Article(id=1322926170550972503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322925862630339452, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.050, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339777839, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339777839, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339777839, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339777839, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322925862630339452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752076800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339704424, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340532184, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929334587105328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322925862630339452, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929334587105329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322925862630339452, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=246, endPage=252, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322926170811019352, articleId=1322926170550972503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Chemical Structure,Extraction and Separation,Biological Activity and Application of Pugongying(Dandelion)Polysaccharides, columnId=1256183365644968140, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Platform of Provincial Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pugongying(Dandelion),first recorded in the New Revised Materia Medica,is a plant with a long history of medicinal and edible homology,which has the effects of clearing heat and detoxifying. Polysaccharides are one of the main active ingredients in dandelion. This article took Pugongying(Dandelion)polysaccharides as the research object and summarized the chemical structure,extraction,separation and purification methods,biological activity and related applications of Pugongying(Dandelion)polysaccharides based on relevant literature from domestic and foreign sources in the past two decades. The results showed that Pugongying(Dandelion)polysaccharides were extracted using methods such as hot water extraction,ultrasound assisted extraction,enzyme extraction and supercritical extraction,with significant differences in extraction rates. Homogeneous polysaccharides were extracted by impurity removal methods such as Sevag method,macroporous adsorption resin method and column chromatography. Pugongying(Dandelion)polysaccharides have anti-tumor,antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,hypoglycemic,hepatoprotective and anti mutagenic effects. Up to now,the research on dandelion polysaccharides has mainly focused on their primary structure,while there are few reports on the complete structural characteristics of monosaccharide components,and most studies are limited to animal and cellular levels,lacking in-depth research on their mechanisms. Therefore,improving the separation and purification technology of polysaccharides,and using modern detection technology to identify their structure,determine the structure-activity relationship,activity and mechanism of action is a major focus of future research on Pugongying(Dandelion)polysaccharides,and it is also the key to the large-scale application of Pugongying(Dandelion)polysaccharides in the market.

, authors=Fuhua FAN1, Shengkun YAN2, Yang LIU1, Zunqi LIU1, authorsList=Fuhua FAN, Shengkun YAN, Yang LIU, Zunqi LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shengkun YAN, Yang LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322926171276587097, articleId=1322926170550972503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=蒲公英多糖的化学结构、提取分离、生物活性及其应用研究进展, columnId=1256183369033965799, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=省级项目平台, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

蒲公英始载于《新修本草》,是一种历史悠久的药食同源性植物,具有清热解毒等功效,其中多糖是蒲公英中主要的活性成分之一。以蒲公英多糖作为研究对象,结合近20年来国内外的相关文献,总结了蒲公英多糖的化学结构、提取、分离纯化方法、生物活性以及相关应用。结果显示,蒲公英多糖多采用热水浸提法、超声辅助提取法、酶提取法、超临界萃取法等方法提取,提取率差异大;均一多糖则采用Sevag法、大孔吸附树脂法、柱层析法等除杂提取获得。蒲公英多糖具有抗肿瘤、抑菌、抗炎、降血糖、保肝和抗突变等作用,截至目前,蒲公英多糖的研究主要集中在其一级结构方面,而有关单糖组分的完整结构特征却鲜有报道,且多数研究仅限于动物及细胞水平,缺乏对其机理的深入研究。因此对多糖的分离纯化技术进行完善,并利用现代检测技术对其进行结构鉴定,确定构效关系、活性和作用机理是今后研究蒲公英多糖的一大重点,同样也是蒲公英多糖规模化应用于市场的关键。

, authors=樊富华1, 闫圣坤2, 刘洋1, 刘尊奇1, authorsList=樊富华, 闫圣坤, 刘洋, 刘尊奇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=闫圣坤, 刘洋, authorNote=

樊富华(1999-),女,山西太原人,硕士在读,研究方向:生物与医药。

, correspAuthorsNote=
闫圣坤(1986-),女,新疆乌鲁木齐人,副研究员,硕士,研究方向:功能食品研究与开发。E-mail:。
刘洋(1985-),女(满族),辽宁本溪人,副教授,硕士,研究方向:化学功能材料。E-mail:。
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樊富华(1999-),女,山西太原人,硕士在读,研究方向:生物与医药。

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樊富华(1999-),女,山西太原人,硕士在读,研究方向:生物与医药。

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多糖名称单糖组成及比例分子量/(Da)糖苷键参考文献
DPMan、Rha、Acid、Glc、Gal和Ara108 200[14]
DP-1.1Glc、GalA、Gal、Ara、Man、Rha(42.21∶19.98∶17.58∶12.2∶4.16∶3.87)5723[6]
DP1Man、Rib、Rha、Glcua、Acid、Glc、Gal、Xyl、Ara、Fuc(0.09∶0.14∶0.03∶0.65∶0.02∶78.67∶0.12∶0.02∶0.09∶0.01)9 224[15]
DP2Man、Rib、Rha、Glcua、Acid、Glc、Gal、Xyl、Ara、Fuc(0.52∶0.12∶0.39∶0.88∶0.15∶53.70∶1.20∶0.42∶0.80∶0.10)56 381[15]
DP3Man、Rib、Rha、Glcua、Acid、Glc、Gal、Xyl、Ara、Fuc(1.03∶0.097∶1.99∶0.64∶1.61∶38.02∶3.66∶0.84∶1.84∶0.40)15 853[15]
DLP-1Rha、Ara、Man、Gal和Glc(1.14∶1.00∶1.05∶4.76∶1.52)87 000→4)-α-D-Galp-(1→,→4)-β-D-Manp-(1→,→4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→,→2,4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→,and α-L-Araf-(1→with branching at O-2 and O-4 of→2,4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→[11]
Se-DRPAcid、Rha、Ara、Man、Glc、Gal(0.64∶0.73∶19.36∶0.84∶1.00∶27.41)8102→6)-β-D-Glc-(1→、→5)-α-L-Ara-(1→、→3)-β-D-Gal-(1→和→4)-α-D-Acid-(1→[16]
TOPRha、Ara、Xyl、Man、Glc、Gal17 000主链:(1→4)-β-D-Glcp支链:-D-Glcp-(1→,→3)-α-d-manp-(1→,→3)-α-dgalp-(1→)、α-L-Araf-(1→)[17]
DRP-2bRha、Glca、Glc、Gal和Ara31.8(1→5)-α-D-Ara[12]
DRP-3aRha、Glca、Glc、Gal和Ara6.72(1→6)-α-D-Glc[12]
TMP-1-1Man、Glc(45.41∶52.39)→2-β-D-Fruf-1→2-β-D-Fruf-1→[13]
TPP-2Glc、Ara、Gal、Man、Rha、Xyl、42.08∶22.52∶20.72∶7.76∶4.57∶1.25∶1.06)108.21→2)-Galp,1→6)-Glup,1→2)-Rhap,and 1→5)-Arap[18]
PD1-1Glc、Man(52.39∶45.41)26 000α-d-Man/Glcp-(1→and→1)-β-d-Man/Glcf-(2→[19]
DLPRha、Ara、Man、Gal、Glc(1.14∶1.00∶4.76∶1.05∶1.52)[20]
DRP1Rha、Xyl、Ara、Glc、Gal(8.70∶4.01∶16.40∶27.60∶17.10)6230[21]
DRP213 070[21]
DRP39480[21]
TMP-A0.aMan、Rha、GlcA、GalA、Glc(6.52∶3.26∶3.75∶1.00∶6.38)5210以(1→6)连接的Glcp构成主链由(1→4)连接的Galp和(1→3)连接的Manp构成支链[22]
TMP-D0.aMan、Rha、GlcA、GalA、Glc(7.90∶5.10∶1.00∶11.55∶6.61)49 700以(1→2)和(1→4)连接的Glcp构成主链支链链以(1→2)和(1→3)连接的Manp构成[22]
DLP120Ara、Gal(32.35∶44.91)4-β-D-Galp,4-α-D-GalpA,T-β-D-Galp,5-α-L-Araf,3,5-α-L-Araf,T-α-L-Araf[23]
), ArticleFig(id=1322926174887882881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926170550972503, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

蒲公英多糖的化学结构特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多糖名称单糖组成及比例分子量/(Da)糖苷键参考文献
DPMan、Rha、Acid、Glc、Gal和Ara108 200[14]
DP-1.1Glc、GalA、Gal、Ara、Man、Rha(42.21∶19.98∶17.58∶12.2∶4.16∶3.87)5723[6]
DP1Man、Rib、Rha、Glcua、Acid、Glc、Gal、Xyl、Ara、Fuc(0.09∶0.14∶0.03∶0.65∶0.02∶78.67∶0.12∶0.02∶0.09∶0.01)9 224[15]
DP2Man、Rib、Rha、Glcua、Acid、Glc、Gal、Xyl、Ara、Fuc(0.52∶0.12∶0.39∶0.88∶0.15∶53.70∶1.20∶0.42∶0.80∶0.10)56 381[15]
DP3Man、Rib、Rha、Glcua、Acid、Glc、Gal、Xyl、Ara、Fuc(1.03∶0.097∶1.99∶0.64∶1.61∶38.02∶3.66∶0.84∶1.84∶0.40)15 853[15]
DLP-1Rha、Ara、Man、Gal和Glc(1.14∶1.00∶1.05∶4.76∶1.52)87 000→4)-α-D-Galp-(1→,→4)-β-D-Manp-(1→,→4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→,→2,4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→,and α-L-Araf-(1→with branching at O-2 and O-4 of→2,4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→[11]
Se-DRPAcid、Rha、Ara、Man、Glc、Gal(0.64∶0.73∶19.36∶0.84∶1.00∶27.41)8102→6)-β-D-Glc-(1→、→5)-α-L-Ara-(1→、→3)-β-D-Gal-(1→和→4)-α-D-Acid-(1→[16]
TOPRha、Ara、Xyl、Man、Glc、Gal17 000主链:(1→4)-β-D-Glcp支链:-D-Glcp-(1→,→3)-α-d-manp-(1→,→3)-α-dgalp-(1→)、α-L-Araf-(1→)[17]
DRP-2bRha、Glca、Glc、Gal和Ara31.8(1→5)-α-D-Ara[12]
DRP-3aRha、Glca、Glc、Gal和Ara6.72(1→6)-α-D-Glc[12]
TMP-1-1Man、Glc(45.41∶52.39)→2-β-D-Fruf-1→2-β-D-Fruf-1→[13]
TPP-2Glc、Ara、Gal、Man、Rha、Xyl、42.08∶22.52∶20.72∶7.76∶4.57∶1.25∶1.06)108.21→2)-Galp,1→6)-Glup,1→2)-Rhap,and 1→5)-Arap[18]
PD1-1Glc、Man(52.39∶45.41)26 000α-d-Man/Glcp-(1→and→1)-β-d-Man/Glcf-(2→[19]
DLPRha、Ara、Man、Gal、Glc(1.14∶1.00∶4.76∶1.05∶1.52)[20]
DRP1Rha、Xyl、Ara、Glc、Gal(8.70∶4.01∶16.40∶27.60∶17.10)6230[21]
DRP213 070[21]
DRP39480[21]
TMP-A0.aMan、Rha、GlcA、GalA、Glc(6.52∶3.26∶3.75∶1.00∶6.38)5210以(1→6)连接的Glcp构成主链由(1→4)连接的Galp和(1→3)连接的Manp构成支链[22]
TMP-D0.aMan、Rha、GlcA、GalA、Glc(7.90∶5.10∶1.00∶11.55∶6.61)49 700以(1→2)和(1→4)连接的Glcp构成主链支链链以(1→2)和(1→3)连接的Manp构成[22]
DLP120Ara、Gal(32.35∶44.91)4-β-D-Galp,4-α-D-GalpA,T-β-D-Galp,5-α-L-Araf,3,5-α-L-Araf,T-α-L-Araf[23]
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蒲公英多糖的化学结构、提取分离、生物活性及其应用研究进展
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樊富华 1 , 闫圣坤 2 , 刘洋 1 , 刘尊奇 1
中华中医药学刊 | 省级项目平台 2025,43(7): 246-252
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中华中医药学刊 |省级项目平台 2025 , 43 (7) : 246 -252
蒲公英多糖的化学结构、提取分离、生物活性及其应用研究进展
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樊富华(1999-),女,山西太原人,硕士在读,研究方向:生物与医药。

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樊富华1, 闫圣坤2 , 刘洋1 , 刘尊奇1
作者信息
  • 1.新疆农业大学化学化工学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830052
  • 2.新疆农业科学院农业机械化研究所,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830091
通讯作者:
闫圣坤(1986-),女,新疆乌鲁木齐人,副研究员,硕士,研究方向:功能食品研究与开发。E-mail:。
刘洋(1985-),女(满族),辽宁本溪人,副教授,硕士,研究方向:化学功能材料。E-mail:。
作者简介:

樊富华(1999-),女,山西太原人,硕士在读,研究方向:生物与医药。

Research Progress on Chemical Structure,Extraction and Separation,Biological Activity and Application of Pugongying(Dandelion)Polysaccharides
Fuhua FAN1, Shengkun YAN2 , Yang LIU1 , Zunqi LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Xinjiang Agricultural University,Urumqi 830052,Xinjiang,China
  • 2.Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Urumqi 830091,Xinjiang,China
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.050
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蒲公英始载于《新修本草》,是一种历史悠久的药食同源性植物,具有清热解毒等功效,其中多糖是蒲公英中主要的活性成分之一。以蒲公英多糖作为研究对象,结合近20年来国内外的相关文献,总结了蒲公英多糖的化学结构、提取、分离纯化方法、生物活性以及相关应用。结果显示,蒲公英多糖多采用热水浸提法、超声辅助提取法、酶提取法、超临界萃取法等方法提取,提取率差异大;均一多糖则采用Sevag法、大孔吸附树脂法、柱层析法等除杂提取获得。蒲公英多糖具有抗肿瘤、抑菌、抗炎、降血糖、保肝和抗突变等作用,截至目前,蒲公英多糖的研究主要集中在其一级结构方面,而有关单糖组分的完整结构特征却鲜有报道,且多数研究仅限于动物及细胞水平,缺乏对其机理的深入研究。因此对多糖的分离纯化技术进行完善,并利用现代检测技术对其进行结构鉴定,确定构效关系、活性和作用机理是今后研究蒲公英多糖的一大重点,同样也是蒲公英多糖规模化应用于市场的关键。

蒲公英多糖  /  提取分离  /  化学结构  /  生物活性  /  应用

Pugongying(Dandelion),first recorded in the New Revised Materia Medica,is a plant with a long history of medicinal and edible homology,which has the effects of clearing heat and detoxifying. Polysaccharides are one of the main active ingredients in dandelion. This article took Pugongying(Dandelion)polysaccharides as the research object and summarized the chemical structure,extraction,separation and purification methods,biological activity and related applications of Pugongying(Dandelion)polysaccharides based on relevant literature from domestic and foreign sources in the past two decades. The results showed that Pugongying(Dandelion)polysaccharides were extracted using methods such as hot water extraction,ultrasound assisted extraction,enzyme extraction and supercritical extraction,with significant differences in extraction rates. Homogeneous polysaccharides were extracted by impurity removal methods such as Sevag method,macroporous adsorption resin method and column chromatography. Pugongying(Dandelion)polysaccharides have anti-tumor,antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,hypoglycemic,hepatoprotective and anti mutagenic effects. Up to now,the research on dandelion polysaccharides has mainly focused on their primary structure,while there are few reports on the complete structural characteristics of monosaccharide components,and most studies are limited to animal and cellular levels,lacking in-depth research on their mechanisms. Therefore,improving the separation and purification technology of polysaccharides,and using modern detection technology to identify their structure,determine the structure-activity relationship,activity and mechanism of action is a major focus of future research on Pugongying(Dandelion)polysaccharides,and it is also the key to the large-scale application of Pugongying(Dandelion)polysaccharides in the market.

Pugongying(Dandelion)polysaccharide  /  extraction and isolation  /  chemical structure  /  biological activity  /  application
樊富华, 闫圣坤, 刘洋, 刘尊奇. 蒲公英多糖的化学结构、提取分离、生物活性及其应用研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (7) : 246 -252 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.050
Fuhua FAN, Shengkun YAN, Yang LIU, Zunqi LIU. Research Progress on Chemical Structure,Extraction and Separation,Biological Activity and Application of Pugongying(Dandelion)Polysaccharides[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (7) : 246 -252 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.050
蒲公英别名黄花地丁、婆婆丁、华花郎等,是一种菊科多年生的植物,广泛分布于北半球[1],在中国,蒲公英存在于大部分地区,其中在甘肃、山西、青海和新疆地区分布最为广泛[2]。同时蒲公英也是一种具有较高价值的药食同源植物,根据《中华人民共和国药典》记载,蒲公英具有清热解毒、消肿散结、利尿通淋等功效[3]。蒲公英中所含有化学成分丰富,主要包括倍半萜、类黄酮、酚类化合物、多糖、鞘脂、挥发油、三萜、甾醇、香豆素等化合物成分[4],其中多糖作为蒲公英主要生物活性成分之一,具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗氧化、抗疲劳、保肝和降血糖等功能[5],可以用于治疗糖尿病、癌症、炎症等疾病,因此蒲公英多糖具有很重要的研究价值。本文对蒲公英多糖的化学结构、提取和分离纯化方法、生物活性以及应用进行了综述,旨在为蒲公英多糖更深一步地开发和利用提供有力的参考和依据。
多糖是指由10个以上的单糖分子通过缩合、失水聚合而成的高分子碳水化合物,普遍存在于生物体中,植物多糖作为植物体的重要组成成分,具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抑菌和免疫调节等多种生物活性[5]。其中蒲公英多糖作为蒲公英的主要功效成分之一,具有抑菌、抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤和免疫调节等作用[6]。在蒲公英中多糖含量丰富,约占干重的30%~50%[7],相关研究表明,蒲公英中的叶、花和根中均含有多糖。杨晓杰等[8]通过苯酚-硫酸法测得蒲公英根中的多糖含量最高,为42.75%,蒲公英花中多糖含量为11.21%,叶中多糖含量为9.63%。并且蒲公英根中的多糖大多为贮存性多糖,而蒲公英叶中多糖大多为功能性多糖,在蒲公英的不同部位中,多糖的抗氧化能力为花>叶>根[9]。
多糖的化学结构一般指的是其糖苷键的连接方式、聚合度、异头碳的构型和分子量等[10]。当前,对蒲公英多糖化学结构的研究主要集中在一级结构方面,包括单糖的组成及比例、单糖的连接方式、分子量以及糖苷键类型等。研究其一级结构的方法主要分为两大类:化学分析方法和仪器分析方法。常用的化学分析方法包括:甲基化分析、酸水解法、高碘酸氧化法和Smith降解法等,可确定蒲公英多糖中的单糖组成、结构、糖苷键类型、位置和比例。仪器分析方法包括高效液相色谱法、高效渗透凝胶色谱、气相色谱法、红外光谱法、紫外光谱法、近红外光谱法、离子色谱法、质谱法和核磁共振光谱法等,可确定出蒲公英多糖糖苷键类型和构型,多糖链上连接顺序等信息。
蒲公英多糖由多种单糖构成,常见的单糖主要组成包括D-鼠李糖、葡萄糖、D-半乳糖、D-木糖和D-阿拉伯糖。WANG L等[11]采用超声辅助酶提法提取蒲公英叶多糖,并经AB8大孔树脂和Sephadex g-100柱纯化,分离得到了一种分子量为87 000 g/mol的新多糖(DLP-I)。通过结构表征可知,多糖DLP-I由半乳糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖和甘露糖5种单糖组成,对应摩尔比为1.14∶1.00∶1.05∶4.76∶1.52。1D和2D NMR谱证实DLP的糖链结构为→4)-α-D-Galp-(1→,→4)-β-D-Manp-(1→,→4)-α-DGlcp-(1→,→2,4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→,andα-L-Araf-(1→with branching at O-2 and O-4 of→2,4)-α-LRhap-(1→。CAI L L等[12]通过梯度乙醇沉淀法和柱色谱法从蒲公英根中分离出两种新型多糖(DRP-2b,DRP-3a),通过结构分析表明,DRP-2b的分子量为31.8 kDa,由鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖和阿拉伯糖5种单糖组成,主链为(1→5)-α-D-Ara。而DRP-3a的分子量为6.72 kDa,由鼠李糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖和阿拉伯糖4种单糖组成,主链由(1→6)-α-D-Glc组成。郭慧静[13]得到了纯度较高的蒲公英多糖TMP-1-1,并对其进行了结构表征,结果显示TMP-1-1是由β-呋喃糖为主构成的果聚糖,其主链由α-D-Glc/Manp-1-、-1-β-D-Glc/Manf-2-糖基构成,糖苷键的链接方式为→2-β-D-Fruf-1→2-β-D-Fruf-1→。此外,α-D-Glcp-1→糖基能连接到多糖的非还原端,并且在C4的羟基上连接有乙酰基。除此之外,还有不少研究者都对蒲公英多糖的化学结构进行了探究,表1总结了近几年常见蒲公英多糖的结构特征。
多糖的提取以及分离纯化是研究和分析其纯度、产量、多糖结构以及生物活性等的关键。多糖的提取方法有很多种,根据性质不同选择不同的提取方法,所得的结构与活性也会有一定的差异。蒲公英多糖常用的提取方法有热水浸提法、超声波提取法、微波辅助提取法、酶提取法等[13],这些方法各有优缺点,为了更为高效地提取蒲公英多糖,研究其结构、性质与生物活性,研究者们通常会采用单因素试验-响应面分析的方法来寻找提取多糖的最佳方法。
热水浸提法是国内外常用的一种多糖提取方法,该方法的原理是根据多糖在热水中溶解度较大的性质,利用热水将多糖从植物组织中提取出来。热水浸提法具有工艺简单、设备简便、萃取溶剂单一、无其他溶剂污染、环保、成本低等优点[24]。相关研究表明,在热水浸提法中温度是影响提取效率的一个首要因素,升高温度能提高多糖得率,但过高的温度却会引起多糖水解并破坏多糖结构,因此控制提取温度是关键。曹梓航[6]以蒲公英植株为原料采用热水浸提法对蒲公英多糖提取工艺进行了优化,并确定出当工艺为提取温度89℃、液料比为26 mL/g、提取时间125 min时为最佳提取工艺,此条件下蒲公英提取率最高,为19.47%。然而,传统的热水浸提法存在大量水溶性杂质,多糖难以从细胞中分离出来,从而导致目标成分的提取效率较低,温度控制困难等问题。总的来说与超声波、微波等物理提取法相比,热水提取法提取的植物多糖活性不高,得率较低。
超声辅助提取法是利用超声波引起的共振和空化作用,以此突破植物细胞壁,促进溶剂渗入细胞,从而最大限度地溶解多糖的一种提取方法[25]。超声波可以在几秒钟内破坏植物的细胞壁,并通过振动促进多糖从细胞中均匀释放,将其分散在溶剂中,以便更好地溶解和提取多糖,同时,超声提取工艺可以防止提取过程中高温对活性物质的影响提高多糖提取率,因此超声辅助提取法具有能耗低、时间短、效率高、加热温度温和、超声波提取过程中不破坏有效成分等优点[5]。舒玉凤等[26]以湖北省的蒲公英全草为原料,研究了超声辅助提取对多糖得率的影响,并通过响应面法分析得出最佳提取工艺:当提取温度为82.5℃、时间154 min、功率137 W、料液比1∶22(g∶mL)时,多糖得率最高,为88.62 mg/g。
微波是指频率在300 MHz-300 GHz之间的电磁波,微波辅助提取法通过利用不同频率的电磁波在水中形成分子振动,继而使植物体内温度升高,压力增大,细胞收缩直至破裂,最后使细胞中的有效成分快速析出[27]。微波辅助提取法具有耗能低、耗时少、选择性高、多糖提取率高等优点,不过过长的提取时间也会影响到多糖的活性。李芬[28]将5.0 g蒲公英样品与100.0 mL 80%(v/v)乙醇超声脱脂1 h,之后使用微波加热仪在500 W 下将沉淀物与150.0 mL超纯水混合,提取多糖6.5 min,并将得到的多糖冷冻干燥,测得最终得率为(8.75±0.55)%。郭希娟等[29]以蒲公英为原料,研究微波提取蒲公英多糖的工艺条件,并通过单因素试验和响应面法优化得出的最佳工艺参数为:时间14 min、料液比1∶17、醇沉浓度64%时提取率最高,为74.34%。
酶提取法是一种利用酶来提取植物多糖的方法,由于植物细胞壁中含有果胶和纤维素等组分,因此利用酶的专一性,在提取多糖过程中加入酶能够使植物细胞壁水解,进而能够加速细胞壁中多糖的流出[10]。酶提取法具有成本低、条件温和、提取率高、提取多糖纯度大等优点。在酶提取法中酶的种类、含量、温度、酶解时间和提取酸碱度(potential of hydrogen,pH)等因素都会对多糖的提取率产生一定的影响。ZHANG Y Z等[30]通过加入纤维素酶提取蒲公英多糖,确定出多糖得率为13.75%。徐澜等[31]在提取过程中加入木瓜蛋白酶进行酶解,得出多糖得率为3.11%。除却单一酶的提取,刘珊珊等[32]以纤维素酶-木瓜蛋白酶双酶协同提取蒲公英根多糖,并通过响应面法对蒲公英酶解工艺进行了优化,得出多糖得率为32.97%。研究数据表明,在多糖提取中,双酶、复合酶使用的提取效率高于单酶,不过在蒲公英多糖提取中,使用酶法,尤其复合酶法提取的相关研究还是较少,还有待进一步研究,优化其条件与工艺。
除了以上方法,还有一些新技术也逐渐应用于植物多糖的提取,比如超临界流体萃取法、超临界CO2 流体萃取,亚临界萃取、低共熔溶剂提取、离子液体、冻融冷压法、加压热水萃取、高速剪切均质提取等[33],不过目前还尚未广泛用于蒲公英多糖的提取中。除此之外,以上提取方法也各有优缺点,只依靠单一的提取方法来提取多糖存在着一定的局限性,因此在提取多糖过程中,研究者们往往会将上述几种方法结合使用,以此来提高多糖的提取效率。如超声辅助酶提取,微波辅助酶提取、超声微波辅助水提取等。成对的提取方法结合使用可以充分发挥各自的优势,以此提高提取效率、纯度、降低误差、成本和操作难度,来实现更广泛的适用性和更好的实验效果。在实际多糖提取中,应根据具体情况选择适合的方法并结合使用,以此达到最佳的实验目的。
按上述方法提取后所得蒲公英多糖还只是粗多糖,含有蛋白质、色素、无机盐和小分子等杂质,这会对研究多糖的生物活性和结构造成干扰。因此为了能分析准确,还需对粗多糖进行进一步地分离、纯化来获得单一多糖[21]。
常见的除去蒲公英多糖中蛋白的方法有Sevag法脱蛋白、三氯乙酸TCA法、蛋白酶法和盐析法[34]。其中Sevage法是一种常用的脱蛋白方法,通过在多糖提取液中加入氯仿-正丁醇混合液并充分震荡,可以将游离的蛋白质变性成不溶的胶状物而除去。Sevage法的优点是条件温和,适用性广,不过多糖损失率高、耗时长、效果较差,需多次处理才能除净蛋白质。三氯乙酸(trichloroacetic acid,TCA)法主要是利用三氯乙酸是一种强酸,能生成酸性环境,在这种条件下三氯乙酸能与蛋白质中的氨基酸反应生成不溶性的三氯乙酸盐,从而使蛋白质变为沉淀析出。这种方法操作简单,但会对多糖的结构造成一定影响。相较而言,盐析法并不破坏多糖的结构,并且具有成本低、环保、低毒等特点,不过蛋白脱除效果较差。而蛋白酶法对多糖损失率低且蛋白脱除效果好,但对条件要求严格,工艺不稳定[35]。
常见的脱色方法有活性炭吸附法、大孔吸附树脂法和过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide,H2 O2)氧化脱色法等[36]。活性炭中的孔隙结构发达、表面积大、吸附能力强,可与多糖中的色素结合,从而达到脱色的目的。活性炭法具有操作简单、成本低、对色素吸附能力强、应用广泛等优点,不过该方法在吸附色素的同时也容易吸附多糖,造成多糖的损失,且脱色后活性炭的残渣也不容易完全除去[37]。大孔吸附树脂是一类具有吸附性质的脱色剂,具有良好的大孔网状结构、较大的比表面积、吸附速度快、价格低廉、再生简便、使用周期长等特点,因此大孔吸附树脂适合在工业生产中大量使用。H2 O2氧化脱色法主要是利用游离的HO2-来氧化色素,从而达到脱色的目的。因为H2 O2属于强氧化剂,因此虽然该方法脱色效果好,但氧化过程容易破坏多糖的结构和性质。
除却蛋白质和色素外,粗多糖中还含有一些小分子杂质,这些杂质可用透析、超滤和色谱等方法除去。在经过上述除杂后的多糖仍还属于混合物,其物理性质、化学组成、分子形状等具有不均一性,如果想要得到纯多糖,则还需要对多糖混合物进行分级纯化,常用的分级方法有:沉淀法、柱层析法、膜分离法等[38]。
研究表明蒲公英多糖存在一定的抗肿瘤活性。肝细胞癌是一种常见的恶性肿瘤疾病,发病率位居我国第四位,致死率位居我国第2位。REN F等[39]通过实验证实了蒲公英多糖可以降低小鼠肝癌细胞Hepa1-6(mouse hepatoma cell line Hepa1-6,Hepa1-6)、小鼠肝癌细胞H22(mouse hepatoma cell line H22,H22)荷瘤小鼠肿瘤组织以及肝癌细胞的铁负荷,此外,蒲公英多糖还可以通过抑制酪氨酸激酶2(janus kinase2,JAK2)和信号传导与转录激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription3,STAT3)的磷酸化来调节hepcidin在体内外的表达,综上蒲公英多糖可以通过抑制JAK/STAT信号通路的活性来调节hepcidin的表达,从而抑制肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)的生长。CHEN P等[23]从蒲公英叶中提取了一种酸性水溶性多糖DLP120,并通过体外实验表明DLP120能通过阻断人肝癌细胞(human hepatocellular carcinoma cells,HepG2)细胞周期S期来抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖。牛虎[40]通过体内外实验探究了蒲公英多糖对乳腺癌的影响,结果表明蒲公英多糖能够通过激活肿瘤蛋白p53(tumor protein p53,p53)和BCL2关联X蛋白(BCL2-associated X protein,Bax),抑制B细胞淋巴瘤2(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2),从而诱导乳腺癌细胞的凋亡并抑制其生长,以此发挥出抗乳腺癌作用。
宋晓勇等[41]通过琼脂稀释法和纸片扩散法对表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和链球菌的抗菌活性进行了研究,得出蒲公英多糖对细菌抗菌活性强弱顺序为:大肠杆菌>金黄色葡萄球菌>表皮葡萄球菌>沙门氏菌>链球菌。WANG H B[42]通过纤维素酶辅助法提取了一种水溶性蒲公英多糖,并测定出其对枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌存在抑菌作用。肖潮勇[22]通过测定蒲公英多糖对多种细菌的抑菌圈大小和最小抑菌浓度,考察了蒲公英多糖的体外抑菌活性。结果表明蒲公英多糖对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和绿脓杆菌均存在抑制作用。综上,针对多种细菌,蒲公英多糖表现出广泛抗菌效果,有应用于食品和药品领域的潜力。
活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)是指较氧气的化学性质更为活跃氧气的代谢产物及其含氧衍生物的总称。活性氧对细胞信号转导和维持体内平衡都起着重要作用,然而过高的活性氧则容易损伤细胞结构,增加患病风险。因此,确定一种能够保护身体免受活性氧药物损伤的抗氧化剂是十分重要的。肖潮勇等[43]以维生素C(Vitamin C,Vc)作为阳性对照,定性考察了蒲公英多糖的体外抗氧化活性,发现蒲公英多糖对2,2-二苯基-1-苦味肼基(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基、羟基自由基、超氧阴离子自由基均有很强的清除作用且稳定。徐晋等[44]利用超声波细胞粉碎技术辅助提取出了蒲公英叶多糖,并通过响应面法得出最佳提取工艺,此时蒲公英叶多糖的清除DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基的半抑制浓度(Half maximal inhibitory concentration,IC50)分别为34.62、0.98、12.16 mg/mL,体现出较强的抗氧化性。
田华等[45]通过小鼠实验发现,加入了蒲公英多糖组的小鼠胃组织中肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2,PGE2)以及环氧化酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)、磷酸化细胞外调节蛋白激酶1/2(phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/20,ph-ERK1/2蛋白)表达水平均明显低于模型组,而白细胞介素-10(interleukin-10,IL-10)含量明显高于模型组,该结果表明蒲公英多糖可通过抑制丝裂原活化蛋白激酶/细胞外信号调节激酶通路(mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway,MAPK/ERK通路)来减轻幽门螺杆菌相关性胃炎大鼠胃黏膜的炎性反应,从而起到保护胃黏膜的作用。李欢等[46]探究了蒲公英多糖对脂多糖引起小鼠单核巨噬细胞系(RAW 264.7)细胞炎症模型的抗炎作用,发现蒲公英多糖可以显著抑制小鼠单核巨噬细胞一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)的分泌,并且使TNF-α、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1βCell,IL-1β)、IL-6的表达量下调,抑制由脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的RAW 264.7细胞炎症反应。YAN SK等[47]采用DSStreated小鼠模型评估了蒲公英多糖对结肠炎的治疗效果,并利用大鼠小肠上皮细胞(rat intestinal epithelial cell line No.6,IEC-6)大鼠肠上皮细胞系,进行了体外评估,实验结果表明蒲公英多糖对炎症介质如IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)的髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)激活和转录水平均有抑制作用,并且蒲公英多糖能触发核因子红细胞系2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)激活中的作用,而Nrf2反过来又表现出抗炎活性。
糖尿病是一种以高血糖为主要表现的慢性疾病。郭慧静等[48]采用超声辅助提取法和乙醇分级沉淀法得到了4种蒲公英粗多糖,这4种多糖样品均在实验浓度范围内对α-葡萄糖苷酶有一定的抑制能力,并且随着质量浓度的增加,其抑制能力也在逐渐增强,呈量-效关系。LI J W 等[49]发现蒲公英根提取物中多糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶均具有显著的抑制作用,并且将蒲公英多糖与黄芪提取物协同作用可以更显著提高IR-HepG2细胞葡萄糖消耗和细胞内糖原含量,提高己糖激酶和丙酮酸激酶活性,起到更好地降血糖作用。
诸多实验研究均表明蒲公英多糖具有保肝作用。CAI L L等[12]从蒲公英根中分离出了两种α型多糖DRP1和DRP2,并通过实验发现DRP1和DRP2均可以通过激活Kelch样环氧氯丙烷相关蛋白1(Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1,Nrf2-Keap1)通路来保护肝脏免受N-乙酰对氨基酚(N-acetylp-aminophenol,APAP)诱导的肝损伤。李爽[50]采用四氯化碳(carbon tetrachloride,CCl4)诱导抗肝纤维化(hepatic fibrosis,HF)小鼠模型,并通过小鼠的体质量、肝指数变化和病理学特征进行了观察与统计,发现蒲公英多糖组、黄芪多糖组和蒲公英多糖+黄芪多糖组均可在不同程度上缓解小鼠的肝纤维化。并且在同等剂量下,蒲公英多糖+黄芪多糖组的药效作用要强于单一的多糖组,这表明两种多糖具有协同作用。其抗肝纤维化的作用机制可能与“肠-肝轴”的免疫系统与Toll样受体4(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)/髓性分化原发应答基因88(myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88,My D88)/核因子-κB(nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells,NF-κB)信号传导通路有关,通过调节肠道菌群的组成结构来影响各菌门丰富程度,促进短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs)表达,下调TLR4/My D88/NF-κB信号通路,减少LPS含量,以此降低炎症因子水平,恢复肠黏膜屏障,改善肝纤维化。
机体中,免疫系统参与各种生理过程,在抵抗病原体入侵、监控、维持内环境稳定等方面都起着极重要作用。TALAPPHET N等[18]采用热水浸提和乙醇沉淀法提取出三种蒲公英多糖,并通过体外实验检测了多糖对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7的免疫刺激活性。研究表明,蒲公英多糖能通过TLR4、Toll样受体2(toll-like receptor 2,TLR2)和补体受体3(complement receptor 3,CR3受体)激活MAPK和NF-κB通路,激活RAW 264.7细胞产生大量NO并上调各种信使核糖核酸(messenger RNA,mRNA)表达,同时多糖的蛋白质含量也有助于RAW 264.7细胞的活化。单舒萱等[51]选取1日龄肉仔鸡300只进行实验,探究了蒲公英多糖对肉仔鸡的生长、免疫和血清生化指标的影响。结果显示,蒲公英多糖可以激活淋巴细胞并使其进行分裂增殖,从而使免疫器官的重量增大,免疫器官指数提高。此外,激活的淋巴细胞还可以分泌细胞因子和免疫球蛋白,最终使机体的免疫功能提高。
胡宝生[52]通过对小鼠的力竭游泳时间,对乳酸、乳酸脱氢酶的影响和对血清尿素氮、肝糖原含量的测定实验发现蒲公英多糖可以促进机体清除乳酸的能力,提高肝糖原的储备,并可以通过增加能量物质的储备来增强小鼠的抗疲劳能力。
杨晓杰等[53]通过3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2)-2,5-二苯基四氮唑溴盐法[3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide method,MTT法]检测了蒲公英多糖对肝癌细胞Bel-7402的抑制作用,并采用微核实验检测了其抗突变作用。随着浓度的增加,蒲公英多糖对肝癌细胞的抑制作用也在增强,不过总体来看抑制效果并不明显。且实验结果表明蒲公英多糖能增强外周血细胞的免疫能力,并有效对抗微核突变,具有抗突变作用。
随着近年来社会经济水平的不断发展和人民生活水平质量的提高,人们对健康也有了更高的要求,由于蒲公英多糖具有抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、保肝和降血糖等多种生物活性,因此蒲公英多糖也在食品、医药、农业等领域受到了广泛关注,表现出良好的应用前景。而当前市场中虽然已有不少含有蒲公英的相关产品,不过具体到蒲公英多糖的应用较少,还有待进一步地开发利用。
宁乐等[54]采用纯化后的蒲公英叶多糖为主要原料制备出了多糖饮料,该产品所含营养丰富、口感纯正、稳定性好,具有良好的工业生产前景。NGUYEN T T等[55]在果冻配方中加入了蒲公英多糖提取物,成功生产出可以满足消费者需求的抗氧化的富钙果冻。该研究说明蒲公英多糖可作为一种功能性成分加入到现有食品配方中,以此提升食品的营养价值。BAO J Q等[56]将南极磷虾用蒲公英多糖处理,可以抑制南极磷虾脂质的氧化、延长磷虾货架期,说明蒲公英多糖有作为食品防腐剂的潜力。综上,蒲公英多糖在食品领域有着广泛的应用前景与价值。
蒲公英是一种药食同源性植物,其临床应用历史悠久。蒲公英多糖也具有丰富的药理作用。当前已有一些关于蒲公英多糖药品的研究,如李健等[57]申报了一种蒲公英多糖在制备抑制肝癌细胞血管生成药物中的应用专利。王艳萍等[58]制备了蒲公英口服液,测试结果表明该口服液具有很好的治疗效果,有望广泛应用于医药及保健领域。楼良水[59]制作了含有蒲公英多糖的虫草复合真菌多糖片,该多糖片有抗肿瘤、修复细胞和防基因突变的功效。虽然当前有关蒲公英多糖的医药产品还不多,也没有大规模应用到市场中,但蒲公英多糖所具有的抗肿瘤、抗炎、降血糖、抗突变、保肝等活性,使其在医药领域有着重要的开发潜力与应用价值。
单舒萱等[51]的研究发现蒲公英多糖作为糖类物质,可以提高动物的适口性,增加动物的平均日采食量,同时还可以提高免疫功能,改善血液中的生化指标,促进骨骼的生长发育和钙磷沉积,促进机体对蛋白质的消化吸收和对氮的利用,从而保证动物机体的健康生长。曹梓航[6]发现蒲公英多糖能对蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋脂肪酸组成产生积极影响。CAO Z H等[60]发现蒲公英多糖可调节盲肠微生物群,以此提高蛋鸡的生产性能。综上,诸多相关研究均表明蒲公英多糖可应用于动物饲料,提高生产产能。
蒲公英是一种历史悠久的药食同源性植物,《新修本草》中称其味苦、入肝、性寒、胃经,具有解毒、消肿、散结、利尿等功效,广泛分布于我国的大部分地区[61]。蒲公英多糖作为蒲公英中兼具营养价值与生物活性的重要组成成分,近年来受到了广泛的关注。当前,有关蒲公英多糖提取工艺的研究较多,常用的提取方法有热水浸提法、超声辅助提取法、酶提取法、超临界萃取法等,由于每种方法都有各自的优缺点,因此不少研究者在选取提取方法时也会成对结合选择,以此提高多糖的提取率。而蒲公英多糖分离纯化常用的方法还是传统的分离纯化多糖的方法,有待技术上的创新。对于蒲公英多糖的化学结构研究,目前大多只在其一级结构上,对其单糖组成其完整的结构特征报道较少,对蒲公英多糖活性的研究大多也只停留在动物和细胞层次上,对其作用机制的研究还不够深入。蒲公英多糖丰富的药理作用使其在食品、医药和饲料等领域有着巨大的开发潜力和市场前景。在未来,还需要进一步优化蒲公英多糖的提取、分离纯化技术,结合现代分析技术进一步解析蒲公英多糖的化学结构,并对其结构与功能的关系、活性及作用机制进行更深入的研究,为蒲公英多糖规模化应用到市场提供支撑。
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区科学技术厅“天山英才”培养计划青年科技拔尖人才项目——青年科技创新人才培养项目(2022TSYCCX0065)
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2025年第43卷第7期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.050
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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新疆维吾尔自治区科学技术厅“天山英才”培养计划青年科技拔尖人才项目——青年科技创新人才培养项目(2022TSYCCX0065)
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    1.新疆农业大学化学化工学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830052
    2.新疆农业科学院农业机械化研究所,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830091

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闫圣坤(1986-),女,新疆乌鲁木齐人,副研究员,硕士,研究方向:功能食品研究与开发。E-mail:。
刘洋(1985-),女(满族),辽宁本溪人,副教授,硕士,研究方向:化学功能材料。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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