Article(id=1322927811509485912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926492627378659, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793340169074, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793340169074, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793340169074, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793340169074, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322926492627378659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757433600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339854628, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340762858, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322930302095590169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926492627378659, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322930302095590170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926492627378659, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=66, endPage=72, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322927812931354969, articleId=1322927811509485912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Review on Immune Inflammation Mechanism of Acupotomy in Knee Osteoarthritis, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This review summarized the effects of acupotomy therapy on the mechanism of immune inflammation in knee osteoarthritis. Knee osteoarthritis has become a worldwide problem due to its high disease rate and disability rate. Acupotomy therapy is unique amongmany therapies because of its characteristics of efficiency,convenience and economy. With the deepening of research,it is found that the acupotomy may regulate inflammatory factors in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis:(1)regulating pro-inflammatory factors,such as pro-inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin(IL)and so on;inducing nuclear factor-kB(NF-kB),Janus kinase(JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription(STAT),phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT),mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)and other signaling pathways to reduce inflammatory response;(2)regulating anti-inflammatory factors,such as interleukin-4(IL-4),interleukin-10(IL-10),to affect the JAK/STAT and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to produce anti-inflammatory effects. In conclusion,by sorting out the mechanism of immune inflammatory and the intervention of acupotomy therapy in knee osteoarthritis,it provided more evidence and thoughts for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.

, authors=Yuqian YANG1, Xiaole WANG2, Qiguang CAO2, Ting FANG2, Biao DENG1, Jinchao ZHU1, Fushui LIU1, 2, authorsList=Yuqian YANG, Xiaole WANG, Qiguang CAO, Ting FANG, Biao DENG, Jinchao ZHU, Fushui LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fushui LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322927814848151915, articleId=1322927811509485912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=针刀干预膝骨关节炎免疫炎症机制的研究进展, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

综述了针刀疗法对膝骨关节炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)免疫炎症机制的影响及可能存在的机制。KOA因高致病率、致残率已成为全世界亟待解决的问题。针刀疗法因效、便、廉等特点在众多疗法中独树一帜,随着研究深入,发现针刀调控KOA炎症因子治疗可能存在如下机制:(1)调控促炎因子,如肿瘤坏死因子α(Tumour necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)等,诱导核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)、Janus激酶-信号转导和转录激活因子(Janus kinase-Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription,JAK-STAT)、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases-Protein kinase B,PI3K/AKT)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)等信号通路减少炎症反应;(2)调控抗炎因子,如白细胞介素-4(interleukin4,IL-4)、白细胞介素-10(interleukin-10,IL-10)等,影响JAK/STAT、PI3K/AKT通路从而产生抗炎作用。综上,通过整理KOA免疫炎症机制及针刀疗法对膝骨关节炎炎症因子干预作用,以期为针刀治疗KOA提供更多证据与思路。

, authors=杨煜乾1, 王小乐2, 曹奇光2, 方婷2, 邓彪1, 朱金超1, 刘福水1, 2, authorsList=杨煜乾, 王小乐, 曹奇光, 方婷, 邓彪, 朱金超, 刘福水, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘福水, authorNote=

杨煜乾(1999-),男,江西九江人,硕士研究生,研究方向:针刀干预颈肩腰腿痛。

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刘福水(1979-),男,江西上饶人,主任医师、教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:中医药防治颈肩腰腿痛。E-mail:。
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杨煜乾(1999-),男,江西九江人,硕士研究生,研究方向:针刀干预颈肩腰腿痛。

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杨煜乾(1999-),男,江西九江人,硕士研究生,研究方向:针刀干预颈肩腰腿痛。

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作者干预措施观测指标结果
潘胜莲2023[22]微针刀IL-6、TNF-α、NOIL-6、TNF-α、NO下调
纪少丰2023[23]小针刀结合手法BGP、TRACP-5b、PGE2BGP上调、TRACP-5b、PGE2下调
吴祖庆2023[24]小针刀疗法联合经颅直流电刺激COMP、BGP、OPG、IL-1、TNF-ɑIL-1、TNF-ɑ及COMP下调,OPG、BGP上调
闫素敏2023[25]小针刀联合艾灸IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-αIL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α下调
刘宏鹏2023[26]针刀联合芪芍通痹胶囊ESR、CRP、IL-1βESR、CRP、IL-1β下调
刘峰2023[27]温针灸联合微针刀IL-6、MMP-3、TIMP-1IL-6、MMP-3下调,TIMP-1上调
刘冬2023[28]针刀配合三联疗法IL-1、IL-6IL-1、IL-6下调
张会良2023[29]小针刀配合运动疗法CRP、IL-6、TNF-αCRP、IL-6、TNF-α下调
周景巍2023[30]小针刀、四妙散加减联合洛索洛芬钠片IL-1、MMP-13IL-1、MMP-13下调
夏帅2023[31]针刀TXN、CAP1、FABP3、LTF、SCIN、IL-10TXN、CAP1、FABP3下调、LTF、SCIN、IL-10上调
宋寒冰2023[32]针刀IL-1β、MMP-3、hs-CRP、TNF-αIL-1β、MMP-3、hs-CRP、TNF-α下调
闫振兴2023[33]针灸联合小针刀IL-1、TNF-α、BGP、OPGIL-1、TNF-α下调
BGP、OPG上调
徐光春2022[34]针刀疗法联合骨疏康胶囊IL-1β、CRP、MMP-1IL-1β、CRP、MMP-1下调
宋寒冰2022[35]针刀IL-1β、MMP-3、hs-CRP、TNF-αIL-1β、MMP-3、hs-CRP、TNF-α下调
邹梦颖2022[36]玻璃酸钠注射液联合针刀松解术SOD、NO、TNF-αSOD上调、NO、TNF-α下调
唐永秀2022[37]针刀联合PRPIL-1β、IL-17IL-1β、IL-17下调
王应旭2022[38]温针灸结合小针刀及中药离子IL-1β、TNF-α、CTX-Ⅱ、CTX-Ⅰ、MMP-1IL-1β、TNF-α、CTX-Ⅱ、CTX-Ⅰ、MMP-1下调
陈宇2022[39]穴位贴敷联合小针刀BALP、BGP、TRACP-5bBALP、BGP上调TRACP-5b下调
罗春晖2020[40]小针刀疗法联合中药TNF-α、IL-2、IL-10TNF-α下调、IL-2、IL-10上调
), ArticleFig(id=1322927822322401715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927811509485912, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

针刀干预KOA临床观察

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作者干预措施观测指标结果
潘胜莲2023[22]微针刀IL-6、TNF-α、NOIL-6、TNF-α、NO下调
纪少丰2023[23]小针刀结合手法BGP、TRACP-5b、PGE2BGP上调、TRACP-5b、PGE2下调
吴祖庆2023[24]小针刀疗法联合经颅直流电刺激COMP、BGP、OPG、IL-1、TNF-ɑIL-1、TNF-ɑ及COMP下调,OPG、BGP上调
闫素敏2023[25]小针刀联合艾灸IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-αIL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α下调
刘宏鹏2023[26]针刀联合芪芍通痹胶囊ESR、CRP、IL-1βESR、CRP、IL-1β下调
刘峰2023[27]温针灸联合微针刀IL-6、MMP-3、TIMP-1IL-6、MMP-3下调,TIMP-1上调
刘冬2023[28]针刀配合三联疗法IL-1、IL-6IL-1、IL-6下调
张会良2023[29]小针刀配合运动疗法CRP、IL-6、TNF-αCRP、IL-6、TNF-α下调
周景巍2023[30]小针刀、四妙散加减联合洛索洛芬钠片IL-1、MMP-13IL-1、MMP-13下调
夏帅2023[31]针刀TXN、CAP1、FABP3、LTF、SCIN、IL-10TXN、CAP1、FABP3下调、LTF、SCIN、IL-10上调
宋寒冰2023[32]针刀IL-1β、MMP-3、hs-CRP、TNF-αIL-1β、MMP-3、hs-CRP、TNF-α下调
闫振兴2023[33]针灸联合小针刀IL-1、TNF-α、BGP、OPGIL-1、TNF-α下调
BGP、OPG上调
徐光春2022[34]针刀疗法联合骨疏康胶囊IL-1β、CRP、MMP-1IL-1β、CRP、MMP-1下调
宋寒冰2022[35]针刀IL-1β、MMP-3、hs-CRP、TNF-αIL-1β、MMP-3、hs-CRP、TNF-α下调
邹梦颖2022[36]玻璃酸钠注射液联合针刀松解术SOD、NO、TNF-αSOD上调、NO、TNF-α下调
唐永秀2022[37]针刀联合PRPIL-1β、IL-17IL-1β、IL-17下调
王应旭2022[38]温针灸结合小针刀及中药离子IL-1β、TNF-α、CTX-Ⅱ、CTX-Ⅰ、MMP-1IL-1β、TNF-α、CTX-Ⅱ、CTX-Ⅰ、MMP-1下调
陈宇2022[39]穴位贴敷联合小针刀BALP、BGP、TRACP-5bBALP、BGP上调TRACP-5b下调
罗春晖2020[40]小针刀疗法联合中药TNF-α、IL-2、IL-10TNF-α下调、IL-2、IL-10上调
), ArticleFig(id=1322927822393704884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927811509485912, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作者干预措施动物模型观测指标结果
赵耀2023[41]针刀联合葛根素兔MMP-1、MMP-13、IL-1、IL-6、TNF-αMMP-1、MMP-13、IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α下调
孙季维2022[42]针刀兔IL-1β、IL-10、TNF-αIL-1β、IL-10、TNF-α下调
伍闲2022[43]针刀兔COX-2、iNOS、IL-6、TNF-αCOX-2、iNOS、IL-6、TNF-α下调
宋寒冰2017[44]针刀大鼠IL-1、TNF-α、MMP-3IL-1、TNF-α、MMP-3下调
DING Y2017[45]针刀兔VEGFVEGF下调
), ArticleFig(id=1322927822553088437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927811509485912, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

针刀干预KOA动物基础研究

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作者干预措施动物模型观测指标结果
赵耀2023[41]针刀联合葛根素兔MMP-1、MMP-13、IL-1、IL-6、TNF-αMMP-1、MMP-13、IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α下调
孙季维2022[42]针刀兔IL-1β、IL-10、TNF-αIL-1β、IL-10、TNF-α下调
伍闲2022[43]针刀兔COX-2、iNOS、IL-6、TNF-αCOX-2、iNOS、IL-6、TNF-α下调
宋寒冰2017[44]针刀大鼠IL-1、TNF-α、MMP-3IL-1、TNF-α、MMP-3下调
DING Y2017[45]针刀兔VEGFVEGF下调
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针刀干预膝骨关节炎免疫炎症机制的研究进展
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杨煜乾 1 , 王小乐 2 , 曹奇光 2 , 方婷 2 , 邓彪 1 , 朱金超 1 , 刘福水 1, 2
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(9): 66-72
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (9) : 66 -72
针刀干预膝骨关节炎免疫炎症机制的研究进展
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杨煜乾(1999-),男,江西九江人,硕士研究生,研究方向:针刀干预颈肩腰腿痛。

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杨煜乾(1999-),男,江西九江人,硕士研究生,研究方向:针刀干预颈肩腰腿痛。

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杨煜乾1, 王小乐2, 曹奇光2, 方婷2, 邓彪1, 朱金超1, 刘福水1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.江西中医药大学,江西 南昌 330000
  • 2.江西中医药大学附属医院,江西 南昌 330000
通讯作者:
刘福水(1979-),男,江西上饶人,主任医师、教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:中医药防治颈肩腰腿痛。E-mail:。
作者简介:

杨煜乾(1999-),男,江西九江人,硕士研究生,研究方向:针刀干预颈肩腰腿痛。

Review on Immune Inflammation Mechanism of Acupotomy in Knee Osteoarthritis
Yuqian YANG1, Xiaole WANG2, Qiguang CAO2, Ting FANG2, Biao DENG1, Jinchao ZHU1, Fushui LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine,Nanchang 330000,Jiangxi,China
  • 2.Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine,Nanchang 330000,Jiangxi,China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.011
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综述了针刀疗法对膝骨关节炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)免疫炎症机制的影响及可能存在的机制。KOA因高致病率、致残率已成为全世界亟待解决的问题。针刀疗法因效、便、廉等特点在众多疗法中独树一帜,随着研究深入,发现针刀调控KOA炎症因子治疗可能存在如下机制:(1)调控促炎因子,如肿瘤坏死因子α(Tumour necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)等,诱导核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)、Janus激酶-信号转导和转录激活因子(Janus kinase-Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription,JAK-STAT)、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases-Protein kinase B,PI3K/AKT)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)等信号通路减少炎症反应;(2)调控抗炎因子,如白细胞介素-4(interleukin4,IL-4)、白细胞介素-10(interleukin-10,IL-10)等,影响JAK/STAT、PI3K/AKT通路从而产生抗炎作用。综上,通过整理KOA免疫炎症机制及针刀疗法对膝骨关节炎炎症因子干预作用,以期为针刀治疗KOA提供更多证据与思路。

针刀  /  炎症  /  膝骨关节炎  /  免疫  /  综述

This review summarized the effects of acupotomy therapy on the mechanism of immune inflammation in knee osteoarthritis. Knee osteoarthritis has become a worldwide problem due to its high disease rate and disability rate. Acupotomy therapy is unique amongmany therapies because of its characteristics of efficiency,convenience and economy. With the deepening of research,it is found that the acupotomy may regulate inflammatory factors in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis:(1)regulating pro-inflammatory factors,such as pro-inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin(IL)and so on;inducing nuclear factor-kB(NF-kB),Janus kinase(JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription(STAT),phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT),mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)and other signaling pathways to reduce inflammatory response;(2)regulating anti-inflammatory factors,such as interleukin-4(IL-4),interleukin-10(IL-10),to affect the JAK/STAT and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to produce anti-inflammatory effects. In conclusion,by sorting out the mechanism of immune inflammatory and the intervention of acupotomy therapy in knee osteoarthritis,it provided more evidence and thoughts for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.

acuputomy  /  inflammation  /  knee osteoarthritis  /  immune  /  review
杨煜乾, 王小乐, 曹奇光, 方婷, 邓彪, 朱金超, 刘福水. 针刀干预膝骨关节炎免疫炎症机制的研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (9) : 66 -72 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.011
Yuqian YANG, Xiaole WANG, Qiguang CAO, Ting FANG, Biao DENG, Jinchao ZHU, Fushui LIU. Review on Immune Inflammation Mechanism of Acupotomy in Knee Osteoarthritis[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (9) : 66 -72 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.011
膝骨关节炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)是一种以关节软骨退变及骨质增生硬化为特征的退行性骨关节病,常表现为关节疼痛肿胀、变形僵硬及活动骨擦音等,属中医“骨痹”“膝痹”等范畴[1]。目前,我国成年人KOA患病率约为18%,65岁以上老年人患病率高达85%[2],KOA发病率逐年升高已被世界卫生组织列为全球第4大致残性疾病[3],给患者及医疗体系带来严峻负担。早期KOA以保守治疗为主,针刀、针刺、艾灸等中医物理疗法各有特色。近年来有学者提出KOA病因在于“筋不柔、骨不正”,“筋不柔”属软组织病变范畴,为病变基础,继而导致“骨不正”,即膝关节力线失衡,两者往复循环造成KOA发生[4-5],通过“调筋”继而“治骨”为治疗KOA提供新思路。
针刀是对针灸学的复古与创新[6],针刀治疗KOA效果显著,且为治疗优势病种[7-8]。针刀松解软组织,对“结筋点”进行“解结”,恢复“筋主束骨而利机关”的生理功能[9],达到“筋柔”生理状态,同时解除关节周围异常应力,重塑膝关节力学平衡,恢复“骨正”治疗KOA。随着相关基础研究的不断深入[10],KOA发病机制不再局限于单纯软骨磨损,免疫炎症反应或扮演重要作用。因此,本文旨在从免疫炎症机制切入,探究免疫炎症介导相关内容以论述针刀干预KOA被证实或存在潜在机制。
KOA病因尚不明确,目前发现诱发KOA的病因有关节软骨的退化和损伤、软骨下骨损伤、滑膜炎症、髌骨下脂肪垫炎症、半月板损伤、膝关节周围韧带损伤等。
关节软骨损伤及年龄增长带来的退化通常会导致KOA的发生[11]。关节软骨主要由软骨细胞、聚蛋白多糖及绝大多数的细胞外基质构成。细胞外基质主要是由Ⅰ型胶原蛋白和Ⅱ型胶原蛋白构成,Ⅱ型与Ⅰ型比例决定关节软骨的弹性,因关节软骨无血管、无神经、细胞少的结构,使得营养输送大多数来源于关节滑液或软骨下骨孔道中,损伤后得不到充分修复,导致Ⅱ型胶原蛋白逐渐向Ⅰ型胶原蛋白转变,关节软骨退变普遍存在。
目前,关节软骨退变主要集中于两个方面:(1)生物力学失衡;(2)生物学改变。膝关节软骨长期受到身体重力负荷影响,由于下肢运动方式,关节软骨承重力线不断改变,当移动到不频繁负重区域或超出负荷量时造成关节软骨损伤。这种异常应力改变,不仅会阻碍正常力学传导,还会进一步加重软骨损伤及炎性因子分泌,造成局部软骨缺失[12],软骨缺失后承重负荷量也会减少,二者形成恶性循环造成KOA的发生。当然,在此过程中,炎性因子会促使分泌更多的趋化因子、炎性因子、基质金属蛋白酶等,例如关节软骨细胞外基质在基质金属蛋白酶的影响下,其构成主要成分Ⅱ型胶原蛋白向Ⅰ型胶原蛋白转化,加重关节软骨退变从而诱导KOA发生。
软骨下骨是一种复杂的结构,由软骨下板及下方的骨小梁组成,与上层的关节软骨关系密切,通过软骨下板中的孔隙,大基数的动静脉及神经通过细小分支输送到钙化软骨中,钙化软骨位于关节非钙化软骨(即关节软骨)及软骨下骨之间,为二者之间的生化交互提供桥梁作用[13]。不仅如此,软骨下骨还为关节软骨提供力学支持。研究发现,关节软骨在软骨下骨密度低的地方比密度高的地方变形更多,更易退变[14],且在KOA患者中,软骨下骨的成骨细胞似乎异常活跃,这也证明了骨赘的发生[15]。因此,软骨下骨在营养支持及承受应力方面扮演更重要的角色。基于此,当软骨下骨发生损伤时:(1)从营养支持的角度会使关节软骨营养供给少,损伤修复慢;(2)从力学角度软骨下骨损伤将破坏膝关节力学平衡;(3)从免疫炎症角度软骨下骨损伤将造成一种炎症环境改变,包括局部炎症、骨髓水肿等病理状态,三者合并造成KOA发生。
全关节滑膜炎与特定区域滑膜炎已被证明与膝关节疼痛关系密切[16],滑膜炎或为KOA起始阶段[17]。当受到外来因素刺激时,包括损伤、炎症因子刺激等,巨噬细胞分泌大量促炎因子(TNF-α、IL-1β等)加重炎症反应,于关节腔中形成炎性环境。同时,这些炎症因子介导如基质金属蛋白酶促使关节软骨退变、脱落,从而进一步加重KOA的病程。
KOA相关的软骨和滑膜改变已被广泛研究,有关髌下脂肪垫的研究近年来才渐渐出现,并被认为是KOA发病过程中重要一环[18]。髌下脂肪垫(infrapatellar fat pad,IFP)是滑膜附近的脂肪组织,位于囊内属滑膜外组织。IFP在膝关节活动期间作为减震器保护关节组织,然而有研究表明,KOA患者IFP表现出炎性因子分泌(TNF-α、IL-6)、血管化、淋巴细胞浸润,并诱导自身及滑膜纤维化[19]。炎性因子和淋巴细胞造就的炎性环境加重关节软骨退变,同时,滑膜纤维化带来的弹性改变及滑液分泌下降也会加重这一过程。
半月板是位于相应股骨髁及胫骨平台之间的一种白色软骨组织,主要由水、细胞外基质、细胞构成。半月板分为两个区域:白色区域和红色区域,白色区域主要存在Ⅱ型胶原蛋白60%、Ⅰ型胶原蛋白40%,红色区域Ⅰ型胶原蛋白占80%,红色区域随着年龄增长逐渐向白色区域转变,同时,半月板为膝关节运动过程中的缓冲结构,长期应力作用造成了半月板退化是不可避免的过程。半月板受到细胞因子刺激或者机械损伤时,分泌促炎因子、趋化因子、基质金属蛋白酶,诱导关节内结构(关节软骨、半月板等)退变及炎症环境改变致使KOA的发生[20]。
膝关节周围韧带主要指前、后交叉韧带,内、外侧副韧带,当然,也包括一些辅助韧带,如髌韧带、腓侧副韧带、胫侧副韧带和腘斜韧带等,它们共同维持膝关节的稳定性与正常功能。韧带损伤发生松弛致使膝关节稳定性下降,关节软骨更容易在不常受力的位置承受应力改变,更易损伤[21]。此外,关节周围韧带损伤会分泌促炎因子(IL-1β、IL-6等)等加重关节内炎症环境。
综上所述,免疫炎症贯穿整个KOA发病过程,并将进一步加重KOA。
通过中国知网及PubMed检索发现,针刀干预KOA数据可观。大量研究表明针刀从免疫炎症方面调控KOA疗效可靠,有据可依,具体情况见表1(针刀干预KOA临床研究),表2(针刀干预KOA动物基础研究)。如今多数研究集中于表明针刀能调控TNF-α,IL继而影响KOA,部分涉及CRP、ESR等炎性标志物。因此下文将着重从TNF-α及IL介导免疫炎症机制论述。
TNF-α是一种强效促炎细胞因子,主要是由单核细胞和巨噬细胞产生,在免疫炎症以及细胞增殖、分化和凋亡的控制中发挥重要作用[46]。TNF-α分为跨膜分子和可溶性分子两种类型,跨膜TNF-α(Transmembrane tumor necrosis factor-alpha,tmTNF-α)由TNF-α转化酶(TNF alpha converting enzyme,TACE)转化为可溶性TNF-α(solubilitytumor necrosis factor-alpha,sTNF-α)并靶向两种受体,即肿瘤坏死因子受体1(TNF receptor type 1,TNFR1)和肿瘤坏死因子受体2(TNF receptor type 2,TNFR2)[47]。TNFR1在大多数细胞表面存在(红细胞除外),相反,TNFR2多数存在于免疫细胞[48]。TNFR1可与tmTNF-α或sTNF-α结合(特指其中"死亡结构域"TRADD),最终激活下游MAPK和经典NF-κB信号通路、激活半胱氨酸-天冬氨酸蛋白酶8(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase8,Caspase-8)诱导细胞凋亡、激活混合谱系激酶结构域样蛋白(MLKL)引发坏死性凋亡[49]。TNFR2只与tmTNF-α结合,介导IKB激酶(Inhibitor of kappa B kinase,IKK)激活MAPK(P38、JNK)、经典NF-κB信号通路和介导NF-κB诱导激酶(NF-κB-inducing kinase,NIK)使IKKα磷酸化激活非经典NF-κB信号通路[50]。TNFR2与血管内皮生长因子受体2(VEGFR2)联动激活AKT信号通路[51],因其不被TNF配体激活而单独作用,故不在此次论述范围。
MAPK信号通路已被证实与KOA发病密切相关[52],其下游多种白介素(下文详细介绍)加重软骨细胞炎症反应及Fas、Bcl3等凋亡基因促进软骨细胞凋亡。陈嘉等[53]通过刃针干预膝骨关节炎兔发现在膝关节软骨组织中MAPK信号通路中3条子通路(P38、ERK1/2、JNK)被抑制,减少软骨细胞凋亡,减轻炎症反应,延缓关节软骨退变从而防治KOA。值得注意的是,作为MAPK信号通路中最晚被发现的子通路-ERK5信号通路,虽被证实有促炎作用[54],但仍缺少针刀或KOA相关基础研究,或为进一步研究方向。
经典NF-κB信号通路被认为是典型的促炎通路[55]。当然,不只是TNF能够激活该通路,IL和Toll样受体(Toll like receptors,TLR)等也能激活[56](下文会说明),诱导几乎所有免疫渠道:细胞因子、趋化因子、黏附因子、炎性因子、凋亡抑制剂[57]。研究表明,KOA发病过程中NF-κB信号通路能介导基质金属蛋白酶水解、炎症反应和破坏性介质,最终导致KOA的发生[58]。陆海红等[59]基于TLR4观察电针干预膝骨关节炎患者NF-κBmRNA表达发现电针能下调该信号通路的表达,减轻滑膜炎症治疗KOA,曹寅生等[60]虽干预方式不同,但也证明该通路能减轻软骨炎症证明这一点。伍闲等[43]以针刀干预膝骨关节炎兔模型可下调NF-κB信号通路,减轻IL-6、TNF-A炎性因子保护关节软骨,证明针刀调控膝骨关节炎免疫应答可靠。
非经典NF-κB信号通路在调节免疫与炎症方面已被证实具有重要作用[61],该通路失调可能导致各种自身免疫性、炎性疾病,如在类风湿关节炎中该通路失调导致破骨细胞生成障碍和骨质流失,并影响B细胞和炎症T细胞[特别是辅助性T细胞17(T helper cell 17,Th17)]募集到滑膜组织。然而根据SUN S C等研究[62]及知网检索发现,基于该通路对KOA影响机制基础研究仍处于空白,该通路或为进一步探究目标。具体通路转导见插页ⅩⅧ图1。
白介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)是参与局部和全身炎症的重要细胞因子,白介素1α(interleukin-1α,IL-1α)和IL-1β是IL-1家族中最先发现的两种(目前已发现11种),IL-1α在健康状态下作为普遍存在,IL-1β则相反[63]。与IL-1β相比,IL-1α主要在非免疫细胞中表达,往往静息于细胞质或细胞坏死时开始发挥作用,IL-1β在KOA中参与免疫炎症过程已被证实[64]。IL-1β由单核细胞和巨噬细胞等免疫细胞产生,最初是作为无活性前体存在,当细胞处于炎症环境时,作为先天免疫重要传感器核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)炎症小体感应外源性病原体入侵或内部细胞损伤,通过识别病原体相关分子模式(PAMP)或损伤相关的分子模式(DAMP)后的模式识别受体(PRR)启动或直接由细胞因子启动,通过凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)(接头)激活半胱氨酸-天冬氨酸蛋白酶1(Caspase-1),从而将IL-1β前体加工成活性分泌分子发挥促炎作用[65]。IL-1β与细胞表面受体(IL-1RI)结合诱导IL-1RI构象变化,之后再与IL-1受体辅助蛋白(IL-1RAcP)结合形成三聚体复合物,该复合物进一步招募骨髓分化初级应答基因88(MyD88),诱导白细胞介素-1受体相关激酶(IRAK)磷酸化促进肿瘤坏死因子受体6(TRAF6)寡聚,进一步激活NF-κB、JNK、P38等信号通路[66]。正如上文描述,这些信号通路的激活将进一步促进炎性因子的表达,形成一个恶性循环。张良志等[67]通过针刀干预膝骨关节炎兔软骨发现针刀组较模型组Caspase-1、NLRP3、IL-1β mRNA和Caspase-1、NLRP3、IL-1β、ASC蛋白表达水平显著下调,干预软骨细胞焦亡,调节关节内炎症从而治疗KOA。具体合成途径见插页ⅩⅧ图2,信号转导途径见插页ⅩⅨ图3。
IL-2是一种强大的免疫炎症因子,主要是由CD4+T细胞因抗原刺激产生,NK T细胞、CD8+细胞、肥大细胞、树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)也可产生。IL-2主要有3种细胞表面受体,IL-2α、β、γc链。γ和β链主要在T淋巴细胞(T-lymphocyte,T)和自然杀伤细胞(Natural Killer cell,NK)上表达,而α、β、γ链在调节性T细胞(Regulatory T cells,Tregs)和活化的T细胞上表达[68]。IL-2信号级联通过IL-2结合IL-2Rβ、γ链,从而介导下游JAK1/JAK3/STAT5、PI3K/AKT和Ras/Raf/MAPK信号通路[69],IL-2Rα作用主要是捕获IL-2并促进IL-2Rβ和γc结合[70]。IL-2Rβ结合JAK1、γc结合JAK3,激活后的JAK1、JAK3又可以磷酸化IL-2Rβ链上的酪氨酸,产生Y395、Y498和Y341,其中Y395、Y498为STAT5蛋白引入结合位点。结合后的STAT5蛋白被JAK激酶磷酸化而激活、解离,产生二聚体并转移至细胞核内,调控靶基因转录,影响T细胞的增殖和功能;Y341磷酸化后允许招募SHC衔接蛋白1(SHC adaptor protein 1,SHC1),酪氨酸被JAK磷酸化后招募生长因子受体结合蛋白2(Growth Factor Receptor Bound Protein 2,GRB2)和非七激酶子同源物(Son of sevenless homolog,SOS),从而促进经典Ras/Raf/MAPK级联激活[71]。亓文静等[72]发现IL-2通过JAK1/JAK3/STAT5促进巨噬细胞从M0向M1极化,巨噬细胞M1是活化状态,参与促进炎症及杀菌作用。目前,基于JAK/STAT信号通路干预KOA基础研究集中于由IL-10介导的JAK2/STAT3[73],而JAK1/JAK3/STAT5或为下一步研究方向。具体信号传导见插页ⅩⅨ图4。
IL-6主要由单核巨噬细胞及血管内皮细胞产生,与IL-1β相似,当有病变因素存在时,IL-6的产生一方面通过PAMP或DAMP后的PRR识别启动,另一方面则是从非感染性炎症中由受损或濒死细胞中释放直接发挥作用[74]。IL-6R存在两种形式:80-kDa跨膜形式(m IL-6R)和50-55-kDa(sIL-6R)。膜结合型白介素6受体(membrane bound interleukin 6 receptor,m IL-6R)仅在白细胞和肝细胞等有限细胞中表达,而可溶性白介素6受体(soluble interleukin 6 receptor,sIL-6R)人血清中表达。IL-6可以与两种受体结合,IL-6与m IL-6R结合成为IL-6的经典转录转导,与sIL-6R结合称为反式信号传导,不管哪种形式,在形成IL-6-IL-6R复合物后都会诱导糖蛋白130(Glycoprotein 130,gp130)的同二聚化,形成IL-6-IL-6R-gp130复合物,且因gp130在所有细胞上都有存在因此扩大了IL-6的表达范围[75]。这一复合物的形成激活了JAK,通过磷酸化gp130上的残基,导致STAT家族转录因子的激活,主要是STAT3,以及含有src同源区2结构域的磷酸酶2(SH2 domain-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatase-2,SHP-2)、GRB2相关的结合蛋白(Grb2-associated binders,GAB)、细胞外信号调节激酶(Extracellular regulated protein kinases,ERK)和MAPK信号通路[76],STAT3可以与PI3K的p85调节亚基相互作用,从而激活PI3K。PI3K的激活导致其催化亚基p110释放出其抑制因子,并开始生成磷脂酰肌醇-3,4,5-三磷酸(phosphatidylinositol3,4,5-trisphosphate,PIP3),生成的PIP3与AKT结合,激活PI3K/AKT信号通路[77]。SHP2与gp130的磷酸酪氨酸残基结合,并通过其SH2结构域与Grb2相互作用。Grb2是一个适配器蛋白,能够与其他信号分子如相关蛋白家族(rat sarcoma,Ras)、Raf蛋白激酶(rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma,Raf)和丝裂原活化的细胞外信号调节激酶(MAPK ERK kinase,MEK)等相互作用,SHP2通过Grb2与Ras/Raf/MEK通路连接,促使Ras的激活和随后的Raf和MEK磷酸化。这一系列反应导致MAPK的活化,包括ERK、JNK和p38等[78]。
颜春鲁等[79]通过IL-6信号转导及STAT3信号通路发现右归丸减轻炎症反应及阻断wnt信号通路治疗KOA,张艳玲等[80]也通过该通路证明这一点。因此激活JAK/STAT证实能减轻KOA炎症反应从而治疗KOA,目前针刀基于该通路干预KOA的基础研究尚未发现,但张璐[81]通过经皮微创术治疗类风湿性关节炎疗效显著,两者同为滑膜炎症,需在此基础上完善基于JAK/STAT针刀治疗KOA基础研究。具体信号转导见插页ⅩⅩ图5。
IL-17是高度通用的促炎细胞因子,在机体防御、组织修复、炎症性疾病的发病机制及癌症进展中发挥重要作用[82]。IL-17最初因CD4+细胞分泌而被关注,该类型被称为Th17细胞,随着基础研究深入,γδT细胞、先天性淋巴细胞(ILC)、自然杀伤(NK)细胞、不变NK T细胞、黏膜相关不变T细胞、肥大细胞和潘氏细胞,也可以是IL-17的来源。此外,IL-17也可以被固有免疫系统的细胞如γδT细胞、NK T细胞、NK细胞、中性粒细胞分泌[83]。目前来说,IL-17家族有IL-17A-F6个成员,受体有IL-17AR-ER5种受体,IL-17A结合IL-17AR/IL-17CR,IL-17F结合IL-17FR从而发出信号转导,在IL-17R末端存在一个区域,称为SEFIR,该受体结构域与Toll受体和IL-1受体的TIR受体相似,因此该区域能受到TL、IL-1、IL-17刺激而发挥作用。值得注意的是,该区域存在一种胞质蛋白-Act1,该蛋白最早对NF-κB上游激酶IKK起激活作用[84],在IL-17信号转导下,Act1招募泛素化TNF受体因子TRAF6,通过IKK激活转导经典NF-κB及MAPK信号通路,从而发挥促炎作用[85]。
IL-18是一种有效的促炎因子,参与感染、炎症及自身免疫相关的各种免疫性过程[86],作为IL-1家族中的一员,尽管IL-18与IL-1β受体不同,两者使用相同的信号转导途径[87]。IL-18R在T细胞和NK细胞中表达,其中的IL-18Rα和β链形成异二聚体,通过IL-18/IL-18Rα/IL-18Rβ,其中的TIR节后招募MyD88随后招募白细胞介素-1受体相关激酶(IRAK1)、白细胞介素-4受体相关激酶(IRAK4)、TRAF6,从而引发细胞内NF-κB激活和MAPK级联[88]。IL-18在促进KOA炎症反应、细胞焦亡、组织纤维化方面已被证实[89]。赵松阳等[90]通过针刀结合热敏灸发现膝骨关节炎患者针刀能下调关节液中IL-1β、IL-18、TNF-α、TRACP-5b、MMP-3、COMP水平,同时提高BALP、BGP、TIMP-1等骨代谢因子。具体信号转导见插页ⅩⅩ图6。
C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)是一种急性炎症蛋白,以五聚体(pCRP)或单体形式(mCRP)存在,主要在肝细胞中合成,当然,平滑肌细胞、巨噬细胞、内皮细胞、淋巴细胞、脂肪细胞等非肝细胞也可合成。随着基础研究的不断深入,CRP在炎症及免疫方面发挥重要作用,pCRP在肝细胞中产生并参与循环,虽然循环浓度可忽略不计,但有研究表明[91],参与循环pCRP或解离成mCRP并在病变区域定位聚集,加重局部炎症反应。在KOA中,CRP已被证明与局部炎症呈正相关[92],CRP浓度体现患处炎症程度。
IL-4是一种免疫细胞因子,主要是由活化的辅助型T细胞2(Thelper 2 cell,Th2)细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、肥大细胞产生。IL-4主要通过与其受体IL-4R的结合发挥生物学功能。IL-4R由两个亚基组成,分别是IL-4Rα链和γc链。IL-4Rα链是IL-4的特异性结合位点,而γc链则参与信号转导[93]。IL-4信号通路主要涉及非受体型酪氨酸激酶JAK的激活。当IL-4与IL-4Rα结合后,与γc形成二聚体,称I型复合物,主要位于免疫细胞上,或与IL-13受体α1形成二聚体,称Ⅱ型复合物,在实体瘤表面上表达[94]。I型复合物通过JAK1/JAK3发出信号连接STAT6二聚化并移位至细胞核。Ⅱ型复合通过JAK1和酪氨酸激酶(Tyrosine kinase 2,Tyk2)发出信号,激活下游信号通路[95]。研究发现[96]IL-4Rα、γc和IL-13Rα1分别激活JAK1、JAK3和Tyk2。在免疫细胞中,IL-4信号通路会激活2种下游信号:IRS-PI3K-AKT途径和JAKSTAT6途径。目前在KOA中,IL-4对软骨有保护作用,在mRNA和蛋白质水平上抑制基质金属蛋白酶影响蛋白聚糖代谢,并防止软骨细胞和成纤维滑膜细胞凋亡,与此同时,IL-4表达减少,加重对软骨细胞损伤[97]。梁楚西等[98]通过针刀干预膝骨关节炎兔发现针刀组IL-4含量高于模型组,抑制软骨细胞退变从而防止KOA。具体信号转导见插页ⅩⅩ图7。
IL-10是一种关键的抗炎介质,在减轻机体对病原体的炎症反应及自身免疫方面发挥重要作用,主要是由TH2细胞产生,CD4+、CD8+ T细胞、B细胞、巨噬细胞、单核细胞等也可产生,并抑制Th1细胞产生炎性因子[99]。IL-10与两个受体的功能性四聚体结合发挥作用,IL-10R可通过Jak1/STAT3途径产生信号并激活细胞因子信号传导抑制因子3(Suppressor Of Cytokine Signaling 3,SOCS-3)产生抑制作用,同时能通过NF-κB抑制炎症因子释放[100]。IL-10通过一系列信号级联减少基质金属蛋白酶释放,减少软骨细胞凋亡从而对关节软骨起保护作用[101]。研究表明IL-10或与IL-4共同发挥抗炎及保护关节软骨细胞作用减轻关节损伤[102]。因此,IL-4与IL-10两种抗炎因子在KOA调节KOA相关促炎与凋亡因子方面发挥重要作用。赵世永等[103]通过针刀结合独活寄生汤干预膝骨关节炎患者发现针刀能下调IL-10、IL-6、TNF-α表达,减轻炎症反应从而治疗KOA。有趣的是,该研究中的IL-10处于下调状态。相关文献指出[104],IL-6与IL-10在JAK/STAT3信号通路上存在串联。随着IL-10浓度升高,STAT3表达量相应增高,当IL-10浓度水平较低时,IL-10对STAT3的影响远小于IL-6信号传导的影响;当IL-10浓度水平较高时,由IL-10信号通路产生的SOCS3抑制了参与IL-6信号通路的Jak/STAT3,且IL-10的效率似乎低于IL-6,或为其中原因[105]。具体信号转导见插页ⅩⅩ图8。
随着人口老龄化及肥胖等重要因素的增加,我国KOA患病率逐步提高,已成为亟待解决的医疗问题。本文从免疫炎症机制方面探索针刀调控KOA发现:针刀调控TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6、IL-17、IL-18促炎因子从而介导下游NF-κB信号通路、JAK信号通路、MAPK信号通路;IL-4、IL-10抗炎因子介导下游PI3K信号通路、JAK信号通路、NF-κB信号通路。KOA发病时免疫炎症贯穿其中,针刀从上述多种免疫炎症机制调控KOA有据可依。
本研究存在一定的不足:(1)本文从目前已发表文献中提取针刀干预膝骨关节炎炎症因子的相关研究,并向信号转导下游探索,部分基础研究缺乏,如基于非经典NF-κB信号通路、MAPK/ERK5信号通路、JAK/STAT5信号通路等针刀干预膝骨关节炎,或为下一步研究方向;(2)因本次研究以“膝骨关节炎”“膝关节骨关节炎”为检索词,未明确提出诊断为膝骨关节炎或动物实验未交代膝骨关节炎造模的研究均未纳入。例如:以针刀为干预措施只探究关节软骨的实验研究。
综上所述,针刀干预膝骨关节炎免疫炎症疗效确切,相关KOA发病机制及针刀调控免疫炎症机制仍需进一步探索。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82360940)
  • 江西省自然科学基金重点项目(20224ACB206041)
  • 江西省教育厅科技项目(GJJ2200990)
  • 江西省自然科学基金青年项目(20232BAB216117)
  • 江西省中医药管理局项目(2023B1191)
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2025年第43卷第9期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.011
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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国家自然科学基金项目(82360940)
江西省自然科学基金重点项目(20224ACB206041)
江西省教育厅科技项目(GJJ2200990)
江西省自然科学基金青年项目(20232BAB216117)
江西省中医药管理局项目(2023B1191)
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    1.江西中医药大学,江西 南昌 330000
    2.江西中医药大学附属医院,江西 南昌 330000

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刘福水(1979-),男,江西上饶人,主任医师、教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:中医药防治颈肩腰腿痛。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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total species (%)
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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