Article(id=1322926905992819202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926740955341011, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339953182, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339953182, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339953182, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339953182, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322926740955341011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760025600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339913834, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340753123, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322930261259846420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926740955341011, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322930261259846421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926740955341011, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=90, endPage=95, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322926906315780611, articleId=1322926905992819202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Mechanism of Xiebai(Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus)in Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Saponins and related extracts of Xiebai(Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus)can effectively improve the occurrence and development of coronary heart disease by anti-platelet aggregation,anti-oxidation,reducing blood lipids,anti-atherosclerosis,anti-myocardial ischemic injury and protecting cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells.Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)is an important signaling pathway of Xiebai(Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus).Gualou Xiebai Baijiu Decoction(瓜蒌薤白白酒汤),Gualou Xiebai Banxia Decoction(瓜蒌薤白半夏汤)and Zhishi Xiebai Guizhi Decoction(枳实薤白桂枝汤)have the effects of anti-atherosclerosis,anti-inflammation,vascular protection and anti-ischemia and anti hypoxia injury effects.By summarizing the domestic and foreign literatures related to the mechanism of action of Xiebai(Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus)in the treatment of coronary heart disease,it is helpful to provide scientific basis and theoretical support for its clinical application and new drug development.

, authors=He GAO1, Jinhao HU1, Bo DONG2, Yan SHI1, Changchuan BAI1, 3, authorsList=He GAO, Jinhao HU, Bo DONG, Yan SHI, Changchuan BAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bo DONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322926906726822404, articleId=1322926905992819202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=薤白治疗冠心病的作用机制研究进展, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

薤白的皂苷类成分及相关提取物可通过抗血小板聚集、降低血脂、抗动脉粥样硬化、抗心肌缺血损伤、保护心肌细胞和血管内皮细胞、抗氧化等多方面作用有效改善冠心病的发生发展,PI3K/AKT/mTOR是其发挥治疗作用的一条重要的相关信号通路。薤白复方瓜蒌薤白白酒汤、瓜蒌薤白半夏汤、枳实薤白桂枝汤等具有抗动脉粥样硬化、抗炎、血管保护、抗缺血缺氧损伤等作用。通过总结国内外与薤白治疗冠心病的作用机制有关的文献,有利于为其临床应用和新药开发提供科学依据和理论支撑。

, authors=郜贺1, 胡锦浩1, 董波2, 石岩1, 白长川1, 3, authorsList=郜贺, 胡锦浩, 董波, 石岩, 白长川, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=董波, authorNote=

郜贺(1990-),男,吉林四平人,主治医师,博士,研究方向:中医心血管疾病。

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董波(1964-),女,辽宁沈阳人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,硕士,研究方向:中医心血管疾病。E-mail:。
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薤白治疗冠心病的作用机制研究进展
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郜贺 1 , 胡锦浩 1 , 董波 2 , 石岩 1 , 白长川 1, 3
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(10): 90-95
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (10) : 90 -95
薤白治疗冠心病的作用机制研究进展
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郜贺(1990-),男,吉林四平人,主治医师,博士,研究方向:中医心血管疾病。

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郜贺(1990-),男,吉林四平人,主治医师,博士,研究方向:中医心血管疾病。

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郜贺1, 胡锦浩1, 董波2 , 石岩1, 白长川1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.辽宁中医药大学,辽宁 沈阳 110847
  • 2.辽宁中医药大学附属第二医院,辽宁 沈阳 110034
  • 3.大连市中医医院,辽宁 大连 116013
通讯作者:
董波(1964-),女,辽宁沈阳人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,硕士,研究方向:中医心血管疾病。E-mail:。
作者简介:

郜贺(1990-),男,吉林四平人,主治医师,博士,研究方向:中医心血管疾病。

Research Progress on Mechanism of Xiebai(Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus)in Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease
He GAO1, Jinhao HU1, Bo DONG2 , Yan SHI1, Changchuan BAI1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Shenyang 110847,Liaoning,China
  • 2.The Second Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Chinese Medicine,Shenyang 110034,Liaoning,China
  • 3.Dalian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Dalian 116013,Liaoning,China
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.019
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薤白的皂苷类成分及相关提取物可通过抗血小板聚集、降低血脂、抗动脉粥样硬化、抗心肌缺血损伤、保护心肌细胞和血管内皮细胞、抗氧化等多方面作用有效改善冠心病的发生发展,PI3K/AKT/mTOR是其发挥治疗作用的一条重要的相关信号通路。薤白复方瓜蒌薤白白酒汤、瓜蒌薤白半夏汤、枳实薤白桂枝汤等具有抗动脉粥样硬化、抗炎、血管保护、抗缺血缺氧损伤等作用。通过总结国内外与薤白治疗冠心病的作用机制有关的文献,有利于为其临床应用和新药开发提供科学依据和理论支撑。

薤白  /  机制  /  冠心病  /  研究进展

Saponins and related extracts of Xiebai(Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus)can effectively improve the occurrence and development of coronary heart disease by anti-platelet aggregation,anti-oxidation,reducing blood lipids,anti-atherosclerosis,anti-myocardial ischemic injury and protecting cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells.Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)is an important signaling pathway of Xiebai(Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus).Gualou Xiebai Baijiu Decoction(瓜蒌薤白白酒汤),Gualou Xiebai Banxia Decoction(瓜蒌薤白半夏汤)and Zhishi Xiebai Guizhi Decoction(枳实薤白桂枝汤)have the effects of anti-atherosclerosis,anti-inflammation,vascular protection and anti-ischemia and anti hypoxia injury effects.By summarizing the domestic and foreign literatures related to the mechanism of action of Xiebai(Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus)in the treatment of coronary heart disease,it is helpful to provide scientific basis and theoretical support for its clinical application and new drug development.

Xiebai(Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus)  /  mechanism  /  coronary heart disease  /  research progress
郜贺, 胡锦浩, 董波, 石岩, 白长川. 薤白治疗冠心病的作用机制研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (10) : 90 -95 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.019
He GAO, Jinhao HU, Bo DONG, Yan SHI, Changchuan BAI. Research Progress on Mechanism of Xiebai(Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus)in Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (10) : 90 -95 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.019
冠心病严重威胁着人类的生命健康,近几十年来,中国冠心病的发病率和病死率显著上升。这一令人担忧的趋势主要归因于人口老龄化、不健康的生活方式、血压与血脂等指标的异常等[1]。在临床上,为了治疗冠心病,采用了多种现代治疗方法,包括经皮冠状动脉介入、冠状动脉旁路移植术、改善缺血,预防心肌梗死类药物的使用等。然而,这些治疗方式都存在显著不良反应,机体排异反应和药物不耐受等问题均影响着患者的生活质量和预期寿命。
薤白,是为百合科多年生草本植物小根蒜或薤的地下鳞茎,别名藠头、小根蒜、薤根等,全国各地均有分布,主产于江苏、浙江等地。性辛、苦、温,归肺、胃、大肠经,善散阴寒之凝滞,通胸阳之闭结,被认为是治胸痹之要药。关于薤白的古文记载丰富,从《神农本草经》到清代,历代本草著作对薤白治疗胸痹心痛均有论述。晋代陶弘景在《名医别录》谓其:“除寒热,去水气,温中散结,利病人。”唐代孙思邈《千金要方·食治》指出“心痛宜食之”。清代黄元御《长沙药解》谓其:“辛温通畅,善散壅滞,故痹者下达而变冲和,重者上达而化轻清。”清代黄宫绣在《本草求真》中载曰:“通气、滑窍、助阳佳品也”。薤白在中医理论中,通常用于治疗由阳虚寒凝、心脉闭阻等原因导致的心悸、胸痹、真心痛等疾病。这些功效与其内含的活性化合物有直接关系,这些化合物可以影响血小板聚集、心肌缺血损伤等生物学过程。
在现代药理研究中,薤白治疗冠心病的药理作用机制已经得到了初步验证,目前与薤白治疗冠心病的作用机制相关的深入研究已成为近年来的焦点之一。薤白主要含有皂苷类化合物、含硫化合物和生物碱等,含钙、磷、镁等无机元素20余种[2-3],其中,皂苷类化合物有67个,均为甾体皂苷。康小东等[4]还从薤白中分离出琥珀酸等物质。有研究总结薤白中的有效成分,能抗凝血、稳斑块、抗氧化,治疗冠心病[5],通过总结国内外与薤白治疗冠心病的作用机制有关的文献,旨在为其临床应用和新药开发提供科学依据和理论基础。
大量实验研究表明[6-12],薤白皂苷类成分能抑制血小板聚集,并抑制血小板-中性粒细胞间的相互作用。其抑制机理可能有两种:一种是在血小板膜和释放过程中起作用,另一种是阻止血栓素(TXA2)的合成。研究发现,薤白中化合物能抑制血小板中PI3K表达和AKT的磷酸化,抑制ADP诱导的血小板聚集[13-14]。也有学者发现[15],薤白皂苷能降低血浆纤维蛋白原(Fib)表达,延长动脉血的凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT),对血小板的聚集产生抑制作用,从而起到治疗动脉粥样硬化的效果。黏附、聚集和分泌是血小板的三大基本功能。病理因素引起的血小板过度活化可促进血小板聚集,进而引起血栓性疾病[16]。血小板活化后CD40L的释放以及血小板与中性粒细胞之间的黏附是血栓形成的始动环节之一[17]。血小板在参与止血和血栓形成的同时,还分泌黏附分子、P-选择素及其配体(P-选择素糖蛋白配体-1)等炎症因子,趋化血管中的白细胞,调节炎症[18]。研究发现,薤白中的甾体皂苷能够下调血小板CD40L的表达并降低血小板中性粒细胞黏附的发生率[19]。薤白皂苷在体外和体内对花生四烯酸(AA)、二磷酸腺苷(ADP)和血小板活化因子(PAF)诱导的血小板聚集起到抑制作用,降低血小板内钙离子浓度以及中性粒细胞和凝血酶之间的黏附水平。从而在一定程度上刺激血小板功能的激活,并抑制血小板聚集[20]。从AMB中分离出来的N-反式阿魏酰基胺(158)对ADP诱导的人血小板聚集的第一阶段和第二阶段均显示出显著抑制作用,而N-(对顺式香豆酰基)-酪胺(160)仅抑制第一阶段聚合阶段[21]。薤白中的呋喃甾苷通过抑制血小板磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白丝氨酸-苏氨酸激酶(PI3K/AKT)信号通路,从而抑制ADP诱导的血小板聚集,从而在体外和体内减轻SD大鼠的心肌细胞损伤[22]。甲基烯丙基三硫醚是AMB中的一种含硫化合物,对血小板聚集活性具有很强的抑制作用[23-24]。鉴于血小板与炎症因子的关系,提示薤白的药理作用与炎症的关系也是值得研究的方向之一。
动脉粥样硬化(AS)通常在中动脉和大动脉中形成斑块[25],是CHD和脑血管意外(CVA)发生的主要原因[26]。内皮下巨噬细胞的积累是AS形成的开始,随后斑块纤维化并导致钙沉积,侵入管腔,导致缺血性疾病的发展[27]。哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶点(m TOR)影响着细胞增殖、存活、代谢、自噬、凋亡、迁移等生物过程,m TOR激活会引发内皮功能障碍、泡沫细胞形成和血管平滑肌细胞增殖,导致AS的发生和进展[28-29]。此外,在动脉粥样硬化的早期阶段,低密度脂蛋白(LDL)保留在内膜中,并被修饰形成多种危险相关分子模式(DAMP),由氧化酶、脂解酶、蛋白质水解酶和活性氧介导,从而获得免疫原性[30],免疫原性低密度脂蛋白激活血管内皮细胞。血管内皮细胞通过释放一氧化氮(NO)和前列腺素I2(PGI2)等生化因子来调节血管的结构和功能[31]。
薤白总皂苷(AMB)及挥发油提取物能降低血清和肝脏总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平,升高血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平,降低肝、脾指数和动脉粥样硬化指数,从而发挥降血脂作用[32-34]。AMB总皂苷和挥发油提取物能够降低高脂大鼠血清和肝脏TC、TG和LDL水平,并升高血清HDL水平[35-36]。AMB降脂、预防动脉粥样硬化的可能机制之一是一方面提高PGI2和PGE1水平,另一方面干扰AA代谢,抑制血栓素A2(TXA2)合成,从而改变PGI2/TXA2比率并缓解血液高凝状态[37-38]。另一项研究表明,在高脂血症动物的高脂饲料中添加10%AMB粉,可上调肝组织中低密度脂蛋白受体(LDLR)和肝X受体α(LXRα)的mRNA表达水平,从而发挥其降血脂作用[39]。Macrostemonoside A(1)是从AMB中分离出来的一种甾体皂苷,可降低小鼠血清中TC、TG和LDL水平以及小鼠血糖水平,并增加3T3-L1细胞中内脂素蛋白表达[40-41]。XZT是由AMB提取物制成的中成药。研究表明,XZT降低ApoE血清中脂肪酸合酶(FAS)和LDL水平,通过激活反向胆固醇转运(RCT)和增加HDL水平,XZT降低高脂血症患者的TG水平[42-43]。mTOR信号通路在CHD的进展和治疗中发挥着重要作用。mTOR大多与细胞自噬和凋亡相关,前期研究已证明自噬在动脉粥样硬化中具有双重作用。身体需要适度的自噬来稳定斑块并抑制心脏缺血再灌注损伤过程中的过度自噬,从而减少心肌梗死的面积。治疗冠心病的中药单体成分大多是从活血补气药中提纯而来,但行气药(如AMB)和祛痰药(如瓜蒌等)的药理作用机制尚不明确。临床治疗冠心病常用药半夏的研究较少,应加强对其活性成分作用机制的研究。
早期血液透析是减轻缺血后心肌损伤的最有效方法[44]。随着经皮冠状动脉介入治疗、冠状动脉旁路移植术、溶栓等干预措施的发展,心肌缺血后可以得到重新供血,但心肌缺血再灌注损伤是一个涉及多种因素的复杂病理生理过程。目前认为其机制与炎症、氧化应激、血管内皮细胞损伤、血小板聚集等因素密切相关,最终可导致不可逆的细胞凋亡或坏死[45-47]。再灌注损伤的评估和治疗仍然是临床挑战,其因果机制仍不清楚。已确定的是缺血再灌注会引发内皮细胞功能障碍并破坏血管内皮结构,阻碍微脉管系统内的血液循环。内皮细胞能分泌血管活性物质,例如血管收缩剂内皮素(ET)和血管紧张素,以及血管扩张剂例如NO和内皮依赖性超极化因子(EDHF),对调节血管尤其是微循环血管的张力具有重要作用;此外内皮细胞还能合成和分泌相关的凝血因子和纤溶物质,维持凝血和纤溶的动态平衡,影响凝血和纤溶过程,维持正常的血流和循环[48]。研究发现,AMB提取物可降低炎症相关环氧合酶-2(COX-2)、环氧合酶-1(COX-1)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和血管舒张相关内皮素转化酶(ECE)和内皮一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)的基因表达,但在空气应激血管内皮损伤模型中增加抗氧化剂超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的基因表达,从而减少模型大鼠的内皮血管损伤[49-50]。同时,AMB提取物还显著降低血浆ET水平,增加血清NO水平,并抑制主动脉组织中葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)蛋白的表达,通过抑制内质网应激来改善模型大鼠的血管内皮功能[51]。在大鼠左冠状动脉前降支开胸结扎致急性心肌缺血模型中,AMB乙醇提取物可调节脂质和蛋白质代谢平衡,减轻急性心肌缺血造成的损伤。大鼠有机体[52]。AMB提取物还显著提高血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性;它降低乙酰胆碱酯酶(TChE)活性、非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,并减轻大鼠心肌损伤程度[53]。此外,AMB提取物可以通过增强5-羟色胺1D(5-HT 1D)来保护抑郁大鼠的血管内皮功能。调节mRNA和蛋白表达,介导舒张作用,并抑制5-羟色胺2A(5-HT 2A)mRNA和蛋白表达,介导血管收缩作用[54]。
薤白对动物(大鼠、小鼠)心肌缺氧、缺血及缺血再灌注心肌损伤有保护作用[55]。薤白可以调节脂类和蛋白质代谢平衡,减轻急性心肌缺血对大鼠机体造成的损伤[56]。薤白提取物能够抗异丙肾上腺素所致的小鼠常压缺氧作用和对抗垂体后叶素所致的大鼠急性心肌缺血,保护缺血再灌注引起的心肌损伤。薤白还能延长异丙肾上腺素所致常压缺氧小鼠的存活时间,降低心肌耗氧量,降低心律失常的时间和发生率,并抑制高钾和去甲肾上腺素所激活的钙通道,扩张血管[57]。另外,研究表明粗制薤白水提物具有镇痛作用,能延长小鼠耐缺氧时间,因此能够有效缓解胸闷心痛这一心肌缺血缺氧的症状[58]。
薤白能够有效降低大鼠COX-2、COX-1,氧化应激相关因子iNOS及血管舒缩相关因子ECE、eNOS的基因转录水平,增加SOD表达,抑制炎症、改善氧化应激,对血管内皮结构的完整性起到保护作用,薤白发挥抗氧化活性与薤白不同极性部位相关,其中正丁醇相活性最强,乙酸乙酯相和乙醇相次之[59-60]。
薤白中所含的氟醚醇皂苷(FSAMB)对adp诱导的血小板聚集有明显的抑制作用。灌胃FSAMB也能抑制ADP诱导的大鼠血小板聚集。干预后FSAMB(672 mg/kg)组大鼠血清LDH、CK-MB、cTnI水平均低于模型对照组(P<0.01或P<0.05),且FSAMB对固定纤维蛋白原的血小板增殖有抑制作用。FSAMB抑制adp诱导的血小板PI3K表达和AKT磷酸化。抑制PI3K表达后,FSAMB对AKT磷酸化的抑制作用更加明显。FSAMB还可以抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路,减轻SD大鼠心肌细胞损伤程度,抑制adp诱导的血小板聚集[61]。体内试验表明[62],异丙肾上腺素(ISO)引起心肌纤维紊乱、心肌酶水平升高和细胞凋亡。然而,薤白苷T(MST)预处理显著缓解了这些不利的变化。体外实验发现,MST可提高H9c2细胞的抗氧化酶水平,抑制丙二醛(MDA)的产生。同时,MST抑制了ISO诱导的活性氧(ROS)的产生,减轻了线粒体膜电位的下降,从而降低了细胞凋亡率。此外,MST预处理提高了p-PI3K、p-AKT和p-mTOR的表达水平,表明PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路被激活,从而对心肌损伤产生保护作用。MST通过激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路抑制凋亡,从而减弱ISO诱导的心肌损伤。这项研究为开发心血管病前体药物提供了潜在的途径。
瓜蒌薤白白酒汤的Q-marker主要为3,29-二苯甲酰基栝楼仁三醇、槲皮素、芹菜素、薤白皂苷J、腺苷[63]。在心肌缺血发生,L-Arginine-eNOS-NO经典通路被抑制后,瓜蒌薤白白酒汤可通过NO-3-NO-2-NO通路产生大量的NO,显著升高小鼠血清NO含量(P<0.01),显著下调血清中cTnT、CK-MB、LDH水平(P<0.01),明显降低心肌梗死面积(P<0.01),对缺血梗死心肌起到有效保护作用[64]。
瓜蒌薤白白酒汤对于冠心病心绞痛的治疗具有较为理想的临床疗效,能够明显地促进血脂水平及血液流变学状态的改善。Meta分析结果显示:与其他治疗相比,瓜蒌薤白白酒汤的临床总疗效及心电图改善情况更好;总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平明显降低,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平明显升高;心绞痛发作频率、心绞痛持续时间更短;全血高切黏度、全血低切黏度、血浆黏度、纤维蛋白原水平均降低[65]。
现代药理学研究证实,瓜蒌薤白半夏汤中的槲皮素、木犀草素、卡文定碱等成分,可以通过免疫与炎症相关通路,改善血脂代谢与内皮细胞状态,发挥抗炎、抗动脉硬化、血管保护、抗缺血缺氧损伤等作用[66]。酒煎瓜蒌薤白半夏汤能通过激活PPARA、PPARG、PPARD、ESR2、AR、RXRA靶点与脂质与动脉粥样硬化、流体剪应力与动脉粥样硬化、cGMPPKG通路、钙信号通路、PPAR信号通路实现对冠心病的治疗作用[67]。瓜蒌薤白半夏汤可以改善缺血性心肌损伤大鼠心功能,减轻心肌病理损伤,改善内皮细胞功能,促进心肌微血管生成,并上调心肌组织PI3K、mTOR、HIF-1α和VEGF蛋白表达变化。瓜蒌薤白半夏汤高剂量组和瓜蒌薤白半夏汤中剂量组均可以降低血清LDH、CK、CK-MB、NT-proBNP(P<0.05,P<0.01)及胶原容积分数(CVF)(P<0.01);升高VEGF(P<0.05,P<0.01)、微血管密度(MVD)(P<0.05,P<0.01)及PI3K、mTOR、HIF-1α和VEGF蛋白水平(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,低剂量瓜蒌薤白半夏汤能降低血清LDH、NT-proBNP(P<0.05),升高VEGF(P<0.05);降低胶原容积分数(CVF)(P<0.05);显著升高PI3K、mTOR、HIF-1α、VEGF蛋白表达水平(P<0.01)[68]。参芪瓜蒌薤白半夏汤通过调控PPARγ蛋白水平,同时影响肝脏胆固醇的生成和胆固醇向胆汁酸的转化,高剂量参芪瓜蒌薤白半夏汤可降低血清TG、TC、LDL-C水平及肝脏TG、TC水平,升高胆汁酸及PPARγ、CYP7A1、mRNA的表达水平,降低SREBP2、HMGCR蛋白及mRNA表达,低剂量参芪瓜蒌薤白半夏汤可降低血清TC、LDL-C水平和肝脏TC水平(P<0.05或P<0.01)。从而改善血脂水平,发挥抗动脉粥样硬化作用[69]。瓜蒌薤白半夏汤可通过改善内质网应激介导的心肌细胞凋亡治疗缺血性心肌损伤。显著改善左心室血流动力学水平、血清心肌酶、交感神经活性、心肌氧化应激、心肌凋亡蛋白和内质网应激蛋白水平[70]。采用瓜蒌薤白半夏汤对心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型大鼠预处理后结果显示大鼠心肌梗死面积百分比低于模型组与核因子κB(NF-κB)抑制剂组。心肌组织纤维排列较规则,几乎无胶原纤维染色阳性。心肌组织形态改变、横纹结构改变均优于模型组[71]。
瓜蒌薤白半夏汤加减辅治痰浊痹阻型冠心病心绞痛(CHD-AP)的总有效率较对照组更高(P<0.05)。治疗后血脂水平、炎症因子水平、中医证候积分、视觉模拟评分(VAS)较对照组低且AP发作次数更少(P<0.05)[72]。瓜蒌薤白半夏汤治疗不稳定型心绞痛有效率高,可以帮助患者改善心绞痛发作情况,降低中医证候积分。瓜蒌薤白半夏汤治疗的西雅图心绞痛量表(SAQ)显示研究组各指标评分均高于对照组(P<0.05);研究组中医证候积分低于对照组,且心绞痛发作情况优于对照组(P<0.05);研究组总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05)[73]。加味瓜蒌薤白半夏汤在冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)术后再发心绞痛痰瘀互结证的治疗中,总有效率和疗后生活质量得分均较常规西医治疗更高(P<0.05)[74]。
枳实薤白桂枝汤可通过TRPA1引发下游的ABCA1、ABCG1表达升高,促进泡沫细胞中胆固醇流出,从而调控胆固醇代谢并在一定程度上干预炎症反应,有效降低血脂与炎症水平,抑制主动脉斑块的形成,最终达到治疗动脉粥样硬化的作用[75]。枳实薤白桂枝汤各单味药与整方均对冠心病、不稳定型心绞痛、心肌梗死、窦性心动过缓等心血管疾病有一定改善作用,药理作用涉及改善血管内环境、改善心肌缺血、改善心肌缺血再灌注损伤、改善心肌缺氧、抗炎、稳定斑块等方面;其作用机制涉及调节体内相关活性物质、调节相关信号通路与离子通道等,具体主要包括血清血栓烷素B2(TXB2)、血清前列环素I2(PGI2)、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/内皮型一氧化氮合酶(PI3K/AKT/eNOS)信号途径、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)敏感性钾通道等[76]。枳实薤白桂枝汤可有效干预氧化应激损伤,其对冠状动脉痉挛引起的心肌缺血具有一定的保护作用。研究发现[77],枳实薤白桂枝汤中、高剂量组家兔在注射EDN1后0.5、2、6 h均可使血清GSH、TAOC、SOD活性水平升高,使MDA水平降低(P<0.05);枳实薤白桂枝汤中、高剂量组提升血清GSH、TAOC能力与地尔硫艹卓组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
枳实薤白桂枝汤联合常规西药治疗寒凝气滞兼痰瘀证不稳定型心绞痛疗效显著,可有效缓解患者中医证候及心绞痛症状,且无增加药物的不良反应。治疗后,胸胁胀闷、胸痛彻背、心绞痛分级评分均较治疗前降低(P<0.05),且治疗组上述各项评分均低于对照组(P<0.05)[78]。枳实薤白桂枝汤对冠心病痰瘀痹阻证疗效具有积极影响,曲美他嗪+阿托伐他汀+硝酸甘油常规药物治疗与枳实薤白桂枝汤联用后疗效更佳,曲美他嗪+阿托伐他汀+硝酸甘油联用枳实薤白桂枝汤治疗下硝酸甘油停减率可从58.14%升至83.72%,对比结果差异显著(P<0.05)。曲美他嗪+阿托伐他汀+硝酸甘油联用枳实薤白桂枝汤治疗下左心室射血分数、心排血指数分别可从(58.56%±3.34%)、(3.15±0.27)L/(min·m2)升至(64.03%±3.60%)、(3.82±0.35)L/(min·m2),对比结果差异显著(P<0.05)。且曲美他嗪+阿托伐他汀+硝酸甘油治疗下SAQ西雅图心绞痛评分为(327.50±28.67)分,低于联用枳实薤白桂枝汤治疗的(385.46±23.24)分,对比结果差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)[79]。孙新新等[80]发现,枳实薤白桂枝汤加味复方制剂方合并西医常规用药治疗阳气虚滞型冠心病高风险人群,比单纯应用西医常规治疗效果更佳。治疗组在改善TC与LDL-C水平方面显著优于对照组(P<0.05),在改善TG与HDL-C水平方面与对照组差异无明显统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗组在改善胸闷、气短、乏力、畏寒肢冷、头晕、胁肋闷胀症状方面显著优于对照组(P<0.05);两组中医症状总积分差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),治疗组疗效优于对照组。中医症状有效率对比,治疗组总有效率(87.14%)明显优于对照组(47.89%,P<0.05)。治疗组在改善生理领域、心理领域评分方面明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。
瓜蒌薤白桂枝汤治疗痰浊内阻型冠心病稳定型心绞痛,可显著降低心绞痛发作次数、心绞痛持续时间、血脂水平(P<0.05)[81]。针灸联合瓜蒌薤白桂枝汤对冠心病心绞痛患者氧化应激反应及中医证候具有较为显著改善效果。针药组治疗后丙二醛较对照组低,超氧化物歧化酶较对照组高(均P<0.05);针药组治疗后胸闷气短、畏寒肢冷、胸痛彻背、腰酸乏力积分较对照组低(均P<0.05)[82]。瓜蒌薤白桂枝汤治疗痰浊内阻型冠心病稳定型心绞痛临床疗效显著,能有效减轻临床症状,改善心电图情况,调节血脂水平,且具有较高的安全性。治疗组心电图疗效和中医证候疗效的总有效率,患者的心绞痛每周发作次数,每次持续时间,中医证候积分,血清TG、TC、LDL-C水平,HDL-C水平均有明显改善,且优于对照组(均P<0.05)[83]。
薤白被广泛证实具有防治冠心病的作用,作用机制包括抗凝血、稳斑块、抗氧化、抗炎症、降血脂等。目前薤白治疗冠心病的药理作用及机制已经引起国内外学者的广泛关注,现有研究多针对薤白提取物。随着提取工艺的优化及分子生物学新技术的涌现,各有效成分的药理作用及机制研究仍需要深入挖掘,以达到“成分-药效-机制”一一对应,理清冠心病的治疗思路。现有研究多针对薤白总提取物及单一成分的治疗作用,而已有研究表明薤白多针对多组分协同效果更加突出,因此,聚焦薤白单体成分作用的同时,不能忽略对薤白多组分协同的研究,目前已经开展的薤白复方包括瓜蒌薤白白酒汤、瓜蒌薤白半夏汤、枳实薤白桂枝汤、瓜蒌薤白桂枝汤等。除此之外,目前学者多围绕薤白对冠心病发病之后的治疗展开,有关薤白干预冠心病前期的研究近年来逐渐增加,值得进一步探索。对于薤白的相关研究,可采取中医学、中药学、人工智能、文献学等多学科协作的模式,借助现代先进技术,开展大数据筛查及靶点预测,在研究药效与疾病关系的同时,需要把握药效与证候的关系,借助组学技术,通过本草基因组学,分析薤白相关的本草基因图谱;并通过代谢组学技术,分析薤白对人体内与疾病相关的代谢产物的影响,从而构建药-证-病相结合的三位一体机制研究模式。本课题组未来将继续探究薤白有效部位的作用机制,以期为中医药防治冠心病以及薤白新药开发提供新思路。
  • 国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目(2013CB532004)
  • 国家中医药管理局全国名中医传承工作室建设项目(国中医药办人教函〔2018〕119号)
  • 辽宁省名中医传承工作室建设项目(HP2022-50-102004)
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2025年第43卷第10期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.019
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-10-10
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国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目(2013CB532004)
国家中医药管理局全国名中医传承工作室建设项目(国中医药办人教函〔2018〕119号)
辽宁省名中医传承工作室建设项目(HP2022-50-102004)
作者信息
    1.辽宁中医药大学,辽宁 沈阳 110847
    2.辽宁中医药大学附属第二医院,辽宁 沈阳 110034
    3.大连市中医医院,辽宁 大连 116013

通讯作者:

董波(1964-),女,辽宁沈阳人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,硕士,研究方向:中医心血管疾病。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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