Article(id=1322926583182401614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926492627378659, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.041, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339876217, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339876217, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339876217, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339876217, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322926492627378659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757433600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339854628, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340762858, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322930302095590169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926492627378659, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322930302095590170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926492627378659, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=219, endPage=225, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322926583476002895, articleId=1322926583182401614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Its Active Ingredients in Regulating NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Treatment of Gout, columnId=1256183365644968140, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Platform of Provincial Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Gout is a recurrent metabolic disease with abnormal purine content and/or uric acid concentration in the body. The common clinical manifestation of gout is gouty arthritis(GA),which is a series of inflammatory reactions(heterologous diseases)caused by the accumulation of monosodium urate crystals(MSU)in surrounding tissues such as joint capsules,cartilage,synovium,etc. Nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)signaling pathway,as an important mechanism of inflammation,is highly expressed in gout. Activated upstream receptors induce cells to produce tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and other pro-inflammatory factors through NF-κB signaling pathway. This leads to inflammation. Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has a long history in the prevention and treatmentof gout,with definite clinical efficacy and few side effects,and has the characteristics and advantages of multi-targets and extensive sources. According to the research athome and abroad,it is found that traditional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients could reduce the production of inflammatory factors,improve the inflammatory response and alleviate the attack of gout by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. In order to supplement the scientific nature of clinical medication and explore its pharmacological mechanism,this article reviewed the latest research results and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine and active ingredients in the treatment of gout by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway by referring to relevant domestic and foreign literature,in order to provide scientific ideas for the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine and provide reference for promoting the development of new drugs.

, authors=Hongwu MA1, Xingwen XIE2, Ning LI1, 2, Dingpeng LI3, Yongli ZHAO2, Weiwei HUANG1, Yuan CHENG1, Kexin YUAN1, authorsList=Hongwu MA, Xingwen XIE, Ning LI, Dingpeng LI, Yongli ZHAO, Weiwei HUANG, Yuan CHENG, Kexin YUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xingwen XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322926583949959248, articleId=1322926583182401614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=中药及有效成分调控NF-κB信号通路治疗痛风的研究进展, columnId=1256183369033965799, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=省级项目平台, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

痛风作为一种人体内嘌呤含量及(或)尿酸浓度异常的反复发作性代谢性疾病,其常见的临床表现为痛风性关节炎,是由尿酸单钠结晶(MSU)聚积于关节囊、软骨、滑膜等周围组织中刺激并引起的一系列炎性反应(异源性疾病);NF-κB信号通路作为重要发病机制,在痛风中高度表达,被激活的上游受体通过NF-κB信号通路诱导细胞产生TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β等促炎因子,进而引发炎症;中医药对痛风的防治历史悠久,疗效确切,不良反应少,具有多靶点、来源广泛等特点及优势;国内外研究发现中药的有效成分通过调控NF-κB信号通路,能够改善其炎性反应,缓解痛风发作;为探究其药理机制,查阅相关国内外文献,详细综述中药有效成分通过调控NF-κB信号通路治疗痛风的最新研究成果及作用机制,以期为中药临床应用提供科学的思路,为推进新药的开发提供参考依据。

, authors=马宏武1, 谢兴文2, 李宁1, 2, 李鼎鹏3, 赵永利2, 黄委委1, 程渊1, 袁可馨1, authorsList=马宏武, 谢兴文, 李宁, 李鼎鹏, 赵永利, 黄委委, 程渊, 袁可馨, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=谢兴文, authorNote=

马宏武(1998-),男,甘肃天水人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治骨与关节疾病。

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谢兴文(1972-),男,甘肃天水人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治骨与关节疾病。E-mail:。
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马宏武(1998-),男,甘肃天水人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治骨与关节疾病。

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马宏武(1998-),男,甘肃天水人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治骨与关节疾病。

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名称相关中药作用机制文献来源
葛根素葛根下调痛风大鼠关节滑膜组织中TLR4、NF-κB蛋白表达熊逸晨等[30]
黄芩苷黄芩下调NF-κB、HIF-1α的转录,降低其蛋白水平,抑制其活化刘春柳等[34]
淫羊藿苷淫羊藿抑制NF-κB通路相关蛋白的核易位,降低NALP3、Caspase-1和ASC的表达CAO Y[37]
木犀草素蒲公英、补碎骨等下调IKKβ、IκBα和P65的活性,降低IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α及TLR2、TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB的表达水平SHEN R等[42]
异牡荆黄素西番莲、酸枣仁、香鳞毛蕨等下调TLR4和MyD88的表达,影响下游信号分子NF-κB的激活SUN X J等[47]
落新妇苷土茯苓通过降低痛风小鼠踝关节NLRP3、Caspase-1、ASC、p-IKKα、p-p65和p-IκBα的蛋白表达水平XU W J等[51]
洋蓟素菜蓟、金银花、菊苣等抑制MSU诱导NF-κB、JNK通路、NLRP3炎性小体的激活以及IKKa/β、p65和c-Jun NH2末端激酶(JNK)的磷酸化WU C G等[56]
菊苣酸菊苣、紫锥菊、蒲公英、冬凌降低MSU刺激的巨噬细胞中p-p65和NLRP3蛋白表达;抑制NF-κB信号通路中p-p65和WANG Y等[59]
草等p-IκBα的上调WANG Q等[60]
姜黄素姜黄下调NLRP3、proCaspase-1、Caspase-1、pro-IL-1β和IL-1β的水平LI等[64]
丹皮酚牡丹皮、芍药、薯蓣等降低痛风大鼠踝关节滑膜组织细胞核内p65和NF-κB的DNA结合活性CHEN G等[68]
迷迭香酸迷迭香下调NF-κB p65、NLRP3、ASC和Caspase-1蛋白的表达,抑制NF-κB/NLRP3途径激活王丽欢等[71]
白芍总苷白芍降低p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65、NLRP3和Caspase-1水平,提高p-IκBα/IκBα水平畅秀丽等[76]
萆薢总皂苷萆薢下调TLR4,MyD88,NF-κB的蛋白表达李国莺[80-81]
巴马汀黄柏、黄连、马兜铃等抑制p-65和IκBα的磷酸化,阻断NLRP3、ASC、IL-1β和Caspase-1的表达,增强抗氧化蛋白Nrf2和HO-1的表达CHENG J J等[20]
雷公藤红素雷公藤抑制痛风大鼠的滑膜和软骨组织的NF-κB表达量和磷酸化,抑制IKK的激活,阻止NF-κB的核转位曹帆帆等[89]
豨莶草醇提物豨莶草下调TLR2、TLR4、MYD88、IRAK-1、TRAF-6、TAK-1、NF-κB、IL-1β mRNA及NF-κB、IL-1β蛋白的表达冯佳等[92]
毛果鱼藤醇提物毛果鱼藤降低细胞中TLR4 mRNA水平,下调TLR4、NF-κB、NLRP3的蛋白表达刘洪存等[94]
穿山龙复方穿山龙、车前子、山慈菇下调痛风大鼠关节滑膜内TLR4、My D88、NF-κB的表达卢芳等[95]
蠲痹历节清方苍术、黄柏、黄芩、土茯苓等上调巨噬细胞PPARγ(过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ)的转录与表达,下调TLR4蛋白表达,抑制NF-κB核移位郭玉星等[96]
桂枝白虎汤知母、炙甘草、粳米、桂枝下调痛风大鼠关节滑膜组织中TLR4、NF-κB mRNA及蛋白表达抑制NLRP3炎症小体的表达刘广宇等[97]
黄连解毒汤黄连、黄芩、黄柏、栀子下调NLRP3、Caspase-1、TLR4、NF-κB蛋白的表达刘建鑫等[98]
), ArticleFig(id=1322926588882460814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926583182401614, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中药有效成分及复方对痛风NF-κB信号通路的调控

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称相关中药作用机制文献来源
葛根素葛根下调痛风大鼠关节滑膜组织中TLR4、NF-κB蛋白表达熊逸晨等[30]
黄芩苷黄芩下调NF-κB、HIF-1α的转录,降低其蛋白水平,抑制其活化刘春柳等[34]
淫羊藿苷淫羊藿抑制NF-κB通路相关蛋白的核易位,降低NALP3、Caspase-1和ASC的表达CAO Y[37]
木犀草素蒲公英、补碎骨等下调IKKβ、IκBα和P65的活性,降低IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α及TLR2、TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB的表达水平SHEN R等[42]
异牡荆黄素西番莲、酸枣仁、香鳞毛蕨等下调TLR4和MyD88的表达,影响下游信号分子NF-κB的激活SUN X J等[47]
落新妇苷土茯苓通过降低痛风小鼠踝关节NLRP3、Caspase-1、ASC、p-IKKα、p-p65和p-IκBα的蛋白表达水平XU W J等[51]
洋蓟素菜蓟、金银花、菊苣等抑制MSU诱导NF-κB、JNK通路、NLRP3炎性小体的激活以及IKKa/β、p65和c-Jun NH2末端激酶(JNK)的磷酸化WU C G等[56]
菊苣酸菊苣、紫锥菊、蒲公英、冬凌降低MSU刺激的巨噬细胞中p-p65和NLRP3蛋白表达;抑制NF-κB信号通路中p-p65和WANG Y等[59]
草等p-IκBα的上调WANG Q等[60]
姜黄素姜黄下调NLRP3、proCaspase-1、Caspase-1、pro-IL-1β和IL-1β的水平LI等[64]
丹皮酚牡丹皮、芍药、薯蓣等降低痛风大鼠踝关节滑膜组织细胞核内p65和NF-κB的DNA结合活性CHEN G等[68]
迷迭香酸迷迭香下调NF-κB p65、NLRP3、ASC和Caspase-1蛋白的表达,抑制NF-κB/NLRP3途径激活王丽欢等[71]
白芍总苷白芍降低p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65、NLRP3和Caspase-1水平,提高p-IκBα/IκBα水平畅秀丽等[76]
萆薢总皂苷萆薢下调TLR4,MyD88,NF-κB的蛋白表达李国莺[80-81]
巴马汀黄柏、黄连、马兜铃等抑制p-65和IκBα的磷酸化,阻断NLRP3、ASC、IL-1β和Caspase-1的表达,增强抗氧化蛋白Nrf2和HO-1的表达CHENG J J等[20]
雷公藤红素雷公藤抑制痛风大鼠的滑膜和软骨组织的NF-κB表达量和磷酸化,抑制IKK的激活,阻止NF-κB的核转位曹帆帆等[89]
豨莶草醇提物豨莶草下调TLR2、TLR4、MYD88、IRAK-1、TRAF-6、TAK-1、NF-κB、IL-1β mRNA及NF-κB、IL-1β蛋白的表达冯佳等[92]
毛果鱼藤醇提物毛果鱼藤降低细胞中TLR4 mRNA水平,下调TLR4、NF-κB、NLRP3的蛋白表达刘洪存等[94]
穿山龙复方穿山龙、车前子、山慈菇下调痛风大鼠关节滑膜内TLR4、My D88、NF-κB的表达卢芳等[95]
蠲痹历节清方苍术、黄柏、黄芩、土茯苓等上调巨噬细胞PPARγ(过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ)的转录与表达,下调TLR4蛋白表达,抑制NF-κB核移位郭玉星等[96]
桂枝白虎汤知母、炙甘草、粳米、桂枝下调痛风大鼠关节滑膜组织中TLR4、NF-κB mRNA及蛋白表达抑制NLRP3炎症小体的表达刘广宇等[97]
黄连解毒汤黄连、黄芩、黄柏、栀子下调NLRP3、Caspase-1、TLR4、NF-κB蛋白的表达刘建鑫等[98]
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中药及有效成分调控NF-κB信号通路治疗痛风的研究进展
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马宏武 1 , 谢兴文 2 , 李宁 1, 2 , 李鼎鹏 3 , 赵永利 2 , 黄委委 1 , 程渊 1 , 袁可馨 1
中华中医药学刊 | 省级项目平台 2025,43(9): 219-225
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中华中医药学刊 |省级项目平台 2025 , 43 (9) : 219 -225
中药及有效成分调控NF-κB信号通路治疗痛风的研究进展
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马宏武1, 谢兴文2 , 李宁1, 2, 李鼎鹏3, 赵永利2, 黄委委1, 程渊1, 袁可馨1
作者信息
  • 1.甘肃中医药大学,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 2.甘肃中医药大学附属医院,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 3.西北民族大学附属医院,甘肃 兰州 730000
通讯作者:
谢兴文(1972-),男,甘肃天水人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治骨与关节疾病。E-mail:。
作者简介:

马宏武(1998-),男,甘肃天水人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治骨与关节疾病。

Research Progress of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Its Active Ingredients in Regulating NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Treatment of Gout
Hongwu MA1, Xingwen XIE2 , Ning LI1, 2, Dingpeng LI3, Yongli ZHAO2, Weiwei HUANG1, Yuan CHENG1, Kexin YUAN1
Affiliations
  • 1.Gansu University of Chinese Medicine,Lanzhou 730000,Gansu,China
  • 2.Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine,Lanzhou 730030,Gansu,China
  • 3.Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University for Nationalities,Lanzhou 730015,Gansu,China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.041
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痛风作为一种人体内嘌呤含量及(或)尿酸浓度异常的反复发作性代谢性疾病,其常见的临床表现为痛风性关节炎,是由尿酸单钠结晶(MSU)聚积于关节囊、软骨、滑膜等周围组织中刺激并引起的一系列炎性反应(异源性疾病);NF-κB信号通路作为重要发病机制,在痛风中高度表达,被激活的上游受体通过NF-κB信号通路诱导细胞产生TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β等促炎因子,进而引发炎症;中医药对痛风的防治历史悠久,疗效确切,不良反应少,具有多靶点、来源广泛等特点及优势;国内外研究发现中药的有效成分通过调控NF-κB信号通路,能够改善其炎性反应,缓解痛风发作;为探究其药理机制,查阅相关国内外文献,详细综述中药有效成分通过调控NF-κB信号通路治疗痛风的最新研究成果及作用机制,以期为中药临床应用提供科学的思路,为推进新药的开发提供参考依据。

痛风  /  中药单体  /  中药有效成分  /  NF-κB信号通路  /  研究进展

Gout is a recurrent metabolic disease with abnormal purine content and/or uric acid concentration in the body. The common clinical manifestation of gout is gouty arthritis(GA),which is a series of inflammatory reactions(heterologous diseases)caused by the accumulation of monosodium urate crystals(MSU)in surrounding tissues such as joint capsules,cartilage,synovium,etc. Nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)signaling pathway,as an important mechanism of inflammation,is highly expressed in gout. Activated upstream receptors induce cells to produce tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and other pro-inflammatory factors through NF-κB signaling pathway. This leads to inflammation. Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has a long history in the prevention and treatmentof gout,with definite clinical efficacy and few side effects,and has the characteristics and advantages of multi-targets and extensive sources. According to the research athome and abroad,it is found that traditional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients could reduce the production of inflammatory factors,improve the inflammatory response and alleviate the attack of gout by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. In order to supplement the scientific nature of clinical medication and explore its pharmacological mechanism,this article reviewed the latest research results and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine and active ingredients in the treatment of gout by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway by referring to relevant domestic and foreign literature,in order to provide scientific ideas for the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine and provide reference for promoting the development of new drugs.

gout  /  traditional Chinese medicine monomer  /  active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine  /  NF-κB signaling pathway  /  research progress
马宏武, 谢兴文, 李宁, 李鼎鹏, 赵永利, 黄委委, 程渊, 袁可馨. 中药及有效成分调控NF-κB信号通路治疗痛风的研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (9) : 219 -225 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.041
Hongwu MA, Xingwen XIE, Ning LI, Dingpeng LI, Yongli ZHAO, Weiwei HUANG, Yuan CHENG, Kexin YUAN. Research Progress of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Its Active Ingredients in Regulating NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Treatment of Gout[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (9) : 219 -225 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.041
尿酸作为嘌呤代谢的最终产物,其稳态与人体密切相关,正常人体内约90%的尿酸需经过重吸收,而剩余的即随二便排出体外;当嘌呤超出产生与代谢正常范围的极限时,体内尿酸稳态失衡,循环尿酸水平升高[1]。当血清尿酸在周围关节以尿酸钠(MSU)晶体的形式积累时,机体的免疫反应即可导致多种痛风类型,如急性痛风性关节炎、高尿酸血症、痛风性肾病和肾结石等[2];痛风即人体尿酸盐沉积于骨关节、皮下、肾脏等,引发一系列急慢性炎性反应。临床常见特征是外周关节或滑囊肿胀、疼痛或压痛,以及痛风石的形成。该病与年龄、性别有关,男性发病率高于女性,约为女性的4倍,又称“男性疾病”[3],且在50~54岁达高峰,而女性在65~69岁达高峰[4]。痛风的发病率愈发趋于年轻化,影响生活质量[5]。
目前,对于痛风急性发作期秋水仙碱、非甾体抗炎药与皮质类固醇是常见的药物[6]。关节内类固醇注射可以最大限度地减少药物在全身分布,但需要一定的技术。对于患有多关节疾病或对单一药物反应不足的患者,可选择联合治疗,但大部分指南建议考虑到附加毒性不建议糖皮质激素和非甾体抗炎药联合使用[7]。长期降尿酸治疗(例如别嘌呤醇)能够导致尿酸钠晶体的溶解,预防痛风发作[8]。而药物通常会给患者带来许多不良反应,包括肠道功能紊乱、胃肠出血、胃肠道毒性、肾毒性等[9],服药依从性差,复发率高;这些因素在一定程度局限了痛风的治疗。作为一种代谢缺陷性疾病不会因使用上述药物而根治,长期用药是痛风患者的常态。
目前普遍认为,炎症的激活与痛风的发病机制密切相关,而NF-κB作为炎症激活的一条上游信号通路,在痛风的发作中扮演着重要的角色。许多药理研究表明,抑制NF-κB信号通路的相关蛋白可以有效抑制MSU刺激诱导的炎性反应,并减轻痛风的炎症和疼痛,显示出良好的发展前景和临床应用潜力,而中药及成分具有多靶点、多途径治疗等特点,临床疗效肯定;近年来,许多研究中药治疗痛风时引入NF-κB信号通路作为干预途径,在控制炎症、改善痛风症状方面具有良好的表现;本文对其研究现状进行综述,为痛风提供一种新的治疗思路。
转录因子NF-κB作为免疫功能重要的中心调节枢纽,整合来自多个细胞内外的传递信号,当其中一个信号因子被释放至细胞核中,即触发促炎基因的表达,在人类机体中扮演着重要的角色[10]。其作为抗原递呈细胞及效应白细胞活化的主要调节因子,能够在调节宿主炎症及免疫反应、应对细胞应激时防止细胞凋亡,与细胞的增殖分化及免疫、炎性反应、肿瘤的发生等密切相关[11]。NF-κB由Rel家族蛋白的同源或异源二聚化产生,主要以p50和p65亚基的形式存在。在正常情况下,NF-κB与抑制蛋白IκB结合在一起,在几乎所有细胞类型的细胞质中保持无活性。当受到刺激时,炎症信号传递到细胞因子受体包括肿瘤坏死因子受体(TNFR)、白介素-1受体(IL-1R)、Toll样受体(TLR)家族成员(TLR3、TLR4、TLR7)、T细胞受体(TCR)、B细胞受体(BCR)、表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)家族成员[12];接着,IκBα快速降解并与之分离,IκB激酶(IKK)参与IκBα的磷酸化,然后介导NF-κB p65的磷酸化,在核定位信号的介导下,磷酸化的p65进入细胞核,与基因启动子区域的特定DNA序列结合,诱导IL-1β、IL-6和TNFα等炎症反应相关基因的表达,促进下游靶基因转录和蛋白质合成,参与感染、炎症、免疫反应等多种病理生理反应[13];在生理与疾病中[14],NF-κB系统是连接代谢和驱动炎性小体引起细胞反应的一个关键节点[15],短时间内激活适量的炎性小体在体内具有重要的平衡作用,而过度的炎症反应是复杂的炎性疾病、遗传相关疾病的标志。
痛风是一种慢性疾病,表现为间歇性的发作状态;NLRP3炎性小体在细胞感染或应激时被激活[16],痛风发作时,尿酸钠结晶主要通过激活NLRP3炎性小体释放IL-1β,引起NFκB相关信号通路蛋白的表达,引发急性炎症反应;痛风患者的滑液和血清中存在大量的IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α等炎性因子。其中IL-6是软骨退行性变、炎症细胞聚集和持续炎性反应的重要介质;IL-1β能促进白细胞募集和免疫细胞浸润;TNF-α主要由痛风患者活化的巨噬细胞产生,是导致炎性反应及关节破坏的关键因素[17];炎性因子大量的分泌会导致组织缺氧[18],进而激活缺氧诱导因子(HIF-1),因此,可以通过抑制炎症反应、改善组织缺氧来达到抗痛风效果;减少IL-1β、IL-6、IL-18、TNF-α等炎症因子产生,来减轻MSU诱导的痛风炎症;通过抑制p65和IκBα的磷酸化,阻断NLRP3、ASC、IL-1β和Caspase-1的表达来抑制炎症发生;当通路的上游信号被阻断或减少,能够抑制NF-κB复合体的释放,下调炎症因子的表达,进而缓解炎症;如广泛分布在免疫细胞以及某些体细胞表面的Toll样家族受体(TLR),作为一种模式识别受体,在激活炎性小体的启始阶段起关键作用[19],MyD88是TLR信号通路中第一个被鉴定的含TIR结构域(Toll/IL-1 receptor domain)的接头蛋白分子,TLR诱导的NF-κB信号通路能够上调NLRP3和IL-1β的基因表达。痛风作为一种急性炎症性疾病,已严重影响患者的生活质量。一些炎症因子,如IL-1β和IL-18,已被发现在急性痛风关节炎的发生和发展中起重要作用,在巨噬细胞中,不活跃的前体IL-1β和IL-18需要被caspase-1裂解才能变成活跃的形式,活跃的IL-1β可以促进MSU的产生[20],并且TNF-α和IL-6均与MSU诱导的炎症反应的发病机制显著相关。
痛风在中医上称“白虎风”“历节”“气脚”“痹病”[21]等,直至南北朝时期出现有记载“痛风”一词[22],该病因禀赋不足,饮食不节,劳逸失宜,外邪侵袭,湿邪日久,藏于血脉,分肉之间,久留不去,伤及脾胃,升降失司,以致水湿内盛,排泄不畅,壅阻脉络,郁久化热生毒,脉络蕴结,流注关节,阻滞筋脉,日久致红肿热痛[23]。痛风有虚实之分,现代医家认为痛风病性为本虚标实,其急性发作期以湿、热、瘀、痰实证为主,其治法多用清热利湿、散瘀排浊;慢性以肝脾肾不足、气血亏虚所致虚痹为主,重在补虚化瘀行气[24-25]。该病作为“百痛之首”,以刺痛、灼痛多见,发作急骤,痛如刀割,迁延难愈。
近年来,已经证实了天然中草药或中药制剂具有多方面的靶向性和低毒性,其中抗痛风中药活性成分多存在于黄酮类、酚类、苷类、生物碱等[26-27]。见表1。
葛根首载于《神农本草经》,具有解肌退热、通经活络[28]等功效,我国资源十分广泛;其葛根素是从葛根中提取的一类天然异黄酮,作为葛根的主要活性成分,能够发挥抗炎、抗氧化反应、血压控制、降血糖、雌激素样活性等作用[29];熊逸晨等[30]发现葛根素能够下调痛风大鼠关节滑膜组织中TLR4、NF-κB蛋白表达,其可能是抑制了TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,从而减少炎症因子IL-1β、TNF-α的产生,减轻关节肿胀。
中药黄芩具有清热解毒、泻火燥湿、凉血止血等功效[31],其药理作用主要包括抗炎、抗氧化和抗肿瘤的作用[32];黄芩苷(Baicalin)是从黄芩根中提取分离的一种黄酮类化合物,同时具有抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶的活性和抗急性痛风性关节炎的作用[33];刘春柳等[34]发现黄芩苷的干预能够显著下调NF-κB、HIF-1α的转录,降低其蛋白水平,抑制其活化,进而下调IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α等炎性因子的表达,可能通过抑制NF-κB-HIF-1信号轴改善缺氧环境,发挥多层级抗炎作用。
中药淫羊藿擅补肾阳、强筋骨、祛风[35];淫羊藿苷是一种从淫羊藿中分离出的典型类黄酮化合物,具有抗炎、抗氧化和抗凋亡等作用,对促炎信号传导(如NF-κB和MAPKs)具有明显的抑制作用[36],被用于治疗多种炎症性疾病;CAO Y[37]通过淫羊藿苷干预GA模型大鼠发现,淫羊藿苷能够降低IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、PGE2滑膜组织中的水平,抑制NF-κB通路相关蛋白的核易位,降低NALP3、Caspase-1和ASC的表达,其可能机制为淫羊藿苷通过NF-κB/NALP3通路发挥分解功能,从而减轻痛风的炎症反应。
木犀草素(Luteolin)是一种天然黄酮类化合物,存在于多种中药材中,包括蒲公英、骨碎补等[38-39];具有多种药理活性,如消炎、抗过敏、降尿酸、抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗病毒等[40-41],临床主要用于止咳、祛痰、消炎、降尿酸等。SHEN R等[42]发现木犀草素能够下调TLR/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路上游的调控器激酶β亚基(IKKβ)、蛋白κB抑制因子α亚基(IκBα)和下游调控器P65的活性来减轻LPS诱导的促炎因子TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β表达,降低IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α及TLR2、TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB的表达水平,该研究证明木犀草素可能通过下调TLR/MyD88/NF-κB通路减轻痛风的炎症反应。
异牡荆黄素(Isovitexin)是芹菜素c-糖基化衍生物,广泛分布在自然界的许多水果和蔬菜中,也是一种存在于很多中药的活性黄酮类化合物,在西番莲[43]、香鳞毛蕨[44]、酸枣仁[45]、麻风树[46]等众多药材中得到。SUN X J等[47]发现异牡荆黄素可减轻脂多糖(LPS)激活的RAW264.7巨噬细胞的炎症反应,能够降低痛风大鼠滑膜炎反应,下调TLR4和MyD88的表达,影响下游信号分子NF-κB的激活,从而减轻炎症细胞的浸润,改善滑膜细胞的增殖,异牡荆黄素对TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB的多靶点拮抗作用可能治疗痛风性关节炎的机制之一。
土茯苓作为治疗湿热蕴结型痛风的高频药物,其味甘、淡,性平,能够祛风湿、强筋骨、利关节等[48]。具有降尿酸、抗肿瘤、消炎镇痛、抑菌等作用,对痛风、高血压病、肿瘤等有一定疗效[49];落新妇苷(Neoastilbin)是从土茯苓根茎中分离得到的一种黄酮类化合物,具有多种抗炎作用[50]。XU W J等[51]发现落新妇苷能够降低MUS诱导的痛风小鼠关节肿胀度,减少IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的分泌;通过降低痛风小鼠踝关节NLRP3、Caspase-1、ASC、p-IKKα、p-p65和p-IκBα的蛋白表达水平,抑制炎性细胞因子释放和炎性细胞浸润到病变部位,其机制通过抑制NF-κB和NLRP3炎症小体通路来缓解炎症反应,在痛风、自身炎症综合征等疾病中可能具有潜在的临床价值。
菜蓟又名朝鲜蓟,其功效为清利湿热、化浊降脂等[52],洋蓟素(Cynarin)提取自中药菜蓟,是一类咖啡酰奎宁酸类化合物,具有抗氧化、抗微生物、利胆和保肝作用[53];亦存在于金银花[54]、菊苣[55]中。WU C G等[56]研究发现洋蓟素可减轻小鼠后爪肿胀和M1巨噬细胞浸润,在不影响p38 MAPK和ERK1/2 MAPK通路的激活的同时,可以抑制MSU诱导NF-κB、JNK通路、NLRP3炎性小体的激活以及IKKa/β、p65和c-Jun NH2末端激酶(JNK)的磷酸化,减少炎症因子的产生,从而减轻肿胀、缓解痛风炎症。
菊苣酸(Cichoric Acid),是咖啡酸和酒石酸的衍生物,是菊苣[57]和紫锥菊中极为重要的免疫活性成分之一,亦存在于蒲公英、鬼针草、问荆、冬凌草、猫须草等中药[58],具有显著的抗肿瘤、清除自由基、抗炎等药理作用,WANG Y等[59]在菊苣的有效成分菊苣酸治疗中观察到MSU注射脚踝的肿胀程度、炎症活动和组织病理学病变的改善,菊苣酸可以降低MSU刺激的巨噬细胞中p-p65和NLRP3蛋白表达,能够抑制痛风模型大鼠的NF-κB和NLRP3信号通路,进而降低IL-1β的释放;WANG Q等[60]发现菊苣酸可以通过抑制NF-κB信号通路中p-p65和p-IκBα的上调,降低NF-κB信号通路和NLRP3炎症小体的活性,从而降低IL-1β、TNFα、COX-2(环氧化酶)、PGE2(前列腺素E2)的炎性水平,进一步抑制MSU晶体刺激的THP-M(THP-1衍生的巨噬细胞)的炎症。其潜在机制是菊苣酸通过抑制IκBα的降解,减少NF-κB信号通路和NLRP3炎症小体的激活,从而有效缓解了MSU诱导的炎症。
中药姜黄为传统的活血化瘀要药,常用于瘀血阻滞、风湿痹痛等[61];姜黄素是一种从植物中药姜黄根茎中提取天然多酚,具有抗炎、抗癌、抗氧化、抗菌、抗肿瘤以及免疫调节等生物活性[62-63]。其抗炎和抗氧化特性,被认为是治疗炎症性疾病的有前途的候选药物。研究表明腹腔注射姜黄素能够改善MSU诱发的痛风性关节炎的症状,包括关节周长、膝关节中性粒细胞浸润以及IL-1β、TNF-α和弹性蛋白酶的产生。LIX等[64]利用姜黄素在体外实验发现其可以降低MSU晶体诱导的IL-1β和TNF-α的表达,在体内能够下调NLRP3、procaspase-1、Caspase-1、pro-IL-1β和IL-1β的水平,说明姜黄素能够通过抑制炎症小体(包括NLRP3、Caspase-1)的表达来调节这些细胞因子的产生。进一步表明姜黄素对炎症小体的抑制作用是通过抑制MSU诱导的NFκB信号激活而介导的。
牡丹皮擅清热凉血、化瘀活血;现代药理学研究表明其具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗糖尿病、心血管保护、神经保护、保肝肾等作用[65-66];丹皮酚是一种生物活性苯酚,主要存在于中药牡丹皮、芍药和薯蓣等[67]。具有多种药理活性,包括抗炎、抗氧化、免疫调节活性和逆转化学耐药性;CHEN G等[68]发现丹皮酚能够通过抑制促炎细胞因子的表达和NFκB的激活在痛风性关节炎中发挥抗炎作用;该研究发现丹皮酚通过降低痛风大鼠踝关节滑膜组织细胞核内p65和NF-κB的DNA结合活性,降低大鼠踝关节滑膜组织中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的表达来改善炎性反应。
迷迭香别名艾菊,其性味辛、温,具有芳香健胃、安神、行气止痛等功效[69];迷迭香酸(Rosmarinic acid)为主要存在于迷迭香中的一类酚类有效化合物,具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗微生物、抗糖尿病、抗癌和抗高血压的潜力[70];王丽欢等[71]发现迷迭香酸能够下调NF-κB p65、NLRP3、ASC和Caspase-1蛋白的表达,抑制NF-κB/NLRP3途径激活,降低滑膜组织IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平,减轻痛风大鼠组织炎性浸润,改善关节肿胀,迷迭香酸在痛风大鼠模型中发挥的抗炎机制被认为与NF-κB/NLRP3途径的调节有关。
白芍是一种具有补血、调经、平抑肝阳、止痛、养阴等功效的极具价值的中药[28]。该药理研究表明,白芍具有许多生物学特性,包括镇痛、抗炎、抗菌、抗氧化以及保肝[72-73]的作用。白芍总苷被认为是白芍的主要生物活性成分,其中包含芍药苷等主要化合物,能够减轻关节疼痛肿胀、滑膜肥大、骨侵蚀和软骨退化[74]。白芍总苷及其主要化合物可作用于多种免疫细胞,协同调节免疫功能,在自身免疫性疾病的多个阶段影响细胞、体液和炎症反应过程,对免疫系统具有双向调节作用。白芍总苷[75]能够调节细胞内通路,如活化B细胞的核因子κ轻链增强子(NF-κB)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)等信号通路,从而治疗自身免疫性疾病。畅秀丽等[76]发现白芍总苷能够显著降低p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65、NLRP3和Caspase-1水平,提高p-IκBα/IκBα水平,从而改善痛风大鼠的炎症状态,白芍总苷发挥的抗痛风作用可能与其抑制NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路有关。
萆薢为薯蓣科植物的干燥根茎,其中含有丰富的皂苷类化合物,研究表明其水提物、总皂苷和薯蓣皂苷具有降低尿酸水平的作用;作为治疗痛风的一种常见中药[77],其功效利湿去浊,祛风除痹,临床具有降尿酸、抗炎镇痛、抗肿瘤、抗动脉粥样硬化、调血脂、抗氧化、抑菌等生物活性[78];萆薢总皂苷(Total Saponin of Dioscorea collettii)作为萆薢的有效成分,具有良好的抗炎镇痛作用[79],李国莺等[80-81]发现萆薢总皂苷能够降低MSU刺激THP-1源性巨噬细胞引起的炎症反应,减少细胞上清液中TNF-α和IL-1β水平表达,下调TLR4/NF-κB受体炎性通路中TLR4,MyD88,NFκB的蛋白表达,从而在MSU诱导的炎症模型中表现出抗炎作用,其治疗痛风性关节炎的潜在机制可能与抑制TLR4/NFκB信号通路,减少IL-1β等炎性因子的产生密切相关。
巴马汀(Palmatine)属于天然的异喹啉类生物碱,广泛存在于小檗科、罂粟科、毛茛科和单子植物科不同代表的提取物中[82]。巴马汀作为黄柏中主要活性小檗碱原生物碱之一[83],亦存在于黄连[84]、马兜铃等药用植物中,是一种传统中药的有效成分,可用于代谢综合征、心血管疾病、骨质疏松和骨关节炎[85],并具有一定抗癌的功效[86];在临床上多以抗炎剂存在,其抗炎和抗氧化作用是通过NF-κB/Nrf2信号通路和NLRP3炎症小体介导的。CHENG J J等[20]研究发现巴马汀可减轻MSU诱导的痛风性炎症,通过巴马汀剂量依赖性地降低促炎细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6、IL-18和TNF-α的mRNA表达,抑制p-65和IκBα的磷酸化,阻断NLRP3、ASC、IL-1β和Caspase-1的表达,增强抗氧化蛋白Nrf2和HO-1的表达,其潜在机制为巴马汀能够抑制NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路,进而减轻中性粒细胞向关节滑膜炎的浸润,达到改善痛风性炎症的效果。
雷公藤习称断肠草、山砒霜、黄藤根,其性辛、温,味苦,有大毒,归肝、肾经,具有祛风除湿、活血通络、消肿止痛、杀虫解毒之功效[87];其雷公藤红素(Celastrol)作为雷公藤的一类五环三萜类化合物,雷公藤红素能够抑制B细胞迁移、减少抗体反应并阻断关节炎进展,具有良好的抗炎特性[88];曹帆帆等[89]研究发现雷公藤红素能够有效抑制痛风大鼠的滑膜和软骨组织的NF-κB表达量和磷酸化,抑制IKK的激活,从而阻止NF-κB的核转位,减少MSU导致的炎性介质IL-8、COX-2和NO的释放,能够反映雷公藤红素的抗炎特性与其抑制MSU导致的NF-κB表达和活化有关。
豨莶草性味辛、苦,寒,习称肥猪菜、粘苍子,对于痛风性关节炎、慢性疼痛、脑卒中等疾病具有治疗作用[90];先前有研究发现豨莶草可以抑制NF-κB的转录,降低痛风大鼠滑膜组织中TNF-α的表达,从而减少IL-1β的产生,改善炎症反应[91];冯佳等[92]通过痛风炎症细胞模型发现豨莶草醇提物可以下调TLR2、TLR4、MYD88、IRAK-1、TRAF-6、TAK-1、NF-κB、IL-1βmRNA及NF-κB、IL-1β蛋白的表达,从而减少炎症因子的产生,该研究表明豨莶草醇提物可能调控TLRs/NF-κB信号通路,进而发挥改善痛风的效果。
毛果鱼藤利尿除湿、止咳化痰,其富含多种黄酮类化合物,具有镇痛抗炎、抗氧化等功效[93],刘洪存等[94]通过体内外研究发现毛果鱼藤醇提物能够降低细胞中TLR4 mRNA水平,下调TLR4、NF-κB、NLRP3的蛋白表达,抑制TNF-α、NF-κB、IL-6、TLR-4的产生,其可能是影响TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3通路,从而缓解痛风大鼠关节肿胀,发挥抗炎镇痛作用。
穿山龙复方由穿山龙、车前子、山慈菇三味中药配伍而成,卢芳等[95]发现其能够下调TLR4、My D88、NF-κB的表达,抑制其所进行的信号传导,减少TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-8等因子的释放,缓解痛风大鼠炎症反应。郭玉星等[96]发现蠲痹历节清方可能部分上调巨噬细胞PPARγ(过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ)的转录与表达,下调TLR4蛋白表达,抑制NF-κB核移位,进而抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,抑制痛风炎症反应;刘广宇等[97]发现桂枝白虎汤能够下调痛风大鼠关节滑膜组织中TLR4、NF-κB mRNA及蛋白表达抑制NLRP3炎症小体的表达,降低IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-8水平,改善炎症反应;刘建鑫等[98]发现黄连解毒汤能够降低痛风小鼠踝关节组织中炎症因子IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-6分泌,下调NLRP3、Caspase-1、TLR4、NF-κB蛋白的表达,其发挥的抗炎机制可能与调控TLR4/NF-κB信号通路和NLRP3炎性小体相关。
关于痛风,由于长期用药的不良反应和禁忌证促使人们寻求有效和安全的替代疗法。中药能够多靶向性、多途径协同治疗痛风,且研究证实部分中药及其有效成分能够缓解急性痛风发作症状的同时还具有保护肝肾功能的作用,其中一些中药自身亦与食材同源;然而,中药的开发似乎仅限于临床前复方研究,而不是更进一步的突破。研究人员在明确单味药物成分疗效机制时,信号通路充当了重要的药理研究途径,NF-κB信号通路即为经典途径之一,为了深入研究,我们回顾了一些针对NF-κB信号通路的潜在治疗药物,即中药的有效成分,研究证实了部分有效成分靶向NF-κB信号通路,对痛风性关节炎发挥不同程度的治疗作用,通过靶标识别等技术方法,可以寻找一些结合在NF-κB信号通路或其上、下游的分子靶点的中药有效成分,这些有效成分及其中药可能对未来治疗痛风具有重要的价值,且有助于开发出具有针对性的抗痛风药物。当然,中药广泛的成分不仅限于该信号通路,且仍缺乏大量的临床研究,在对该疾病的影响机制,尤其以单味药及其有效成分发挥的作用方面有很大的挖掘空间,结合现代医学技术与中医理论体系,循证并完善其有效成分,补充临床用药的不足,降低长期用药带来的不良反应,改善痛风的治疗方案,提供科学有效的治疗策略,有望为痛风的防治取得重要的进展,而进一步对天然中草药的评估既利于临床的运用,也是未来的发展方向。
  • 甘肃省科技重大专项计划项目(22ZD6FA020)
  • 甘肃省中医药管理局重点项目(GZKZ-2020-6)
  • 甘肃省科技重大专项-企业创新联合体项目(22ZD6FA021)
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  • 2023甘肃省高校产业支撑计划项目(2023CYZC-57)
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2025年第43卷第9期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.041
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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基金
甘肃省科技重大专项计划项目(22ZD6FA020)
甘肃省中医药管理局重点项目(GZKZ-2020-6)
甘肃省科技重大专项-企业创新联合体项目(22ZD6FA021)
甘肃省拔尖人才(科学技术领域)培养扶持资金项目(省委人才小组函〔2021〕2号)
2023甘肃省高校产业支撑计划项目(2023CYZC-57)
作者信息
    1.甘肃中医药大学,甘肃 兰州 730000
    2.甘肃中医药大学附属医院,甘肃 兰州 730000
    3.西北民族大学附属医院,甘肃 兰州 730000

通讯作者:

谢兴文(1972-),男,甘肃天水人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治骨与关节疾病。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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