Article(id=1322923722461557306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923490592043032, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.030, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339194168, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339194168, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339194168, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339194168, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322923490592043032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1746806400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339138887, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340572227, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929502539612595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923490592043032, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929502539612596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923490592043032, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=164, endPage=167, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322923724000866876, articleId=1322923722461557306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Ruxiang(Frankincense)Toxicity Based on Theory of “Vinegar-Processing for Toxicity Reduction”, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ruxiang(Frankincense)is a traditional Chinese medicine that enhances blood circulation,reduces swelling and promotes muscle growth. It is rich in triterpenes,diterpenes,volatile oils and other chemical compounds. However,raw Ruxiang(Frankincense)is toxic and can cause adverse reactions such as allergic rhinitis,eczema,nausea,joint pain,diarrhea and fever. Ruxiang(Frankincense)shows toxicity in liver,heart,kidneys and embryos of experimental animals. This presents a significant challenge to its safe use and development in clinical settings.“Vinegar-processing into liver”as a traditional Chinese medicine processing theory is widespread in clinical applications. Nowadays,the toxicity of raw Ruxiang(Frankincense)is reduced by vinegar processing. Vinegar-processing Ruxiang(Frankincense)is the only processed product in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. It has lower irritability than raw Ruxiang(Frankincense). However,the toxic components of Ruxiang(Frankincense)are currently unknown,and the quality of the processed products is uneven. This paper reviewed a large number of ancient books and modern literature to study the toxicity and processing of Ruxiang(Frankincense). It collated and inducted relevant literature,elaborating on the clinical adverse reactions of Ruxiang(Frankincense),the toxic components,the current status of toxicology research and the research on processing technology and vinegar-processing for toxicity reduction mechanisms. It is expected to provide research ideas for quality evaluation,rational development,safe application and the mechanism of vinegar-processing to reduce the toxicity of Ruxiang(Frankincense). It is of great theoretical importance and practical value for the scientific interpretation of traditional processing theory and the optimization of the processing in traditional Chinese medicine.

, authors=Na LI, Yuan WANG, Jinqiu RAO, Kai WANG, Feng QIU, authorsList=Na LI, Yuan WANG, Jinqiu RAO, Kai WANG, Feng QIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Kai WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322923724336411197, articleId=1322923722461557306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=从“醋制减毒”理论探究乳香毒性研究进展, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

乳香为临床常用中药,具有活血定痛、消肿生肌的功效,富含三萜、二萜和挥发油等多种化学成分。然而乳香生品具有一定毒性,在临床使用过程中易引发过敏性鼻炎、湿疹、恶心、关节疼痛、腹泻和发热等不良反应,在实验动物层面也表现出肝脏、心脏、肾脏、胚胎等毒性,这为乳香的临床安全用药及发展带来极大挑战。“醋制入肝”这一传统中药炮制理论在临床应用广泛,近现代多通过醋制来降低乳香生品的毒性,而醋乳香作为《中华人民共和国药典》唯一收载炮制品,与生品相比刺激性小,但目前乳香毒性成分不明、炮制品质量参差不齐等问题层出不穷。通过查阅大量古籍及现代文献资料,对乳香毒性及炮制研究的相关文献进行整理、归纳,从乳香的临床不良反应、毒理学研究现状、毒性成分、炮制工艺研究现状以及醋制减毒机理等多方面进行阐述,期望为乳香的质量评价、合理开发、安全应用和醋制减毒机理等方面提供一定的研究思路,对于科学阐释中医药传统炮制理论及优化炮制工艺具有重要理论意义与实践价值。

, authors=李娜, 王园, 饶近秋, 王凯, 邱峰, authorsList=李娜, 王园, 饶近秋, 王凯, 邱峰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王凯, authorNote=

李娜(1999-),女,山东日照人,硕士,研究方向:中药毒理学。

, correspAuthorsNote=
王凯(1988-),女,河北衡水人,副教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药代谢及中药毒理学。E-mail:。
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李娜(1999-),女,山东日照人,硕士,研究方向:中药毒理学。

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李娜(1999-),女,山东日照人,硕士,研究方向:中药毒理学。

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从“醋制减毒”理论探究乳香毒性研究进展
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李娜 , 王园 , 饶近秋 , 王凯 , 邱峰
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(5): 164-167
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (5) : 164 -167
从“醋制减毒”理论探究乳香毒性研究进展
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李娜(1999-),女,山东日照人,硕士,研究方向:中药毒理学。

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李娜, 王园, 饶近秋, 王凯 , 邱峰
作者信息
  • 天津中医药大学中药学院,天津市中药功效物质重点实验室,天津 301617
通讯作者:
王凯(1988-),女,河北衡水人,副教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药代谢及中药毒理学。E-mail:。
作者简介:

李娜(1999-),女,山东日照人,硕士,研究方向:中药毒理学。

Research Progress of Ruxiang(Frankincense)Toxicity Based on Theory of “Vinegar-Processing for Toxicity Reduction”
Na LI, Yuan WANG, Jinqiu RAO, Kai WANG , Feng QIU
Affiliations
  • School of Chinese Materia Medica,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Tianjin 301617,China
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.030
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乳香为临床常用中药,具有活血定痛、消肿生肌的功效,富含三萜、二萜和挥发油等多种化学成分。然而乳香生品具有一定毒性,在临床使用过程中易引发过敏性鼻炎、湿疹、恶心、关节疼痛、腹泻和发热等不良反应,在实验动物层面也表现出肝脏、心脏、肾脏、胚胎等毒性,这为乳香的临床安全用药及发展带来极大挑战。“醋制入肝”这一传统中药炮制理论在临床应用广泛,近现代多通过醋制来降低乳香生品的毒性,而醋乳香作为《中华人民共和国药典》唯一收载炮制品,与生品相比刺激性小,但目前乳香毒性成分不明、炮制品质量参差不齐等问题层出不穷。通过查阅大量古籍及现代文献资料,对乳香毒性及炮制研究的相关文献进行整理、归纳,从乳香的临床不良反应、毒理学研究现状、毒性成分、炮制工艺研究现状以及醋制减毒机理等多方面进行阐述,期望为乳香的质量评价、合理开发、安全应用和醋制减毒机理等方面提供一定的研究思路,对于科学阐释中医药传统炮制理论及优化炮制工艺具有重要理论意义与实践价值。

乳香  /  醋制减毒  /  毒性成分

Ruxiang(Frankincense)is a traditional Chinese medicine that enhances blood circulation,reduces swelling and promotes muscle growth. It is rich in triterpenes,diterpenes,volatile oils and other chemical compounds. However,raw Ruxiang(Frankincense)is toxic and can cause adverse reactions such as allergic rhinitis,eczema,nausea,joint pain,diarrhea and fever. Ruxiang(Frankincense)shows toxicity in liver,heart,kidneys and embryos of experimental animals. This presents a significant challenge to its safe use and development in clinical settings.“Vinegar-processing into liver”as a traditional Chinese medicine processing theory is widespread in clinical applications. Nowadays,the toxicity of raw Ruxiang(Frankincense)is reduced by vinegar processing. Vinegar-processing Ruxiang(Frankincense)is the only processed product in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. It has lower irritability than raw Ruxiang(Frankincense). However,the toxic components of Ruxiang(Frankincense)are currently unknown,and the quality of the processed products is uneven. This paper reviewed a large number of ancient books and modern literature to study the toxicity and processing of Ruxiang(Frankincense). It collated and inducted relevant literature,elaborating on the clinical adverse reactions of Ruxiang(Frankincense),the toxic components,the current status of toxicology research and the research on processing technology and vinegar-processing for toxicity reduction mechanisms. It is expected to provide research ideas for quality evaluation,rational development,safe application and the mechanism of vinegar-processing to reduce the toxicity of Ruxiang(Frankincense). It is of great theoretical importance and practical value for the scientific interpretation of traditional processing theory and the optimization of the processing in traditional Chinese medicine.

Ruxiang(Frankincense)  /  vinegar-processing for toxicity reduction  /  toxic components
李娜, 王园, 饶近秋, 王凯, 邱峰. 从“醋制减毒”理论探究乳香毒性研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (5) : 164 -167 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.030
Na LI, Yuan WANG, Jinqiu RAO, Kai WANG, Feng QIU. Research Progress of Ruxiang(Frankincense)Toxicity Based on Theory of “Vinegar-Processing for Toxicity Reduction”[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (5) : 164 -167 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.030
乳香为橄榄科植物乳香树Boswellia carterii Birdw.及同属植物Boswellia bhaw-dajiana Birdw.树皮渗出的树脂,味辛、苦、温,归心、肝、脾经,具有抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗溃疡等药理活性,临床常用于治疗血瘀气滞诸痛、痈肿疮疡;主要含树脂60% ~70%,树胶27% ~35%,挥发油3% ~8%,其中萜类和挥发油为主要药效成分,在壮骨关节丸[1]、西黄丸[2]、脉管复康片[3]等中药制剂中应用广泛,易发生过敏性鼻炎、湿疹、胃肠道刺激等不良反应,具有肝脏、心脏、肾脏等毒性。近现代多通过醋制来降低乳香生品的毒性、增强活血止痛作用,但毒性成分不明、炮制品质量参差不齐等问题层出不穷,现对乳香毒性作用、炮制工艺研究现状以及醋制减毒机理等多方面进行探讨。
乳香的临床不良反应多发生在中成药外贴、汤剂和直接接触粉末后,以皮肤过敏为主,其次是过敏性鼻炎、湿疹、恶心、关节疼痛、腹泻和发热等[4-7],停药、抗过敏治疗后恢复,但现行药典未收载乳香为有毒中药,仅规定孕妇及胃弱者慎用,导致其临床安全性受到质疑。直接接触和服用乳香粉末易出现皮肤红肿、过敏性鼻炎及呼吸困难等现象[6-7];服用含乳香的伤湿止痛膏、活血消炎丸、脉管复康片后发生接触性皮疹[3,8];服用含乳香的独活寄生汤、三妙散合桃红四物汤后出现胃痛、恶心干呕的现象[9]。乳香油具有抗焦虑、镇痛等作用[10],但外敷易引起湿疹[11],浓度大于0.2 mg/mL时,对HaCaT细胞具有细胞毒性[12];家兔股四头肌注射乳香挥发油出现严重充血、组织坏死现象[13];乳香生品和清炒品因挥发油含量高易引起呕吐等不良反应[14],而另一项研究发现生乳香挥发油用至人常用量20~50倍无催吐作用[15],挥发油是否具有不良反应还需要深入研究。
乳没搽剂是以乳香、没药为主制成的酒精搽剂,有效成分含量为0.5 g/mL,研究发现乳没搽剂(60 g/kg)单次经皮给药未造成大鼠死亡,但连续28 d经皮给药乳没搽剂(20 g/kg)对大鼠有明显肝肾毒性,停药后恢复[16],大鼠连续灌胃乳香粉末(500 mg/kg)90 d无不良反应[17],但乳香甲醇提取物(1000 mg/kg)给药28 d发现大鼠平均红细胞血红蛋白(mean corpuscular hemoglobin,MCH)水平降低[18],乳香乙醇提取物给药180 d大鼠和犬的可逆性中毒、安全剂量分别为750和375 mg/kg[19],这提示在较低剂量下,乳香毒性作用不明显。而药典规定乳香日用量为3~5 g,远大于现有毒理学研究剂量,虽然乳香醇提取物毒性较小,但乳香以原药粉末入丸、散等制剂居多,明确乳香原药粉末的安全剂量范围及毒性物质基础显得尤为重要。
有关乳香肝毒性的报道很多,大鼠连续4周灌胃乳香及提取的总乳香酸(6 g生药/kg)后,发现乳香组出现血清谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate transaminase,AST)水平升高、肝脏系数增大、肝组织丙二醛的水平升高等明显肝毒性现象,而总乳香酸组未发现明显肝损伤[20];溃疡性结肠炎模型小鼠口服乳香甲醇提取物后出现明显肝肿大和脂肪变性现象,HepG2细胞实验也证实乳香具有肝毒性,可引起脂质代谢和代谢酶基因表达失调[21]。乳香、没药常常配伍使用,大鼠连续灌胃12周发现乳没合用的挥发油组(3 g生药/kg)无明显毒性反应,而生药、水提物、挥发油+水提物组(3 g生药/kg)均出现肝细胞空泡性病变的现象,推测挥发油可能无明显不良反应,损伤机制与过氧化应激途径有关[22];Beagle犬给药1个月后,发现乳没合用(0.70 g/kg)组出现胆汁淤积,血清碱性磷酸酶(alkaline posphatase,ALP)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)水平显著升高的现象[1];乳没合用的水、醇提取液可导致斑马鱼卵黄囊肿大、变形或变黑,水、醇提取液致斑马鱼100%死亡的浓度范围分别为150~1000、100~1000μg生药/mL[23]。
乳香还具有肾脏、胚胎及心脏毒性,无明显遗传毒性[20],大鼠连续灌胃28 d给予含37%总乳香酸的甲醇提取物出现肾小管变性现象[24];乳香甲醇提取物(4.78μg/mL)处理斑马鱼胚胎,发现在受精后48 h胚胎出现发育畸形的现象,受精后96 h出现体长缩短,引起心脏、鱼鳔和卵黄囊的发育畸形现象,胎心心率降低、心包水肿,胚胎死亡率呈时间、剂量依赖性,推测心脏毒性与心肌细胞凋亡有关[25]。
近年来乳香酸类成分的抗肿瘤作用关注度越来越高[18,26],研究发现乳香酸类成分对肝癌细胞(HepG2)、肺癌细胞(A549)和乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7)具有细胞毒性,其中乙酰基-11-酮基-β-乳香酸(3α-acetoxy-11-keto-β-boswellic acid,AKBA)、21α-hydroxy-3-acety-11-keto-βboswellic acid对A549肺癌细胞具有较高细胞毒性,半抑制浓度(half maximal inhibitory concentration,IC50)分别为19.81 μmol/L和28.56μmol/L[27]。AKBA作为主要药效成分[28],其毒性不容忽视,有研究发现AKBA 对HaCaT、NCTC2544、HFFF2细胞具有细胞毒性,原因可能与AKBA对细胞的促凋亡作用有关[29]。AKBA易通过氧化应激诱导斑马鱼的发育及心脏毒性,造成斑马鱼胚胎心包水肿、卵黄囊水肿、黑色素异常、脊柱弯曲、孵化抑制和体长缩短,引起心率降低,心包面积增加,血流速度降低,抑制心脏祖细胞基因表达[30]。3α-乙酰基-β-乳香酸(3α-acetoxy-β-boswellic acid,β-ABA)会抑制肿瘤生长,对MDA-MB-231细胞具有细胞毒性,IC50为5.9μmol/L[26]。乳香所含西松烷型二萜化合物Incensole oxide、Bosoartin C对PC12细胞也具有细胞毒性[31]。
挥发油是乳香发挥药效和香味的关键物质基础,α-蒎烯、芳樟醇、乙酸辛酯、桉叶油醇等挥发油成分都被报道过毒性[24-25,32],乙酸辛酯在乳香挥发油中含量最高,约占31.3%[33],乙酸辛酯(1.0 g/kg)可引起妊娠6~15 d的大鼠出现畸形胎儿现象[17]。α-蒎烯具有抗菌、抗炎等作用,在乳香挥发油中约占4.4%[33],α-蒎烯(200 mg/L)可降低人血细胞活力,具有细胞毒性[34]。芳樟醇具有遗传和胚胎毒性,在乳香挥发油中约占3.01%[35-36]。桉叶油醇约占乳香挥发油的1.53%[33],对MRC-5、HT-29和HCT116细胞均有细胞毒性[37];小鼠给予桉叶油醇(1750 mg/kg)出现镇静、震颤、腹泻和死亡的毒性症状,但大鼠连续给予桉叶油醇(100、500或1000 mg/kg)50 d未引起明显不良反应[38]。
乳香首载于《名医别录》,分为索马里乳香和埃塞俄比亚乳香,主产于埃塞俄比亚、索马里、苏丹、土耳其等地。乳香炮制始于唐代,醋制、炒制、酒制等炮制方法记载较多,《中华人民共和国药典》及各地炮制规范中应用最广的是醋乳香,但醋制时各地用醋量及炮制温度存在差异;其次是炒乳香、制乳香及去油乳香[39-54]。
醋是炮制常用辅料,《太平惠民和剂局方》曾记载“细研,入米醋一椀,熬令熟香”,醋乳香作为《中华人民共和国药典》唯一收载炮制品,与生品相比刺激性小,矫臭矫味,便于服用,能增强活血止痛、收敛生肌的功效。药典规定的醋制方法为取净乳香,加醋拌匀,焖透,置锅内炒至表面光亮,100 kg乳香,用醋5 kg;而南北方醋制乳香时的炮制温度及时间、炮制品颜色存在明显差异,近现代大多采用正交试验、结合多变量统计分析考察炮制时间和温度,优化醋制炮制工艺[39-40]。
乳香炒法中清炒[41]、麸炒[42]应用较多,其次是稻谷炒[43]、砂炒[44]、灯芯炒[45]、无名异炒[46]和乳香炭[47];清炒法指乳香文火加热,炒至冒烟,表面熔化显油亮光泽取出[48];麦麸有养胃健脾之功,可吸附挥发油,使药物受热均匀,乳香和麦麸拌匀后文火加热,炒至麦麸呈焦黄色,乳香呈黄色,香气溢出时取出,即得麸炒乳香[49]。酒味甘、辛、大热,可引药上行,增强通经络及活血化瘀作用[50],酒制乳香常采用加黄酒拌匀闷润1 h后100℃烘烤的方法[51]。除此之外,烘烤法[52]、水制法[53]及水火共制法[54]也有应用。
“醋制入肝”是中药的基本炮制理论之一,醋,又称酢,以米、高粱或酒酿制而成,味酸、苦,性温,具有收敛解毒、引药入肝的功效,先秦时期《五十二病方》中记载:“取商牢(商陆)渍醯(醋)中”,明代《本草通玄》记载“醋入肝收敛,敛极则散,内破症化积聚,皆用醋炒”。醋制法历史悠久,使用米醋居多,研究发现随陈放时间延长,米醋中活血成分川芎嗪、哈尔满碱、四氢哈尔满碱和麦角胺的含量明显上升[55]。醋制可降低很多中药中毒性萜类成分的含量,相比于生品,醋制狼毒可缓解小鼠腹泻症状,原因可能与毒性二萜类成分(Pekinenin G,Prostratin)含量下降有关[56];芫花醋制后可降低二萜类毒性成分苯甲酰氧瑞香毒素和芫花酯甲的生物利用度[57];有研究富集京大戟生品及醋制品中的Casbane型毒性二萜成分比较毒性大小,发现醋制品可通过改善肠道菌群紊乱降低毒性作用[58-60];商陆生品有毒,三萜皂苷类成分结构转化可能是醋制减毒存效的原因[61];甘遂易引起腹痛、腹泻等不良反应,醋制可降低毒性,缓和泻下作用,研究发现甘遂的二氯甲烷提取部分同时是药效和毒性部位,模拟醋制后,发现醋制后大部分萜类成分含量降低,推测是由于醋制使具癸二烯酰基的巨大戟烷型二萜由顺式结构转变为反式结构[62]。
乳香作为常用辅药,含有大量三萜、二萜、挥发油等化学成分,其中乳香酸类化合物为乳香最具有代表性的五环三萜类成分,研究发现很多三萜类成分对甲状腺癌、卵巢癌、乳腺癌等细胞系都具有细胞毒性[63]。研究发现乳香醋制后3-乙酰-β-乳香酸等成分含量下降,11-羰基-β-乳香酸、α-乳香酸和11-羰基-β-乙酰乳香酸的含量增多[64],乳香炮制后挥发油含量降低:生品>醋制品>清炒品[65]。另有研究发现,醋制后含11位羰基的乳香酸类成分含量降低,含9,11位去氢结构的乳香酸类成分含量升高,推测原因是醋制使11位羰基生成具有热稳定性的π-π共轭结构(9,11-去氢结构)[2];3位羟基乳香酸类成分含量降低、3位乙酰基乳香酸类成分含量升高的原因可能是3位羟基与米醋中乙酸酯类成分的乙酰基发生亲核取代反应导致的[66]。醋制后含量发生明显变化的化学成分是否与乳香的毒性作用相关还需要深入探讨,这有助于深入理解乳香炮制减毒的科学内涵,揭示醋制减毒机理,并在厘清这一关键问题的基础上进一步规范用醋量、炮制温度和时间、优化醋制工艺都是迫切需要解决的问题。
乳香作为传统中药,在治疗关节炎、镇痛等方面具有突出疗效,在抗肿瘤等方面前景广阔,但不良反应的发生限制了临床发展,临床上醋乳香应用广泛,醋制如何影响乳香化学成分变化、药效和毒性,即“醋制工艺-成分变化-减毒机理”的关联性还有待深入探讨。全国各地炮制规范也存在差异,迫切需要明确乳香的毒性成分,优化减毒炮制工艺,明确醋制减毒机理,使炮制工艺规范可控,制定科学合理的醋乳香质量标准,为合理开发乳香提供理论基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(81803615; 82474177)
  • 天津市企业科技特派员项目(23YDTPJC00730)
  • 天津市研究生科研创新项目(2022SKY224)
  • 天津中医药大学研究生科研创新项目(YJSKC-20221034)
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2025年第43卷第5期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.030
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-05-10
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国家自然科学基金项目(81803615; 82474177)
天津市企业科技特派员项目(23YDTPJC00730)
天津市研究生科研创新项目(2022SKY224)
天津中医药大学研究生科研创新项目(YJSKC-20221034)
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    天津中医药大学中药学院,天津市中药功效物质重点实验室,天津 301617

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王凯(1988-),女,河北衡水人,副教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药代谢及中药毒理学。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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