Article(id=1322926074044231917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322925862630339452, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.035, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339754829, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339754829, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339754829, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339754829, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322925862630339452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752076800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339704424, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340532184, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929334587105328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322925862630339452, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929334587105329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322925862630339452, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=176, endPage=181, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322926074262335726, articleId=1322926074044231917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress in Prevention and Treatment of Parkinson's Disease with Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma), columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease. Its incidence and mortality rates are increasing year by year. It has a great impact on the life of patients and a great burden on society. However,there is a lack of effective therapeutic drugs. Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with a history of over two thousand years. It contains various active ingredients such as alkaloids,lignans,flavonoids,acidic components,etc. It has a multi-signal,multitarget and multi-pathway neuroprotective effect,such as anti-inflammatory,antioxidant stress,mitochondrial protection and other pharmacological effects. Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)has shown good application prospects in neurodegenerative diseases such as cerebral ischemic injury,Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease,Huntington's disease,epilepsy,etc. Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)and its effective component,berberine,may exert neuroprotective effects through mechanisms such as antioxidant stress,mitochondrial protection,inhibition of neuroinflammation and inhibition of cell apoptosis. This article summarized the current research status of Parkinson's disease,the theoretical role of Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)in preventing and treating Parkinson's disease,and the research progress of berberine in protecting dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain,providing a theoretical basis for Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)in the clinical prevention and treatment of Parkinson's disease.

, authors=Zhengwei YANG1, Xiaodong WEN2, Jinli SU1, Shiyun YANG1, Guanfen ZHANG1, Yuru ZENG3, authorsList=Zhengwei YANG, Xiaodong WEN, Jinli SU, Shiyun YANG, Guanfen ZHANG, Yuru ZENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaodong WEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322926074685960431, articleId=1322926074044231917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=黄连防治帕金森病的研究进展, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)是一种常见的神经退行性变性疾病,其发病率及病死率逐年递增,对患者的生活造成了很大的影响,也给社会带来了极大的负担,但目前缺乏有效的治疗药物。黄连是中华民族传统的中草药,有着两千多年的历史,含有多种活性成分如有生物碱类、木脂素类、黄酮类、酸性成分等,具有多信号、多靶点、多通路的神经保护作用,如抗炎、抗氧化应激、线粒体保护等多种药理作用。黄连在包括脑缺血损伤、阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、亨廷顿舞蹈症、癫痫等神经退行性疾病中展现出了良好的应用前景。黄连及其有效成分黄连素可能通过抗氧化应激、线粒体保护、抑制神经炎症、抑制细胞凋亡等作用机制起到神经保护作用。归纳总结了帕金森病的研究现状,黄连防治帕金森病的理论作用及其有效成分黄连素在保护脑黑质多巴胺能神经元方面相关机制的研究进展,为黄连在临床上防治帕金森病提供理论依据。

, authors=羊郑薇1, 文晓东2, 苏锦丽1, 杨士运1, 张莞芬1, 曾玉茹3, authorsList=羊郑薇, 文晓东, 苏锦丽, 杨士运, 张莞芬, 曾玉茹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=文晓东, authorNote=

羊郑薇(1997-),女,四川成都人,硕士在读,研究方向:帕金森病的中西医结合诊治。

, correspAuthorsNote=
文晓东(1973-),男,广西合浦人,副主任医师,博士,研究方向:帕金森病的中西医结合诊治。E-mail:。
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羊郑薇(1997-),女,四川成都人,硕士在读,研究方向:帕金森病的中西医结合诊治。

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羊郑薇(1997-),女,四川成都人,硕士在读,研究方向:帕金森病的中西医结合诊治。

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黄连防治帕金森病的研究进展
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羊郑薇 1 , 文晓东 2 , 苏锦丽 1 , 杨士运 1 , 张莞芬 1 , 曾玉茹 3
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(7): 176-181
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (7) : 176 -181
黄连防治帕金森病的研究进展
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羊郑薇(1997-),女,四川成都人,硕士在读,研究方向:帕金森病的中西医结合诊治。

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羊郑薇(1997-),女,四川成都人,硕士在读,研究方向:帕金森病的中西医结合诊治。

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羊郑薇1, 文晓东2 , 苏锦丽1, 杨士运1, 张莞芬1, 曾玉茹3
作者信息
  • 1.广西中医药大学,广西 南宁 530200
  • 2.广西中医药大学附属瑞康医院,广西 南宁 530011
  • 3.重庆医科大学第一附属医院第一分院,重庆 400015
通讯作者:
文晓东(1973-),男,广西合浦人,副主任医师,博士,研究方向:帕金森病的中西医结合诊治。E-mail:。
作者简介:

羊郑薇(1997-),女,四川成都人,硕士在读,研究方向:帕金森病的中西医结合诊治。

Research Progress in Prevention and Treatment of Parkinson's Disease with Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)
Zhengwei YANG1, Xiaodong WEN2 , Jinli SU1, Shiyun YANG1, Guanfen ZHANG1, Yuru ZENG3
Affiliations
  • 1.Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine,Nanning 530200,Guangxi,China
  • 2.Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine,Nanning 530011,Guangxi,China
  • 3.The First Branch of The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing 400015,China
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.035
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帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)是一种常见的神经退行性变性疾病,其发病率及病死率逐年递增,对患者的生活造成了很大的影响,也给社会带来了极大的负担,但目前缺乏有效的治疗药物。黄连是中华民族传统的中草药,有着两千多年的历史,含有多种活性成分如有生物碱类、木脂素类、黄酮类、酸性成分等,具有多信号、多靶点、多通路的神经保护作用,如抗炎、抗氧化应激、线粒体保护等多种药理作用。黄连在包括脑缺血损伤、阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、亨廷顿舞蹈症、癫痫等神经退行性疾病中展现出了良好的应用前景。黄连及其有效成分黄连素可能通过抗氧化应激、线粒体保护、抑制神经炎症、抑制细胞凋亡等作用机制起到神经保护作用。归纳总结了帕金森病的研究现状,黄连防治帕金森病的理论作用及其有效成分黄连素在保护脑黑质多巴胺能神经元方面相关机制的研究进展,为黄连在临床上防治帕金森病提供理论依据。

黄连  /  帕金森病  /  神经保护  /  研究进展

Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease. Its incidence and mortality rates are increasing year by year. It has a great impact on the life of patients and a great burden on society. However,there is a lack of effective therapeutic drugs. Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with a history of over two thousand years. It contains various active ingredients such as alkaloids,lignans,flavonoids,acidic components,etc. It has a multi-signal,multitarget and multi-pathway neuroprotective effect,such as anti-inflammatory,antioxidant stress,mitochondrial protection and other pharmacological effects. Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)has shown good application prospects in neurodegenerative diseases such as cerebral ischemic injury,Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease,Huntington's disease,epilepsy,etc. Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)and its effective component,berberine,may exert neuroprotective effects through mechanisms such as antioxidant stress,mitochondrial protection,inhibition of neuroinflammation and inhibition of cell apoptosis. This article summarized the current research status of Parkinson's disease,the theoretical role of Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)in preventing and treating Parkinson's disease,and the research progress of berberine in protecting dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain,providing a theoretical basis for Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)in the clinical prevention and treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)  /  Parkinson's disease  /  neuroprotection  /  research progress
羊郑薇, 文晓东, 苏锦丽, 杨士运, 张莞芬, 曾玉茹. 黄连防治帕金森病的研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (7) : 176 -181 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.035
Zhengwei YANG, Xiaodong WEN, Jinli SU, Shiyun YANG, Guanfen ZHANG, Yuru ZENG. Research Progress in Prevention and Treatment of Parkinson's Disease with Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (7) : 176 -181 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.035
黄连为毛茛科植物,属多年生草本,是中华民族传统的中草药,有着两千多年的历史,因《本草纲目》中记载:“其根连珠而色黄”而得名。黄连喜冷凉、湿润、荫蔽,忌高温、干旱,故多分布于四川、贵州、湖南、湖北、陕西南部等地。现代药理学研究表明,黄连具有抗炎、抗氧化应激、线粒体保护、抑制神经细胞凋亡、维持肠道微生态稳态、增强细胞自噬活性等神经药理活性,被视为是一种有前途的潜在的神经保护剂。近年来国内外研究表明黄连对帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)具有显著的保护作用。现将黄连治疗PD的神经保护作用进行总结归纳如下。
PD是常见于中老年人的中枢神经系统变性疾病,临床上主要以静止性震颤、运动迟缓、肌强直和姿势平衡障碍等运动症状为主[1],包括低血压、认知困难、自主神经紊乱和睡眠障碍等非运动症状[2],随着人口老龄化的进程,PD的发病率逐年上升,严重影响了中老年人的生活质量。PD其主要病理特征是黑质纹状体通路中多巴胺能神经元的缺失和异常的α-突触核蛋白聚集组成的路易体的形成[3]。PD的发病机制十分复杂,目前也尚未完全明确,主要有环境因素、遗传因素[4]、氧化应激[5]、线粒体功能障碍[6]、神经炎症反应[7]、神经凋亡、细胞自噬和肠道微生群生态失调[8]等。到目前为止,PD仍没有有效治愈手段,无法从根本上阻止或逆转PD的进展[9]。目前临床上所知的治疗药物也仅能缓解疾病的症状,旨在控制PD患者的症状和提高生活质量,如左旋多巴抑制剂、多巴胺激动剂和单胺氧化酶B抑制剂等[10]。因此,深入研究这类疾病的发病机制、寻找有效的治疗方法和药物成为当前神经科学领域研究的热点。越来越多的研究表明中药具有多种药理学活性,在PD的治疗中具有多信号、多靶点、多通路的优势。
黄连在我国现存最早的药学专著《神农本草经》中被列为上品,言“黄连性寒,味苦。归心,脾,胃,肝,胆,大肠经。主热气,目痛,眦伤,泣出,明目,汤澼,腹痛,下利,妇人阴中肿痛。久服,令人不忘”[11]。因此黄连能清五脏六腑之热气,也可清腹部肠道之热,还可下行胞宫清热。PD属中医学“颤病”“颤证”“拘病”“颤拘病”“振掉”等范畴。如《景岳全书》[12]中“急惊之候,壮热痰壅,窜视反张,搐搦颤动……火盛而烦热者”,用黄连安神丸等;《一得集》[13]中言:“素病痰火,作时言语謇涩,手颤足疲……少加姜汁、麦冬、远志、石斛、黄连”;《赤水玄珠》[14]中明确指出“以摧肝丸镇火平肝,消痰定颤”,方用胆南星、钩藤、黄连等;《顾松园医镜》[15]中“风火相煽,故振摇而热蒸……以代赭石、龙胆草、芦荟、黄连之属”,由此可见黄连有缓解PD类似症状的作用。
黄连含有多种化学成分,主要包括有生物碱类、木脂素类、黄酮类、有机酸类等[16];生物碱类主要有黄连素、黄连碱、巴马碱、药根碱等;木脂素类主要有黄连木脂素、甲氧基松脂素、异落叶松脂素等;黄酮类主要有鼠李素、汉黄芩素、黄连皂苷Ⅰ、黄连皂苷Ⅱ等;酸性成分主要为东莨菪素、原儿茶酸、香草酸、龙胆酸等;此外,黄连中还含有挥发油类、甾体类、多糖类、氨基酸等多种化学成分[17]。黄连具有广泛的药理作用,如抗病毒、抗菌、预防肝脂肪变性、抗动脉粥样硬化、抗心律失常、降压、心脏保护、降糖、抗炎、抗氧化、神经保护和抗癌等[18];在神经退行性疾病中,黄连主要起着神经保护、神经再生、抗凋亡和抗氧化等作用[19-21]。
黄连提取物的各种生物学和药理活性主要源于其生物碱,生物碱是黄连的主要活性成分[22]。对黄连主要生物碱,如黄连素、黄连碱、药根碱和巴马碱的进一步实验表明,黄连素是所观察到的神经保护作用的主要活性化合物。黄连素(Berberine又名小檗碱)是黄连生物碱类化合物中最显著的活性生物碱[23],具有抗炎、抗氧化应激、抗乙酰胆碱酯酶、抗糖尿病、抗癌等作用,其在神经保护方面的作用尤为突出,是神经退行性病变的神经保护剂[24]。
活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)是指在生物体内与氧代谢有关的、含氧自由基和易形成自由基的过氧化物的总称。线粒体是ROS的主要细胞内来源,呼吸链复合体,特别是复合体I,是ROS产生的位点[25]。当ROS产生速率和清除速率的失衡,导致ROS的过度积累,就会发生氧化损伤,引起氧化应激[26]。过量的ROS会破坏所有大分子,包括脂质、蛋白质和核酸,导致其生理功能缺陷,其中中枢神经系统,特别是多巴胺能神经元更容易发生氧化损伤,导致神经细胞变性和PD的发生[27]。JINBUM B等[28]用黄连素(1~10 μmol/L)预处理SH-SY5Y细胞12 h,然后将SH-SY5Y细胞暴露于6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)(50μmol/L)6 h,最后使用氧化还原敏感荧光染料测定SH-SY5Y细胞中ROS的产生。此外,在添加6-OHDA之前,分别用黄连素预处理0.5、1、2、3、6 h。结果表明黄连素预处理显著减少了6-OHDA诱导的ROS产生,且黄连素对ROS释放的衰减需要用黄连素预处理至少3 h,表明黄连素减弱了ROS的产生。DENGH等[29]用20 μmol/L鱼藤酮处理SH-SY5Y细胞,后用水平荧光技术测定ROS含量,结果表明鱼藤酮增加了ROS含量。此外,与鱼藤酮组相比,10-1 μmol/L黄连素显著抑制鱼藤酮处理的SHSY5Y细胞中ROS的产生。因此,以上实验表明黄连素能够通过减少PD模型细胞中ROS的产生,起到抗氧化应激的作用,最终减少PD的发生。
核因子-红细胞2型相关因子(Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)是一种主要的真核氧化还原活性转录因子,在被氧化应激激活时,与抗氧化反应元件(Antioxidant response element,ARE)结合并激活ARE调节基因的转录。ARE调节基因的激活有助于细胞抗氧化防御系统的调节及细胞保护基因的转录[30]。ARE基因的调控区,包括Ⅱ期解毒酶以及抗氧化蛋白,包括谷胱甘肽-S转移酶、铁蛋白和血红素加氧酶-1(Heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)等[31]。HO-1是一种由Nrf2调节的Ⅱ期抗氧化酶,是一种重要的诱导性应激反应蛋白,可将血红蛋白转化为CO、Fe2+和胆绿素,并将上述产物还原为胆红素,从而发挥抗氧化、抗炎、抗凋亡等作用[32]。因此,Nrf2诱导的HO-1表达被认为是最重要的细胞内抗氧化机制之一[33]。研究表明Nrf2/HO-1系统可能对黑质多巴胺神经元具有神经保护作用[34-36]。ZHANG C 等[37]用低剂量(0.12~16μmol/L)黄连素处理PC12细胞24 h,然后与或不与250μmol/L 6-OHDA一起孵育24 h。后用MTT法测定细胞活力,结果表明低剂量黄连素显著保护PC12细胞免受6-OHDA诱导的细胞死亡。此外,实验还证明低剂量的黄连素通过上调了6-OHDA诱导的PC12细胞中HO-1和Nrf2蛋白的表达水平,从而发挥神经保护作用。因此,以上研究说明了黄连素能够通过上调HO-1和Nrf2蛋白的表达水平,激活Nrf2/HO-1抗氧化途径的兴奋机制,发挥对黑质多巴胺神经元神经保护作用,从而起到对PD的神经保护作用。
B型单胺氧化酶(MAO-B)是人类大脑中代谢多巴胺的主要酶,MAO-B介导的多巴胺代谢途径导致过氧化氢(Hydrogen peroxide,H2 O2)的产生,会导致氧化应激和ROS介导的PD患者的损伤[38]。KONG L D等[39]研究发现,黄连甲醇提取物药根碱及黄连素对大鼠脑线粒体MAO-B有抑制作用,从而影响大脑中多巴胺的代谢途径,进而对PD患者的损伤具有积极作用。
线粒体是细胞进行有氧呼吸的主要场所,被称为细胞的“发电厂”[40]。线粒体功能障碍包括线粒体生物能量缺陷、线粒体脱氧核糖核酸(Deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA)突变、与线粒体相关的核DNA基因突变和线粒体动力学变化。其中线粒体动力学调节钙稳态、细胞凋亡和呼吸。线粒体钙的增加耗散线粒体膜电位,损害离子稳态和三磷酸腺苷(Adenosine triphosphate,ATP)的合成[41-42],从而影响神经细胞的能量供应和生物途径,最终导致神经细胞的损失或死亡[43]。研究表明,多巴胺能神经退行性变是由于线粒体功能障碍引起的,PD是线粒体功能障碍和多巴胺能神经元变性的结果[44-45]。因此,减少线粒体损伤可作为PD的治疗靶点。DENG H等[29]用黄连素作用于20μmol/L鱼藤酮诱导的SHSY5Y细胞,后用荧光测定的方法测定线粒体跨膜电位数值,结果表明黄连素能够减少鱼藤酮诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞线粒体跨膜电位的耗散,恢复SH-SY5Y细胞中线粒体功能来对抗鱼藤酮诱导的细胞毒性。FRIEDEMANNT等[46]用黄连提取物及其主要生物碱预处理SH-SY5Y细胞处理24 h,后再用1.5 mmol/L 1-甲基-4-丙烯基吡啶(MPP+)处理24 h,结果证明了与MPP+对照组相比,黄连提取物及其主要生物碱能够通过显著减弱了MPP+诱导的ATP损伤,从而改善了线粒体功能。以上实验证明了,黄连提取物及其主要生物碱能够改善PD模型细胞的线粒体功能障碍,从而对PD起到神经保护作用。
炎症是一种针对致病刺激或组织损伤的高度调节机制,旨在保护宿主免受损伤病原体的伤害,并促进组织修复。当PD大脑发生炎症反应时,大脑中活化的小胶质细胞和T淋巴细胞浸润的发生以及促炎细胞因子如肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、干扰素-γ(Interferon-γ,IFN-γ),及脑和脑脊液中的炎性介质如白细胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)和白细胞介蛋白-1β(Interleukin-1β,IL-1β)等的表达驱动组织炎性,进而对多巴胺能神经元造成损害[47-49],这表明炎症参与PD发病机制。LI J J等[50]将68例PD患者随机分为观察组和对照组(每组34个)。对照组患者按照PD诊断和治疗指南进行常规治疗。观察组在对照组治疗的基础上,给予黄连素治疗。连续治疗3个月后,应用酶联免疫吸附法测定白细胞介素-8(Interleukin-8,IL-8)、IL-6和TNF-α水平。结果证明运用黄连素治疗后,观察组的IL-8、IL-6和TNF-α水平低于对照组。此外,NEGAHDAR F等[51]在单侧蛛网膜下腔6-OHDA植入大鼠手术前2 d开始接受剂量为25 mg/kg或50 mg/kg的黄连素,处理频次为间隔24 h 3次。实验结果表明,50 mg/kg的黄连素可能降低了大鼠大脑中炎症介质的水平。因此,实验结果表明,黄连素能够降低PD患者中促炎因子及炎性介质的水平,减少炎症的发生,从而对PD起到保护作用。
核苷酸结合寡聚结构域富含亮氨酸重复序列和pyrin结构域的 3 型(Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domainleucine-rich repeat-pyrin domain-containing 3 type,NLRP3)炎症小体是存在于小胶质细胞中的一种多蛋白炎症复合物,其主要由NLRP3、含有胱天蛋白酶激活募集结构域的凋亡相关斑点样蛋白和胱天蛋白酶-1(Caspase-1,CASP1)组成。在炎症反应过程中,NLRP3炎症小体的激活导致CASP1裂解为裂解的CASP1,导致IL-1β和白细胞介素-18(Interleukin-18,IL-18)等的成熟和分泌,这些分泌的促炎细胞因子通过与相应的细胞受体结合进一步放大炎症反应,从而诱导神经炎症和神经元死亡[52]。研究表明,α-突触核蛋白聚集可能激活炎症小体,特别NLRP3炎症小体,其通过分泌促炎细胞因子来加剧中枢神经系统的炎症。且有研究表明NLRP3炎症小体与PD严重程度有关[53]。HUANG SX等[54]用免疫组织学代表性图像统计图发现,与对照组相比,1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)诱导小鼠在黑质中表现出显著更高的NLRP3炎症小体表达。而与MPTP组相比,MPTP和黄连素处理的小鼠NLRP3炎症小体的表达显著降低。此外,实验还发现,200μmol/L的MPP+增加了BV2细胞中NLRP3炎症小体的阳性细胞的表达,而12.5、25和50μmol/L浓度的黄连素处理,降低了NLRP3炎症小体的阳性细胞的表达。因此,实验证明了,黄连素能够减少PD模型细胞中NLRP3炎症小体的表达,降低炎症的水平,从而对PD起到保护作用。
尽管各种类型的细胞死亡参与了PD的发病机制,但细胞凋亡被认为起着最重要的作用[55]。B细胞淋巴瘤-2基因(B cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)是一种癌基因,具有明显的抑制细胞凋亡的作用。Bcl-2蛋白家族可分为三类:促凋亡和抗凋亡蛋白以及仅含BH3的蛋白。Bcl-2家族蛋白Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bcl-2-associated X protein,Bax)是含有BH1-3结构域的促凋亡蛋白。在正常条件下,细胞色素C仅存在于线粒体膜间间隙。Bcl-2家族的抗凋亡成员通过稳定线粒体膜屏障功能来阻止细胞色素C的释放,而促凋亡成员倾向于通过使线粒体外膜通透性增加来诱导细胞色素C释放,并与凋亡蛋白酶激活因子1相互作用,寡聚形成凋亡小体[56-57]。凋亡小体随后激活胱天蛋白酶 -9(Caspase-9,CASP9)和胱天蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3,CASP3)以诱导线粒体依赖性凋亡。线粒体的凋亡进一步影响神经细胞的能量供应和生物途径,最终导致神经细胞的损失或死亡,从而导致多巴胺能神经元变性。此外,在PD患者死后大脑的黑质致密部神经元中观察到促凋亡成员Bax积聚[58],并且在含有路易氏小体的神经元中检测到富含Bax的内含物[59]。而且另有研究表明α突触核蛋白过表达降低了Bcl-2并增加了Bax水平[60]。因此,这些证据表明PD的发生是由于Bcl-2与Bax之间的平衡被破坏,Bcl-2与Bax的比率降低。由此可知,靶向Bcl-2蛋白可能是治疗PD的有效策略[61]。KIM M等[62]在MPTP/丙磺酸钠(P)诱导PD小鼠模型中发现,注射MPTP/P后PD小鼠海马中海马齿状回中裂解的CASP3阳性细胞数量增加,而用不同剂量黄连素(20、50、80 mg/kg)治疗后PD小鼠则减少了这些数量。此外,PD小鼠模型中发现Bax与Bcl-2的比率增加,而不同剂量黄连素治疗后增强了PD小鼠Bcl-2的表达,降低了Bax的表达,从而降低了Bax/Bcl-2比率。证明PD加速了凋亡神经元的死亡,但黄连素处理减弱了PD诱导的海马细胞凋亡,因此,黄连素可能是缓解PD记忆障碍的一种潜在治疗药物。ZHANG C等[37]将PC12细胞用指定浓度的黄连素(0.5、1、2μmol/L)处理24 h,然后将250μmol/L 6-OHDA再添加到细胞中24 h,并通过蛋白质印迹检测裂解的CASP3、CASP3和Bcl-2的蛋白质水平,结果表明在PC12细胞中裂解的CASP3表达水平降低,增加了总CASP3和Bcl-2表达水平,并降低了CASP3的活性。FRIEDEMANN T等[46]用1.5 mmol/L MPP+处理SH-SY5Y细胞24 h后,细胞凋亡率从培养基对照组的4.2% ±0.3%显著增加到13.8% ±1.0%。而与MPP+对照组相比,25μg/mL黄连提取物预处理24 h可将细胞凋亡显著减弱至8.2% ±6.0%,实验说明了黄连提取物能够显著降低细胞凋亡。因此,以上实验证明了黄连及其提取物能够抑制细胞的凋亡,从而发挥对PD的神经保护作用。
自噬是真核细胞通过溶酶体自我降解的进化保守过程,在细胞生存、增殖和死亡中起着至关重要的作用。自噬是一种进化的稳态细胞过程,可能有助于维持内部环境的稳态。自噬可以降解大部分细胞质甚至整个细胞器,包括由α-突触核蛋白组成的神经元内蛋白的致病性聚集。自噬的多步骤过程由一系列自噬相关基因启动和介导,如beclin 1(BECN1)和微管相关蛋白1轻链3β(MAP1LC3B)[63]。此外,细胞自噬缺乏导致α-突触核蛋白的聚集体增加,进一步引起自噬体的途径失败和积累[64],导致神经炎症和PD样症状增加[65]。由此证明,自噬可能对PD具有保护作用[66]。HUANG SX等[54]实验证明与对照组相比,MPTP诱导的小鼠BECN1和MAP1LC3B-Ⅱ的表达显著降低,与而MPTP组相比,MPTP加黄连素处理的小鼠表现出BECN1和MAP1LC3B-Ⅱ的表达显著增加。此外,实验证明了200μmol/L的MPP+显著降低了BV2细胞中MAP1LC3B的阳性细胞和点状细胞,而在加用12.5、25和50μmol/L浓度的黄连素作用下,增加了阳性细胞和线状细胞。因此,实验结果表明,黄连素通过增加自噬基因的表达,促进细胞自噬,减少α-突触核蛋白的聚集,以保护多巴胺能神经元免受退化,这表明黄连素可能是治疗PD的潜在疗法。
AMP活化蛋白激酶(Adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase,AMPK)是生物能量代谢的关键分子,是调节自噬的关键因素,也是细胞内能量应激的主要传感器,能够感知和响应能量变化,对能量稳态至关重要[67]。AMPK有7种异构体(α1、α2、β1、β2、γ1、γ2和γ3),是一种异三聚蛋白激酶,涉及α催化亚基、支架β亚基和调节γ亚基的结构。AMPK激活通过对unc-51样激酶1(Unc-51-like kinase 1,ULK1)磷酸化,导致自噬的启动[68]。通过用PD中两种常用且最具代表性的靶向AMPK的自噬激活剂对PD模型生物细胞中AMPK的研究,表明AMPK激活具有广泛的神经保护作用[69-70],因此PD相关AMPK依赖性通路的激活可能会减少神经退行性变,并最终抑制PD的进展。DENG H等[71]选择了30 mg/kg MPTP的剂量来建立慢性PD小鼠模型,结果显示与对照组相比,在MPTP处理的小鼠的黑质中,用20 mg/kg黄连素治疗后观察到MAP1LC3B-Ⅱ的蛋白质水平显著升高。此外,也证明了与对照组相比,黄连素治疗组磷酸化AMPK蛋白水平显著上调。因此,实验证明黄连素通过AMPK依赖性途径增强自噬活性,对MPTP诱导的多巴胺能神经元损伤起到保护作用,从而对PD的治疗起作用。
四氢生物蝶呤(Tetrahydrobiopterin,BH4)是一种天然存在的营养素,是多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素等生物合成酶的重要辅助因子。苯丙氨酸-酪氨酸-多巴-多巴胺通路是大脑产生多巴胺的通路[72]。在这个过程中,酪氨酸羟化酶(Tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)作为合成多巴胺的限速酶将酪氨酸羟基化并以BH4为辅酶产生左旋多巴(Levodopa,L-多巴)[73]。L-多巴通过循环进入大脑,转化为多巴胺。多巴胺是一种主要的神经递质,主要在脑神经元细胞中合成,其在大脑中的水平与大脑功能密切相关。多巴胺合成途径的中断会导致PD的发生[74]。WANG Y等[75]首先将粪肠球菌或肠球菌移植到PD小鼠体内,结果证明细菌显著增加了小鼠的大脑多巴胺并改善了PD表现,因此,肠道微生物群可能通过脑肠轴激活肠道神经,进而增加大脑纹状体的多巴胺水平。随后实验证明了黄连素与细菌联合治疗PD小鼠效果优于单独细菌治疗,说明了黄连对PD的治疗具有积极的作用。最终,实验结果表明了口服黄连素通过促进肠道微生物群中BH4的生物合成,增强了TH产生L-多巴的活性,提高血液和大脑多巴或多巴胺的浓度,为黄连素治疗PD提供了理论依据。
到目前为止,PD的发病机制仍未明确,但是氧化应激、线粒体功能障碍、神经炎症、细胞凋亡、肠道微生态失调等因素的作用可能引起大脑神经元细胞变性、死亡,最终导致PD。黄连具有抗病毒、抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化、抗癌等多方面的功效,但其具有的抗炎、抗氧化应激、线粒体保护等药理作用可能影响PD的进展过程,从而起到神经保护的作用,这表明黄连具有防治PD的潜力。对于PD而言,相对于西药的起效快、靶点特异性强的优势,中药则具有多靶点、多通路、多信号、多成分的特点。黄连作为传统中药,作为一种潜在的多靶点、多通路、多信号的具有神经保护作用的中药,研究证明其对于PD疗效显著,因此,黄连治疗PD是有良好的应用前景。但黄连对PD的治疗研究目前仍较少,并且其如何影响PD的发生和发展还有待于深入研究。此外,对其毒性、安全性需要我们尤为注意,如KWON I H等[76]实验证明长期使用黄连素也会导致6-OHDA损伤大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元细胞的变性。因此,长期使用黄连进行PD治疗时,需要监测是否存在不良症状。由于黄连素在中枢神经系统中积累的趋势以及作为一种后果的潜在神经毒性风险[77]。因此,使用黄连时,进行进一步安全性评估是非常有必要的。最后,目前仍需要进一步深入研究黄连防治PD发挥保护作用的机制及长期使用黄连对PD的毒性损害,为更安全地开发和利用黄连对PD的神经保护活性奠定基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金地区科学基金项目(82060888)
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2025年第43卷第7期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.035
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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国家自然科学基金地区科学基金项目(82060888)
作者信息
    1.广西中医药大学,广西 南宁 530200
    2.广西中医药大学附属瑞康医院,广西 南宁 530011
    3.重庆医科大学第一附属医院第一分院,重庆 400015

通讯作者:

文晓东(1973-),男,广西合浦人,副主任医师,博士,研究方向:帕金森病的中西医结合诊治。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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