Article(id=1322924033628569955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923268038078806, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339268356, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1744214400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339268356, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339268356, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339268356, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322923268038078806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1744214400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339085826, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340586453, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929562572686061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923268038078806, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929562572686062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923268038078806, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=155, endPage=161, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322924034815557990, articleId=1322924033628569955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Study on Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Metabolites by Guizhi Fuling Pill(桂枝茯苓丸)in Mice with Adenomyosis, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the potential mechanism of Guizhi Fuling Pill(桂枝茯苓丸,GFW)in the treatment of adenomyosis(AM)by combining gut microbiota and metabolomics technology.

Methods

Seven-week-old ICR mice were randomized assigned to the control,model and GFW groups. The AM model was developed by the allogeneic pituitary transplantation method. The three groups were sacrificed after 8 weeks of intragastric administration. Histopathological changes of the mice uterus were evaluated,and the frequency and amplitude of uterine contraction in vitro were detected.16SrRNA gene sequencing was utilized to compare the changes in the Alpha and Beta diversity of the intestinal flora before and after GFW intervention,and to screen the differential gut microbiota. The changes of gut metabolites after GFW treatment were explored using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS). Correlation analysis was performed on the differential microbiota and metabolites to find out the possible mechanism of GFW regulating AM,followed by experimental validation.

Results

HE staining confirmed that the AM model was successfully formed. Compared with those of the model group,the amplitude of uterine contraction in vitro was significantly decreased after GFW treatment(P<0.05),and the contraction frequency showed a downward trend. The Alpha diversity of gut microbiota showed that there was no significant difference in Observed species and Ace index among the three groups. The distribution of gut microbiota varied significantly between the control and model groups,according to the Beta diversity results. GFW treatment was able to modulate the gut flora composition of AM mice to varying degrees. Further analysis indicated that the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Bacteroides in the intestine of AM mice was significantly down-regulated(P<0.01,P<0.01),whereas the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Tenericutes was significantly up-regulated(P<0.05,P<0.05). After GFW intervention,the abundance of Tenericutes,Mycoplasma and Enterorhabdus was significantly decreased(P<0.05,P<0.05,P<0.01),while Parabacteroides was significantly increased(P<0.05). The results of metabolomics screening proved that the AM mice had 22 intestinal differential metabolites related to oxidative stress,immunity and uterine smooth muscle contraction,such as prostaglandin D3,glutamic acid,tryptophan,hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and stercobilin. Correlation analysis displayed parts of the gut microbiota were significantly correlated with the metabolites. Subsequent experimental verified the levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and interleukin-17(IL-17)were significantly higher in AM mice. The GFW treatment demonstrated a significant reduction in expression levels of ROSand TNF-α.

Conclusion

GFW can improve uterine smooth muscle contraction,oxidative stress and immune response in AM mice,which may be related to the regulation of gut microbiota and intestinal metabolites. Its specific regulatory mechanism needs to be confirmed by further studies.

, authors=Shidan LIU1, 2, Peipei CHEN2, Xianyun FU2, Shaobin WEI1, 3, Kun WANG2, Minmin CHEN2, authorsList=Shidan LIU, Peipei CHEN, Xianyun FU, Shaobin WEI, Kun WANG, Minmin CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xianyun FU, Shaobin WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322924042851844478, articleId=1322924033628569955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=桂枝茯苓丸对子宫腺肌病小鼠肠道菌群和代谢物的调节作用研究, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

联合肠道菌群组学和代谢组学技术探索桂枝茯苓丸(Guizhi Fuling Pill,GFW)干预子宫腺肌病(adenomyosis,AM)的潜在机制。

方法

7周龄雌性ICR小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和GFW组,采用同种异体垂体移植法造模,3组分别灌胃给药8周后处死。评价小鼠子宫组织病理学变化并检测离体子宫收缩频率和波幅。采用16SrRNA基因测序技术对比GFW干预前后肠道菌群Alpha及Beta多样性变化,筛选差异肠道菌群。采用液相色谱-质谱(liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,LC-MS)技术探索GFW干预后肠道代谢产物的变化。对差异菌群及差异代谢物进行相关性分析,寻找GFW调控AM的可能机制,并进行实验验证。

结果

HE染色结果证实成功形成AM模型。与模型组相比,给予GFW治疗后体外子宫收缩波幅明显降低(P<0.05),收缩频率呈下降趋势。肠道菌群Alpha多样性显示3组样本间的Observed species指数、Ace指数差异均无统计学意义;Beta多样性结果表明,对照组和模型组样本肠道菌群分布有显著差异,GFW治疗后能一定程度回调AM小鼠的肠道菌群组成。进一步研究表明,AM小鼠肠道中拟杆菌门、拟杆菌属丰度显著下调(P<0.01,P<0.01),厚壁菌门、柔壁菌门相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.05)。经GFW干预后,柔壁菌门、支原体属以及肠杆菌属丰度显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.05,P<0.01),而副拟杆菌属相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05)。代谢组学筛选结果证实AM模型小鼠具有22种与氧化应激、免疫及子宫平滑肌收缩等相关的肠道差异代谢物,如前列腺素D3、谷氨酸、色氨酸、羟基二十碳四烯酸、粪胆素等。相关性分析显示,部分肠道菌群与代谢物之间存在显著相关性。实验验证结果证实,AM小鼠子宫组织中存在活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factorα,TNF-α)、白介素-17(interleukin 17,IL-17)表达水平的上调,经GFW治疗后ROS及TNF-α的表达水平回调。

结论

GFW可改善AM小鼠子宫平滑肌收缩、氧化应激和免疫反应,其作用可能与调控AM小鼠肠道菌群及肠道代谢物有关。其具体调控机制尚待进一步的研究证实。

, authors=刘士丹1, 2, 陈佩佩2, 付先芸2, 魏绍斌1, 3, 王坤2, 陈敏敏2, authorsList=刘士丹, 陈佩佩, 付先芸, 魏绍斌, 王坤, 陈敏敏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=付先芸, 魏绍斌, authorNote=

刘士丹(1998-),女,湖北宜昌人,硕士在读,研究方药:中药药理。

, correspAuthorsNote=
付先芸(1976-),女,湖北宜昌人,副教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:慢性盆腔疼痛。E-mail:。
魏绍斌(1957-),女,四川成都人,教授、主任医师,博士研究生导师,学士,研究方向:中医药防治妇科疼痛、炎症性疾病的临床与实验研究。E-mail:。
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序号代谢物分子式m/zRT/(min)Scan mode模型组/对照组GFW组/模型组
VIP趋势VIP趋势
1D-TryptophanC11H12N2O2204.096.67+1.66↑**1.32↓#
2L-MethionineC5H11NO2S149.051.79+1.84↑**2.19↓##
3L-Glutamic acidC5H9NO4147.051.22+1.58↑**1.61↓##
4gamma-GlutamylmethionineC10H18N2O5S261.075.32+2.02↑**1.81↓#
5O-Phospho-L-serineC3H8NO6P185.011.21+1.77↑*1.81↓#
68,15-DiHETEC20H32O4336.2315.15+1.11↑*1.01↓#
7trans-3-Indoleacrylic acidC11H9NO2187.066.67+1.66↑**1.32↓#
8N-Acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acidC9H9NO4195.051.85+1.66↑**1.43↓#
9Glycerol-3-phosphateC3H9O6P172.011.18+1.77↓*2.17↑#
105-Hydroxy-L-TryptophanC11H12N2O3220.086.67+1.56↑**1.34↓#
11N4-AcetylcytidineC11H15N3O6285.092.02+2.36↓*2.22↑#
12StercobilinC33H46N4O6594.3410.20+3.15↓**3.90↑##
13PG(16∶0/16∶0)C38H75O10P722.5116.13-2.37↑**2.16↓##
142,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acidC7H6O4154.037.17-1.57↑*1.20↓#
15L-SerineC3H7NO3105.041.27-1.61↑**1.47↓#
16Citric acidC6H8O7192.031.08-1.84↑*2.16↓##
17A-Ketoglutaric AcidC5H6O5146.021.17-1.39↑*1.29↓#
185-Aminovaleric acidC5H11NO2117.081.38-1.66↑**1.44↓#
19Prostaglandin D3C20H30O5350.218.20-1.83↓**1.33↑#
208-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acidC20H32O3320.2413.47-1.59↑*1.83↓#
21N-Glycolylneuraminic acidC11H19NO10325.101.21-1.35↑*1.45↓#
227-MethylxanthineC6H6N4O2166.051.21-2.34↑**2.51↓##
), ArticleFig(id=1322924077689733593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322924033628569955, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

GFW调控AM小鼠差异代谢物鉴定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号代谢物分子式m/zRT/(min)Scan mode模型组/对照组GFW组/模型组
VIP趋势VIP趋势
1D-TryptophanC11H12N2O2204.096.67+1.66↑**1.32↓#
2L-MethionineC5H11NO2S149.051.79+1.84↑**2.19↓##
3L-Glutamic acidC5H9NO4147.051.22+1.58↑**1.61↓##
4gamma-GlutamylmethionineC10H18N2O5S261.075.32+2.02↑**1.81↓#
5O-Phospho-L-serineC3H8NO6P185.011.21+1.77↑*1.81↓#
68,15-DiHETEC20H32O4336.2315.15+1.11↑*1.01↓#
7trans-3-Indoleacrylic acidC11H9NO2187.066.67+1.66↑**1.32↓#
8N-Acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acidC9H9NO4195.051.85+1.66↑**1.43↓#
9Glycerol-3-phosphateC3H9O6P172.011.18+1.77↓*2.17↑#
105-Hydroxy-L-TryptophanC11H12N2O3220.086.67+1.56↑**1.34↓#
11N4-AcetylcytidineC11H15N3O6285.092.02+2.36↓*2.22↑#
12StercobilinC33H46N4O6594.3410.20+3.15↓**3.90↑##
13PG(16∶0/16∶0)C38H75O10P722.5116.13-2.37↑**2.16↓##
142,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acidC7H6O4154.037.17-1.57↑*1.20↓#
15L-SerineC3H7NO3105.041.27-1.61↑**1.47↓#
16Citric acidC6H8O7192.031.08-1.84↑*2.16↓##
17A-Ketoglutaric AcidC5H6O5146.021.17-1.39↑*1.29↓#
185-Aminovaleric acidC5H11NO2117.081.38-1.66↑**1.44↓#
19Prostaglandin D3C20H30O5350.218.20-1.83↓**1.33↑#
208-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acidC20H32O3320.2413.47-1.59↑*1.83↓#
21N-Glycolylneuraminic acidC11H19NO10325.101.21-1.35↑*1.45↓#
227-MethylxanthineC6H6N4O2166.051.21-2.34↑**2.51↓##
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桂枝茯苓丸对子宫腺肌病小鼠肠道菌群和代谢物的调节作用研究
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刘士丹 1, 2 , 陈佩佩 2 , 付先芸 2 , 魏绍斌 1, 3 , 王坤 2 , 陈敏敏 2
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(4): 155-161
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (4) : 155 -161
桂枝茯苓丸对子宫腺肌病小鼠肠道菌群和代谢物的调节作用研究
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刘士丹1, 2, 陈佩佩2, 付先芸2 , 魏绍斌1, 3 , 王坤2, 陈敏敏2
作者信息
  • 1.成都中医药大学附属医院代谢性疾病中医药调控四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 610072
  • 2.三峡大学国家中医药管理局中药药理三级实验室,三峡大学健康医学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 3.成都中医药大学附属医院,四川 成都 610072
通讯作者:
付先芸(1976-),女,湖北宜昌人,副教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:慢性盆腔疼痛。E-mail:。
魏绍斌(1957-),女,四川成都人,教授、主任医师,博士研究生导师,学士,研究方向:中医药防治妇科疼痛、炎症性疾病的临床与实验研究。E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘士丹(1998-),女,湖北宜昌人,硕士在读,研究方药:中药药理。

Study on Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Metabolites by Guizhi Fuling Pill(桂枝茯苓丸)in Mice with Adenomyosis
Shidan LIU1, 2, Peipei CHEN2, Xianyun FU2 , Shaobin WEI1, 3 , Kun WANG2, Minmin CHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1.TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
  • 2.Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China
  • 3.Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2025-04-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.025
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目的

联合肠道菌群组学和代谢组学技术探索桂枝茯苓丸(Guizhi Fuling Pill,GFW)干预子宫腺肌病(adenomyosis,AM)的潜在机制。

方法

7周龄雌性ICR小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和GFW组,采用同种异体垂体移植法造模,3组分别灌胃给药8周后处死。评价小鼠子宫组织病理学变化并检测离体子宫收缩频率和波幅。采用16SrRNA基因测序技术对比GFW干预前后肠道菌群Alpha及Beta多样性变化,筛选差异肠道菌群。采用液相色谱-质谱(liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,LC-MS)技术探索GFW干预后肠道代谢产物的变化。对差异菌群及差异代谢物进行相关性分析,寻找GFW调控AM的可能机制,并进行实验验证。

结果

HE染色结果证实成功形成AM模型。与模型组相比,给予GFW治疗后体外子宫收缩波幅明显降低(P<0.05),收缩频率呈下降趋势。肠道菌群Alpha多样性显示3组样本间的Observed species指数、Ace指数差异均无统计学意义;Beta多样性结果表明,对照组和模型组样本肠道菌群分布有显著差异,GFW治疗后能一定程度回调AM小鼠的肠道菌群组成。进一步研究表明,AM小鼠肠道中拟杆菌门、拟杆菌属丰度显著下调(P<0.01,P<0.01),厚壁菌门、柔壁菌门相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.05)。经GFW干预后,柔壁菌门、支原体属以及肠杆菌属丰度显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.05,P<0.01),而副拟杆菌属相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05)。代谢组学筛选结果证实AM模型小鼠具有22种与氧化应激、免疫及子宫平滑肌收缩等相关的肠道差异代谢物,如前列腺素D3、谷氨酸、色氨酸、羟基二十碳四烯酸、粪胆素等。相关性分析显示,部分肠道菌群与代谢物之间存在显著相关性。实验验证结果证实,AM小鼠子宫组织中存在活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factorα,TNF-α)、白介素-17(interleukin 17,IL-17)表达水平的上调,经GFW治疗后ROS及TNF-α的表达水平回调。

结论

GFW可改善AM小鼠子宫平滑肌收缩、氧化应激和免疫反应,其作用可能与调控AM小鼠肠道菌群及肠道代谢物有关。其具体调控机制尚待进一步的研究证实。

子宫腺肌病  /  桂枝茯苓丸  /  肠道菌群组学  /  代谢组学
Objective

To explore the potential mechanism of Guizhi Fuling Pill(桂枝茯苓丸,GFW)in the treatment of adenomyosis(AM)by combining gut microbiota and metabolomics technology.

Methods

Seven-week-old ICR mice were randomized assigned to the control,model and GFW groups. The AM model was developed by the allogeneic pituitary transplantation method. The three groups were sacrificed after 8 weeks of intragastric administration. Histopathological changes of the mice uterus were evaluated,and the frequency and amplitude of uterine contraction in vitro were detected.16SrRNA gene sequencing was utilized to compare the changes in the Alpha and Beta diversity of the intestinal flora before and after GFW intervention,and to screen the differential gut microbiota. The changes of gut metabolites after GFW treatment were explored using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS). Correlation analysis was performed on the differential microbiota and metabolites to find out the possible mechanism of GFW regulating AM,followed by experimental validation.

Results

HE staining confirmed that the AM model was successfully formed. Compared with those of the model group,the amplitude of uterine contraction in vitro was significantly decreased after GFW treatment(P<0.05),and the contraction frequency showed a downward trend. The Alpha diversity of gut microbiota showed that there was no significant difference in Observed species and Ace index among the three groups. The distribution of gut microbiota varied significantly between the control and model groups,according to the Beta diversity results. GFW treatment was able to modulate the gut flora composition of AM mice to varying degrees. Further analysis indicated that the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Bacteroides in the intestine of AM mice was significantly down-regulated(P<0.01,P<0.01),whereas the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Tenericutes was significantly up-regulated(P<0.05,P<0.05). After GFW intervention,the abundance of Tenericutes,Mycoplasma and Enterorhabdus was significantly decreased(P<0.05,P<0.05,P<0.01),while Parabacteroides was significantly increased(P<0.05). The results of metabolomics screening proved that the AM mice had 22 intestinal differential metabolites related to oxidative stress,immunity and uterine smooth muscle contraction,such as prostaglandin D3,glutamic acid,tryptophan,hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and stercobilin. Correlation analysis displayed parts of the gut microbiota were significantly correlated with the metabolites. Subsequent experimental verified the levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and interleukin-17(IL-17)were significantly higher in AM mice. The GFW treatment demonstrated a significant reduction in expression levels of ROSand TNF-α.

Conclusion

GFW can improve uterine smooth muscle contraction,oxidative stress and immune response in AM mice,which may be related to the regulation of gut microbiota and intestinal metabolites. Its specific regulatory mechanism needs to be confirmed by further studies.

adenomyosis  /  Guizhi Fuling Pill(桂枝茯苓丸)  /  gut microbiota  /  metabolomics
刘士丹, 陈佩佩, 付先芸, 魏绍斌, 王坤, 陈敏敏. 桂枝茯苓丸对子宫腺肌病小鼠肠道菌群和代谢物的调节作用研究. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (4) : 155 -161 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.025
Shidan LIU, Peipei CHEN, Xianyun FU, Shaobin WEI, Kun WANG, Minmin CHEN. Study on Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Metabolites by Guizhi Fuling Pill(桂枝茯苓丸)in Mice with Adenomyosis[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (4) : 155 -161 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.025
子宫腺肌病(adenomyosis,AM)是一种雌激素依赖的妇科疾病,其特征是由腺体和间质组成的子宫内膜样组织侵入子宫肌层[1]。90%的AM患者伴有痛经、月经量增多、生育能力低下、盆腔疼痛等症状[2-3],严重影响患者的生活质量。目前临床上常采用非甾体抗炎药、激素类药物和手术方法来缓解患者疼痛和异常子宫出血,但存在疗效差、易复发、价格高昂、妊娠结局不良等局限性,尚未获得满意的治疗效果[4]。桂枝茯苓丸(Guizhi Fuling Pill,GFW)是《金匮要略》的经典名方,由桂枝、茯苓、牡丹皮、赤芍、桃仁5味药组成,因其显著改善AM痛经症状、减轻病理浸润水平而不干扰生殖内分泌而在AM中广泛运用[5],其治疗机制日益引起研究者的关注。
近年来,越来越多的证据表明,肠道菌群在调节免疫、维持代谢稳态、抵御病原体感染等方面发挥着重要作用[6-7]。另有研究者证实,肠道菌群失调可导致循环中雌激素的紊乱,与子宫的某些病理变化有关[8]。CHADCHAN SB等[9]发现子宫内膜异位症小鼠的粪便中肠道菌群发生明显改变,将患病小鼠的粪便注入正常小鼠可导致异位子宫内膜的发生。作为一类雌激素依赖、与慢性促炎状态密切相关的疾病,肠道菌群与AM的关系尚待进一步确证。
代谢物作为细胞新陈代谢过程中的最终产物,能够直接准确地反映机体健康或者疾病状态。有研究者认为,肠道代谢物是肠道菌群干预人体生理功能的重要媒介[10]。目前,基于肠-肝轴、肠-脑轴的疾病的影响机制及中医药的干预机制已广泛开展[11-12]。因此,本研究尝试以肠-子宫轴为切入点,结合肠道菌群和代谢组学技术探索GFW干预AM的潜在机制,为中医药治疗AM的研究提供新的视角。
ICR雌性小鼠18只,7周龄,体质量26~29 g,由北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司提供,许可证号:SCXK(京)2016-0006。实验动物饲养于SPF级实验室,室温(22±2)℃,相对湿度55%~65%,光照/暗循环12 h。本实验方案经三峡大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号:2019080I)
GFW免煎颗粒购自北京康仁堂制药有限公司,由桂枝(批号19026231)、茯苓(批号19027291)、牡丹皮(批号19004891)、赤芍(批号19019661)、桃仁(批号19006412)按1∶1∶1∶1∶1组成;ROS染液(批号D7008)购自美国Sigma公司;TNF-α抗体(批号17590-1-AP)、IL-17抗体(批号13082-1-AP)购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司;4%多聚甲醛(批号G1101)、FITC标记山羊抗兔lgG抗体(批号GB22303)、DAPI染色试剂(批号G1012)、抗荧光猝灭封片剂(批号G1401)购于武汉塞维尔生物科技有限公司。
BL-420F生物机能实验系统(成都泰盟科技有限公司);D3024R低温离心机(美国Scilogex公司);Vanquish UHPLC色谱仪及Q ExactiveTM HF质谱仪(德国Thermo Fisher公司);Hypesil Gold column色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.9 μm;美国Thermo Fisher公司)。
适应性喂养1周后,将ICR小鼠随机分为3组(n=6):对照组、模型组以及GFW组。对照组小鼠不做任何特殊处理,其余两组小鼠采用课题组前期造模方法构建AM模型[13],具体方法如下:取同龄的ICR雄性小鼠,引颈处死后开颅取垂体,制成垂体生理盐水混悬液;雌鼠腹腔注射丙泊酚注射液0.1 mg/g麻醉,下腹部消毒后于正中偏右纵向切口2 cm,分离出子宫,用套管针吸取垂体生理盐水混悬液缓慢推入其宫腔,并滴入庆大霉素溶液0.25 mL(1万U)防止感染,关腹。造模后,给药组根据人与小鼠体表面积换算法[14]确定桂枝茯苓丸给药剂量为4.25 g/kg,该剂量已经本课题组前期研究证实为有效剂量[5]。同时,对照组和模型组每天予以等量生理盐水灌胃。
灌胃8周后采用颈椎脱臼法处死小鼠,解剖取出子宫,用于后续实验;同时,取小鼠结肠粪便样本保存于-80℃冰箱中,用于肠道菌群和代谢组学分析。
子宫组织固定在4%多聚甲醛溶液中,经脱水、包埋、切片、染色后置于光学显微镜下观察子宫组织病理学变化。
将各组子宫组织浸泡在乐氏溶液中,并充入含95%O2和5%CO2的混合气体以维持其活力。实验过程中保持(37±0.1)℃恒温,子宫的一端稳固,另一端使用张力传感器连接到BL-420F生物机能实验系统。在承受1 g的初始负荷后,系统稳定至少45 min[15]。稳定后注射0.01 U/mL催产素,观察并测量子宫收缩频率和幅度,每次间隔60 s,共3次。
采用CTAB/SDS法提取小鼠粪便样本基因组DNA,使用琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA的纯度和浓度,取适量的样本DNA用无菌水稀释至1 ng/μL。以稀释后的DNA为模板,采用引物341F-806R扩增16S rRNA基因V3-V4可变区。扩增后的PCR产物按浓度进行等量混样,充分混匀后使用2%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测。使用TruSeq® DNA PCR-Free Sample Preparation Kit建库试剂盒构建文库,Qubit和Q-PCR进行文库定量,使用NovaSeq6000进行上机测序。对下机获得的数据进行序列拼接,再进行严格的过滤处理,最后去除嵌合体并根据97%的相似性对序列进行OTU聚类。
取100 mg粪便样品用液氮研磨充分,加入500 μL含0.1%甲酸的80%甲醇水溶液。在离心前,将混合物在冰浴上孵育5 min。取300 μL上清液,加150 μL LC-MS级水稀释至甲醇含量53%,于15 000 g、4℃条件下再次离心10 min,收集上清液,用LC-MS系统进行检测。从每个实验样本中取等体积样本混合制成质量控制(quality control,QC)样品,并在样品进样前、进样中、进样后进行上机检测,以确保系统稳定性和数据的可靠性。
采用Vanquish UHPLC色谱仪和QExactiveTM HF质谱仪进行代谢组学分析。将下机数据导入Compound Discover 3.1(CD 3.1,Thermo Fisher)软件中,进行保留时间、质荷比等参数的简单筛选,并对不同样品进行峰对齐、峰提取等操作,最后得到代谢物相对定量结果的二维数据矩阵。在使用SMICA 14.1软件进行多元统计分析之前,需对数据进行归一化处理,再进行无监督的主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和有监督的正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)。根据OPLS-DA分析得到的变量重要性投影值(variable importance projection,VIP)>1.0及t检验中P<0.05来筛选组间具有显著差异的代谢物。
子宫组织冷冻、切片,滴加ROS染色液置于37℃孵育30 min,PBS溶液冲洗3次,每次5 min,加入DAPI溶液,然后用抗荧光猝灭剂封片。使用荧光显微镜进行观察和拍照。
子宫石蜡切片脱蜡至水,置于EDTA抗原修复液中进行修复,组化笔画圈,滴加BSA封闭30 min,一抗/二抗孵育,DAPI复染细胞核,荧光显微镜下观察染色结果,用Image J软件计算平均荧光强度。
实验数据用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计学分析,采用Graph Pad Prism8.0绘制结果图片,数据以表示。多组间差异比较采用单因素方差分析,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
子宫组织病理切片证实本研究成功形成AM模型。如插页ⅩⅩⅪ图1A所示,对照组小鼠子宫肌层连续,腺体排列整齐,内膜结构无明显病理改变;与对照组相比,模型组小鼠子宫内膜与肌层界限不清晰,并可见内膜腺体及间质细胞浸润至深肌层(插页ⅩⅩⅪ图1B黑色箭头);经GFW治疗后,子宫内膜腺体的浸润程度减轻(插页ⅩⅩⅪ图1C)。
与模型组相比,给予GFW治疗后体外子宫收缩波幅明显降低(P<0.05,插页ⅩⅩⅪ图2A),而收缩频率呈下降趋势(插页ⅩⅩⅪ图2B)。由此表明,GFW具有缓解平滑肌痉挛的作用。
为了反映测序数据量是否合理,从样本中随机提取一定测序量的数据与对应的物种数来构建稀释曲线。如插页ⅩⅩⅪ图3A所示,随着测序数据量的增大,各组样本趋于平缓,表明测序深度充分,并间接反映样本中物种的丰富程度。Alpha多样性结果显示(插页ⅩⅩⅪ图3B),3组样本之间的Observed species指数、Ace指数差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Venn图可直观展示各组样本的物种分布情况,如插页ⅩⅩⅪ图3C所示,3组样本共有503个OTU,其中对照组、模型组以及GFW组分别独有84、127、97个OTU。使用加权Unifrac PCoA进行组间Beta多样性分析,如插页ⅩⅩⅪ图3D所示,对照组和模型组样本可显著分开,而GFW组位于两者之间,表明给药后能一定程度回调AM小鼠的肠道菌群组成。
在门水平上,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)丰度占总细菌门的90%以上,是绝对的优势菌门(插页ⅩⅩⅫ图4A)。造模后,AM小鼠肠道中拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)丰度显著降低(P<0.01),而厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门(F/B)比值高于对照组。此外,与对照组相比,模型组中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、柔壁菌门(Tenericutes)相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.05);经GFW干预后,柔壁菌门(Tenericutes)丰度显著降低(P<0.05,插页ⅩⅩⅫ图4B)。
进一步检测属水平上各组样本的物种组成,与对照组相比,模型组中拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)相对丰度明显减少(P<0.01),而药物干预后有升高趋势;与模型组相比,GFW治疗后副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides)相对丰度明显增加(P<0.05),支原体属(Mycoplasma)以及肠杆菌属(Enterorhabdus)相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),结果见插页ⅩⅩⅫ图4C-F。
粪便样本PCA分析结果显示(插页ⅩⅩⅩⅢ图5A、B),正、负离子模式下,QC样本均聚集在原点附近,表明各样本偏差较小,所得数据准确性高。对照组和模型组样本位于左右两侧,说明不同生理或病理状态下小鼠体内代谢物发生了显著的变化。经药物治疗后可见,GFW组能一定程度逆转AM模型小鼠的代谢轮廓,从而使其样本接近对照组。
为了进一步筛选GFW给药后小鼠体内的差异代谢物,分别建立对照组与模型组、模型组与GFW组之间的OPLS-DA判别模型。由插页ⅩⅩⅩⅢ图5C、D和插页ⅩⅩⅩⅣ图6A、B可见,对照组和模型组、模型组和GFW组样本均显著分开,说明两组代谢物之间存在差异。建立的模型解释能力参数分别为0.971、0.99,预测能力参数Q2分别为0.698、0.694,说明该模型具有较好的解释能力及预测能力。同时,置换检验结果显示(插页ⅩⅩⅩⅢ图5E、F和插页ⅩⅩⅩⅣ图6C、D),模型的斜率较大且Q2所在的回归线与纵坐标交于负半轴,证明模型稳定,未出现过拟合现象。
根据OPLS-DA模型中VIP>1及t检验中P<0.05的标准来筛选潜在的差异代谢物。通过HMDB(https://hmdb.ca)数据库进行信息匹配,共发现22种生物标志物,结果见表1。GFW给药后,D-色氨酸,L-蛋氨酸,L-谷氨酸,柠檬酸,8,15-二羟基二十碳四烯酸,5-羟基-L-色氨酸,L-丝氨酸,α-酮戊二酸等18种代谢物显著下调;粪胆素,N4-乙酰胞苷,前列腺素D3等4种代谢物显著上调。对潜在的差异代谢物进行聚类分析,并得到可视化热图(插页ⅩⅩⅩⅣ图7),热图颜色深浅可直观反映代谢物含量的高低,红色代表含量高,蓝色代表含量低。
基于Spearman相关系数法分析GFW治疗AM小鼠过程中肠道差异菌群与差异代谢物之间的联系,|r|>0.5、P<0.05被认为两者之间存在显著相关性,如插页ⅩⅩⅩⅤ图8所示,拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)与色氨酸及其代谢物呈负相关;肠杆菌属(Enterorhabdus)与L-蛋氨酸、L-丝氨酸、羟基二十碳四烯酸等呈正相关,与前列腺素D3、粪胆素呈负相关;乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)与L-谷氨酸、5-氨基戊酸呈正相关;支原体属(Mycoplasma)与8,15-二羟基二十碳四烯酸、柠檬酸呈正相关。
与对照组相比,模型组小鼠子宫组织中ROS荧光强度明显增强(P<0.05);与模型组相比,GFW治疗后ROS荧光强度显著降低(P<0.05),如插页ⅩⅩⅩⅤ图9所示。
与对照组相比,AM小鼠子宫组织中TNF-α、IL-17的表达量均明显增加(P<0.01,P<0.05);与模型组相比,GFW处理后TNF-α的表达显著降低(P<0.05),结果见插页ⅩⅩⅩⅥ图10。
AM伴随着进行性加重的痛经、慢性盆腔疼痛、月经量增多及不良妊娠结局,开发更有效的非激素类治疗药物以降低现有药物治疗的不良反应,仍需要进一步探索[16]。在中医学中,血瘀被认为是AM发病的关键致病因素。GFW是一种传统的治疗血瘀证的中药经典方,来源于《金匮要略》[17]。GFW因其能够在不影响正常内分泌功能的情况下缓解AM的痛经和慢性盆腔疼痛、改善妊娠预后[5],日益受到研究者的关注。我们的前期研究证实,GFW治疗后显著改善了AM小鼠子宫内膜腺体向肌层的侵袭程度[5]。目前对中医药的研究大多集中在单靶点机制上,未能充分阐明植物性药物的潜在作用。肠道菌群组学和代谢组学技术的发展,契合中医的整体观,为揭示中医药的干预作用提供了新的策略。本研究首次尝试从肠道菌群和代谢物的角度探讨GFW治疗AM的潜在机制。
本研究16SrRNA高通量测序的检测结果显示,AM组和对照组之间的β多样性具有显著差异,经过GFW治疗后β多样性趋近正常小鼠。进一步分析表明,拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门是肠道菌群的主要组成部分,占总细菌门的90%以上。与对照组相比,模型组的厚壁菌门相对丰度显著增加,拟杆菌门相对丰度显著减少。研究者证实,厚壁菌门的上调常常与子宫内膜异位症的晚期、较高的CA125水平、重度疼痛和不孕症相关[18]。作为一类特殊的子宫内膜异位症,我们在AM中获得了类似的研究结论。经GFW治疗后,厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门(包括拟杆菌属和副拟杆菌属)的相对丰度发生了回调,证实GFW有助于恢复肠道两种优势细菌的平衡。
柔壁菌门是一类独特的细菌,属于这个门研究最充分的包括支原体和解脲支原体[19]。子宫内膜异位症妇女宫颈拭子、腹膜液和活检病变中柔壁菌门水平均显著增加,研究者证实,其中的生殖支原体对免疫耐受的形成有关键作用[20]。支原体感染通过Toll样受体2信号通路增加腹膜间皮细胞中的炎症介质、黏附分子和基质金属蛋白酶-2表达,从而促进子宫内膜异位症的发展[21]。本研究发现,GFW可显著下调AM小鼠中异常增高的柔壁菌门(包括支原体属),可能是其调控AM的潜在机制。
色氨酸是人体的必需氨基酸,由连接到吲哚基团3位的β碳组成[22]。研究表明,子宫内膜异位症患者的色氨酸分解代谢增加[23]。本研究也证实,在AM小鼠的肠道中色氨酸及其代谢产物,如5-羟基-L-色氨酸(5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan,5-HTP)和3-吲哚丙烯酸显著上调。约95%的色氨酸通过犬尿氨酸(kynurenine,KYN)途径代谢,其中吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶(indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase,IDO)是关键的限速酶[24-25]。色氨酸在IDO的催化下转化为N-甲酰犬尿氨酸,随后通过犬尿氨酸甲酰胺酶水解成稳定的中间产物——KYN[26]。KYN、吲哚及其衍生物是芳香烃受体(aryl hydrocarbon receptor,AhR)的有效激动剂,可激活AhR致使子宫内膜肥大细胞产生IL-17和ROS[27],从而有利于子宫异位内膜植入期间的免疫耐受和促炎微环境的形成[23,28]。已有研究发现,桂枝茯苓胶囊可通过下调色氨酸、吲哚的表达水平,改善原发性痛经症状[29]。我们的动物实验结果表明,模型组中子宫组织局部的ROS及炎症因子TNF-α、IL-17表达水平显著升高,而GFW治疗后TNF-α和ROS水平明显降低,这表明GFW具有抗炎和抗氧化应激作用。我们推测这些效应可能与色氨酸代谢的调节有关。然而,需要进一步的实验来证实。
此外,1%~2%的色氨酸通过色氨酸羟化酶分解为5-HTP,而5-HTP是5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)生成的关键前体[30]。5-HT作为重要的生物活性物质,可促进成纤维细胞增殖,并通过血管收缩和平滑肌收缩参与AM的进展[31]。本结果表明,与模型组相比,色氨酸及其代谢物在GFW组中显著下调,伴随体外子宫的收缩频率和波幅明显降低,推测GFW能通过调控色氨酸代谢通路有效缓解平滑肌痉挛。但该结论仍有待进一步证实。
虽然色氨酸的产生主要依赖于天然食物来源,但其分解代谢部分受到肠道菌群的影响。具有色氨酸酶的肠道细菌,如乳杆菌属和拟杆菌属,已被证明在色氨酸产生吲哚衍生物的过程中发挥着关键作用[22,32]。在本研究中,与对照组相比,AM组乳杆菌属和肠杆菌属的表达明显上调,同时伴随着色氨酸分解产物的增加。但GFW治疗后,这一趋势被逆转。相关性分析结果表明,拟杆菌属与色氨酸代谢呈负相关,提示共生菌如乳杆菌属在调节色氨酸代谢方面存在复杂的相互作用。
本研究显示,AM小鼠体内含硫氨基酸水平显著升高,包括丝氨酸、蛋氨酸、γ-谷氨酰蛋氨酸和谷氨酸。丝氨酸是一种非必需氨基酸,在多种细胞功能中起着至关重要的作用[33]。丝氨酸可接受蛋氨酸转硫途径分解代谢的硫形成半胱氨酸。半胱氨酸在肿瘤细胞外主要以胱氨酸形式存在,经胱氨酸转运体转运至细胞内。由于细胞内呈高度还原状态,胱氨酸在细胞内被还原成半胱氨酸,参与合成谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)。GSH是调节细胞氧化还原稳态不可或缺的因素[34-35]。多项研究证实,GSH生物合成增加与肿瘤细胞的高转移和增殖呈正相关[36-37]。作为一类有肿瘤样异常增殖能力的疾病,AM患者的子宫肌层谷氨酸、GSH和氧化GSH均显著上调[38]。与此类似,本实验在AM小鼠中观察到肠道代谢物丝氨酸、蛋氨酸、谷氨酸等含硫氨基酸大量增加。
相关性结果显示,含硫氨基酸与肠杆菌属和乳杆菌属呈显著正相关。含硫氨基酸与硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate-reducing bacteria,SRB)密切相关,SRB参与了所有硫的主要代谢,是驱动硫生物循环的主要动力。研究证实,SRB可通过硫酸盐渗透酶激活硫酸盐转运,并在有氧环境下通过NADPH-亚硫酸盐还原酶参与亚硫酸盐还原反应,从而促进半胱氨酸的产生[39]。厚壁菌门乳杆菌属是一种SRB,已被证实与宫颈阴道灌洗液中半胱氨酸的浓度呈正相关[40]。这可能与乳杆菌中含有编码半胱氨酸β-合成酶和半胱氨酸γ-裂解酶的基因簇,通过反转硫途径将丝氨酸和蛋氨酸中的硫原子合成半胱氨酸有关[41]。本研究也证实,与对照组相比,AM小鼠肠道厚壁菌门乳杆菌属相对丰度与含硫氨基酸显著正相关。此外,本研究发现放线菌门的肠杆菌属与含硫氨基酸显著正相关。目前,虽然关于肠杆菌属的报道较少,但已经在放线菌门中检测到几种相关的SRB[42-43]。因此,推测肠杆菌属可能具有类似SRB的作用,但尚需进一步研究证实。进一步研究发现,GFW治疗后肠杆菌属和乳杆菌属的相对丰度降低,并伴随着含硫氨基酸的下调。因此推测GFW可通过SRB干预含硫氨基酸代谢。
前列腺素D3(prostaglandin D3,PGD3)在3组之间存在显著的差异。PGD3来源于二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)代谢。研究发现,内源性和外源性的EPA均可通过抑制炎症缓解子宫内膜异位症的发生[44]。EPA的摄入量与子宫内膜异位症发病率呈负相关,且血清EPA水平高的女性患子宫内膜异位症的可能性显著降低[45]。对AM小鼠的研究表明,与对照组相比,模型组中EPA的下游产物PGD3明显减少而花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)的代谢产物羟基二十碳四烯酸及8,15-二羟基二十碳四烯酸均显著增加。AA是最丰富的多不饱和脂肪酸之一,主要通过在巨噬细胞内形成具有生物活性的脂质参与炎症反应[46]。前期研究表明,抑制AA代谢产生的炎症介质可以改善小鼠子宫内膜异位的发生[47]。同时,AA代谢水平异常升高可引起子宫平滑肌收缩和血管收缩,导致痛经症状[48]。现有研究证实,活血化瘀类中药桂枝茯苓胶囊可以下调原发性痛经中亚油酸、花生四烯酸代谢,从而改善临床症状[29]。本研究证实,GFW给药后AA代谢产物表达明显降低。
AA代谢产物与支原体属和肠杆菌属呈显著正相关。有研究者认为,支原体感染会导致宫颈炎、盆腔炎、子宫内膜异位症等炎性疾病的发生[49],其原因可能是支原体分泌的磷脂酶A2可促进AA生成,有利于前列腺素的合成,进而加剧炎症反应[50]。而肠杆菌属作为红蝽菌科家族的一员,已被报道与较高的IL-1β水平有关[51]。研究发现,细胞因子IL-1β可激活磷脂酶A2,导致AA释放和炎症因子分泌[52],并参与了子宫内膜细胞与腹膜的黏附、血管生成以及子宫内膜异位病变的增殖[53]。因此,推测GFW可能通过降低支原体属和肠杆菌属的丰度来调节AA代谢,从而在AM小鼠中发挥抗炎作用。
综上,本研究通过16SrRNA基因测序和代谢组学研究了GFW对AM小鼠肠道菌群和代谢物的干预作用。结果表明,与对照组相比,AM小鼠存在明显的肠道菌群失衡和代谢产物异常。GFW治疗AM的作用可能是通过肠-子宫轴调节肠道代谢紊乱,从而改善子宫平滑肌收缩、氧化应激和免疫反应,该研究为中医治疗AM的潜在机制提供了新的见解。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(81973897)
  • 成都中医药大学附属医院代谢性疾病中医药调控四川省重点实验室开放基金项目(SZKF202206)
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2025年第43卷第4期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.025
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-04-10
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(81973897)
成都中医药大学附属医院代谢性疾病中医药调控四川省重点实验室开放基金项目(SZKF202206)
作者信息
    1.成都中医药大学附属医院代谢性疾病中医药调控四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 610072
    2.三峡大学国家中医药管理局中药药理三级实验室,三峡大学健康医学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
    3.成都中医药大学附属医院,四川 成都 610072

通讯作者:

付先芸(1976-),女,湖北宜昌人,副教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:慢性盆腔疼痛。E-mail:。
魏绍斌(1957-),女,四川成都人,教授、主任医师,博士研究生导师,学士,研究方向:中医药防治妇科疼痛、炎症性疾病的临床与实验研究。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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