59]。
除上述情况外,更多的是对映体之间均有活性,只是活性强度存在差异。(1R,2S)-麻黄碱和(1S,2S)-伪麻黄碱是中草药麻黄的主要有效成分,是一对对映体,有研究发现伪麻黄碱对心血管和中枢神经兴奋作用明显弱于麻黄碱。表儿茶素能够减少氧化应激和炎症,从而改善大脑功能的能力,且相对于(-)-表儿茶素,(+)-表儿茶素减轻氧化应激的能力更强[60]。通过对THP两种对映体的药效活性测定可知,(-)-THP的镇痛活性远高于(+)-THP。(2R,3R)-二氢杨梅素的抗炎活性优于其消旋体[61]。M受体阻断剂阿托品其左旋体的散瞳效力比右旋体强100倍,就这点而言制药行业更倾向于得到纯的阿托品左旋体。北五味子中的五味子乙素具有手性中心,其中,(-)-五味子乙素在增强细胞谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)和保护肝细胞免受氧化损伤方面,对心肌细胞GSH和热休克蛋白(Heat Shock Proteins,Hsp)产生的增强作用以及对氧化损伤的保护作用方面都比(+)-五味子乙素更强。且使用(-)-五味子乙素可增加多巴胺能细胞对百草枯(Paraquat,PQ)诱导的氧化应激的抵抗力[62],并且可显著降低3-硝基丙酸(3-Nitropropionic Acid,3-NP)刺激PC12细胞的坏死和凋亡程度[63]。药理学检测发现S-(+)-吴茱萸碱对瞬时受体电位香草酸1型(TRPV1)的作用效力大于R构型[11]。麝香酮是麝香的主要成分,相对于S-麝香酮,R-麝香酮有更强的动物麝香特征,其香味饱满且强烈,香气阈值也更低,且R-型对人类感知麝香气味受体OR5AN1有更好选择性,因此R-型香味更加强烈[64]。相较于(+)-一叶萩碱,(-)-一叶萩碱的中枢兴奋作用更强。在人肝微粒体中,(+)-薄荷醇的底物亲和力高于(-)-薄荷醇。(+)-白花前胡丙素扩张血管的活性优于其对映体(-)-白花前胡丙素[65]。有研究表明异钩藤碱具有比其差向异构体钩藤碱更好降压效果[66]。通过探究芹菜甲素对映体对大鼠短暂性局灶性脑缺血诱导的细胞凋亡的影响,发现相对于(+)-芹菜甲素,(-)-芹菜甲素可显著减少细胞色素c的释放,降低胱天蛋白酶-3的激活,抑制短暂性局灶性脑缺血后的DNA断裂[67-68]。
手性药物对映体之间的作用靶点如受体、酶或离子通道不同,会导致其生物活性产生很大的差异,中药中的手性成分也不例外,有时体现为对映体之间产生相反的活性,如(-)-辛弗林是肾上腺素α-受体激动剂,(+)-辛弗林可能具有拮抗作用[69-70]。(1S,2S)-伪麻黄碱对CYP1A1/2、细胞色素 P450 2E1(Cytochrome P450 2E1,CYP2E1)活性一定抑制作用,而(1R,2S)-麻黄碱对细胞色素P450 2C(Cytochrome P450 2C,CYP2C)、CYP1A1/2活性有一定诱导作用。
有时体现为对映体之间产生不同类型的药理活性。如奎宁为抗疟药,而奎尼丁则为抗心律失常药。(1R,2S)-麻黄碱是拟肾上腺素药,临床用于治疗支气管哮喘、过敏性反应等疾病,而(1S,2S)-伪麻黄碱则是拟交感神经药。BAIS等报道(-)-儿茶素具有化感作用,而(+)-儿茶素显示出抗菌活性[71]和抑制小鼠肠道肿瘤形成的作用。通过对冰片对映体进行活性检测,发现(+)-冰片对雄性具有更强的性信息素活性[72],长期抗癫痫效果更好[73],且与顺铂联合应用可降低肿瘤体积和质量,增强肿瘤抑制作用,减轻顺铂对体内肝肾的损伤[74],而(-)-冰片则可以更好促进蛇床子素的胃肠道吸收,抑制其代谢[75],对脑血管疾病也有较好治疗潜力,是人中性粒细胞功能的新型调节剂[76],并且表现出良好的细菌黏附抑制作用[77]。有研究发现异钩藤碱可保护神经细胞免受铁过载诱导的铁死亡[78],而钩藤碱则具有抗凝作用,能够抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖,并具有抗内毒素血症作用[67]。(+)-薄荷醇和(-)-薄荷醇是目前具有重要工业价值的化合物,但二者气味存在极大差异。相对于(+)-薄荷醇,(-)-薄荷醇气味更优、品质更佳,并且具有清凉止痒、杀菌镇痛、促渗透的疗效,临床上被广泛使用。此外,(-)-薄荷醇可与瞬时受体电位感受器亚家族M成员8(TRPM8)结合,具有冷却作用,而(+)-薄荷醇则会引起皮肤刺激;(-)-薄荷醇可显著增强MB(美托洛尔游离碱)的渗透作用,且对S-MB的渗透增强作用显著高于R-MB。(-)-一叶萩碱可抑制肺癌A549细胞的增殖,并诱导其自噬,且可以通过上调自噬基因Beclin 1从而诱导人结肠癌SW-480细胞自噬性凋亡;而(+)-一叶萩碱能够抑制小鼠黑色素瘤B16细胞增殖。(-)-氧化前胡素可抑制脂多糖活化小鼠腹膜巨噬细胞中一氧化氮的产生,而(+)-氧化前胡素通过增加H2S(硫化氢)的生成,介导小鼠阴茎海绵体的松弛作用[79]。
当然,也存在某些特殊情况,对映体能够通过不同的靶点发挥相同的活性作用。麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱均可通过激动大鼠肛尾肌α1和α2受体而产生正向肌力作用,其中伪麻黄碱是以促进神经末梢释放去甲肾上腺素的间接作用方式发挥作用,而麻黄碱则直接激动大鼠肛尾肌α1和α2受体而发挥作用。YOSHIKITAKAI等发现(-)-薄荷醇和(+)-薄荷醇都可作用于神经元中表达气味的受体,但两者激活的受体不完全相同,因此会产生不同香气[80]。人参皂苷20(R)-Rg3和20(S)-Rg3均具有抑制血小板聚集的作用,但20(S)-Rg3对花生四烯酸诱导的血小板聚集有较强的抑制作用,而20(R)-Rg3则是对胶原诱导的血小板聚集有抑制作用[34]。八氢姜黄素对(3R,5S)-八氢姜黄素[(3R,5S)-octahydrocurcumin,Meso-OHC]和(3S,5S)-八氢姜黄素[(3S,5S)-octahydrocurcumin,(3S,5S)-OHC]均具有抗APAP诱导的肝损伤作用,主要机制为抑制CYP2E1酶、激活Keap1-Nrf2抗氧化应激通路、抑制NFκB(p65)炎症通路的活化,其中Meso-OHC和(3S,5S)-OHC均可与CYP2E1酶活性部位结合,但结合部位和结合能有所不同;Meso-OHC激活Keap1-Nrf2抗氧化应激通路的作用强度优于(3S,5S)-OHC;(3S,5S)-OHC抑制NFκB(p65)炎症通路的作用强度优于Meso-OHC。黄豆苷元的体内代谢产物雌马酚可与雌激素受体结合,发挥雌激素的功效,其中S-雌马酚与雌激素受体β的结合能力较强,而R-雌马酚更倾向于与雌激素受体α结合[81]。
手性药物进入体内后,不仅会导致活性差异,也有可能会引起不良影响甚至是不良反应。自手性药物使用以来,不断发生对人体产生不良影响的实例,其中最著名的就是沙利度胺事件,这使得科学家们更加关注手性药物不同对映体之间的毒性问题。中药中很多致毒成分都具有手性中心,研究化合物毒性与手性之间的联系同样有重要意义。
研究发现,手性药物产生毒性一方面原因可能是对映体之间的药代动力学性质不同,如对薄荷醇对映体进行毒性研究发现,0.7~1.3 mmpl/L的(+)-薄荷醇对大鼠肝细胞DNA有损害作用,会导致基因突变。另有文献表明(-)-薄荷醇对妊娠期小鼠具有毒性,虽然其对受精卵着床、母亲及胎儿的生命均没有影响,但在软组织和骨骼组织发现了多处异常情况,即(-)-薄荷醇对小鼠没有生殖毒性但是有发育毒性。(-)-香芹酮具有遗传毒性[82],且(-)-香芹酮通过上调藻毒素转运基因mcy H的表达,促进藻毒素Microcystin-LR的产生和释放而产生的生态毒性大于(+)-香芹酮。另一方面的原因可能是对映体之间的药理作用的性质和程度不同。研究人员通过对比S-麝香酮和R-麝香酮对斑马鱼的心脏毒性发现,在相同浓度下R-麝香酮对斑马鱼的心脏和甲状腺系统的毒性更强且R-麝香酮能够引起心包水肿,而S-麝香酮不能[30]。临床上常用的冰片为(-)-冰片、(+)-冰片以及合成冰片(也称为异冰片,为消旋体),具有毒性,可刺激胃肠道、兴奋中枢神经,出现恶心、呕吐、意识丧失症状。分离后对其对映体进行毒性检测发现,在三种冰片中,(+)-冰片毒性作用最小[83]而异冰片的毒性作用最大[77]。
就上文所述,对中药有效成分进行相关的手性研究是十分必要的,而建立高效的单一对映体的获取方法是对其进行药理活性、药动学等手性研究的前提。目前获取单一对映体的方法主要有三种:不对称合成、手性源合成和色谱法[84-86],其中色谱法简单快速、分离效果好,因而应用最为广泛,特别是高效液相色谱法最为常用[70],如当归单萜酮[87]、THP[88]、人参皂苷[89]、Kwangsine A-C[44]、橙皮素[90]、儿茶素[21]、二氢杨梅素[91]、石杉碱甲[92]、杜鹃素[24]等都可通过适当的手性固定相得到良好的分离。然而该方法中所使用的手性柱价格比较昂贵,因此近几年也有研究人员采用毛细电泳法[93-94]对秋水仙碱[95]、THP[96]、儿茶素[97]、去氢钩藤碱等化合物进行手性分离并得到了良好的分离效果。
然而,由于中药成分含量低、提取困难且成本较高。因此,除了研究对映体的分离方法,很多研究学者也将目光放在了高效合成路线的构建上。近几年研究人员通过不对称合成方法成功合成(-)-薄荷醇[98-100],钩吻素子对映体(+)-Koumine、(-)-Koumine[101],20S-喜树碱[102],(+)-丹参素[92]以及(1S,2S,4S)-β-榄香烯[103]。也有研究表示可以从一个容易制备的手性中间体出发,经过18步快速全合成得到(-)-吗啡[104]。李闯创和杨玉荣课题组皆采用价廉易得的原料,成功获得了秋水仙碱的S型对映体[18,105]。Dino Berthold等人通过铑催化的不对称氢胺化反应成功合成生物碱(-)-狭叶花椒碱[(-)-angustureine]和(-)-古巴里碱[(-)-cuspareine][106]。此外,研究人员通过多种方式引入手性源[107-108],可以直接、高效获得(-)-加兰他敏,解决了直接在天然植物中提取困难、代价昂贵的问题。不对称合成及手性源合成的发展为中药手性成分的获取提供了更多可能性和新思路。当然,合成方法构建成功的前提是要透彻研究手性成分在中药中的存在情况以及手性中心位置。显然,基于中药手性成分活性、毒性差异,发展高效不对称催化合成新反应和新方法具有非常重要的意义和价值,但也面临巨大的挑战。
手性结构的存在能与作用靶点特异性结合,减少不必要的不良反应,在新药研发领域具有巨大的潜力。目前,从中药中分离拆分、手性合成等技术趋于成熟。但由于中药成分错综复杂,难以从中提取获得足够量的单一成分进行下一步研究,甚至很多中药手性成分并没有被发现,更不必说活性毒性的具体研究。
因此,在往后的研究中,研究者的目光可以放在发现更多中药有效成分的手性特征上,透彻研究手性化合物之间的活性、毒性等差异,对每一个单一对映体的生物活性、毒性进行准确评估,最大限度增加中药的有效性以及降低药物带来的不良反应,极大地促进高效低毒新药的研发。另外,结合中药本身特点,聚焦于更加合理高效的手性分离、手性合成等技术的发展,设计新型高效的手性固定相、手性配体及催化剂,以实现减少提取分离合成过程中杂质干扰以及降低成本的目的。再者,配伍是中医用药的主要形式,各单味药配伍后可能会使化学成分发生变化,有效成分之间的相互作用,手性成分的异构转化等因素均有可能影响药效。且结合前文,不同产地的药材含有的手性成分的含量存在一定差异,配伍使用后也可能会引起药效差异。因此,也可将重点放在研究手性成分在配伍环境中的存在形式、含量特点等方面,由此可进一步揭示配伍的科学性以及为手性成分单体使用提供安全保障。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82204760)
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2025年第43卷第9期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.010
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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国家自然科学基金项目(82204760)
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    天津中医药大学中药学院,天津市中药功效物质重点实验室,天津 301617

通讯作者:

姚雅琦(1992-),女,河北张家口人,讲师,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:药物分析学。E-mail:。
李遇伯(1978-),女,河北保定人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:药物分析学、中药学。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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