Article(id=1322923741189120542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923490592043032, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339198633, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339198633, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339198633, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339198633, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322923490592043032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1746806400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339138887, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340572227, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929502539612595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923490592043032, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929502539612596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923490592043032, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=94, endPage=98, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322923741390447135, articleId=1322923741189120542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Discussion on Pathological Mechanism of Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease Based on Theory of “Stomach Preponderance and Spleen Weakness”, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The term“Stomach Preponderance and Spleen Weakness”was initially used to explain the pathological mechanism of“spleen constipation syndrome”in which the spleen's inability to properly transport body fluids leads to abnormal fluid distribution,resulting in insufficient fluid supply to the intestines and causing constipation. Over time,this concept evolved to describe a broader state of impaired Qi dynamics,where spleen deficiency disrupts the proper transportation and transformation of fluids. This leads to fluid accumulation in the stomach,stagnation,and subsequent heat generation due to fluid retention. The pattern of“Stomach Preponderance and Spleen Weakness”is linked to dysfunction in the spleen and stomach in three key areas:transport and absorption,the regulation of ascending and descending,and the balance of moistening and drying. These dysfunctions form an important pathological basis for the onset of gastrointestinal and various visceral diseases. Gastrointestinal dysfunction is a common non-motor symptom(NMS)in Parkinson's disease(PD),manifesting in both the prodromal and disease stages. Key symptoms include difficulty swallowing,excessive salivation,delayed gastric emptying,bloating,and constipation. Gastrointestinal dysfunction is an important pathological factor in the development of PD,and its mechanisms are related to disturbances in the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites,damage to the intestinal barrier,inflammatory responses,and the aggregation ofα-synuclein(α-syn)in both the intestines and the central nervous system(CNS). Excessive dietary intake or a deficiency in spleen Qi can lead to food stagnation in the stomach,preventing timely discharge and triggering pathological changes such as dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota and activation of inflammatory responses. The failure of the stomach's descending function and obstruction can lead to the stagnation of heart and lung Qi in the upper body,while the spleen's weakened ability to lift results in dysfunction of liver and kidney essence. This may delay intestinal transit,increase intestinal permeability,and promote the translocation of pathogen metabolites,along with other pathological changes. Dampness in the spleen or excessive dryness in the stomach can damage the intestinal barrier,resulting in inflammation andα-syn accumulation.“Stomach Preponderance and Spleen Weakness”is closely associated with the occurrence of gastrointestinal dysfunction in PD. Exploring the relationship between these concepts can deepen the understanding of PD from a Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)perspective and offer new insights for clinical differentiation and treatment strategies.

, authors=Binghan ZHANG, Ning LI, Jifa LIU, Yuhua JIANG, Jingjing LEI, Yeteng JING, Jinsheng YANG, authorsList=Binghan ZHANG, Ning LI, Jifa LIU, Yuhua JIANG, Jingjing LEI, Yeteng JING, Jinsheng YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jinsheng YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322923741751157280, articleId=1322923741189120542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=基于“胃强脾弱”理论探讨帕金森病胃肠功能障碍的病理机制, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

“胃强脾弱”最初用于阐释“脾约证”津液输布失常,肠腑不得津液濡润致大便秘结的病理机制,后被引申为脾虚不能行津液,留于胃中郁而化火的气机失调状态。“胃强脾弱”与脾胃运纳、升降、润燥3个方面功能失调相关,是胃肠及多种脏腑发病的重要病理机制。胃肠功能障碍是帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)前驱期与疾病期皆可出现的典型非运动症状(Non-motor Symptoms,NMS),以吞咽困难、唾液过多、胃排空延迟、腹胀和便秘为主要症状,是PD发生发展的重要病理环节,其病理机制与肠道微生物及其代谢物紊乱、肠道屏障受损及炎症反应、肠神经及中枢神经(Central Nervous System,CNS)α-突触核蛋白(α-synuclein,α-syn)聚集有关。胃受纳过多、脾运化不及可致饮食停于胃腑不能及时排出,引发肠道微生物代谢紊乱、炎症反应激活等病理改变。胃通降失和致心、肺气机均阻滞于上,脾升举无力则肝肾之精皆不上承,可致肠道运输时间延迟,引发肠道通透性增加、病原体代谢产物易位等病理改变。湿困于脾、胃燥盛伤阴可致肠道屏障功能受损,引发炎症反应及α-syn聚集。“胃强脾弱”与PD胃肠功能障碍发病密切相关,对二者关系的探讨可以深化疾病中医视角的理解,为临床辨证治疗提供新思路。

, authors=张冰晗, 李宁, 刘继法, 姜玉华, 雷晶晶, 荆业腾, 杨金生, authorsList=张冰晗, 李宁, 刘继法, 姜玉华, 雷晶晶, 荆业腾, 杨金生, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨金生, authorNote=

张冰晗(1996-),女,浙江丽水人,博士在读,研究方向:代谢性疾病的因机证治理论。

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杨金生(1964-),男,陕西宝鸡人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医基础理论、针灸技术标准、名医学术传承与临床。E-mail:。
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张冰晗(1996-),女,浙江丽水人,博士在读,研究方向:代谢性疾病的因机证治理论。

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张冰晗(1996-),女,浙江丽水人,博士在读,研究方向:代谢性疾病的因机证治理论。

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基于“胃强脾弱”理论探讨帕金森病胃肠功能障碍的病理机制
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张冰晗 , 李宁 , 刘继法 , 姜玉华 , 雷晶晶 , 荆业腾 , 杨金生
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(5): 94-98
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (5) : 94 -98
基于“胃强脾弱”理论探讨帕金森病胃肠功能障碍的病理机制
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张冰晗, 李宁, 刘继法, 姜玉华, 雷晶晶, 荆业腾, 杨金生
作者信息
  • 中国中医科学院中医基础理论研究所,北京 100700
通讯作者:
杨金生(1964-),男,陕西宝鸡人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医基础理论、针灸技术标准、名医学术传承与临床。E-mail:。
作者简介:

张冰晗(1996-),女,浙江丽水人,博士在读,研究方向:代谢性疾病的因机证治理论。

Discussion on Pathological Mechanism of Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease Based on Theory of “Stomach Preponderance and Spleen Weakness”
Binghan ZHANG, Ning LI, Jifa LIU, Yuhua JIANG, Jingjing LEI, Yeteng JING, Jinsheng YANG
Affiliations
  • Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine,China Academic of Chinese Medical Sciences,Beijing 100700,China
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.020
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“胃强脾弱”最初用于阐释“脾约证”津液输布失常,肠腑不得津液濡润致大便秘结的病理机制,后被引申为脾虚不能行津液,留于胃中郁而化火的气机失调状态。“胃强脾弱”与脾胃运纳、升降、润燥3个方面功能失调相关,是胃肠及多种脏腑发病的重要病理机制。胃肠功能障碍是帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)前驱期与疾病期皆可出现的典型非运动症状(Non-motor Symptoms,NMS),以吞咽困难、唾液过多、胃排空延迟、腹胀和便秘为主要症状,是PD发生发展的重要病理环节,其病理机制与肠道微生物及其代谢物紊乱、肠道屏障受损及炎症反应、肠神经及中枢神经(Central Nervous System,CNS)α-突触核蛋白(α-synuclein,α-syn)聚集有关。胃受纳过多、脾运化不及可致饮食停于胃腑不能及时排出,引发肠道微生物代谢紊乱、炎症反应激活等病理改变。胃通降失和致心、肺气机均阻滞于上,脾升举无力则肝肾之精皆不上承,可致肠道运输时间延迟,引发肠道通透性增加、病原体代谢产物易位等病理改变。湿困于脾、胃燥盛伤阴可致肠道屏障功能受损,引发炎症反应及α-syn聚集。“胃强脾弱”与PD胃肠功能障碍发病密切相关,对二者关系的探讨可以深化疾病中医视角的理解,为临床辨证治疗提供新思路。

帕金森病  /  非运动症状  /  胃肠功能障碍  /  胃强脾弱  /  半夏泻心汤

The term“Stomach Preponderance and Spleen Weakness”was initially used to explain the pathological mechanism of“spleen constipation syndrome”in which the spleen's inability to properly transport body fluids leads to abnormal fluid distribution,resulting in insufficient fluid supply to the intestines and causing constipation. Over time,this concept evolved to describe a broader state of impaired Qi dynamics,where spleen deficiency disrupts the proper transportation and transformation of fluids. This leads to fluid accumulation in the stomach,stagnation,and subsequent heat generation due to fluid retention. The pattern of“Stomach Preponderance and Spleen Weakness”is linked to dysfunction in the spleen and stomach in three key areas:transport and absorption,the regulation of ascending and descending,and the balance of moistening and drying. These dysfunctions form an important pathological basis for the onset of gastrointestinal and various visceral diseases. Gastrointestinal dysfunction is a common non-motor symptom(NMS)in Parkinson's disease(PD),manifesting in both the prodromal and disease stages. Key symptoms include difficulty swallowing,excessive salivation,delayed gastric emptying,bloating,and constipation. Gastrointestinal dysfunction is an important pathological factor in the development of PD,and its mechanisms are related to disturbances in the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites,damage to the intestinal barrier,inflammatory responses,and the aggregation ofα-synuclein(α-syn)in both the intestines and the central nervous system(CNS). Excessive dietary intake or a deficiency in spleen Qi can lead to food stagnation in the stomach,preventing timely discharge and triggering pathological changes such as dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota and activation of inflammatory responses. The failure of the stomach's descending function and obstruction can lead to the stagnation of heart and lung Qi in the upper body,while the spleen's weakened ability to lift results in dysfunction of liver and kidney essence. This may delay intestinal transit,increase intestinal permeability,and promote the translocation of pathogen metabolites,along with other pathological changes. Dampness in the spleen or excessive dryness in the stomach can damage the intestinal barrier,resulting in inflammation andα-syn accumulation.“Stomach Preponderance and Spleen Weakness”is closely associated with the occurrence of gastrointestinal dysfunction in PD. Exploring the relationship between these concepts can deepen the understanding of PD from a Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)perspective and offer new insights for clinical differentiation and treatment strategies.

Parkinson's disease  /  non-motor symptoms  /  gastrointestinal dysfunction  /  Stomach Preponderance and Spleen Weakness  /  Banxia Xiexin Decoction(半夏泻心汤)
张冰晗, 李宁, 刘继法, 姜玉华, 雷晶晶, 荆业腾, 杨金生. 基于“胃强脾弱”理论探讨帕金森病胃肠功能障碍的病理机制. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (5) : 94 -98 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.020
Binghan ZHANG, Ning LI, Jifa LIU, Yuhua JIANG, Jingjing LEI, Yeteng JING, Jinsheng YANG. Discussion on Pathological Mechanism of Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease Based on Theory of “Stomach Preponderance and Spleen Weakness”[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (5) : 94 -98 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.020
帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)是全球范围内常见的神经退行性疾病之一,临床以静止性震颤、运动迟缓、肌肉强直及姿势步态障碍为主要特征[1],并可伴有一系列非运动症状(Non-motor symptoms,NMS),如嗅觉障碍、失眠、便秘、抑郁、焦虑、认知障碍等[2]。NMS先于运动症状出现,胃肠功能障碍即是PD最早可见的NMS,可提前数十年出现,且伴随于PD的疾病期,包括吞咽困难、唾液过多、胃排空延迟、腹胀和便秘[3]。对于胃肠功能障碍的研究是PD预防及治疗的关键[4]。
脾、胃皆为后天之本,两者相反相成的生理特性共同作用于水谷精微的消化、吸收及输布[5]。胃强脾弱作为多种疾病的病理机制,动态展现了脾胃盛衰对疾病的影响。糖尿病(Diabetes mellitus,DM)、肠易激综合征(Irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)以胃强脾弱为重要病理环节,两种疾病与PD的发病密切相关[6-7]。胃肠功能障碍既是PD的起因,又是在PD影响下产生的结果,现代医学对其病理机制的研究已有一定成果,而中医还缺乏对其病机的研究。因此从胃强脾弱这一病机探讨PD胃肠功能障碍的病理机制,可以进一步从中医理论高度深化对其的理解。
胃为六腑之一,传化物而不藏,实而不能满。脾为五脏之一,藏精气而不泻,满而不能实。腑病多实,脏病多虚。胃实脾虚是人体固有的生理、病理特性[8],是胃强脾弱病理机制产生的基础。胃强脾弱首见于成无己解释《伤寒论》中“胃气强,小便数,大便硬”的脾约证,指的是津液输布失常,肠腑不得津液濡润,以致大便秘结的肠热脾约。后世经李中梓等医家补充了脾气虚不能为胃行津液,胃中津液停聚,郁而化火的胃热脾虚新认识[9]。
胃强可导致脾弱,胃强则受纳多,脾运化不及,日久则脾伤。脾弱可导致胃强,脾虚运化无权,日久则津液无所化,致胃燥愈盛。胃强与脾弱互相影响可导致胃食管反流病(Gastroesophageal reflux disease,GRED)[9]、非酒精性脂肪性肝病(Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)[10]、DM、IBS等多种疾病的发生,是中医阐述疾病发生的重要病理机制。DM、IBS与PD的发病密切相关[11]。DM,属中医消渴病的范畴,症见口渴多饮,饥饿多食[12],由过量饮食导致胃肠结热、销铄津液,久则脾运失常所致[6]。现代医学认为DM的产生与胰岛素抵抗(Insulin resistance,IR)[13]、高血糖[14]、肥胖[15]等因素相关,胃肠功能失常是其发生的关键因素[16],肠道微生物紊乱可加重IR使得病情加重[17],α-突触核蛋白(α-synuclein,α-syn)聚集的加速可能导致了高血糖与晚期糖化终产物的形成[11]。IBS,属于中医“腹痛”“泄泻”“便秘”等范畴,症见腹痛、腹胀、排便习惯、大便性状改变。由脾运化失司,胃肠津亏,久则聚湿成痰或湿热相搏所致[7]。研究发现,具有IBS样症状的PD患者肠内普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella)丰度较低[18],肠道微生物及其代谢物具有调节神经炎症、屏障功能和神经递质活性的作用,是PD发病的早期生物标志物[4]。PD、IBS、DM三者皆可见胃肠道病理改变,尤其是肠道微生物的紊乱,因此胃强脾弱可考虑作为PD胃肠功能障碍发生的病理机制。
PD属中医学“颤证”范畴,由饮食不节、情志不遂、劳欲过度、年老体衰等因素诱发,病在脑髓、筋脉、肝、脾、肾。颤证初期与肝阴不足、脾虚痰阻以及风痰瘀阻脉络有关,日久则肝脾肾受损,痰瘀互阻更甚[19]。PD病机复杂,并未形成明确统一的观点。结合风、火、痰、瘀病理因素的特点,肝脏功能失调一般被认为是PD发病的关键环节[20]。PD胃肠功能障碍作为PD的NMS,先于PD发生,伴随PD发展。肠肝轴、肠脑轴的存在提示了胃肠道功能紊乱对于PD发病的起始作用[21]。肝主疏泄,脾主运化,两者相互为用则消化功能正常。病理状态下肝脾相互影响,肝失疏泄可致脾失健运,脾失健运可致湿热蕴蒸于肝或肝血不足。肝胆互为表里,胆与胃同属六腑,与小肠一起共同完成对饮食物的消化作用。病理状态下胆、胃、小肠相互影响,胆失疏泄、肠道壅塞均可致胃气上逆,胃失和降可致腑气不通。胃、胆、小肠共病则可见中焦气机失调。脾胃与肝胆密切相关,互相影响。因此,脾胃功能失调是PD胃肠功能障碍的重要病理机制。
PD胃肠功能障碍见于全消化道,以吞咽困难、唾液过多、胃排空延迟、腹胀和便秘为主要症状[1],是脾胃功能失调的外在表现。《素问·痹论篇》曰:“饮食自倍,肠胃乃伤。”胃主受纳功能强盛则饮食过多,久之脾健运不及,饮食停于胃腑不能及时排出,可导致胃排空延迟、便秘。《四圣心源》曰:“脾升则肾肝亦升……胃降则心肺亦降。”胃强而不顺应降的特性,则导致心肺之气不下降,脾弱而不顺应升的特性,则肝肾之精不上承,导致吞咽困难、唾液过多、腹胀、便秘。《素问·经脉别论篇》曰:“食气入胃,散精于肝……饮入于胃,游溢精气。”脾胃为运化水谷精微之地,水谷精微是脾胃运纳、升降功能的物质基础,又以运纳、升降功能为动力。脾喜刚燥,胃喜柔润,脾阳与胃阴相互资生,若胃强则燥盛伤阴津液不足,若脾弱则湿困伤阳化生痰饮,加重运纳、升降功能障碍,加重上述症状。
可以看出,PD胃肠功能障碍症状与脾胃运纳、升降、润燥功能失调皆相关,胃强脾弱是其核心病机。
胃强则导致受纳过多,肠胃受到损伤。PD患者表现出的餐后对胃饥饿素(Ghrelin)功能反应的受损[22]及肠道内Prevotella减少[23]。Ghrelin具有诱导饱腹感的作用,研究发现食物摄入过量会导致Ghrelin被抑制[24]。Ghrelin除促进胃肠蠕动外,还参与确保生理黑质纹状体多巴胺活性[22],并可能限制PD的神经退行性变[25]。Ghrelin水平降低与Prevotella丰度呈正相关[26],Prevotella存在于结肠中,具有免疫调节作用,其减少表明了黏蛋白合成不足,增加了肠道通透性升高的可能性[27]。
脾弱则运化不及,摄入过量的饮食无法全部化生为水谷精微。研究发现,PD患者肠道内短链脂肪酸(Short-chain fatty acid,SCFA)含量减少[28]。SCFA是由饮食和肠道微生物共同作用产生的非直接代谢产物[29],是肠道微生物摄取能量的途径[30],SCFA可诱导肠道免疫球蛋白A(Immunoglobulin A,IgA)、白细胞介素-10(Interleukin-10,IL-10)的产生,具有维持和增强肠上皮完整性及抑制肠道炎症的功能[31],SCFA减少会导致能量摄入不足、肠道通透性增加、炎症反应激活等一系列病理改变。
脾胃为升降之枢纽,胃降则心肺降,胃强则通降失和,心肺之气亦不降,气机阻滞于上。心主神明,统血脉,肺主宣降,司呼吸,研究发现心肺功能失常可影响小肠受盛化物及大肠通降传导作用失常,导致食管内脏高敏感、小肠内细菌过度生长(Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth,SIBO)、一过性食管下括约肌松弛等症状[32]。SIBO和PD之间存在很强的关联,大约50%的患者被诊断为SIBO[1]。SIBO及肠道蠕动障碍可导致胃排空延迟、腹胀及便秘的发生[33]。便秘是PD的强危险因素之一,早于PD临床诊断数年发生[34],便秘使得肠道运输时间延长,PD患者结肠部位肠道通透性增加,消化道内由正常肠道微生物群产生的管腔促炎物质及肠道微生物的病原体代谢物脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)等易位突破免疫屏障,加剧了炎症和氧化应激反应[33]。
脾胃为升降之枢纽,脾升则肝肾升,脾弱则升举无力,肝肾之精亦不升,津液不上承。肝为刚脏,阳气用事,其气易上亢。肠道和肝脏的关系经由肠道屏障相连,肠道屏障的破坏会导致更多微生物或其代谢物进入肝脏[35]。LPS在肠道的易位是PD的环境触发因素[33],肠道屏障破坏后激活Toll样受体4(Toll-like Receptor 4,TLR4)作为LPS配体触发下游信号通路[36],促进PD患者肠道和大脑的炎症和氧化应激[37]。肝脏对LPS具有一定的清除作用[21],但肝脏功能失调后,肝损伤会反向损伤肠道屏障,LPS则会进一步向外逃逸,最终通过血脑屏障(Blood-brain barrier,BBB)引发更为严重的炎症反应[38]。《素问·宣明五气篇》曰:“脾为涎,肾为唾。”口腔的唾液与涎水由脾肾之精上承所化。PD胃肠功能障碍患者表现的唾液过多、吞咽困难为津不上承所致。吞咽分为口腔、咽和食道3个阶段唾液测定发现,PD患者唾液分泌量较非PD患者减少,唾液过多的原因可能由口咽运动迟缓和无法清除唾液分泌物引起[39]。贲门失弛缓症会导致吞咽困难,病理机制在于食管蠕动减弱及脑干核内神经元丧失[40]。
脾弱则湿困于脾,脾阳受损,津液停聚。消化道内IgA、抗菌肽、IL-10等抗炎物质的正常分泌[41],以及足量黏蛋白等物质对肠道屏障的保护[27],共同构成了消化道内的免疫防线。病理状态下,免疫防线被破坏表现为肠道通透性增加和微生物及病理代谢产物的易位,两种改变皆可导致的肠道神经元氧化损伤,进而引起α-syn聚集[33]。α-syn病理改变早于PD运动症状多年出现[34],被认为是PD的标志性指征。现代研究发现,消化道肌间神经元中α-syn聚集与肠神经系统(Enteric nervous system,ENS)的形态功能改变是PD患者消化道内两大病理变化[42],可导致吞咽困难、胃排空延迟、便秘的发生[40,43]。PD通过肠脑轴将大脑与肠道双向紧密联系[44],迷走神经是α-syn相关神经病理从ENS向中枢神经系统(Central nervous system,CNS)传播的主要途径[23],CNS可以通过肾上腺素能神经传递控制肠道微生物群,调节肠道蠕动和神经免疫串扰[37],α-syn聚集在CNS后会反向影响肠道,肠道微生物紊乱又加剧了α-Syn的聚集[45],不断加重病情。
此外,胃强则燥盛有余,胃阴不足,津液耗伤可能是解释阿克曼氏菌(Akkermansia)在PD患者肠道内争议作用的新思路。Akkermansia属于疣微菌属,在人类和小鼠等哺乳动物的肠道中定殖,Akkermansia的代谢产物与肠道屏障相互作用,具有保护肠道屏障、调节肠道和循环系统代谢及调节免疫的功能[46]。大量研究表明,Akkermansia缺乏与肥胖、糖尿病等多种疾病存在因果关系[47]。Akkermansia补充剂可以改善因肠道屏障受损所导致的LPS、肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(Interleukin-1β,IL-1β)易位[48]。在PD患者肠道中Akkermansia的增多则会导致肠道通透性增加,进而引发一系列炎症反应、α-Syn聚集等病理改变。现有研究对其解释为肠道生物膜存在于肠道黏膜层,由黏蛋白和微生物组成,黏蛋白是Akkermansia唯一的能量源,Akkermansia增多对于能量的需求会导致生物膜破裂,进而导致了肠道通透性增加[1]。胃喜润恶燥,胃燥则伤,从胃失濡润的角度对Akkermansia所处的肠内环境进行研究,也许能更好解释这一现象。
肠道微生物及其代谢物紊乱、肠道屏障受损及炎症反应、肠神经及CNS的α-Syn聚集是PD胃肠功能障碍的主要病理机制,PD的发病与消化道密切相关,胃肠功能障碍是PD最早可见的临床NMS,对胃肠功能障碍机制的研究有助于预防、阻止PD运动症状的发生、发展。现代医学治疗PD仍首选以左旋多巴为代表的多巴胺类药物[49],对胃肠功能障碍的治疗以对症治疗为主,如伊托必利、莫沙必利等促胃动力药物用于治疗胃轻瘫,鲁比前列酮等促泌剂改善便秘[50]等。近年来,中医辨证治疗PD的NMS研究越来越多,在胃肠功能障碍的治疗中,便秘引起了医家的普遍重视。针对PD伴有的便秘症状辨证施治,如肝肾阴虚型治以滋阴熄风方[51]或滋水涵木法组方[52]、肾阳虚型治以温阳补肾润肠方[53]、脾肾阳虚型治以润肠通便方[54]、肺胃郁热型治以宣肺降浊方[55]等。值得注意的是,中医辨证治疗PD伴随症状具有一定的效果,但尚未形成对伴随症状理法方药系统化的诊疗方案,并未凸显NMS症状出现对PD的预警作用。
半夏泻心汤(Banxia Xiexin Decoction,BXD)以调节脾胃气机为核心,全方辛开苦降、寒温并用、补泻兼施,是治疗以胃强脾弱为病机疾病的代表性方剂,具有除满消痞、辛温散寒、阴阳共调的功效[56]。现代研究发现该方具有保护消化道黏膜、抗炎杀菌、抗氧化应激、双向调节胃肠功能、调节肠道微生物等作用[57],广泛用于消化系统疾病的治疗[58]。BXD具有改善机体IR、糖脂代谢紊乱、肠道微生物失调的作用[59],可治疗DM,改善DM并发症,如DM伴认知功能障碍[60]、NAFLD[61]、胃轻瘫[62]等。对于另一类神经退行性变阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimner's disease,AD),BXD可以通过诱导小胶质细胞活化,降低NFκB/NLRP3-Caspase-1通路相关蛋白及其下游促炎因子IL-1β、白细胞介素-18(Interleukin-18,IL-18)的表达,发挥保护神经的作用[63]。BXD具有“脑肠同调”治疗疾病的巨大潜力,现已发现可用于慢性萎缩性胃炎(Chronic atrophic gastritis,CAG)和失眠[64]、重度抑郁症(Major depressive disorder,MDD)和溃疡性结肠炎(Ulcerative colitis,UC)[65]、IBS和MDD[66]的共同治疗。BXD对多种疾病具有异病同治的作用,现有研究并未涉及BXD对PD胃肠功能障碍的干预治疗,我们认为,对此方的研究可能是完善胃强脾弱理论对PD胃肠功能障碍影响作用的新思路。
脾胃为后天之本,气液生化之源,胃强脾弱产生的内在机理是脾胃运纳、升降、润燥功能的失调,从胃强脾弱理解PD胃肠功能障碍的病理机制,可以帮助深化对其中医视角的理解,为今后的规范化临床防治打下良好基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82141220)
  • 中国中医科学院科技创新工程项目(CI2021A00104)
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2025年第43卷第5期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.020
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-05-10
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国家自然科学基金项目(82141220)
中国中医科学院科技创新工程项目(CI2021A00104)
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    中国中医科学院中医基础理论研究所,北京 100700

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杨金生(1964-),男,陕西宝鸡人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医基础理论、针灸技术标准、名医学术传承与临床。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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