Article(id=1322927462505644118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322925862630339452, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793340085864, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793340085864, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793340085864, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793340085864, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322925862630339452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752076800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339704424, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340532184, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929334587105328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322925862630339452, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929334587105329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322925862630339452, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=21, endPage=25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322927464627961944, articleId=1322927462505644118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=“Ascending The Clear and Descending The Turbid” Mechanism of Ganlu Xiaodu Micropill(甘露消毒丹)on IV Infection, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

The study investigated the molecular mechanism of“ascending the clear and descending the turbid”effect of Ganlu Xiaodu Micropill(甘露消毒丹,GXM)on retinoicacid-inducible gene 1(RIG-1)/mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein(MAVS)/nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)pathway in influenza virus(IV)-infected mice.

Methods

Ninety-six SPF-grade BALB/c mice were randomly divided into normal,model,GXM and Oseltamivir groups. Except for the mice in the normal group,the IV infection mode in the other groups was set up and sampled on day 7 of modelling after the mouse abscission experiment.HE staining was used to observe pathological changes in lung tissues. The pathological changes in organelles of mouse lung tissue cells were observed under electron microscope. The mRNA expressions of nuclear factor kappa-B p65(NFκB p65),MAVS,RIG-1 and lactate dehydrogenase A(LDHA)were detected in mouse lung tissues by qPCR method. Western blot method was used to determine the protein contents of MAVS,NF-κB and RIG-1 in mouse lung tissues and serum levels of interleukin 6(IL-6),LDH,Interferon-β(IFN-β)and interleukin-10(IL-10)were detected in mouse serum by ELISA method.

Results

Compared with those in the normal group,after IV infection,the alveolar structure of mice was severely damaged,with the presence of a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration and capillary dilatation;the ultrastructure of lung tissue was damaged,the alveolar structure was broken,the number of organelles was reduced,and part of the outer membrane and cristae of mitochondria were reduced or disappeared;the total distance and the average speed of walking of mice in all the other groups were significantly reduced(P<0.05). The pulmonary tissue of mice had a significant decrease in the expressions of RIG-1,NF-κB p65,MAVS,LDHA mRNA and protein in the lung tissues of mice were significantly elevated;the serum levels of IL-6,IFN-βand LDH in mice were elevated,and the serum IL-10 level was decreased(P<0.05). Compared with those in the model group,the total distance and the average speed of walking were significantly increased in the GXM group,the average speed of walking was significantly higher in the Oseltamivir group,and the average speed of mice in the Oseltamivir group was significantly lower than that in the GXM group(P<0.05). The expressions of RIG-1,NF-κB p65,MAVS,LDHA mRNA and protein were reduced,the serum levels of IL-6,IFN-βand LDH were reduced,and the serum levels of IL-10 were increased(P<0.05),and the trends of changes were consistent between the two treatment groups after administration of the drug,in which the expression of RIG-I mRNA in lung tissues of the GXM group was decreased significantly,and the improvement of serum levels of IL-6 and IFN-βin mice of the Oseltamivir group was obvious(P<0.05).

Conclusion

GXM regulates the expressions of inflammatory factors and regulates energy metabolism in IV infection,possibly through the RIG-I/MAVS/NF-κB pathway,which regulates the“ascending the clear and descending the turbid”effects of IV infection.

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目的

通过甘露消毒丹(Ganlu Xiaodu Micropill,GXM)对流感病毒(Influenza virus,IV)感染小鼠能量代谢及视黄酸诱导基因I(Retinoicacid-inducible gene I,RIG-I)/线粒体抗病毒信号蛋白(Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein,MAVS)/核因子κB(Nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)通路的调节机制,探究其“升清降浊”作用的分子机制。

方法

将96只BALB/c小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、GXM组、磷酸奥司他韦(Oseltamivir)组。除正常组小鼠外,其余各组小鼠进行IV感染模型处理,于造模第7天进行小鼠旷场实验后取材。苏木精-伊红染色法(Hematoxylin-eosin staining,HE)观察肺组织病理变化;电镜下观察小鼠肺组织细胞细胞器病理改变;qPCR法检测小鼠肺组织中核因子κB p65(Nuclear factor kappa-B p65,NF-κB p65)、MAVS、RIG-1、乳酸脱氢酶A(Lactate dehydrogenase A,LDHA)mRNA表达情况;Western blot法测定小鼠肺组织中MAVS、NF-κB、RIG-1蛋白含量;酶联免疫吸附试验(Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测小鼠血清中白细胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)、LDH、干扰素β(Interferon-β,IFN-β)、白细胞介素-10(Interleukin-10,IL-10)含量。

结果

与正常组相比,IV感染后,小鼠肺泡结构破坏严重,存在大量炎症细胞浸润及毛细血管扩张;肺组织超微结构破坏,肺泡结构断裂,细胞器数目减少,部分线粒体外膜及嵴减少或消失模糊;各组小鼠的行走总路程和行走平均速度显著减少(P<0.05);小鼠肺组织中RIG-1、NF-κB p65、MAVS、LDHA mRNA和蛋白的表达明显升高,小鼠血清中IL-6、IFN-β、LDH含量升高,血清IL-10含量下降(P<0.05)。与模型组相比,GXM组小鼠的行走总路程和行走平均速度均呈显著性增加,Oseltamivir组行走平均速度显著升高,Oseltamivir组小鼠的平均速度明显低于GXM组(P<0.05);RIG-1、NF-κB p65、MAVS、LDHA mRNA和蛋白的表达降低,血清中IL-6、IFN-β、LDH含量降低,血清中IL-10水平升高(P<0.05),两治疗组给药后变化趋势一致,其中GXM组肺组织RIG-I mRNA表达下降明显,Oseltamivir组小鼠血清中IL-6、IFN-β改善明显(P<0.05)。

结论

GXM具有调节IV感染后小鼠炎症因子表达和能量代谢的作用,可能通过RIG-I/MAVS/NF-κB信号通路实现调控IV感染的“升清降浊”作用。

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刘光华(1974-),女,辽宁阜新人,教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治感染性疾病。

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刘光华(1974-),女,辽宁阜新人,教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治感染性疾病。

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刘光华(1974-),女,辽宁阜新人,教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治感染性疾病。

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Front Immunol,2023,14:1304758., articleTitle=Tollip deficiency exaggerates airway type2 inflammation in mice exposed to allergen and influenza A virus:role of the ATP/IL-33 signaling axis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322927491752526034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927462505644118, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=29, issue=5, pageStart=735, pageEnd=738, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=魏述程, 岳冬辉, 于连贺, journalName=中医药临床杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=魏述程,岳冬辉,于连贺,等. 甘露消毒丹治疗湿热类疾病临床研究概述[J]. 中医药临床杂志,2017,29(5):735-738., articleTitle=甘露消毒丹治疗湿热类疾病临床研究概述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322927491857383635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927462505644118, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=李晓菲, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李晓菲. 甘露消毒丹挥发油干预雾霾条件下IV感染小鼠黏膜免疫研究[D]. 沈阳:辽宁中医药大学,2020., articleTitle=甘露消毒丹挥发油干预雾霾条件下IV感染小鼠黏膜免疫研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322927491920298196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927462505644118, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=侯宏彬, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=侯宏彬. 甘露消毒丹精简方调控雾霾环境下IV感染小鼠NLRP3炎性小体的机制研究[D]. 沈阳:辽宁中医药大学,2021., articleTitle=甘露消毒丹精简方调控雾霾环境下IV感染小鼠NLRP3炎性小体的机制研究, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322927487319146679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927462505644118, awardId=81403293, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(81403293), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322927487411421368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927462505644118, 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引物名称引物序列(5'-3')片段长度/(bp)
GAPDH上游:CCTCGTCCCGTAGACAAAATG133
下游:TGAGGTCAATGAAGGGGTCGT
RIG-1上游:TGTGTGGCTCGCAACTACCTG224
下游:CGTATGGTGATCCTTCCCTCCT
NF-κB p65上游:CGAGTCTCCATGCAGCTACG212
下游:TTTCGGGTAGGCACAGCAATA
MAVS上游:TCTCCTAACCAGCAGGCTCTCA143
下游:TGGAAGGAAACGGTTGGAGAC
LDHA上游:TAATGAAGGACTTGGCGGATGA157
下游:ACCAGCTTGGAGTTCGCAGTTA
), ArticleFig(id=1322927484794175663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927462505644118, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

引物序列

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引物名称引物序列(5'-3')片段长度/(bp)
GAPDH上游:CCTCGTCCCGTAGACAAAATG133
下游:TGAGGTCAATGAAGGGGTCGT
RIG-1上游:TGTGTGGCTCGCAACTACCTG224
下游:CGTATGGTGATCCTTCCCTCCT
NF-κB p65上游:CGAGTCTCCATGCAGCTACG212
下游:TTTCGGGTAGGCACAGCAATA
MAVS上游:TCTCCTAACCAGCAGGCTCTCA143
下游:TGGAAGGAAACGGTTGGAGAC
LDHA上游:TAATGAAGGACTTGGCGGATGA157
下游:ACCAGCTTGGAGTTCGCAGTTA
), ArticleFig(id=1322927485062611120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927462505644118, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别n平均运动总路程/(cm)平均运动速度/(cm/s)
正常组6808.33±39.767.01±0.43
模型组6496.07±59.27*0.03±0.59*
GXM组6584.76±37.66*#4.07±0.92*#
Oseltamivir组6540.30±5.33*0.09±0.86*#△
), ArticleFig(id=1322927485138108593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927462505644118, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各组小鼠在旷场实验中平均运动总路程、平均运动速度变化(±s)

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组别n平均运动总路程/(cm)平均运动速度/(cm/s)
正常组6808.33±39.767.01±0.43
模型组6496.07±59.27*0.03±0.59*
GXM组6584.76±37.66*#4.07±0.92*#
Oseltamivir组6540.30±5.33*0.09±0.86*#△
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组别nRIG-1NF-κB p65MAVSLDHA
正常组31.00±0.151.00±0.051.00±0.151.00±0.15
模型组34.83±0.60*13.14±.05*11.50±1.98*4.75±0.34*
GXM组33.54±0.97*#8.66±0.24*#6.94±1.85*#2.83±0.35*#
Oseltamivir组33.71±0.31*#△9.78±0.74*#8.28±1.10*#3.32±0.55*#
), ArticleFig(id=1322927486887133364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927462505644118, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各组小鼠肺组织中RIG-1、NF-κB p65、MAVS、LDHA mRNA表达(±s)

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组别nRIG-1NF-κB p65MAVSLDHA
正常组31.00±0.151.00±0.051.00±0.151.00±0.15
模型组34.83±0.60*13.14±.05*11.50±1.98*4.75±0.34*
GXM组33.54±0.97*#8.66±0.24*#6.94±1.85*#2.83±0.35*#
Oseltamivir组33.71±0.31*#△9.78±0.74*#8.28±1.10*#3.32±0.55*#
), ArticleFig(id=1322927486971019445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927462505644118, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别nIL-6IFN-βIL-10LDH
正常组645.51±0.9819.25±0.2141.78±1.54201.51±21.41
模型组6140.94±1.67*57.44±0.35*14.33±0.73*844.28±6.88*
GXM组6133.39±0.69*#53.81±0.38*#17.32±1.06*#660.05±64.08*#
Oseltamivir组6125.32±1.33*#△52.25±0.48*#△16.68±0.92*#675.32±25.33*#
), ArticleFig(id=1322927487067488438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927462505644118, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各组小鼠IL-6、IFN-β、IL-10、LDH含量检测结果比较(±s)

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组别nIL-6IFN-βIL-10LDH
正常组645.51±0.9819.25±0.2141.78±1.54201.51±21.41
模型组6140.94±1.67*57.44±0.35*14.33±0.73*844.28±6.88*
GXM组6133.39±0.69*#53.81±0.38*#17.32±1.06*#660.05±64.08*#
Oseltamivir组6125.32±1.33*#△52.25±0.48*#△16.68±0.92*#675.32±25.33*#
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甘露消毒丹对流感病毒感染“升清降浊”的机制研究
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刘光华 1 , 张文涵 1 , 吴振起 2 , 刘玉婷 1 , 曲根生 1 , 赵健翔 1 , 赵炟 1
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(7): 21-25
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (7) : 21 -25
甘露消毒丹对流感病毒感染“升清降浊”的机制研究
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刘光华(1974-),女,辽宁阜新人,教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治感染性疾病。

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刘光华(1974-),女,辽宁阜新人,教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治感染性疾病。

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刘光华1, 张文涵1, 吴振起2, 刘玉婷1, 曲根生1, 赵健翔1, 赵炟1
作者信息
  • 1.辽宁中医药大学,辽宁 沈阳 110847
  • 2.辽宁中医药大学附属第二医院,辽宁 沈阳 110034
作者简介:

刘光华(1974-),女,辽宁阜新人,教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治感染性疾病。

“Ascending The Clear and Descending The Turbid” Mechanism of Ganlu Xiaodu Micropill(甘露消毒丹)on IV Infection
Guanghua LIU1, Wenhan ZHANG1, Zhenqi WU2, Yuting LIU1, Gensheng QU1, Jianxiang ZHAO1, Da ZHAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Shenyang 110847,Liaoning,China
  • 2.The Second Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Traditional Chinese Medicine University,Shenyang 110034,Liaoning,China
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.005
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目的

通过甘露消毒丹(Ganlu Xiaodu Micropill,GXM)对流感病毒(Influenza virus,IV)感染小鼠能量代谢及视黄酸诱导基因I(Retinoicacid-inducible gene I,RIG-I)/线粒体抗病毒信号蛋白(Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein,MAVS)/核因子κB(Nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)通路的调节机制,探究其“升清降浊”作用的分子机制。

方法

将96只BALB/c小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、GXM组、磷酸奥司他韦(Oseltamivir)组。除正常组小鼠外,其余各组小鼠进行IV感染模型处理,于造模第7天进行小鼠旷场实验后取材。苏木精-伊红染色法(Hematoxylin-eosin staining,HE)观察肺组织病理变化;电镜下观察小鼠肺组织细胞细胞器病理改变;qPCR法检测小鼠肺组织中核因子κB p65(Nuclear factor kappa-B p65,NF-κB p65)、MAVS、RIG-1、乳酸脱氢酶A(Lactate dehydrogenase A,LDHA)mRNA表达情况;Western blot法测定小鼠肺组织中MAVS、NF-κB、RIG-1蛋白含量;酶联免疫吸附试验(Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测小鼠血清中白细胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)、LDH、干扰素β(Interferon-β,IFN-β)、白细胞介素-10(Interleukin-10,IL-10)含量。

结果

与正常组相比,IV感染后,小鼠肺泡结构破坏严重,存在大量炎症细胞浸润及毛细血管扩张;肺组织超微结构破坏,肺泡结构断裂,细胞器数目减少,部分线粒体外膜及嵴减少或消失模糊;各组小鼠的行走总路程和行走平均速度显著减少(P<0.05);小鼠肺组织中RIG-1、NF-κB p65、MAVS、LDHA mRNA和蛋白的表达明显升高,小鼠血清中IL-6、IFN-β、LDH含量升高,血清IL-10含量下降(P<0.05)。与模型组相比,GXM组小鼠的行走总路程和行走平均速度均呈显著性增加,Oseltamivir组行走平均速度显著升高,Oseltamivir组小鼠的平均速度明显低于GXM组(P<0.05);RIG-1、NF-κB p65、MAVS、LDHA mRNA和蛋白的表达降低,血清中IL-6、IFN-β、LDH含量降低,血清中IL-10水平升高(P<0.05),两治疗组给药后变化趋势一致,其中GXM组肺组织RIG-I mRNA表达下降明显,Oseltamivir组小鼠血清中IL-6、IFN-β改善明显(P<0.05)。

结论

GXM具有调节IV感染后小鼠炎症因子表达和能量代谢的作用,可能通过RIG-I/MAVS/NF-κB信号通路实现调控IV感染的“升清降浊”作用。

流感病毒  /  甘露消毒丹  /  升清降浊  /  能量代谢  /  RIG-1/MAVS/NF-κB
Objective

The study investigated the molecular mechanism of“ascending the clear and descending the turbid”effect of Ganlu Xiaodu Micropill(甘露消毒丹,GXM)on retinoicacid-inducible gene 1(RIG-1)/mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein(MAVS)/nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)pathway in influenza virus(IV)-infected mice.

Methods

Ninety-six SPF-grade BALB/c mice were randomly divided into normal,model,GXM and Oseltamivir groups. Except for the mice in the normal group,the IV infection mode in the other groups was set up and sampled on day 7 of modelling after the mouse abscission experiment.HE staining was used to observe pathological changes in lung tissues. The pathological changes in organelles of mouse lung tissue cells were observed under electron microscope. The mRNA expressions of nuclear factor kappa-B p65(NFκB p65),MAVS,RIG-1 and lactate dehydrogenase A(LDHA)were detected in mouse lung tissues by qPCR method. Western blot method was used to determine the protein contents of MAVS,NF-κB and RIG-1 in mouse lung tissues and serum levels of interleukin 6(IL-6),LDH,Interferon-β(IFN-β)and interleukin-10(IL-10)were detected in mouse serum by ELISA method.

Results

Compared with those in the normal group,after IV infection,the alveolar structure of mice was severely damaged,with the presence of a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration and capillary dilatation;the ultrastructure of lung tissue was damaged,the alveolar structure was broken,the number of organelles was reduced,and part of the outer membrane and cristae of mitochondria were reduced or disappeared;the total distance and the average speed of walking of mice in all the other groups were significantly reduced(P<0.05). The pulmonary tissue of mice had a significant decrease in the expressions of RIG-1,NF-κB p65,MAVS,LDHA mRNA and protein in the lung tissues of mice were significantly elevated;the serum levels of IL-6,IFN-βand LDH in mice were elevated,and the serum IL-10 level was decreased(P<0.05). Compared with those in the model group,the total distance and the average speed of walking were significantly increased in the GXM group,the average speed of walking was significantly higher in the Oseltamivir group,and the average speed of mice in the Oseltamivir group was significantly lower than that in the GXM group(P<0.05). The expressions of RIG-1,NF-κB p65,MAVS,LDHA mRNA and protein were reduced,the serum levels of IL-6,IFN-βand LDH were reduced,and the serum levels of IL-10 were increased(P<0.05),and the trends of changes were consistent between the two treatment groups after administration of the drug,in which the expression of RIG-I mRNA in lung tissues of the GXM group was decreased significantly,and the improvement of serum levels of IL-6 and IFN-βin mice of the Oseltamivir group was obvious(P<0.05).

Conclusion

GXM regulates the expressions of inflammatory factors and regulates energy metabolism in IV infection,possibly through the RIG-I/MAVS/NF-κB pathway,which regulates the“ascending the clear and descending the turbid”effects of IV infection.

influenza virus  /  Ganlu Xiaodu Micropill(甘露消毒丹)  /  ascending the clear and descending the turbid  /  energy metabolism  /  RIG-1/MAVS/NF-κB
刘光华, 张文涵, 吴振起, 刘玉婷, 曲根生, 赵健翔, 赵炟. 甘露消毒丹对流感病毒感染“升清降浊”的机制研究. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (7) : 21 -25 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.005
Guanghua LIU, Wenhan ZHANG, Zhenqi WU, Yuting LIU, Gensheng QU, Jianxiang ZHAO, Da ZHAO. “Ascending The Clear and Descending The Turbid” Mechanism of Ganlu Xiaodu Micropill(甘露消毒丹)on IV Infection[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (7) : 21 -25 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.005
流感病毒(Influenza virus,IV)是引起呼吸道疾病的主要病原体之一,具有潜伏期短、传染性强、传播速度快等特点,对公共健康构成严重威胁[1]。IV感染后,挟持宿主细胞代谢以满足大量中间代谢产物和能量的需求,导致机体内线粒体异常代谢,同时可诱发炎症因子的大量释放[2-3]。甘露消毒丹(Ganlu Xiaodu Micropill,GXM)广泛应用于抗IV的临床治疗中[4],为“治湿温时疫之主方”,具有利湿化浊、清热解毒的功效[5],能够促进清阳上归于肺输布周身,加速湿热浊毒排出体外,蕴含“升清降浊”之意。因此,本研究从视黄酸诱导基因I(Retinoicacid-inducible gene I,RIG-I)/线粒体抗病毒信号蛋白(Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein,MAVS)/核因子κB(Nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)信号通路及能量代谢角度,探讨GXM 对IV感染“升清降浊”作用的分子机制。
选取96只SPF级BALB/c小鼠,4~6周龄,雌雄各半,体质量(19±1)g,由辽宁长生生物技术有限公司提供,生产许可证号:SCXK(辽)2020-0001。甲型IV鼠肺适应株A/FM1/47(H1N1)进行试验,由辽宁中医药大学附属医院病毒室提供。
GXM药物组成如下:滑石、茵陈蒿、黄芩、连翘、木通、射干、薄荷、川贝、藿香、石菖蒲、白豆蔻,均购于辽宁中医药大学附属医院门诊药局,经辽宁中医药大学中药分析教研室鉴定为正品。上述药材根据前期研究的最佳提取工艺,采用饮片8倍量的70%乙醇对药物进行加热回流提取1 h×3次,收集3次提取的药液混匀,进一步浓缩烘干药液至粉末状,计算出膏率为12.5%,将中药及西药依据人和动物表面积折算的等效剂量比率表进行换算,制成含生药0.334 g/mL混悬液。阳性对照药物:磷酸奥司他韦(Oseltamivir)颗粒(宜昌东阳光长江药业股份有限公司,国药准字H20065415)75 mg,以去离子水配制成有效浓度为2.4 mg/mL的溶液,置于4℃冰箱保存备用。
动物用异氟烷(瑞沃德公司,R510-22-10);4%多聚甲醛(广州赛国生物,BL539A);苏木精-伊红(Hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色试剂盒(北京索莱宝,G1121-4);Enhanced BCA Protein Assayκit、Western Rapid Transfer Buffer(Powder)(上海碧云天,P0010s、p0575-101);小鼠乳酸脱氢酶(Lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)试剂盒(南京建成,A020-2-2);小鼠白细胞介素-6(Interleukin 6,IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(Interleukin-10,IL-10)、干扰素-β(Interferon-β,IFNβ)酶联免疫吸附试验(Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)试剂盒(上海江莱,JL20268、JL20242、JL20219);重组Anti-RIG/DDX58抗体、重组Anti-NF-κB p65抗体(Abcam公司,ab302778、ab32536-10);Anti-MAVS(武汉博士德,A00169-4)。
自动组织脱水处理机(LEICA,TP1020);双人超净工作台(沈阳环中,LJH-4);低温高速离心机(Heraeus,Biofuge 28RS);石蜡包埋机(LEICA,EG1150);手动石蜡切片机(LEICA,RM2235);电子显微镜(HITACHIH 公司,HITACHIH-600);实时荧光定量PCR仪(Applied Biosystems,7500);超纯水系统(Heal Force,NW10LVF);高压电泳仪电源(Bio-rad,1645052);PowerPac TM Universal Power Supply电泳通用型电源(Bio-Rad);Trans-Blot SD半干转印系统(Bio-Rad);Tanon化学发光成像系统(天能科技,5200)。
常规适应性喂养3 d后,将96只小鼠采用随机数字表法随机分为空白组、模型组、GXM组、Oseltamivir组,每组24只。
适应性喂养后,除正常组外均建立IV感染模型。模型建立方法:先用乙醚进行轻度麻醉,后分别用移液枪抽取甲型IV FM1株对小鼠进行鼻腔滴注(其中正常组以0.9%氯化钠无菌溶液代替),0.1 mL/只。
在造模成功后对小鼠进行药物干预,每只小鼠0.3 mL·次-1·d-1,灌胃给药。正常组和模型组同时灌胃等量生理盐水,GXM组与Oseltamivir组分别给予相应剂量的药物,连续7 d。于第7天给药后,每组随机取6只小鼠禁食、禁水,4 h后取材。
给药后第7天取材前进行小鼠旷场实验,记录分析其运动总路程和平均速度。
取小鼠肺组织,经脱水、透明、包埋、切片等处理后进行HE染色及读片。
取小鼠肺组织充分研磨,应用Trizol提取液提取细胞总RNA,分析RNA的纯度及完整性。RNA质量合格后进行cDNA反转录,并以反转录产物为模板,加入NF-κB p65、MAVS、RIG-1、LDHA的引物,进行qPCR检测。引物由武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司设计合成,引物序列见表1。
提取小鼠肺组织总蛋白,BAC试剂盒进行蛋白定量。每孔加10μL的蛋白上样,电泳分离、转膜后加入奶粉进行封闭。MAVS、NF-κB、RIG-1一抗均按照1∶2000稀释后在室温中进行孵育。T-BST洗膜后,加入二抗室温摇床孵育,TBST洗膜。加入适量ECL发光液,进行曝光、拍摄图片。
取小鼠眼眶血,静置、离心后收集血清,并对血清中IL-6、IL-10、IFN-β、LDH的含量进行检测。
使用SPSS 27.0软件进行分析,以均数±标准差()形式进行组间比较,使用单因素方差分析法,组间对比用LSD(Least Significant Difference)检验,当P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
IV感染后,各组小鼠的行走总路程和行走平均速度显著减少(P<0.05);治疗后,GXM组小鼠的行走总路程和行走平均速度均呈显著性增加,Oseltamivir组行走平均速度显著升高(P<0.05),Oseltamivir组小鼠的平均速度明显低于GXM组(P<0.05)。见表2、插页Ⅵ图1。
正常组小鼠肺泡形态清晰完整,肺泡间隔无增厚,未见炎性细胞浸润;模型组小鼠肺泡结构破坏严重,且存在大量炎症细胞浸润及毛细血管扩张;GXM组小鼠肺泡间隔增宽,镜下完整者较多,细支气管和血管处可见炎症细胞浸润;Oseltamivir组小鼠肺泡间隔增厚,炎细胞浸润较少,肺内水肿充血情况较轻。见插页Ⅵ图2。
正常组小鼠的Ⅱ型肺泡结构完整,核膜清晰,细胞间连接紧密,细胞器结构清晰。模型组小鼠肺组织超微结构破坏,肺泡结构断裂,细胞器数目减少,部分线粒体外膜及嵴减少或消失模糊。GXM组小鼠Ⅱ型肺泡细胞表面微绒毛较多,细胞核膜清楚,胞质内有外膜及嵴较清楚。Oseltamivir组小鼠Ⅱ型肺泡细胞胞质内线粒体外膜及嵴不清楚数量相对正常组有所减少,肺泡结构及间质内胶原纤维排列较紊乱。见插页Ⅶ图3。
与正常组相比,模型组小鼠RIG-1、NF-κB p65、MAVS、LDHA mRNA表达均上升(P<0.05);与模型组相比,GXM组和Oseltamivir组小鼠RIG-1、NF-κB p65、MAVS、LDHA mRNA表达均下降(P<0.05)。其中,两治疗组给药后各指标变化趋势一致,两治疗组间RIG-I mRNA比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表3。
与正常组相比,其余3组小鼠的RIG-1、NF-κB p65、MAVS蛋白表达均上升(P<0.05);与模型组相比较,GXM组和Oseltamivir组小鼠的RIG-1、NF-κB p65、MAVS蛋白表达均有不同程度下降(P<0.05),但两给药组之间差异不明显(P>0.05)。见图4。
IV感染后,模型组与两治疗组小鼠血清中IL-6、IFN-β、LDH含量均呈上升趋势,血清IL-10含量下降(P<0.05)。药物治疗后,各治疗组IL-6、IFN-β、LDH含量有所降低,血清中IL-10水平升高(P<0.05)。两治疗组小鼠血清中各指标效应趋势一致,其中GXM组IL-6、IFN-β的含量略高于Oseltamivir组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表4。
IV是一种常见的RNA囊膜病毒,其中甲型IV极易发生免疫逃逸且宿主范围最广,是人类感染率最高的类型[6]。IV所造成的急性呼吸道感染,每年发病率为5% ~15%,其中病死者可达30万~65万人[7]。目前,针对IV感染除接种疫苗预防外,多以抗病毒治疗为主[8],但抗病毒药物的不良反应及IV的耐药性问题逐渐引起重视。
流感,古称“时行感冒”,属“疫病”“时行病”“温病”范畴。IV感染主要临床特点是突然发病,伴高热、头痛、全身肌肉酸痛、乏力等,具有“湿毒”的致病特点。流感多由口鼻而入侵袭于肺,肺主气司呼吸,正邪交争,肺宣发肃降失畅,进而影响周身气机之转输,清浊不分,逆转失司。然“清阳实四肢,浊阴走五脏”;肺为气之主,脾胃为气血生化之源,“脾气散精,上归于肺,通调水道,下输膀胱,水精四布,五经并行”,二者相因输布精微物质于周身,清升浊降,气自顺宜,内养五脏六腑,外养四肢百骸、皮毛诸窍。气是人体清浊的生成与输布的动力维续,清升浊降亦是人体正常生理功能维持稳态的基础。现代医学证实,人体各项机能的能量运转因线粒体的作用得以供续,线粒体遍布于胞内,通过三羧酸循环产生机体活动所需三磷酸腺苷[9],这与中医清阳之气的功能相类似,故病本于气,亦是病本于能量。线粒体与RIG-I/MAVS/NF-κB通路密切相关,可直接参与到免疫反应中,IV感染机体后固有免疫三大通路之一RIG-I/MAVS/NF-κB通路最先被激活[10]。MAVS是参与线粒体、过氧化物酶体和线粒体相关内质网膜中的RIG-I样受体信号转导的接头蛋白[11-12]。IV感染后,首先被位于细胞膜上的RIG-I蛋白识别,经MAVS介导下游NF-κB信号,加剧了炎症因子的释放[13-14]。有研究发现,敲除小鼠MAVS基因后,小鼠血清中I型干扰素、炎性因子等含量减少[15]。此外,IV进入人体后会破坏宿主细胞,直接释放线粒体DNA入血,激活NF-κB信号通路[16]。肌肉酸痛、浑身乏力症状为IV感染的特征性症状,与湿毒邪气侵袭,人体清正被邪浊之气所困密切相关,与“升清降浊”失司的特点相似。而现代研究认为,此症状多与体内糖酵解导致的LDH改变、线粒体结构功能异常有关[17]。线粒体异常除可引发体内LDH活跃性改变外,胞内LDH亦可透过被损伤的细胞膜释放入血,可见血清内LDH的释放率侧面反映了IV对细胞的杀伤力[18]。IV感染除引发呼吸道症状外,也会产生脑部症状,如自发行为改变,并伴有不同程度的情绪改变[19-20],IV诱发的“细胞因子风暴”亦可对中枢神经系统紊乱产生影响,而炎症因子又可及时反映IV感染后体内能量代谢异常所致的免疫细胞紊乱状态[21-22]。
GXM记载于王孟英的《温热经纬》,体现开上、畅中、渗下的配伍理念。其中黄芩、滑石和茵陈清热利湿,相伍为君以利浊下渗;臣以藿香、石菖蒲芳香化湿,通窍辟秽,散邪解毒,助清阳以宣达;白蔻仁燥湿行气,悦脾和中,以绝化痰生浊之源;木通清心利下,泻火护土以助金,使中焦气机振奋畅达;连翘、薄荷辛凉宣散解毒,祛三焦湿热;川贝母配射干,清热解毒、散结消肿,清贮痰之器,四药相佐宣上焦郁热。全方用药浮沉相宜,芳香宣化以升清,祛湿通利以降浊,使存于三焦之湿热毒邪不攻自破,气机畅利,流通自如,诸证得消[23]。因势利导,多渠道祛除感受之邪气,以恢复机体清明状态,实现机体与环境的清浊稳态平衡,体现“升清降浊”之意。本课题组前期研究证实,GXM挥发油可能通过黏膜免疫对雾霾环境下IV所致的湿毒模型小鼠发挥抑制IV感染和复制作用[24],并且GXM精简方可以通过NF-κB信号通路抑制NLRP3炎性小体通路激活,减少IL-1β等炎症因子释放[25]。
综合比较各项实验结果发现,IV感染后,小鼠肺组织超微结构破坏,肺泡结构断裂,细胞器数目减少,部分线粒体外膜及嵴减少或消失模糊;小鼠肺组织中RIG-1、MAVS、LDHA mRNA和蛋白的表达升高,血清中LDH含量增加。药物治疗后,小鼠Ⅱ型肺泡细胞表面微绒毛增多,细胞核膜清楚,胞质内有外膜及嵴、肺泡结构及间质内胶原纤维排列逐渐清楚;小鼠RIG-1、MAVS、LDHA mRNA和蛋白的表达降低,血清中LDH含量亦呈下降趋势,两治疗组给药后变化趋势一致,但GXM组RIG-I mRNA表达下降更加明显。提示GXM会对IV感染引起的线粒体形态结构损伤及能量代谢功能改变发挥调控作用,体现其“升清”之意。进一步观察实验炎症因子指标的改变发现,IV感染后,小鼠肺组织中NF-κB p65 mRNA及蛋白、血清中IL-6、IFN-β含量升高,血清中IL-10含量下降。药物治疗后,小鼠肺组织中NF-κB p65 mRNA和蛋白的表达降低,血清中IL-6、IFN-β含量降低,血清中IL-10水平升高,其中Oseltamivir组小鼠血清中IL-6、IFN-β含量的回调更加显著。提示GXM可能控制IV感染引起肺部炎症损伤,通过缓解炎症反应,发挥其“降浊”之功。IV感染后,各组小鼠的行走总路程和行走平均速度显著减少;用药干预后,GXM组小鼠的行走总路程和行走平均速度均呈显著性增加,Oseltamivir组行走平均速度显著升高,Oseltamivir组小鼠的平均速度明显低于GXM组。提示IV感染亦能对中枢神经系统产生一定的影响,而GXM可能在一定程度上缓解脑部症状。
综上所述,GXM具有调节IV感染后小鼠炎症因子表达和能量代谢的作用,可能通过RIG-I/MAVS/NF-κB信号通路实现调控IV感染的“升清降浊”作用。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(81403293)
  • 国家中医药管理局第五批全国中医临床优秀人才项目(国中医药人教函〔2022〕239号)
  • 辽宁省教育厅重点攻关项目(LJKZZ20220104)
  • 辽宁中医药大学自然科学类重点项目(2021LZY039)
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2025年第43卷第7期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.005
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(81403293)
国家中医药管理局第五批全国中医临床优秀人才项目(国中医药人教函〔2022〕239号)
辽宁省教育厅重点攻关项目(LJKZZ20220104)
辽宁中医药大学自然科学类重点项目(2021LZY039)
作者信息
    1.辽宁中医药大学,辽宁 沈阳 110847
    2.辽宁中医药大学附属第二医院,辽宁 沈阳 110034
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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