Article(id=1322926925269840520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926740955341011, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339957778, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339957778, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339957778, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339957778, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322926740955341011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760025600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339913834, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340753123, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322930261259846420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926740955341011, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322930261259846421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926740955341011, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=96, endPage=101, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322926925429224073, articleId=1322926925269840520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=AstragalosideⅣProtects Injured Retinal Ganglion Cells by Modulating Autophagy Meditated by AMPK-MTOR-ULK Pathway, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Autophagy is involved in the pathological changes of traumatic optic neuropathy(TON),and the regulation of autophagy mediated by the adenosine monophosphate activated kinase(AMPK)-mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)-ULK pathway is a potential therapeutic approach.AstragalosideⅣ(AS-Ⅳ)can regulate autophagy and plays a therapeutic role in a variety of diseases.This study aimed to observe the therapeutic effect of AS-Ⅳon TON and the role of AMPK-mTOR-ULK pathway-mediated autophagy in this process.

Methods

The rats were divided into seven groups:sham operation group,model group,AS-Ⅳlow,medium and high dose groups,rapamycin group,AMPK inhibitor group(AS-Ⅳ+compound C).Correlation tests were performed after 7 days of the corresponding drug intervention.

Results

After 7 days,the phosphorylation levels of AMPK,mTOR and ULK proteins in retinal tissue changed significantly after TON.AS-Ⅳwas found to increase LC3 mRNA and protein levels in TON model rats in the study.In addition,it increased the levels of p-AMPK and p-ULK and reduced p-mTOR level.Moreover,AS-Ⅳincreased the survival rate of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)and improved the P2 peak latency time of flash-visual evoked potential(F-VEP).The above effects were reversed by the AMPK inhibitor compound C.

Conclusion

AS-Ⅳcan increase the survival rate of RGCs and improve visual function after TON,which is related to the improvement of autophagy by regulating the AMPK-mTOR-ULK pathway.The AMPK-mTOR-ULK pathway may be a potential therapeutic approach for TON.

, authors=Wu SUN1, 2, Jian ZHOU3, Yanting XIA3, Xiaoding SHUI2, Yan WANG2, Yu LUO2, Liang LIAO3, authorsList=Wu SUN, Jian ZHOU, Yanting XIA, Xiaoding SHUI, Yan WANG, Yu LUO, Liang LIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Liang LIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322926928419762838, articleId=1322926925269840520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=黄芪甲苷通过调控AMPK/MTOR/ULK通路介导的自噬保护视网膜神经节细胞损伤, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

自噬参与了创伤性视神经病变(Traumatic optic neuropathy,TON)的病理改变,AMPK-mTOR-ULK通路介导的自噬调控是一种潜在的治疗途径。黄芪甲苷(AstragalosideⅣ,AS-Ⅳ)可调节自噬,在多种疾病中发挥治疗作用。研究旨在观察黄芪甲苷对TON的治疗作用以及AMPK-mTOR-ULK通路介导的自噬在此过程中的作用。

方法

将大鼠分为假手术组,模型组,AS-Ⅳ低、中、高剂量组,雷帕霉素组,AMPK抑制剂组(AS-Ⅳ+compound C)。相应药物干预7 d后进行相关检测。

结果

造模7 d后,TON模型鼠视网膜组织AMPK、mTOR、ULK蛋白磷酸化水平发生显著变化,AS-Ⅳ可提高TON模型大鼠LC3 mRNA和蛋白水平,增加了模型鼠视网膜组织p-AMPK、p-ULK水平,并降低了p-mTOR水平。此外,AS-Ⅳ提高了视网膜神经节细胞(Retinal ganglion cells,RGCs)的存活率,改善了闪烁视觉诱发电位(flash-visual evoked potential,F-VEP)的P2峰潜伏期。上述作用被AMPK抑制剂compound C逆转。

结论

AS-Ⅳ可提高RGCs的生存率,改善TON后的视觉功能,其作用机制可能与通过调节AMPK-MTOR-ULK通路改善自噬有关。AMPK-MTOR-ULK通路可能是一种潜在的治疗TON的途径。

, authors=孙武1, 2, 周剑3, 夏燕婷3, 税小丁2, 王妍2, 罗钰2, 廖良3, authorsList=孙武, 周剑, 夏燕婷, 税小丁, 王妍, 罗钰, 廖良, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=廖良, authorNote=

孙武(1992-),男,安徽凤台人,主治医师,博士,研究方向:视神经及视网膜疾病。

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廖良(1982-),男,湖南武冈人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:视神经疾病。E-mail:。
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孙武(1992-),男,安徽凤台人,主治医师,博士,研究方向:视神经及视网膜疾病。

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J Neurosci,2010,30(34):11388-11397., articleTitle=Rapamycin activates autophagy and improves myelination in explant cultures from neuropathic mice, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322926939069100760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926925269840520, awardId=81973909, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(81973909), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322926928679809687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926925269840520, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322926928688198296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926925269840520, companyId=1322926928679809687, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,Beijing 100091,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322926928700781209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926925269840520, companyId=1322926928679809687, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国中医科学院西苑医院,北京 100091)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322926928767890074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926925269840520, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322926928776278683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926925269840520, companyId=1322926928767890074, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Beijing University of Chinese Medicine,Beijing 100029,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322926928788861596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926925269840520, companyId=1322926928767890074, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.北京中医药大学,北京 100029)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322926928864359069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926925269840520, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322926928868553374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926925269840520, companyId=1322926928864359069, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Dongfang Hospital,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine,Beijing 100078,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322926928876941983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926925269840520, companyId=1322926928864359069, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.北京中医药大学东方医院,北京 100078)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322926937018086094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926925269840520, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hSwqs/cbl460yp6XgNM9TA==, figureFileBig=LqSJSBn+QyeF+x83pCBlKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322926937374601935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926925269840520, language=CN, label=图1, caption=透射电镜观察大鼠视网膜组织

注:A.正常视网膜超微结构(×2000);B.模型组7 d后视网膜超微结构(×2000);B1.图B自噬体部分放大图(×6000);箭头所指为自噬小体。

, figureFileSmall=hSwqs/cbl460yp6XgNM9TA==, figureFileBig=LqSJSBn+QyeF+x83pCBlKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322926937873724112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926925269840520, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=uYCcCwdmQyLf/Kmsg2JNtQ==, figureFileBig=GVcY0lY4d5vsv0+w5kSBWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322926937949221585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926925269840520, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Brn3a免疫荧光检测各组大鼠视网膜RGCs数量(×100)

注:*与MO组比较,P<0.05;**与MO组比较,P<0.01;药物组之间比较,#P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=uYCcCwdmQyLf/Kmsg2JNtQ==, figureFileBig=GVcY0lY4d5vsv0+w5kSBWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322926938209268434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926925269840520, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=KuQZ7zbQhHYQb3HNFnAPew==, figureFileBig=f+CBydu0BnuDA4fpXPj1rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322926938280571603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926925269840520, language=CN, label=图3, caption=TUNEL法检测各组大鼠视网膜神经纤维层凋亡细胞数量(×400)

注:*与MO组比较,P<0.05;**与MO组比较,P<0.01;药物组之间比较,#P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=KuQZ7zbQhHYQb3HNFnAPew==, figureFileBig=f+CBydu0BnuDA4fpXPj1rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322926938582561492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926925269840520, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=lG7scKX43IG52cf/pV+Deg==, figureFileBig=njEPGKzGOmE1RV1Dn+JziA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322926938662253269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926925269840520, language=CN, label=图4, caption=AS-Ⅳ通过调节AMPK、mTOR和ULK的磷酸化来增强自噬

注:A.采用蛋白质印迹法测定各大鼠视网膜组织中LC3蛋白水平,AMPK、mTOR和ULK蛋白及磷酸化水平;B.采用RT-qPCR检测各组大鼠视网膜组织中的LC3 mRNA表达水平(n=3);C.各组大鼠视网膜组织的LC3免疫荧光检测(×100),可见AS-Ⅳ各剂量组和RA组的神经纤维层的LC3荧光明显增强(箭头)。*与MO组比较,P<0.05;**与MO组比较,P<0.01;#P<0.05;##P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=lG7scKX43IG52cf/pV+Deg==, figureFileBig=njEPGKzGOmE1RV1Dn+JziA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322926938729362134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926925269840520, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=wdKtg7TqwxdiY6Sbo4nMBQ==, figureFileBig=Q+w1cb+mv8eL9ZBTIE8kyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322926938981020375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926925269840520, language=CN, label=图5, caption=AS-Ⅳ改善TON模型大鼠的视觉功能

注:A.各组大鼠F-VEP典型图;B.每组大鼠(n=9)F-VEP的P2潜伏期的图形显示;C.每组大鼠(n=9)F-VEP的N2P2振幅的图形显示。*与MO组比较,P<0.05;**与MO组比较,P<0.01;药物组之间比较,##P<0.01。

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黄芪甲苷通过调控AMPK/MTOR/ULK通路介导的自噬保护视网膜神经节细胞损伤
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孙武 1, 2 , 周剑 3 , 夏燕婷 3 , 税小丁 2 , 王妍 2 , 罗钰 2 , 廖良 3
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(10): 96-101
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (10) : 96 -101
黄芪甲苷通过调控AMPK/MTOR/ULK通路介导的自噬保护视网膜神经节细胞损伤
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孙武(1992-),男,安徽凤台人,主治医师,博士,研究方向:视神经及视网膜疾病。

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孙武1, 2, 周剑3, 夏燕婷3, 税小丁2, 王妍2, 罗钰2, 廖良3
作者信息
  • 1.中国中医科学院西苑医院,北京 100091
  • 2.北京中医药大学,北京 100029
  • 3.北京中医药大学东方医院,北京 100078
通讯作者:
廖良(1982-),男,湖南武冈人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:视神经疾病。E-mail:。
作者简介:

孙武(1992-),男,安徽凤台人,主治医师,博士,研究方向:视神经及视网膜疾病。

AstragalosideⅣProtects Injured Retinal Ganglion Cells by Modulating Autophagy Meditated by AMPK-MTOR-ULK Pathway
Wu SUN1, 2, Jian ZHOU3, Yanting XIA3, Xiaoding SHUI2, Yan WANG2, Yu LUO2, Liang LIAO3
Affiliations
  • 1.Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,Beijing 100091,China
  • 2.Beijing University of Chinese Medicine,Beijing 100029,China
  • 3.Dongfang Hospital,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine,Beijing 100078,China
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.020
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目的

自噬参与了创伤性视神经病变(Traumatic optic neuropathy,TON)的病理改变,AMPK-mTOR-ULK通路介导的自噬调控是一种潜在的治疗途径。黄芪甲苷(AstragalosideⅣ,AS-Ⅳ)可调节自噬,在多种疾病中发挥治疗作用。研究旨在观察黄芪甲苷对TON的治疗作用以及AMPK-mTOR-ULK通路介导的自噬在此过程中的作用。

方法

将大鼠分为假手术组,模型组,AS-Ⅳ低、中、高剂量组,雷帕霉素组,AMPK抑制剂组(AS-Ⅳ+compound C)。相应药物干预7 d后进行相关检测。

结果

造模7 d后,TON模型鼠视网膜组织AMPK、mTOR、ULK蛋白磷酸化水平发生显著变化,AS-Ⅳ可提高TON模型大鼠LC3 mRNA和蛋白水平,增加了模型鼠视网膜组织p-AMPK、p-ULK水平,并降低了p-mTOR水平。此外,AS-Ⅳ提高了视网膜神经节细胞(Retinal ganglion cells,RGCs)的存活率,改善了闪烁视觉诱发电位(flash-visual evoked potential,F-VEP)的P2峰潜伏期。上述作用被AMPK抑制剂compound C逆转。

结论

AS-Ⅳ可提高RGCs的生存率,改善TON后的视觉功能,其作用机制可能与通过调节AMPK-MTOR-ULK通路改善自噬有关。AMPK-MTOR-ULK通路可能是一种潜在的治疗TON的途径。

外伤性视神经病变  /  黄芪甲苷  /  自噬  /  AMPK-MTOR-ULK  /  视网膜神经节细胞
Objective

Autophagy is involved in the pathological changes of traumatic optic neuropathy(TON),and the regulation of autophagy mediated by the adenosine monophosphate activated kinase(AMPK)-mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)-ULK pathway is a potential therapeutic approach.AstragalosideⅣ(AS-Ⅳ)can regulate autophagy and plays a therapeutic role in a variety of diseases.This study aimed to observe the therapeutic effect of AS-Ⅳon TON and the role of AMPK-mTOR-ULK pathway-mediated autophagy in this process.

Methods

The rats were divided into seven groups:sham operation group,model group,AS-Ⅳlow,medium and high dose groups,rapamycin group,AMPK inhibitor group(AS-Ⅳ+compound C).Correlation tests were performed after 7 days of the corresponding drug intervention.

Results

After 7 days,the phosphorylation levels of AMPK,mTOR and ULK proteins in retinal tissue changed significantly after TON.AS-Ⅳwas found to increase LC3 mRNA and protein levels in TON model rats in the study.In addition,it increased the levels of p-AMPK and p-ULK and reduced p-mTOR level.Moreover,AS-Ⅳincreased the survival rate of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)and improved the P2 peak latency time of flash-visual evoked potential(F-VEP).The above effects were reversed by the AMPK inhibitor compound C.

Conclusion

AS-Ⅳcan increase the survival rate of RGCs and improve visual function after TON,which is related to the improvement of autophagy by regulating the AMPK-mTOR-ULK pathway.The AMPK-mTOR-ULK pathway may be a potential therapeutic approach for TON.

traumatic optic neuropathy  /  astragalosideⅣ  /  autophagy  /  AMPK-mTOR-ULK  /  retinal ganglion cell
孙武, 周剑, 夏燕婷, 税小丁, 王妍, 罗钰, 廖良. 黄芪甲苷通过调控AMPK/MTOR/ULK通路介导的自噬保护视网膜神经节细胞损伤. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (10) : 96 -101 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.020
Wu SUN, Jian ZHOU, Yanting XIA, Xiaoding SHUI, Yan WANG, Yu LUO, Liang LIAO. AstragalosideⅣProtects Injured Retinal Ganglion Cells by Modulating Autophagy Meditated by AMPK-MTOR-ULK Pathway[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (10) : 96 -101 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.020
外伤性视神经病变(Traumatic optic neuropathy,TON)是一类急性视神经损伤,通常由眶、眼或头面部外伤引起,可导致严重的不可逆视力丧失[1]。直接外力引起的原发性损伤可导致视神经鞘破坏、视神经部分或完全横断,以及视神经中枢供血受损。继发性损伤可引发一系列生化级联反应,导致视神经缺血缺氧,进而引起炎症、免疫反应、兴奋性毒性、氧化损伤,最终由轴突脱髓鞘和视网膜神经节细胞(Retinal ganglion cells,RGCs)凋亡引起少突胶质细胞凋亡[2]。现有证据表明,与保守观察相比,激素治疗和视神经管减压对患者没有额外收益[3]。探索视神经损伤后RGC存活机制,提高RGC存活是治疗TON的重要研究策略[4]。
许多报道描述了自噬参与TON后RGCs死亡[4-7]。玻璃体内注射自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤后,大鼠视网膜内微管相关蛋白1轻链3-Ⅱ(Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-Ⅱ,LC3-Ⅱ)阳性自噬体数量减少,视神经夹持伤后轴突变性急性期明显延迟[8]。视神经损伤后3~10 d内的轴浆运输功能障碍最终导致RGCs凋亡和视神经萎缩。在此期间,自噬标志蛋白LC3-Ⅱ显著升高,自噬激活剂的干预提高了RGCs的存活率[9]。此外,缺乏自噬基因的Atg4B-/-小鼠的视网膜LC3-Ⅱ水平低于野生型小鼠。在正常生理条件下,视网膜功能与野生型小鼠无明显差异,但创伤后视网膜功能损伤程度较野生型小鼠严重[9-10]。以上研究证实自噬参与了RGCs死亡和TON修复过程,调节自噬反应可能成为提高TON后RGCs存活率的潜在治疗方法[11-13]。
在参与自噬的多种信号通路中,AMPK-mTOR-ULK备受关注[14]。TON后严重轴突损伤导致RGCs轴浆血流阻塞,可导致RGCs能量供应改变,而能量受体mTOR和AMPK因此被激活。AMPK和mTOR激酶都可以催化或抑制ULK(UNC51-like)的磷酸化,分别起到促进或抑制自噬的作用[14-16]。AMPK-mTOR-ULK通路介导的自噬可能是影响RGCs存活的关键病理生理机制。
黄芪甲苷(AstragalosideⅣ,AS-Ⅳ)是中药黄芪的主要活性成分,具有清除氧自由基、抗炎、增强免疫力、改善心血管功能等多种功能[17]。近年来多项研究表明AS-Ⅳ可以通过调节自噬来对多种疾病发挥保护作用[18-21]。本研究旨在基于TON模型探讨AS-Ⅳ对AMPK-mTOR-ULK自噬通路的调控及其对RGCs存活率的影响。
动物护理和实验获得北京中医药大学东方医院生物伦理委员会批准(编号:202007)。本实验严格按照美国国立卫生研究院动物护理和使用指南和ARVO眼科和视觉研究动物使用声明中的规定进行。
本研究采购的材料如下:AS-Ⅳ(上海源叶生物科技有限公司,B20564,上海,中国),雷帕霉素(Abcam,ab146591,剑桥,英国),compound C(dorsomorphin,Abcam,ab120843,剑桥,英国),LC3B(E5Q2K)小鼠单抗(CST,83506S,马萨诸塞州,美国),AMPKα(D63G4)兔单抗(CST,40308ES20,马萨诸塞州,美国),mTOR(7C10)兔单抗(CST,2983S,马萨诸塞州,美国),ULK1(D8H5)兔单抗(CST,8054S,马萨诸塞州,美国),抗磷酸化AMPKα(Thr172)兔单抗(CST,50081S,马萨诸塞州,美国),磷酸化mTOR(Ser2448)(D9C2)XP兔单抗(CST,5536S,马萨诸塞州,美国),Phospho-ULK1(Ser555)(D7O6U)兔单抗(CST,14202S,MA,美国),抗brn3a抗体(Abcam,ab245230,剑桥,英国),TUNEL细胞凋亡检测试剂盒(YEASEN,40308ES20,上海,中国),山羊抗小鼠IgGHRP(Abcam,ab6789,剑桥,英国),山羊抗兔IgG-HRP(Abcam,ab205718,剑桥,英国)。
选用SPF级雄性Wistar雄性大鼠,体质量(180±20)g,置于温湿度控制、自由饮食、光照/暗环境循环12 h的环境中饲养。适应期1周后进行建模实验。140只大鼠随机分为7组(n=20):低剂量AS-Ⅳ组(AL)、中剂量AS-Ⅳ组(AM)、高剂量AS-Ⅳ组(AH)、假手术组(SH)、模型组(MO)、雷帕霉素(mTORC1复合物抑制剂)组(RA)、compound C(AMPK抑制剂)组(CC)。低、中、高剂量AS-Ⅳ组分别以10、20、40 mg·kg-1·d-1的剂量腹腔注射AS-Ⅳ(载药成分:10% DMSO、40% PEG300、5%吐温-80和45%的0.9%生理盐水)。RA组腹腔注射自噬激活剂雷帕霉素,剂量为2 mg·kg-1·d-1(载体成分:10% DMSO、40% PEG300、5%吐温-80和45%生理盐水)[22],CC组腹腔注射AS-Ⅳ(20 mg·kg-1·d-1)+compound C(1 mg)(载体成分:10% DMSO、40%PEG300、5%吐温-80和45%生理盐水)[23]。SH组和MO组以1 mL/100 g剂量的药物载体进行腹腔注射。所有组每天治疗1次,持续1周,然后安乐死以作进一步分析。
术前用检眼镜直接检查大鼠眼底视网膜和血管。大鼠腹腔注射1%戊巴比妥(60 mg/kg)麻醉,术后眼涂卡波姆凝胶。碘伏消毒后,在体视显微镜下沿右眼颞眶缘切开皮肤,切开眶筋膜,露出眶骨边缘。清除眶上结缔组织,分离直斜肌,朝向眶尖,直至显露视神经鞘。仔细分离视神经鞘以暴露视神经,然后在眼球后2 mm处用6-0聚酯缝线包裹并打结。缝线一端固定,另一端连接横向张力计。然后以0.3 N的张力垂直于视神经牵拉缝线20 s[24]。术后缝合皮肤,手术眼涂红霉素眼膏,将大鼠置于37℃电加热垫上恢复。
在SH组中,切开神经鞘暴露视神经而不牵拉。实验大鼠均以右眼为手术眼,左眼为对照眼。
从-82℃冰箱中取出视网膜组织,每个样品在冰上加入150μL RIPA裂解缓冲液30 min进行裂解。裂解液在4℃下以12 000 r/min离心15 min,使用BCA蛋白测定试剂盒测定蛋白浓度。等量的蛋白质被装入10%的SDS-PAGE凝胶并分离。将蛋白转移到聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜上,室温封闭2 h,与相应的一抗(小鼠抗lc3b、兔抗AMPK、兔抗mTOR、兔抗ULK1、兔抗p-AMPK、兔抗p-mTOR、兔抗p-ULK1)在4℃下孵育过夜。然后,将膜与相应的山根过氧化物酶偶联二抗(抗小鼠IgG,1∶1000;抗兔IgG,1∶1000)在摇床中37℃孵育2 h。使用增强化学发光检测免疫反应蛋白,使用自动化学发光分析仪进行曝光、拍照和数据分析。
从-82℃冰箱中取出视网膜组织,用TRIzol试剂(TransGen Biotech Co.Ltd,北京,中国)提取RNA,使用FastKing cDNA第一链合成试剂盒进行cDNA第一链合成。根据实时荧光定量PCR试剂盒(TransGen Biotech Co.Ltd,北京,中国)的说明书,两步法扩增。LC3B和GAPDH的正向/反向引物由上海捷瑞生物工程有限公司设计:LC3B:AAGACCTTCAAACAGCGCC/GCAGGCGCCTTCTAATTC,GAPDH:GATGACATCAAGAAGGTGGTG/ACCCTGTTGCTGTAGCCATATTC。扩增产物琼脂糖凝胶电泳,实时荧光定量PCR仪分析mRNA表达水平。
石蜡切片去蜡后置于含有柠檬酸抗原修复缓冲液(pH 6.0)的修复盒中,在微波炉中进行抗原回收。PBS冲洗切片后,加入相应的一抗(小鼠抗LC3B和兔抗brn3a),将切片平放于湿盒中,4℃孵育过夜。用相应的二抗覆盖组织,室温暗光孵育50 min。PBS冲洗后,用DAPI染色液反染细胞核,25℃暗室孵育10 min。切片用抗荧光猝灭密封剂密封,然后在倒置荧光显微镜下观察。
使用One Step TUNEL凋亡检测试剂盒对视网膜组织进行碎片DNA TUNEL染色。固定液浸泡后,用30%蔗糖脱水,冷冻后切片,厚度为12μm。切片用PBS冲洗3次,然后在含有0.5%TritonX-100的PBS中室温孵育5 min。PBS冲洗3次后,将TUNEL测定液(由50μL末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶和450μL荧光标记液组成的500μL测定液)加入组织中,室温孵育60 min。用PBS冲洗切片,用DAPI在25℃下孵育10 min,最后在荧光显微镜下观察。
新鲜视网膜组织修剪至约1 mm3,用2.5%戊二醛在4℃下固定。在0.1 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液中浸泡后,用1%四氧化锇固定液固定组织,再用0.1 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液洗涤。组织在4℃的冰箱中用乙醇梯度脱水,然后包埋在环氧树脂Epon 812中,最后在烤箱中固化(37℃过夜,45℃12 h,60℃48 h)。随后,用Leica EM UC7冷冻超薄切片机切片,厚度为70 nm,2%醋酸铀醯-柠檬酸铅双染色。采用HT7800(80 kV)透射电镜进行观察和拍摄。
干预7 d后进行F-VEP测试。暗适应12 h后,大鼠腹腔注射1%戊巴比妥(50 mg/kg)全麻醉。用复方托品酰胺(Santen Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd,Tokyo,Japan)扩大瞳孔,然后用电生理测试仪(Roland Electronics Co.,Ltd,KELTERN,Germany)记录F-VEP。使用丝状银-氯化银电极作为VEP作用电极,并将其放置在耳根连接中点处皮下。参比电极置于口腔内,接地电极置于尾部皮下。当一只眼睛被记录时,另一只眼睛用不透明眼罩覆盖。电生理测试仪的参数设置为光强3.0 CD·s·m2,刺激频率1.0 Hz,波形分析时间250 ms,带通放大器记录频带1~100 Hz。波形叠加数为100。将波形的第一个负峰定义为N1波,将N1波之后的正峰定义为P1波,将P1波之后的负峰和正峰分别定义为N2波和P2波。按ISCEV标准比较各组大鼠P2波潜伏期(ms)和振幅(μv),评价视觉功能[25]。
所有数据采用Prism 8.0(Prism®,Graph-Pad)进行分析,计量数据以均数±标准差()表示。两两比较采用独立样本T检验。采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)进行多组比较。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
TCE观察视网膜组织,我们发现SH组大鼠视网膜组织中几乎没有双层自噬体,而模型大鼠视网膜组织中自噬体数量增加(插页Ⅻ图1)。上述结果提示,自噬在模型大鼠视网膜组织中被激活。
采用免疫荧光染色法评估造模后7 d大鼠视网膜brn3a标记RGCs的数量[26]。如插页Ⅻ图2所示,与SH组相比,MO组brn3a阳性细胞数量明显减少。此外,我们观察到AM、AH和RA组中brn3a阳性细胞数量较MO组显著增加(均P<0.05),而AL组与MO组之间差异无统计学意义。不同剂量AS-Ⅳ之间RGCs数量的差异无统计学意义。此外,与AM组相比,CC组RGCs数量明显减少。
TUNEL染色检测了GCL中RGC的凋亡。如插页ⅩⅢ图3所示,MO组GCL中凋亡细胞数量明显高于除CC组外的其他各组。AL组高于AM和AH组。此外,CC组GCL中凋亡细胞数量明显高于AM组。
Western blot观察了AS-Ⅳ对TON模型鼠视网膜组织LC3B表达的影响(插页ⅩⅣ图4)。与MO组相比,所有AS-Ⅳ组均增加了视网膜中LC3Ⅱ/LC3 I的水平。此外,与AL组相比,AH组视网膜组织中的LC3Ⅱ/LC3 I水平增加,而AH组和AM组之间以及AM组和AL组之间的差异没有统计学意义(插页ⅩⅣ图4A)。RT-qPCR检测显示,与MO组相比,AS-Ⅳ可以促进LC3mRNA的表达;并且与AM和AL组相比,AH组的LC3mRNA表达水平显著升高。此外,AM组和AL组之间的差异也具有统计学意义(插页ⅩⅣ图4B)。LC3免疫荧光染色进一步显示,AS-Ⅳ组的GCL中LC3表达水平显著高于MO组。阳性对照RA组大鼠视网膜组织中LC3的蛋白质和mRNA水平以及LC3标记细胞的数量高于MO组(插页ⅩⅣ图4C)。
为了进一步证实AMPK是否在AS-Ⅳ中的自噬调节中发挥作用,在AM组中使用AMPK抑制剂(compound C)。结果显示,compound C干预后,LC3蛋白和mRNA水平显著低于AM组(插页ⅩⅣ图4A-B),免疫荧光染色中LC3表达水平也降低(插页ⅩⅣ图4C)。上述结果表明,AS-Ⅳ可以提高模型大鼠视网膜组织中的自噬水平,而抑制AMPK可以逆转这种作用。
Western blot进一步检测各组大鼠视网膜中AMPK、mTOR、ULK的蛋白表达及磷酸化水平(插页ⅩⅣ图4A)。结果显示,各组大鼠视网膜组织中AMPK、mTOR和ULK蛋白表达水平无显著差异,而AMPK、mTOR和ULK磷酸化水平差异明显。与MO组比较,AS-Ⅳ各剂量组视网膜组织中p-AMPK、p-ULK水平升高,p-mTOR水平降低。此外,与低剂量AS-Ⅳ相比,高剂量AS-Ⅳ显著增加了p-AMPK和p-ULK水平,降低了p-mTOR水平,而AH组与AM组之间以及AM组与AL组之间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。此外,AM组腹腔注射compound C 1周后,视网膜组织中p-AMPK和p-ULK水平下降,而p-mTOR水平明显高于AM组。RA组视网膜组织中p-mTOR水平明显降低,p-AMPK和p-ULK水平明显升高(插页ⅩⅣ图4A)。
采用FVEP检测干预7 d后各组大鼠眼电生理变化,并通过P2峰潜伏期和振幅评价大鼠视觉功能[25]。如图5所示,MO组P2峰的潜伏期明显长于SH组。此外,AS-Ⅳ各剂量组和RA组的P2峰潜伏期较MO组缩短(图5B)。而CC组的P2潜伏期明显长于AM组。AS-Ⅳ各剂量组和RA组各组之间P2潜伏期差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
N2P2波的振幅方面,MO组与SH组相比有明显下降,而AS-Ⅳ各剂量组与MO组之间无明显差异(图5C)。此外,AM组和CC组之间N2P2振幅无显著差异。
本研究发现AMPK-mTOR-ULK信号通路参与了TON的损伤修复过程,AS-Ⅳ可以通过调节AMPK-mTOR-ULK通路增加的自噬来提高RGC的存活。此外,AS-Ⅳ还能通过AMPK蛋白改善TON模型大鼠的视觉功能。
既往研究发现,血清饥饿后视神经横断模型大鼠RGCs中自噬被激活[8-9]。在本研究中,造模后第7天视网膜组织中出现明显增多的自噬体形成,提示视神经外侧牵引模型视网膜中发生了自噬。AS-Ⅳ调节细胞自噬,在多种疾病中发挥保护作用[17-20]。此外,AS-Ⅳ的神经保护作用也有报道[26-28],包括提高周围神经传导速度[29],通过上调生长相关蛋白43的表达促进坐骨神经的修复[30]。因此,AS-Ⅳ可能对视神经损伤有保护作用。在本研究中,通过brn3a免疫荧光染色法(插页Ⅻ图2)和TUNEL染色法(插页ⅩⅢ图3),发现AS-Ⅳ可以提高TON模型大鼠RGCs的存活率。此外,实验证实AS-Ⅳ可以提高TON模型大鼠视网膜中LC3的蛋白和mRNA水平(插页ⅩⅣ图4)。
AMPK是调节能量的关键蛋白。视神经损伤后,RGC的能量供应受到影响,AMPK蛋白的表达发生改变。本研究观察到AMPK蛋白磷酸化水平在模型大鼠视网膜组织中升高(插页ⅩⅣ图4)。p-AMPK水平升高可促进自噬[14-15]。本研究发现AS-Ⅳ进一步增加了p-AMPK的水平,并显著增加了自噬水平。AMPK可以通过磷酸化mTORC1的raptor蛋白来抑制mTORC1的活性,从而诱导自噬[14-15,31]。当细胞受到饥饿刺激时,AMPK磷酸化ULK1/2中的Ser555位点,或ULK1/2自磷酸化并磷酸化Atg13和FIP200以激活自噬[14,32]。为了进一步验证AS-Ⅳ与AMPK-mTOR-ULK通路的调控关系,本研究在AM组联合进行了compound C的腹腔注射。结果显示,与未接受compound C干预的AM组相比,CC组视网膜中AMPK、mTOR和ULK蛋白水平变化不明显,而p-AMPK和p-ULK水平下降,p-mTOR水平升高(插页ⅩⅣ图4)。p-AMPK和p-ULK水平下降,p-mTOR水平显著升高,均可抑制自噬[14-15]。如预期的那样,与MO组相比,compound C干预7 d后,视网膜组织中的LC3Ⅱ/LC3 I水平显著降低,并且免疫荧光测定中LC3水平显著降低(插页ⅩⅣ图4)。上述结果表明,AS-Ⅳ通过调节AMPK、ULK和mTOR的磷酸化来介导TON后的自噬,并且这种作用可以被compound C逆转。自噬提高了TON后RGC的存活率[5,7,9],这在我们的研究中得到了证实:RA组的RGC存活率高于MO组。更重要的是,我们观察到CC组RGC的存活率显著低于AM组(插页ⅩⅣ图4),这表明AS-Ⅳ通过AMPK增强了自噬,从而提高了RGC的生存率。
相关研究发现,轴突损伤后,RGCs中的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平随着线粒体损伤而升高,自噬可能参与了清除受损线粒体,从而降低ROS水平,保护RGCs[9]。最近的研究进一步证明,AS-Ⅳ可以通过促进线粒体吞噬来减少受损线粒体的积累和线粒体ROS的产生[28]。因此,AS-Ⅳ可能通过增强TON后线粒体自噬来保护RGCs。此外,自噬还可能通过去除轴突片段或重塑细胞骨架参与其他细胞保护功能[33-34]。
用F-VEP评价视觉传导功能,反映视网膜到视觉皮层的功能状态活动。据报道,F-VEP振幅反映了功能性视神经纤维的数量[35-36]。然而,本研究没有观察到AS-Ⅳ对N2P2振幅的改善作用。F-VEP检测幅度的变异性可能会掩盖效果[37-38],尽管本研究通过几种方式控制这种变异性:控制黑暗适应、麻醉深度、植入位置和测试电极深度,重复100次外部刺激以最小化电图噪声[39],并且只纳入了误差波形小于10次的图形。本研究发现了AS-Ⅳ在F-VEP检测中具有改善P2潜伏期的作用。通过VEP记录评估视觉信号电导率是评估视觉通路脱髓鞘程度的可靠工具[36]。既往研究表明,VEP潜伏期的延长与视觉通路中脱髓鞘的数量相对应[36,40],自噬可以促进髓鞘再生,减少神经元变性[41-42]。因此,AS-Ⅳ可能通过介导自噬促进视神经髓鞘的再生,从而改善视神经的传导功能。模型大鼠经雷帕霉素干预后P2潜伏期明显缩短,进一步验证了自噬参与了TON后视觉功能修复的过程(图5)。然而,本研究没有进行视神经髓鞘的相关变化观察,AS-Ⅳ对髓鞘的作用尚不清楚。视神经髓鞘在TON后的病理变化及自噬对视神经髓鞘的影响值得进一步研究。
综上所述,本研究发现AS-Ⅳ可以提高TON模型鼠RGCs的存活率,恢复TON模型大鼠的视觉功能,这可能与AS-Ⅳ通过调节AMPK-mTOR-ULK信号通路增加自噬有关。AMPK-mTOR-ULK可能是一条治疗TON的潜在途径。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(81973909)
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2025年第43卷第10期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.020
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-10-10
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基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(81973909)
作者信息
    1.中国中医科学院西苑医院,北京 100091
    2.北京中医药大学,北京 100029
    3.北京中医药大学东方医院,北京 100078

通讯作者:

廖良(1982-),男,湖南武冈人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:视神经疾病。E-mail:。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zhzyyxk/CN/10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.020
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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