Article(id=1322926178142651314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923782029062261, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.06.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339779648, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1749484800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339779648, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339779648, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339779648, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322923782029062261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749484800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339208371, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340556755, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929437859258468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923782029062261, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929437859258469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923782029062261, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=79, endPage=84, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322926178612413363, articleId=1322926178142651314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Exploring Mechanism of Baizhu(Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma)on Rats with Slow Transit Constipation Based on AQP3,AQP4 and AQP9, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Based on the theoretical foundation of“ascending the clear and descending the turbid”,to investigate the pathogenesis of slow transit constipation(STC)by studying aquaporin-3(AQP3),aquaporin-4(AQP4)and aquaporin-9(AQP9)in the colon of rats with STC.

Method

Sixty clean grade SD rats were provided by the Animal Experimental Center of North Sichuan Medical College.They were randomly divided into normal group,model group,itopride group,high,medium and low dose groups of Baizhu(Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma).Firstly,a rat model of STCwas established,and its therapeutic effect was observed by administering the corresponding medication.The contents,distributions and expressions of AQP3,AQP4 and AQP9 in the colon of rats in each group were detected by immunohistochemistry,q-PCR and Western blot methods,and the average optical density(MOD)value of the region was measured.

Result

After modeling,the content of AQP9 decreased,and the distal colon tissue decreased more significantly,while the content of AQP3 increased,and the proximal colon tissue became more significant.The content of AQP4 in colon tissue also increased significantly.After drug intervention treatment,the AQP4 contents in the high dose group of Baizhu(Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma)and the itopride group significantly decreased,the AQP3 content in the proximal colon significantly decreased,and the AQP9 content in the distal colon significantly increased,with statistically significant differences.There was a decreasing trend in proximal AQP3 and an increasing trend in AQP9 content in the distal colon of the medium and low dose groups of Baizhu(Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma),but the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

An increase in AQP3 content(proximal colon),a decrease in AQP4 content(whole colon)and a decrease in AQP9 content(distal colon)may be one of the pathogenesis of STC.Baizhu(Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma)down-regulates the expressions of AQP3 and AQP4,and up-regulates the expression of AQP9,which may be one of the mechanisms by which it exerts its“ascending the clear and descending the turbid”effect to treat STC.

, authors=Xuewei MA1, Xuegui TANG2, authorsList=Xuewei MA, Xuegui TANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xuegui TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322926189098173396, articleId=1322926178142651314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=基于AQP3、AQP4、AQP9探讨白术对慢传输型便秘大鼠的作用机制, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

基于“升清降浊”理论基础,通过对慢传输型便秘(slow transit constipation,STC)大鼠结肠中的水通道蛋白3(aquaporin-3,AQP3)、水通道蛋白4(aquaporin-4,AQP4)、水通道蛋白9(aquaporin-9,AQP9)的研究,探讨STC的发病机制。

方法

清洁级SD大鼠60只由川北医学院实验动物中心提供,按随机数字表法平均分组,分别为正常组,模型组,伊托必利组,白术高、中、低剂量组。首先建立大鼠慢传输型便秘模型,通过对大鼠进行相应的药物治疗,观察其对各组大鼠的治疗效果。通过免疫组织化学法、实时定量聚合酶链式反应法(real-time PCR)、蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot,WB)检测各组大鼠AQP3、AQP4、AQP9在结肠的含量、分布和表达情况,测定该区域的平均光密度(MOD)值。

结果

造模后AQP9含量减少,远端结肠组织减少得更明显,而AQP3含量增加,近端结肠组织更显著,结肠组织中AQP4含量亦明显增加;经药物干预治疗后,白术高剂量组及伊托必利组的AQP4含量明显减少,近端结肠AQP3含量明显减少,远端结肠AQP9含量明显增加,差异有统计学意义。白术中、低剂量远端结肠组近端AQP3有减少趋势,AQP9含量有增加趋势,但差异无统计学意义。

结论

AQP3含量增加(近端),AQP4含量减少(全结肠),AQP9含量减少(远端),可能是STC的发病机制之一;白术下调AQP3、AQP4表达,上调AQP9表达,可能是其发挥“升清降浊”效应从而治疗STC的作用机制之一。

, authors=马雪巍1, 唐学贵2, authorsList=马雪巍, 唐学贵, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=唐学贵, authorNote=

马雪巍(1984-),女,内蒙古包头人,副主任医师,博士,研究方向:中西医结合防治肛肠疾病,便秘基础与临床。

, correspAuthorsNote=
唐学贵(1966-),男,四川武胜人,主任医师、教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中西医结合防治肛肠疾病,便秘基础与临床。E-mail:。
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马雪巍(1984-),女,内蒙古包头人,副主任医师,博士,研究方向:中西医结合防治肛肠疾病,便秘基础与临床。

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马雪巍(1984-),女,内蒙古包头人,副主任医师,博士,研究方向:中西医结合防治肛肠疾病,便秘基础与临床。

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注:A.正常组;B.模型组;C.伊托必利组;D.白术低剂量组;E.白术中剂量组;F.白术高剂量组。

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注:A.正常组;B.模型组;C.伊托必利组;D.白术低剂量组;E.白术中剂量组;F.白术高剂量组。

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注:A.正常组;B.模型组;C.伊托必利组;D.白术低剂量组;E.白术中剂量组;F.白术高剂量组。

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引物名称上游下游
β-actingaagatcaagatcattgctccttactcctgcttgctgatcca
AQP3gttccgtggctcaagtggtgctcaggcagggttcaagtgggctccagaca
AQP4gcatcagggttggctgtgtccgggtggcgttcccagaggtgtcacaggaa
AQP9tcggcagtcgtgatggctctctatgtaggcacctggcgtggatatgaatgga
), ArticleFig(id=1322926235654946834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926178142651314, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

检测所用引物及碱基序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称上游下游
β-actingaagatcaagatcattgctccttactcctgcttgctgatcca
AQP3gttccgtggctcaagtggtgctcaggcagggttcaagtgggctccagaca
AQP4gcatcagggttggctgtgtccgggtggcgttcccagaggtgtcacaggaa
AQP9tcggcagtcgtgatggctctctatgtaggcacctggcgtggatatgaatgga
), ArticleFig(id=1322926236518973461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926178142651314, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别n湿重/(g)干重/(g)含水量/(g)含水量百分比/(%)
正常组93.05±0.841.00±0.342.02±0.3166.43±6.12
模型组104.31±0.53a2.56±0.171.74±0.4338.42±3.31b
伊托必利组104.42±1.00a2.38±0.452.06±0.3247.32±5.01b
白术低剂量组104.63±1.24a2.12±0.322.50±0.4550.31±6.37b
白术中剂量组94.54±0.54a1.89±0.432.65±0.8359.03±5.29b
白术高剂量组104.10±0.67a1.03±0.333.07±0.6870.32±5.73b
), ArticleFig(id=1322926237286531095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926178142651314, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

大鼠粪便质量及含水量测定情况(±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别n湿重/(g)干重/(g)含水量/(g)含水量百分比/(%)
正常组93.05±0.841.00±0.342.02±0.3166.43±6.12
模型组104.31±0.53a2.56±0.171.74±0.4338.42±3.31b
伊托必利组104.42±1.00a2.38±0.452.06±0.3247.32±5.01b
白术低剂量组104.63±1.24a2.12±0.322.50±0.4550.31±6.37b
白术中剂量组94.54±0.54a1.89±0.432.65±0.8359.03±5.29b
白术高剂量组104.10±0.67a1.03±0.333.07±0.6870.32±5.73b
), ArticleFig(id=1322926237710155800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926178142651314, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别近端结肠远端结肠结肠组织
AQP3AQP9AQP3AQP9AQP4
正常组0.143±0.032a0.097±0.0030.133±0.0100.269±0.031d0.157±0.034g
模型组0.315±0.023bc0.101±0.0050.142±0.0090.100±0.015ef0.292±0.043hi
伊托必利组0.227±0.0320.086±0.0040.144±0.0100.165±0.0190.213±0.021
白术低剂量组0.282±0.0220.101±0.0100.140±0.0080.231±0.0220.279±0.022
白术中剂量组0.227±0.0150.093±0.0030.142±0.0100.172±0.0170.231±0.013
白术高剂量组0.203±0.0160.102±0.0110.144±0.0130.166±0.0150.192±0.018
), ArticleFig(id=1322926238100226073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926178142651314, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各组大鼠结肠组织AQP3、AQP4、AQP9平均光密度值(MD)比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别近端结肠远端结肠结肠组织
AQP3AQP9AQP3AQP9AQP4
正常组0.143±0.032a0.097±0.0030.133±0.0100.269±0.031d0.157±0.034g
模型组0.315±0.023bc0.101±0.0050.142±0.0090.100±0.015ef0.292±0.043hi
伊托必利组0.227±0.0320.086±0.0040.144±0.0100.165±0.0190.213±0.021
白术低剂量组0.282±0.0220.101±0.0100.140±0.0080.231±0.0220.279±0.022
白术中剂量组0.227±0.0150.093±0.0030.142±0.0100.172±0.0170.231±0.013
白术高剂量组0.203±0.0160.102±0.0110.144±0.0130.166±0.0150.192±0.018
), ArticleFig(id=1322926239794724891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926178142651314, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别近端结肠AQP3mRNA远端结肠AQP9mRNA结肠组织AQP4mRNA
正常组1.168 7±0.734 31.011 5±0.143 31.168 7±0.734 3
模型组3.342 3±0.435 4a0.604 3±0.135 6d3.342 3±0.342 5g
伊托必利组1.231 2±0.842 3b0.973 2±0.136 5e1.546 5±0.456 4h
白术低剂量组2.867 5±1.145 60.713 1±0.043 63.035 6±1.000 9
白术中剂量组2.874 5±0.623 40.756 5±0.25 42.934 2±0.543 2
白术高剂量组1.545 6±0.763 5c0.883 2±0.136 4f1.634 2±0.653 5i
), ArticleFig(id=1322926240201572380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926178142651314, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各组大鼠结肠组织AQP3 mRNA、AQP9 mRNA、AQP4 mRNA表达比较(±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别近端结肠AQP3mRNA远端结肠AQP9mRNA结肠组织AQP4mRNA
正常组1.168 7±0.734 31.011 5±0.143 31.168 7±0.734 3
模型组3.342 3±0.435 4a0.604 3±0.135 6d3.342 3±0.342 5g
伊托必利组1.231 2±0.842 3b0.973 2±0.136 5e1.546 5±0.456 4h
白术低剂量组2.867 5±1.145 60.713 1±0.043 63.035 6±1.000 9
白术中剂量组2.874 5±0.623 40.756 5±0.25 42.934 2±0.543 2
白术高剂量组1.545 6±0.763 5c0.883 2±0.136 4f1.634 2±0.653 5i
), ArticleFig(id=1322926240671334429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926178142651314, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别近端结肠AQP3蛋白OD值远端结肠AQP9蛋白OD值结肠组织AQP4蛋白OD值
正常组1.247 2±0.235 71.043 5±0.037 81.023 4±0.436 5
模型组2.531 3±0.253 6a0.464 5±0.356 2e2.145 2±0.235 6i
伊托必利组1.572 3±0.353 6b0.925 4±0.361 7f1.594 6±0.643 5j
白术低剂量组2.143 8±0.463 50.498 7±0.094 32.003 0±0.157 5
白术中剂量组1.635 1±0.352 6c0.676 5±0.118 8g1.734 6±0.756 4k
白术高剂量组1.523 4±0.362 7d0.834 5±0.103 5h1.556 4±0.564 2l
), ArticleFig(id=1322926241485029406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926178142651314, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各组大鼠结肠组织AQP3、AQP9、AQP4蛋白表达(±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别近端结肠AQP3蛋白OD值远端结肠AQP9蛋白OD值结肠组织AQP4蛋白OD值
正常组1.247 2±0.235 71.043 5±0.037 81.023 4±0.436 5
模型组2.531 3±0.253 6a0.464 5±0.356 2e2.145 2±0.235 6i
伊托必利组1.572 3±0.353 6b0.925 4±0.361 7f1.594 6±0.643 5j
白术低剂量组2.143 8±0.463 50.498 7±0.094 32.003 0±0.157 5
白术中剂量组1.635 1±0.352 6c0.676 5±0.118 8g1.734 6±0.756 4k
白术高剂量组1.523 4±0.362 7d0.834 5±0.103 5h1.556 4±0.564 2l
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基于AQP3、AQP4、AQP9探讨白术对慢传输型便秘大鼠的作用机制
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马雪巍 1 , 唐学贵 2
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(6): 79-84
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (6) : 79 -84
基于AQP3、AQP4、AQP9探讨白术对慢传输型便秘大鼠的作用机制
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马雪巍(1984-),女,内蒙古包头人,副主任医师,博士,研究方向:中西医结合防治肛肠疾病,便秘基础与临床。

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马雪巍(1984-),女,内蒙古包头人,副主任医师,博士,研究方向:中西医结合防治肛肠疾病,便秘基础与临床。

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马雪巍1, 唐学贵2
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古自治区人民医院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010017
  • 2.川北医学院附属医院,四川 南充 637000
通讯作者:
唐学贵(1966-),男,四川武胜人,主任医师、教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中西医结合防治肛肠疾病,便秘基础与临床。E-mail:。
作者简介:

马雪巍(1984-),女,内蒙古包头人,副主任医师,博士,研究方向:中西医结合防治肛肠疾病,便秘基础与临床。

Exploring Mechanism of Baizhu(Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma)on Rats with Slow Transit Constipation Based on AQP3,AQP4 and AQP9
Xuewei MA1, Xuegui TANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital,Hohhot 010017,Inner Mongolia,China
  • 2.Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College,Nanchong 637000,Sichuan,China
出版时间: 2025-06-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.06.014
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目的

基于“升清降浊”理论基础,通过对慢传输型便秘(slow transit constipation,STC)大鼠结肠中的水通道蛋白3(aquaporin-3,AQP3)、水通道蛋白4(aquaporin-4,AQP4)、水通道蛋白9(aquaporin-9,AQP9)的研究,探讨STC的发病机制。

方法

清洁级SD大鼠60只由川北医学院实验动物中心提供,按随机数字表法平均分组,分别为正常组,模型组,伊托必利组,白术高、中、低剂量组。首先建立大鼠慢传输型便秘模型,通过对大鼠进行相应的药物治疗,观察其对各组大鼠的治疗效果。通过免疫组织化学法、实时定量聚合酶链式反应法(real-time PCR)、蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot,WB)检测各组大鼠AQP3、AQP4、AQP9在结肠的含量、分布和表达情况,测定该区域的平均光密度(MOD)值。

结果

造模后AQP9含量减少,远端结肠组织减少得更明显,而AQP3含量增加,近端结肠组织更显著,结肠组织中AQP4含量亦明显增加;经药物干预治疗后,白术高剂量组及伊托必利组的AQP4含量明显减少,近端结肠AQP3含量明显减少,远端结肠AQP9含量明显增加,差异有统计学意义。白术中、低剂量远端结肠组近端AQP3有减少趋势,AQP9含量有增加趋势,但差异无统计学意义。

结论

AQP3含量增加(近端),AQP4含量减少(全结肠),AQP9含量减少(远端),可能是STC的发病机制之一;白术下调AQP3、AQP4表达,上调AQP9表达,可能是其发挥“升清降浊”效应从而治疗STC的作用机制之一。

白术  /  慢性传输型便秘  /  水通道蛋白3  /  水通道蛋白4  /  水通道蛋白9  /  伊托必利
Objective

Based on the theoretical foundation of“ascending the clear and descending the turbid”,to investigate the pathogenesis of slow transit constipation(STC)by studying aquaporin-3(AQP3),aquaporin-4(AQP4)and aquaporin-9(AQP9)in the colon of rats with STC.

Method

Sixty clean grade SD rats were provided by the Animal Experimental Center of North Sichuan Medical College.They were randomly divided into normal group,model group,itopride group,high,medium and low dose groups of Baizhu(Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma).Firstly,a rat model of STCwas established,and its therapeutic effect was observed by administering the corresponding medication.The contents,distributions and expressions of AQP3,AQP4 and AQP9 in the colon of rats in each group were detected by immunohistochemistry,q-PCR and Western blot methods,and the average optical density(MOD)value of the region was measured.

Result

After modeling,the content of AQP9 decreased,and the distal colon tissue decreased more significantly,while the content of AQP3 increased,and the proximal colon tissue became more significant.The content of AQP4 in colon tissue also increased significantly.After drug intervention treatment,the AQP4 contents in the high dose group of Baizhu(Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma)and the itopride group significantly decreased,the AQP3 content in the proximal colon significantly decreased,and the AQP9 content in the distal colon significantly increased,with statistically significant differences.There was a decreasing trend in proximal AQP3 and an increasing trend in AQP9 content in the distal colon of the medium and low dose groups of Baizhu(Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma),but the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

An increase in AQP3 content(proximal colon),a decrease in AQP4 content(whole colon)and a decrease in AQP9 content(distal colon)may be one of the pathogenesis of STC.Baizhu(Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma)down-regulates the expressions of AQP3 and AQP4,and up-regulates the expression of AQP9,which may be one of the mechanisms by which it exerts its“ascending the clear and descending the turbid”effect to treat STC.

Baizhu(Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma)  /  chronic transmission constipation  /  aquaporin 3  /  aquaporin 4  /  aquaporin 9  /  itopride
马雪巍, 唐学贵. 基于AQP3、AQP4、AQP9探讨白术对慢传输型便秘大鼠的作用机制. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (6) : 79 -84 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.06.014
Xuewei MA, Xuegui TANG. Exploring Mechanism of Baizhu(Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma)on Rats with Slow Transit Constipation Based on AQP3,AQP4 and AQP9[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (6) : 79 -84 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.06.014
便秘是一种常见疾病,目前国内外不少学者将其定义为肠道的紊乱,其症状包括排便频率降低、排便困难、排便过度紧张、肛门直肠胀满、肛门脱垂和排便时不完全排空。相比之下,也有部分医生认为大便次数减少是便秘的唯一症状[1]。以上症状超过6个月可定义慢性便秘(chronic constipation,CC)。最新的一项研究结果显示:在普通人群中便秘的患病率在3%~27%[2]。在老年人中,患有功能性便秘、便秘主导型肠易激综合征和阿片类药物引起的便秘的比率分别为6.5%、1.7%和1.1%[3]。儿童便秘目前也非常常见,全球患病率高达32.2%[4],且绝大多数(96%)病例是由功能性原因引起的[5]。出现这种现象可能源于儿童排便频率低于成人,或存在不完全有效(即排便不完全)的排便[6]。约三分之一慢性便秘患者存在慢传输因素,称之为STC,其致病因素有待探究。
水和溶质跨膜运输在人体生理学中至关重要。水通道蛋白(aquaporin-s,AQPs)是一类广泛表达于肠道的水通道膜蛋白。水通道蛋白调节水分子和小溶质的吸收和分泌,维持肠道的稳定状态,调节细胞增殖和迁移,参与肠道炎症过程,并介导肿瘤发生,其生物学功能证明了这些通道在肠道健康中的生理意义。许多肠道疾病的病理学与水通道蛋白的位置和表达的变化有关,例如肠道感染,它可以通过影响细胞因子和趋化因子改变AQPs在肠道组织/细胞中的表达和分布。这可能导致便秘、腹泻等各种肠道疾病的重要因素,这也表明水通道蛋白在预防和治疗肠道疾病中的重要性[7]。
AQP3是一种在结肠上皮中表达的水、甘油和H2O2 转运通道。近年来,不断有报道提出STC发生与结肠AQPs的异常表达有关,比如:AQP3在便秘大鼠结肠表达增高,通过药物治疗便秘后表达减少,提示AQP3可能参与STC的调控[8]。尽管在功能性便秘、炎症性肠病和肠易激综合征等多种肠道疾病中,结肠上皮AQP3的表达发生了改变,但AQP3的调节和具体作用仍有待于完全确定[9-11]。
AQP9可渗透过氧化氢(H2 O2)、甘油和水[12]。并发现AQP9存在于十二指肠、空肠和回肠中、结肠中表达,但在胃中不表达。此外,AQP9仅在杯状细胞亚群的基底外侧膜表达。同时发现AQP9在杯状细胞中以黏液分泌细胞的形式存在,这表明其可能在黏液分泌的过程中起到一定作用,这种黏液可以黏附于肠道表面起到润滑加速内容物通过的作用[13]。同时近年来有人研究发现[14],AQP9在便秘患者降结肠中含量明显减少,其可能参与便秘的形成。
AQP4仅转运H2O,具有特异性和高选择性,有人利用免疫印迹和免疫荧光技术系统研究了AQP4在豚鼠消化道中的表达。结果表明,AQP4在豚鼠消化道不同部位广泛表达[15]。AQP4在人、豚鼠、大鼠和小鼠结肠黏膜的肠神经系统中的表达模式不同,在大鼠和小鼠中,AQP4定位于一小群神经元;在豚鼠中,AQP4定位于肠神经胶质细胞;在人结肠黏膜中,AQP4也主要在胶质细胞中检测到。据推测,AQP4可能参与胃肠道的水转运[16]。
目前,STC的致病原因复杂,致病机制不清,中医认为,其致病的原因是糟粕在大肠传导异常、气虚肠燥,脾气虚弱,甚至脾虚湿滞,从而致脾胃功能紊乱。基于“升清降浊”的中医基础理论—“清阳主升、浊阴主降”,借助生白术补气健脾除湿、升清降浊、调和脾胃、滋阴除热之功效,治疗此病,目前临床上通常采用具有健脾理气功效的十余味中药联合,发挥协同作用,旨在提高疗效的同时减少其不良反应。中医经方中通常将枳壳和白术联合应用,起到补脾破气,合消补兼施,治脾虚气滞型便秘。目前已有研究者应用枳壳及其挥发油的理气功效治疗大便阻塞,并指出其可能是通过增强结肠推进功能和纠正STC的异常结肠慢波[17]起效。枳壳挥发油的主要成分D-柠檬烯同时还具有抗菌活性[18]以助补气健脾,调节肠道水分。而生白术含有内酯类化合物及挥发油,主要有效成分有苍术酮(含量占27.4% ~61%)、苍术醇、苍术醚。张毅超[19]挥发油除了具有抗菌、抗炎和抗衰老作用外,还对胃肠运动和身体免疫具有调节作用。其主要活性成分白术甚至具有通便作用[20]。《本草求真》《王旭高医书六种》《伤寒论》对白术可生脾胃之津、运化脾阳、治疗粪便硬均有记载。但也有人说中药药量即是其不传之秘,可见药量对其疗效影响之大,白术正是如此,大量白术具有通便功能,而小剂量的有止泻的功效,可见白术具有止泻、通便的双向调控作用[21]。另有研究显示,单味重药剂的生白术来解决STC的功效是有明显成效的。
有学者研究证实白术是通过激活胃肠道M受体、5-羟色胺3受体,同时抑制多巴胺2受体[21]来促使缓解便秘;另有医者研究认为白术中的有效成分为白术内酯Ⅰ、Ⅲ,是由苍术酮转化的,其通过ACTH样物质作用于胆碱能受体,刺激肠道乙酰胆碱的释放,加强肠道平滑肌收缩,同时影响植物神经系统[22],进一步增加胃肠蠕动;还有学者认为生白术可以调节胃肠道的微生物环境,即促进有益菌乳酸菌和双歧杆菌的增殖,调节平衡肠道菌群,改善肠道水液代谢,而帮助排便[23]。但白术对治疗STC的作用机制尚有待进一步研究。
本实验通过检测AQP3、4、9在STC大鼠表达情况,以及重用白术对便秘大鼠结肠运输功能的影响和AQPs的表达变化,探讨其作用机制,为白术治疗STC的作用机制寻找有效靶点,同时也为中药治疗STC提供理论依据。
川北医学院动物实验室提供。清洁级SD大鼠60只[SCXK(川)2020-030],雌雄各半,体质量180~220 g,饲养环境:湿度50% ~60%,室温(22±3)℃,分组并单笼适应,常规饲养1周。本实验由川北医学院伦理委员会批准(批准编号:NMSC-2021-82074429)。
目的基因一抗(Santa Cruz-sc-20811);复方地芬诺酯片(康德-H32022716);AQP3抗体,AQP4抗体,兔多克隆抗体(abcam-ab18923);AQP9抗体,兔多克隆抗体(GeneTex-gtx 37783);白术购自川北医学院附属医院;盐酸伊托必利片(批号:H20030389)成都恒瑞制药有限公司;生物素二抗(中山金桥-SP-9001);β-actin抗体,鼠单克隆抗体(abcam-ab8226);显色剂(中杉金桥K135925C);总RNA抽提试剂,TRIZOL(Invitrogen-16596-026)。
DYY-6C电泳仪,美国Bio-RAD公司;图像分析软件Media Cybernetics-Image-Pro Plus 6.0;脱水机,中威电子TSJ-Ⅱ型;化学发光凝胶成像仪,Bio-RAD-UVTransilluminator;可见-紫外分光光度计,岛津公司,BioSpec-nano;实时荧光定量(RT-PCR)仪,ThermoFisher-PIKORed 96;Thermo全功能酶标仪MK3。
万锦洲等[23]和ZHI H等[24]成功应用复方地芬诺酯复制STC模型,本实验在此基础上进行改进,即复方地芬诺酯以10 mg/kg加入4 mL 0.9%氯化钠注射液中,制成混悬液,浓度为50%(根据药理学中人与动物药物换算比例计算得出)。
采取人工灌胃方式进行,同时限水处理,即每日8∶00给予复方地芬诺酯片悬浮液3 mL,12∶00超纯水2 mL,16∶00超纯水3 mL,20∶00超纯水2 mL,总量控制在10 mL,为正常饮水量的1/3。验证模型复制成功后处死模型组和正常组大鼠。
将60只大鼠按随机数字表法平均分组,即正常组(正常喂养)、模型组(复方地芬诺酯造模)、伊托必利组(验证造模成功后给予伊托必利灌胃:参照《中药药理研究方法学》,按成年人1 d用药量5 mg/kg扩大10倍,配成浓度为12.5%的混悬液,每天3 mL,连续6 d)、白术高剂量组(验证造模成功后给予白术高剂量灌胃,药量为33.92/kg/d),白术中剂量组[验证造模成功后给予白术中剂量灌胃,药量为16.96/(kg·d)],白术低剂量组[验证造模成功后给予白术低剂量灌胃,药量为8.48 g/(kg·d),为临床等效剂量]。根据《中药药理实验方法学》中经典公式:D1/D2=R1/R2·(W2/W1)1/3,计算出中药人鼠的临床等效剂量,运用减压浓缩法将白术浓缩成浓度为2.2 g/mL的药液,配成4 mL药液,连续灌胃6 d。
各组大鼠禁食24 h后处死即刻剖腹,并摘除从幽门到直肠末端的全部肠管,分别取近、远端结肠各3 cm,均分成3段,先后用0.9%的氯化钠注射液及缓冲磷酸盐溶液(PBS)清洗结肠,2段置于-80℃冰箱,1段放入甲醛中。
取组织块进行脱水等处理后石蜡包埋并切片4μm,后放入二甲苯液10 min进行脱蜡,按顺序浸入梯度酒精水化,PBS液冲洗2 min后浸入苏木素液体中5 min染色,流动水冲浮色;染好后浸入枸橼酸盐缓冲液(pH=6.0),加热至95℃(微波炉),持续煮沸15 min,后放置冷却,重复煮沸,再次冷却后PBS冲洗(5 min×2);滴加3%H2 O2后再次PBS冲洗(3 min×3);滴加山羊血清封(37℃孵育10 min);滴加一抗、二抗后DAB显色试剂盒显色10 min,用蒸馏水洗涤后复染,封片等。
应用Motic3000显微镜(倍数:400),阳性:AQP3、AQP4、AQP9染色后为棕色或者棕黄色,阴性:细胞核染色后呈蓝色。采用Image-Pro Plus 6.0图像分析系统测定所采集全部图像的光密度(integrated optical density,IOD)和面积(Area),计算平均光密度(mean density,MD)。
将超低温中放置的结肠组织取出,按说明书用Trizol法提取总RNA,从美国国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI)数据库中搜索基因全序列,使用Primer Premier引物设计软件设计筛选各基因特异性引物。所有引物均交由上海生工生物工程技术服务有限公司设计合成,并以ULTRAPAGE纯化。本研究所用引物及碱基序列见表1。
使用Thermo Scientific PikoReal软件(Thermo公司)分析PCR过程各检测样本的CT(Threshold cycle)值。本实验室通过2-△△CT计算X相对mRNA表达水平。
△CTintervention=CTintervention目的-CTintervention内参
△CTblank=CTblank目的-CTblank-内参
△△CT=△CTintervention-△CTblank
XmRNA表达差别倍数以2-△△CT表示。
将-80℃超低温冰箱内冻存大鼠结肠组织在37℃水浴中解冻后转至2 mL EP管中,分别加入RIPA裂解液,剪碎并置碎冰上裂解10 min;收集裂解液后用BCA蛋白定量试剂盒测定其蛋白浓度,根据所测蛋白浓度上样,200 mA转膜1~2 h,将PVDF膜放入TBST Buffer稀释的5%BSA液中,摇床轻摇2 h;将PVDF膜洗5 min×3。一抗、二抗孵育后把发光液均匀地滴加到膜上后曝光。
图像分析:用凝胶图像分析成像系统进行扫描分析,目的蛋白相对表达量=目的蛋白积分光密度值(IOD)/内参积分光密度值(IOD)。
使用IBM SPSSStatistics 21.0进行统计分析。本研究中的实验数据以均数±标准值表示偏差(SD)。单因素方差用于分析,LSD方法用于方差同质性,Games-Howell方法用于方差异质性,P<0.05被认为是差异显著性统计学意义,P<0.01被认为是差异非常显著性统计学意义。
正常组给予正常喂养,不参与造模,各实验组连续造模6 d,第2天正常组中1只大鼠死亡;第6天白术中剂量组1只大鼠死亡,给予进行尸检,大鼠肺部可见大量血性分泌物,分析原因为灌胃液误入肺组织,导致肺水肿所致,规范操作后未出现大鼠死亡情况。观察SD大鼠的毛发色泽改变等一般情况,以及排便情况等。正常组大鼠一般情况好,动作灵活,毛色光亮,排便次数及干湿度良好,排出粪便为黄色湿软长条形,造模组大鼠粪便为少量褐色干硬颗粒状,体质量增加减少,毛发干枯无光泽,精神度和活动度亦减少。
将大鼠结肠内所有粪便进行湿重测量、干重测量(37℃温箱中干燥处理),并计算含水量。如表2、插页ⅩⅤ图1所示。
粪便含水量=[(湿重-干重)/(湿重-离心管)]×100%
采用颈椎脱臼处死模型组大鼠,处死前1 h给予10%活性炭悬液2 mL灌胃,处死后立即剖腹,测量全结肠长度(幽门至肛门),计算出墨汁推进率(测量松弛状态下肠道全长和墨汁的最前端到幽口的距离与肠道总长度的比值,是反映肠道传输功能的可靠指标)。
实验显示:模型组大鼠的墨汁推进率明显增加(P<0.05),正常组为54.12%,模型组为63.43%,提示应用复方地芬诺酯进行慢传输型便秘模型造模成功,使结肠传输速度减慢,从而延长了大鼠粪便传输时间。其余各实验组中,白术高剂量组的墨汁推进率明显升高(P<0.05),而白术中、低剂量组增加无统计学意义(P>0.05)。从实验结果中可以看出,墨汁推进率进一步证实了STC大鼠造模成功,且随着药物浓度增加,墨汁推进率升高,大鼠结肠的传输速度也相应加快。
从免疫组化染色结果可以看出,AQP3在正常组大鼠近端结肠黏膜下层以及浆膜层、肌层中棕黄色分布均不明显,杯状细胞可见极少量不规则黄色区域,考虑存在非特异性染色,进一步仔细观察,AQP3主要分布在大鼠近端结肠组织黏膜、结肠黏膜顶部、吸收细胞的质膜顶部(腔面)上(阳性染色为棕黄色),并且可以看到棕黄色区域呈现出带状条形规律分布,亦有少量存在于胞质中,而杯状细胞及黏膜下层、浆膜层等区域表达不明显,中段及远端结肠少量分布。如插页ⅩⅥ图2所示。
AQP9在大鼠远端结肠组织杯状细胞上分布较多,为棕黄色,且可以看到呈现出条带状规律分布,而黏膜结肠黏膜顶部吸收细胞只零星分布,着色不明显,中段及近端结肠少量分布,且未形成规律分布。如插页ⅩⅦ图3所示。
AQP4弥散分布在结肠各段,结肠的黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层及浆膜层均可见棕黄色区域,其中黏膜层顶部及浆膜层的吸收细胞中呈局灶分布。如插页ⅩⅧ图4所示。
模型组:AQP9含量减少,远端结肠组织减少得更明显,而AQP3含量增加,近端结肠组织更显著,结肠组织中AQP4含量亦明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),药物干预后,白术中、高剂量组及伊托必利组的AQP4含量明显减少,AQP3含量明显减少,近端结肠组织更显著,AQP9含量增加,在远端结肠更明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。而白术低剂量组AQP3、AQP4、AQP9虽有增加或减少趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。如表3、插页ⅩⅤ图5所示。
AQP3 mRNA在模型组大鼠近端结肠的表达明显增加,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),AQP3 mRNA在伊托必利组及白术高剂量组表达明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其余各组均无明显变化;AQP9 mRNA在模型组大鼠远端结肠的表达明显减少,且差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01),AQP9 mRNA在伊托必利组及白术高剂量组表达明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其余各组均无明显变化,不具备统计学意义;AQP4 mRNA在模型组大鼠结肠组织中表达明显升高,且差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01),AQP4 mRNA在伊托必利组及白术高剂量组表达明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其余各组均无明显变化,不具备统计学意义。如表4、插页ⅩⅤ图6所示。
与正常组相比,模型组大鼠近端结肠的AQP3蛋白表达明显增加,经伊托必利及白术治疗后,伊托必利组及白术中、高剂量组AQP3蛋白表达明显减少,差异有统计学意义,白术低剂量组无明显变化;与正常组相比,模型组大鼠远端结肠的AQP9蛋白表达明显减少,经伊托必利及白术治疗后,伊托必利组及术中、高剂量组AQP9蛋白表达明显增强,差异有统计学意义,白术低剂量组无明显变化;与正常组相比,模型组大鼠结肠组织的AQP4蛋白表达明显升高,经伊托必利及白术治疗后,伊托必利组及白术中、高剂量组AQP4蛋白表达明显减少,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05,白术低剂量组无明显变化。如表5、插页ⅩⅤ图7、图8-图10所示。
慢性便秘是一种常见问题,严重影响患者和家属、医护人员的生活质量[24]。功能性便秘在全世界儿童和成人中很常见。功能性便秘在儿童和成人中表现出相似性,但在流行病学、症状学、病理生理学、诊断检查和治疗管理方面也存在重要差异。在儿童中,该方法侧重于疾病的行为性质,即:如厕训练和通便剂。在成人中,治疗的重点是排除潜在原因,并区分功能性便秘的不同亚型——正常传输、慢传输或排空障碍,这对治疗有重要影响[25]。慢性传输型便秘指整个消化系统中存在慢传输因素,尤其是结肠的传导输出,结肠内容物中水分的含量对其传导及蠕动功能很大的影响。研究表明,结肠上皮细胞吸收水分的过程是一种被动转运,目前以细胞旁路途径和跨细胞途径这两种为主要转运方式,其中第2种途径分为自由扩散模式、共同转运体模式以及水通道蛋白(AQPs)通道模式。AQPs是一种完整的膜蛋白,也是一类跨膜通道,分别促进渗透梯度和溶质梯度驱动的水和小型中性溶质的双向流动[26-27],广泛表达于各种生物体和细胞中。其在人类被发现以及所描述的13个副同源基因(AQP0-12)以细胞和组织依赖的模式表达[28],每一个都呈现不同的特征。根据其通透性和一级结构,AQPs可分为3个亚组:经典或正统AQPs(AQP0、AQP1、AQP2、AQP4、AQP5、AQP6和AQP8)主要对水有选择性,并在上皮等流体输送特殊组织中发挥重要作用;而且,非正统或S-水通道蛋白(AQP11和AQP12)是调节细胞器内稳态的细胞内副产物[29-31]。最近,一些水通道蛋白(AQP0、AQP1、AQP3、AQP5、AQP8、AQP9和AQP11)因其在H2 O2转运中的作用而被报道,因此被称为过氧化物通道蛋白[31]。人类AQP功能多样,涉及多种非传染性疾病,包括癌症、肾功能不全、神经系统疾病、癫痫、皮肤病、代谢综合征,甚至心脏病[25]。
近年来越来越多的AQPs亚型在消化系统中被发现,且经研究表明AQP3已成为正常大鼠结肠组织中的主要AQPs,这表明其在结肠水液转运代谢方面有重要作用[28]。OKADA S等[29]已用Western等方法检测到肠道杯状细胞上有AQP9表达,且检测到AQP9 mRNA的表达,说明AQP9可能与肠道的水液代谢有关。与无功能性便秘患者相比,功能性便秘患者升结肠AQP3上调,降结肠AQP9下调[30]。袁维堂等[31]通过研究发现:与对照组比较,便秘组的AQP3在升结肠中含量增多而AQP9在降结肠中含量减少,说明AQP3、AQP9在肠道的水液代谢过程中可能起着很重要的作用。
针对便秘,本课题研究组多年来已经开展多项深入研究,前期工作成果突出。在慢性便秘的治疗上灵活运用“升清降浊”治法,并且在此理论基础上筛选出经方“枳术丸”,这也是中医经典理论“肺与大肠相表里”的体现,同时在“枳术丸”加味后研制中成药“便塞通合剂”用于老年性便秘的治疗,在临床中获得满意效果,其中白术在其中发挥关键作用。脾主运化,可以调节水平衡和津液代谢这些重要环节,水通道蛋白必然与“脾主运化”存在一定关系,脾胃调和、气机得化是影响AQPs正常表达的关键。故本课题结合前期研究及实验结果,基于“升清降浊”理论,重用生白术治疗便秘,本于其健脾益气、和胃畅中之功效,脾气健运,为胃肠行其津液,津液输布如常,肠道得以润泽。选取AQP3、AQP4、AQP9作为代表进行研究讨论重用生白术治疗慢性传输型便秘蕴藏在结肠AQPs中功能及表达的变化规律,以期为研究大剂量生白术通便的机制提供依据。
本研究结果表明,在正常大鼠结肠组织中,AQP3、AQP4、AQP9在全结肠都有表达,其中正常大鼠AQP3在近端结肠表达明显,AQP9在远端结肠表达明显;而便秘大鼠结肠组织中AQP4含量明显增加,远端结肠中AQP9含量明显减少,近端结肠中AQP3明显增加,说明便秘大鼠结肠组织中AQP3、AQP4、AQP9含量有明显改变,提示其可能参与结肠水液代谢以及便秘的形成;且AQP3、AQP4可能与结肠组织的水分吸收有关,即抑制结肠水分吸收,而AQP9则与结肠组织的水分分泌有关,即刺激结肠水分的分泌,更进一步讲,AQP3、AQP4、AQP9可能是结肠水分吸收和分泌之间平衡的关键因子。通过本实验更深一步的研究,即给予白术及伊托必利药物治疗,伊托必利已证实是增加肠道蠕动、增加肠道水液代谢、改善便秘的有效药物,而应用低剂量白术后,虽然对AQP3、AQP4、AQP9有一定影响,但用药前后差异无统计学意义,随着白术浓度的增高,其中、高剂量组大鼠结肠黏膜AQP3、AQP4表达降低、AQP9表达增高明显,且这与伊托必利干预治疗作用效果相一致,说明白术干预治疗可下调结肠黏膜AQP3、AQP4,上调结肠黏膜AQP9的表达水平,而AQP9表达上升可刺激结肠水分吸收,AQP3、AQP4表达减少可抑制结肠水分吸收,这可能是白术治疗慢传输型便秘的作用机制之一。故本实验得出的结论是近端结肠组织中AQP3含量增加,远端结肠组织中AQP9含量减少,AQP4含量增加,可能是STC的发病机制之一;白术通过下调AQP3表达、上调AQP9表达,可能是其发挥“升清降浊”效应从而治疗STC的作用机制之一。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82074429)
  • 内蒙古自治区自然科学基金项目(2019BS08011)
  • 内蒙古自治区人民医院院内基金项目(2020YN20)
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2025年第43卷第6期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.06.014
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-06-10
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国家自然科学基金项目(82074429)
内蒙古自治区自然科学基金项目(2019BS08011)
内蒙古自治区人民医院院内基金项目(2020YN20)
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    1.内蒙古自治区人民医院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010017
    2.川北医学院附属医院,四川 南充 637000

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唐学贵(1966-),男,四川武胜人,主任医师、教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中西医结合防治肛肠疾病,便秘基础与临床。E-mail:。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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