Article(id=1322923710931411189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923490592043032, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.032, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339191419, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339191419, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339191419, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339191419, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322923490592043032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1746806400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339138887, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340572227, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929502539612595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923490592043032, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929502539612596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923490592043032, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=172, endPage=182, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322923711128543478, articleId=1322923710931411189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Effects of Lingzhi(Ganoderma)and Prediction Analysis of Quality Marker, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Lingzhi(Ganoderma)is the dried fruiting body of Zhenjun Chizhi[Ganoderma lucidum(Leyss.ex Fr.)Karst.]or Zizhi(Ganoderma sinense Zhao,Xu et Zhang)of the polyporeaceae fungus,which is a traditional Chinese precious medicinal material and is listed as the top grade. At present,the types of compounds isolated from Lingzhi(Ganoderma)mainly include polysaccharides,triterpenoids,proteins,sterols,vitamins and trace elements,etc.,which have a wide range of biological activities and pharmacological effects,such as regulating immunity,anti-cancer,anti-oxidation,anti-aging,anti-inflammatory,etc. In this paper,the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of Lingzhi(Ganoderma)were reviewed,and the quality markers(QMarker)were predicted from multiple aspects,and the polysaccharides of Lingzhi(Ganoderma),total triterpenoids of Lingzhi(Ganoderma),Ganoderic acid A,Ganoderic acid B,Ganoderic acid C2,Ganoderic acid E,Ganoderma lucidum kettotriol,Ganoderma lucidum terpene diol,ergosterol,ergosterol peroxide,Ganoderma lucidum uridine,uracil,protein,amino acids,trace elements,vitamin components and heavy metal elements(Pb,Cd,As,Hg)and other components may become Q-Markers of Lingzhi(Ganoderma),which provides a basis for the quality control and evaluation of Lingzhi(Ganoderma).

, authors=Jing RAN1, Zunbao YAO2, Hui XU1, Wei ZHANG1, Xueyuan BAI1, authorsList=Jing RAN, Zunbao YAO, Hui XU, Wei ZHANG, Xueyuan BAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei ZHANG, Xueyuan BAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322923712336503039, articleId=1322923710931411189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=灵芝化学成分、药理作用及质量标志物预测分析, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

灵芝为多孔菌科真菌赤芝Ganoderma lucidum(Leyss.ex Fr.)Karst.或紫芝Ganoderma sinense Zhao,Xu et Zhang的干燥子实体,是中国传统名贵药材,被列为上品。目前从灵芝中分离得到的化合物种类主要有多糖类、三萜类、蛋白质、甾醇、维生素和微量元素等,这些成分都具有广泛的生物活性和药理作用,如调节免疫、抗癌、抗氧化、抗衰老、抗炎等。对灵芝的化学成分及其药理作用进行综述,并从多个方面进行其质量标志物(Quality marker,Q-Marker)的预测,初步确定灵芝多糖、灵芝总三萜、灵芝酸A、灵芝酸B、灵芝酸C2、灵芝酸E、灵芝酮三醇、灵芝萜烯二醇、麦角甾醇、过氧化麦角甾醇、灵芝尿苷、尿嘧啶、蛋白质、氨基酸、微量元素、维生素成分及重金属元素铅、镉、砷、汞等成分可能成为灵芝的质量标志物,为灵芝的质量控制与评价提供依据。

, authors=冉靖1, 姚遵宝2, 徐慧1, 张巍1, 白雪媛1, authorsList=冉靖, 姚遵宝, 徐慧, 张巍, 白雪媛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张巍, 白雪媛, authorNote=

冉靖(1999-),女,四川万源人,硕士,研究方向:中药分析与检验方法。

, correspAuthorsNote=
张巍(1980-),男,吉林通化人,副研究员,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药分析新方法与新技术。E-mail:。
白雪媛(1980-),女(满族),吉林辽源人,研究员,博士研究生导师,硕士,研究方向:中药传统功效生物学机制研究及产品开发。E-mail:。
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冉靖(1999-),女,四川万源人,硕士,研究方向:中药分析与检验方法。

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冉靖(1999-),女,四川万源人,硕士,研究方向:中药分析与检验方法。

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不同来源赤芝活性成分分析及质量评价[J]. 食用菌学报,2023,30(5):70-82., articleTitle=不同来源赤芝活性成分分析及质量评价, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322923734113329611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923710931411189, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=40, issue=1, pageStart=252, pageEnd=260, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[142], rfOrder=141, authorNames=张倩倩, 黄青, journalName=菌物学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张倩倩,黄青. 近红外光谱测定灵芝子实体多糖含量[J]. 菌物学报,2021,40(1):252-260., articleTitle=近红外光谱测定灵芝子实体多糖含量, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322923734172049868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923710931411189, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=18, issue=11, pageStart=63, pageEnd=67, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[143], rfOrder=142, authorNames=孙国强, 董金颖, 董建生, journalName=亚太传统医药, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙国强,董金颖,董建生,等. 灵芝菌丝体中三萜及甾醇含量测定方法研究[J]. 亚太传统医药,2022,18(11):63-67., articleTitle=灵芝菌丝体中三萜及甾醇含量测定方法研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322923734239158733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923710931411189, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=41, issue=2, pageStart=77, pageEnd=83, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[144], rfOrder=143, authorNames=林标声, 钟天明, 林佳慧, journalName=龙岩学院学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=林标声,钟天明,林佳慧,等. 基于LC-MS/MS技术的武平紫灵芝子实体化学成分分析[J]. 龙岩学院学报,2023,41(2):77-83., articleTitle=基于LC-MS/MS技术的武平紫灵芝子实体化学成分分析, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322923720507007293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923710931411189, awardId=2021YFD1600903-02, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1600903-02), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322923712592355584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923710931411189, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322923712600744193, 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编号化合物名称分子式文献
1ganoderiol DC30H48O5[16]
2ganoderiol FC30H46O3[16]
3ganoderiol EC30H48O4[16]
4ganoderic acid AC30H44O7[16-17]
5ganoderic acid BC30H44O7[16,18]
6ganoderic acid D2C30H42O8[16]
7lucidumol AC30H48O4[16,19]
8lucidadiolC30H48O3[16]
9ganoderiol AC30H50O4[16]
10lucidumol BC30H50O3[16]
11ganodermanondiolC30H48O3[16]
12lucidenic acid AC27H38O6[16,18]
13ganolucidic acid AC30H44O6[16-17]
14ganoderic acid JC30H42O7[16-17]
15methyl lucidenate AC28H40O6[16]
16ganoderic acid EC30H40O7[16-17]
17ganoderenic acid DC30H40O7[16-17]
18ganoderic acid FC32H42O9[16]
19ganodermanontriolC30H48O4[16]
20ganoderiol BC30H46O4[16]
21ganoderic acid CC30H48O7[16]
22lucidenic acid FC27H36O6[17]
2312-hydroxyganoderic acid DC30H42O8[17]
24ganoderic acid C2C30H46O7[17-18]
25ganoderic acid GC30H44O8[17-18]
26ganoderic acid HC32H44O9[17-18]
27ganoderic acid C6C30H42O8[17-18]
28lucidenic acid NC27H40O6[17-18]
29ganoderenic acid BC30H42O7[17-18]
30ganolucidic acid BC30H46O6[17]
31ganoderic acid KC32H46O9[17]
32ganoderic acid DC30H42O8[17]
33ganolucidic acid DC30H44O6[17]
34ganoderenic acid KC32H44O9[18]
35ganoderic acid GS-1C30H42O6[20]
36ganoderic acid GS-2C30H44O6[20]
37ganoderic acid GS-3C32H46O8[20]
38ganoderic acid Df23S-hydroxy-3,7,11,15-tetrao-C30H44O7[21]
39xo-lanost-8,24E-diene-26-oic acidC30H40O7[22]
40ganoderone AC30H46O3[23]
), ArticleFig(id=1322923719500374322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923710931411189, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

灵芝中的三萜类化合物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号化合物名称分子式文献
1ganoderiol DC30H48O5[16]
2ganoderiol FC30H46O3[16]
3ganoderiol EC30H48O4[16]
4ganoderic acid AC30H44O7[16-17]
5ganoderic acid BC30H44O7[16,18]
6ganoderic acid D2C30H42O8[16]
7lucidumol AC30H48O4[16,19]
8lucidadiolC30H48O3[16]
9ganoderiol AC30H50O4[16]
10lucidumol BC30H50O3[16]
11ganodermanondiolC30H48O3[16]
12lucidenic acid AC27H38O6[16,18]
13ganolucidic acid AC30H44O6[16-17]
14ganoderic acid JC30H42O7[16-17]
15methyl lucidenate AC28H40O6[16]
16ganoderic acid EC30H40O7[16-17]
17ganoderenic acid DC30H40O7[16-17]
18ganoderic acid FC32H42O9[16]
19ganodermanontriolC30H48O4[16]
20ganoderiol BC30H46O4[16]
21ganoderic acid CC30H48O7[16]
22lucidenic acid FC27H36O6[17]
2312-hydroxyganoderic acid DC30H42O8[17]
24ganoderic acid C2C30H46O7[17-18]
25ganoderic acid GC30H44O8[17-18]
26ganoderic acid HC32H44O9[17-18]
27ganoderic acid C6C30H42O8[17-18]
28lucidenic acid NC27H40O6[17-18]
29ganoderenic acid BC30H42O7[17-18]
30ganolucidic acid BC30H46O6[17]
31ganoderic acid KC32H46O9[17]
32ganoderic acid DC30H42O8[17]
33ganolucidic acid DC30H44O6[17]
34ganoderenic acid KC32H44O9[18]
35ganoderic acid GS-1C30H42O6[20]
36ganoderic acid GS-2C30H44O6[20]
37ganoderic acid GS-3C32H46O8[20]
38ganoderic acid Df23S-hydroxy-3,7,11,15-tetrao-C30H44O7[21]
39xo-lanost-8,24E-diene-26-oic acidC30H40O7[22]
40ganoderone AC30H46O3[23]
), ArticleFig(id=1322923719676535091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923710931411189, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号化合物名称分子式文献
1ganoderol AC30H46O2[29]
2ganoderol BC30H48O2[29]
3ganoderal AC30H44O2[29]
4ergosterolC28H44O[30]
5cerevisterolC28H46O3[30]
6ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-olC28H46O[30-31]
7ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-oneC28H40O[31]
8ergosta-7,22-dien-3-oneC28H44O[32]
93,5-dihydroxyergosta-7,22-dien-6-oneC28H44O3[32]
10beta-SitosterolC29H50O[32]
11carrot glycosideC35H60O6[32]
125,8-epidioxiergosta-6,22-dien-3β-olC28H44O3[32-33]
136,9-epidioxyergosta-7,22-dien-3β-olC28H44O2[32]
14ergoster-7,22-diene-3β-palmitateC44H76O2[32]
15ergoster-7,22-diene-3 oneC28H44O[32]
16ganodermaside AC28H40O2[34-35]
17ganodermaside BC28H40O2[34]
18ganodermaside CC28H40O2[34,36]
19ganodermaside DC28H38O3[34,36]
20ergosta-7-en-3β-olC28H48O[31]
2124-methyl-cholester-5,22-diene-3βalcoholC28H46O[37]
), ArticleFig(id=1322923719760421172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923710931411189, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

灵芝中的甾醇类化合物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号化合物名称分子式文献
1ganoderol AC30H46O2[29]
2ganoderol BC30H48O2[29]
3ganoderal AC30H44O2[29]
4ergosterolC28H44O[30]
5cerevisterolC28H46O3[30]
6ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-olC28H46O[30-31]
7ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-oneC28H40O[31]
8ergosta-7,22-dien-3-oneC28H44O[32]
93,5-dihydroxyergosta-7,22-dien-6-oneC28H44O3[32]
10beta-SitosterolC29H50O[32]
11carrot glycosideC35H60O6[32]
125,8-epidioxiergosta-6,22-dien-3β-olC28H44O3[32-33]
136,9-epidioxyergosta-7,22-dien-3β-olC28H44O2[32]
14ergoster-7,22-diene-3β-palmitateC44H76O2[32]
15ergoster-7,22-diene-3 oneC28H44O[32]
16ganodermaside AC28H40O2[34-35]
17ganodermaside BC28H40O2[34]
18ganodermaside CC28H40O2[34,36]
19ganodermaside DC28H38O3[34,36]
20ergosta-7-en-3β-olC28H48O[31]
2124-methyl-cholester-5,22-diene-3βalcoholC28H46O[37]
), ArticleFig(id=1322923719827530037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923710931411189, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号必需氨基酸编号非必需氨基酸
1苏氨酸Thr1天门冬氨基酸Asp
2苯丙氨酸Phe2丝氨酸Ser
3缬氨酸Val3谷氨酸Glu
4甲硫氨酸Met4脯氨酸Pro
5异亮氨酸Ile5甘氨酸Gly
6亮氨酸Leu6络氨酸Tyr
7赖氨酸Lys7组氨酸His
8精氨酸Arg
9丙氨酸Aal
10胱氨酸Cys
), ArticleFig(id=1322923719907221814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923710931411189, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

灵芝中的氨基酸类化合物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号必需氨基酸编号非必需氨基酸
1苏氨酸Thr1天门冬氨基酸Asp
2苯丙氨酸Phe2丝氨酸Ser
3缬氨酸Val3谷氨酸Glu
4甲硫氨酸Met4脯氨酸Pro
5异亮氨酸Ile5甘氨酸Gly
6亮氨酸Leu6络氨酸Tyr
7赖氨酸Lys7组氨酸His
8精氨酸Arg
9丙氨酸Aal
10胱氨酸Cys
), ArticleFig(id=1322923719970136375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923710931411189, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号化合物名称文献
1维生素C[46]
2维生素B12[46]
3维生素B1[46]
4维生素B2[46]
5维生素B6[46]
6维生素A[47]
7维生素D2[47]
8维生素D3[47]
9维生素E[47]
10胡萝卜素[48]
), ArticleFig(id=1322923720049828152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923710931411189, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

灵芝中的维生素类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号化合物名称文献
1维生素C[46]
2维生素B12[46]
3维生素B1[46]
4维生素B2[46]
5维生素B6[46]
6维生素A[47]
7维生素D2[47]
8维生素D3[47]
9维生素E[47]
10胡萝卜素[48]
), ArticleFig(id=1322923720116937017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923710931411189, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号微量元素名称文献
1钙[49]
2镁[49]
3锌[49]
4锰[49]
5铁[49]
6钴[49]
7铜[49]
8钾[49]
9锗[49]
10钒[49]
11钠[49]
12镍[49]
13铬[49]
14磷[49]
15硒[49]
16硫[50]
17硅[50]
), ArticleFig(id=1322923720188240186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923710931411189, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

灵芝中的微量元素

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号微量元素名称文献
1钙[49]
2镁[49]
3锌[49]
4锰[49]
5铁[49]
6钴[49]
7铜[49]
8钾[49]
9锗[49]
10钒[49]
11钠[49]
12镍[49]
13铬[49]
14磷[49]
15硒[49]
16硫[50]
17硅[50]
), ArticleFig(id=1322923720272126267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923710931411189, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号化合物中文名称化合物英文名称分子式文献
1胞嘧啶CytosineC4H5N3O[51]
2尿嘧啶UracilC4H4N2O2[51]
3胞苷CytidineC9H13N3O5[51]
4次黄嘌呤6-HydroxypurineC5H4N4O[51]
5黄嘌呤2,6-DihydroxypurineC5H4N4O2[51]
6尿苷UridineC9H12N2O6[51]
7胸腺嘧啶ThymineC5H6N2O2[51]
8肌苷ThymineC10H12N4O5[51]
9腺嘌呤AdenineC5H5N5[51]
10鸟苷GuanosineC10H13N5O5[51]
112'-脱氧鸟苷2'-DeoxyguanosineC10H13N5O4[51]
12胸苷ThymidineC10H14N2O5[51]
13腺苷AdenosineC10H13N5O4[51]
142'-脱氧腺苷2'-DeoxyadenosineC10H13N5O3[51]
153'-脱氧腺苷CordycepinC10H13N5O3[51]
), ArticleFig(id=1322923720376983868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923710931411189, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

灵芝中的核苷类成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号化合物中文名称化合物英文名称分子式文献
1胞嘧啶CytosineC4H5N3O[51]
2尿嘧啶UracilC4H4N2O2[51]
3胞苷CytidineC9H13N3O5[51]
4次黄嘌呤6-HydroxypurineC5H4N4O[51]
5黄嘌呤2,6-DihydroxypurineC5H4N4O2[51]
6尿苷UridineC9H12N2O6[51]
7胸腺嘧啶ThymineC5H6N2O2[51]
8肌苷ThymineC10H12N4O5[51]
9腺嘌呤AdenineC5H5N5[51]
10鸟苷GuanosineC10H13N5O5[51]
112'-脱氧鸟苷2'-DeoxyguanosineC10H13N5O4[51]
12胸苷ThymidineC10H14N2O5[51]
13腺苷AdenosineC10H13N5O4[51]
142'-脱氧腺苷2'-DeoxyadenosineC10H13N5O3[51]
153'-脱氧腺苷CordycepinC10H13N5O3[51]
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灵芝化学成分、药理作用及质量标志物预测分析
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冉靖 1 , 姚遵宝 2 , 徐慧 1 , 张巍 1 , 白雪媛 1
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(5): 172-182
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (5) : 172 -182
灵芝化学成分、药理作用及质量标志物预测分析
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冉靖1, 姚遵宝2, 徐慧1, 张巍1 , 白雪媛1
作者信息
  • 1.长春中医药大学,吉林 长春 130021
  • 2.抚松县兴隆乡盛和家庭农场,吉林 白山 134528
通讯作者:
张巍(1980-),男,吉林通化人,副研究员,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药分析新方法与新技术。E-mail:。
白雪媛(1980-),女(满族),吉林辽源人,研究员,博士研究生导师,硕士,研究方向:中药传统功效生物学机制研究及产品开发。E-mail:。
作者简介:

冉靖(1999-),女,四川万源人,硕士,研究方向:中药分析与检验方法。

Research Progress on Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Effects of Lingzhi(Ganoderma)and Prediction Analysis of Quality Marker
Jing RAN1, Zunbao YAO2, Hui XU1, Wei ZHANG1 , Xueyuan BAI1
Affiliations
  • 1.Changchun University of Chinese Medicine,Changchun 130021,Jilin,China
  • 2.Shenghe Family Farm of Xinglong Township,Fusong County,Baishan 134528,Jilin,China
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.032
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灵芝为多孔菌科真菌赤芝Ganoderma lucidum(Leyss.ex Fr.)Karst.或紫芝Ganoderma sinense Zhao,Xu et Zhang的干燥子实体,是中国传统名贵药材,被列为上品。目前从灵芝中分离得到的化合物种类主要有多糖类、三萜类、蛋白质、甾醇、维生素和微量元素等,这些成分都具有广泛的生物活性和药理作用,如调节免疫、抗癌、抗氧化、抗衰老、抗炎等。对灵芝的化学成分及其药理作用进行综述,并从多个方面进行其质量标志物(Quality marker,Q-Marker)的预测,初步确定灵芝多糖、灵芝总三萜、灵芝酸A、灵芝酸B、灵芝酸C2、灵芝酸E、灵芝酮三醇、灵芝萜烯二醇、麦角甾醇、过氧化麦角甾醇、灵芝尿苷、尿嘧啶、蛋白质、氨基酸、微量元素、维生素成分及重金属元素铅、镉、砷、汞等成分可能成为灵芝的质量标志物,为灵芝的质量控制与评价提供依据。

灵芝  /  化学成分  /  药理作用  /  质量评价  /  质量标志物

Lingzhi(Ganoderma)is the dried fruiting body of Zhenjun Chizhi[Ganoderma lucidum(Leyss.ex Fr.)Karst.]or Zizhi(Ganoderma sinense Zhao,Xu et Zhang)of the polyporeaceae fungus,which is a traditional Chinese precious medicinal material and is listed as the top grade. At present,the types of compounds isolated from Lingzhi(Ganoderma)mainly include polysaccharides,triterpenoids,proteins,sterols,vitamins and trace elements,etc.,which have a wide range of biological activities and pharmacological effects,such as regulating immunity,anti-cancer,anti-oxidation,anti-aging,anti-inflammatory,etc. In this paper,the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of Lingzhi(Ganoderma)were reviewed,and the quality markers(QMarker)were predicted from multiple aspects,and the polysaccharides of Lingzhi(Ganoderma),total triterpenoids of Lingzhi(Ganoderma),Ganoderic acid A,Ganoderic acid B,Ganoderic acid C2,Ganoderic acid E,Ganoderma lucidum kettotriol,Ganoderma lucidum terpene diol,ergosterol,ergosterol peroxide,Ganoderma lucidum uridine,uracil,protein,amino acids,trace elements,vitamin components and heavy metal elements(Pb,Cd,As,Hg)and other components may become Q-Markers of Lingzhi(Ganoderma),which provides a basis for the quality control and evaluation of Lingzhi(Ganoderma).

Lingzhi(Ganoderma)  /  chemical composition  /  pharmacological action  /  quality evaluation  /  quality marker
冉靖, 姚遵宝, 徐慧, 张巍, 白雪媛. 灵芝化学成分、药理作用及质量标志物预测分析. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (5) : 172 -182 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.032
Jing RAN, Zunbao YAO, Hui XU, Wei ZHANG, Xueyuan BAI. Research Progress on Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Effects of Lingzhi(Ganoderma)and Prediction Analysis of Quality Marker[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (5) : 172 -182 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.032
灵芝是著名的药用真菌,在我国已有两千多年的记载和使用历史[1]。《神农本草经》等记载其味甘,性平,归心、肺、肝、肾经。具有补气安神,止咳平喘之功效;临床用于心神不宁,失眠心悸,肺虚咳喘,虚劳短气,不思饮食[2]。现代研究表明灵芝含有三萜类、多糖类、蛋白质和甾醇等化学成分,可提高免疫力,并具有抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化等药理活性[3]。2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》对灵芝成分的含量测定仅限于灵芝多糖和灵芝三萜及甾醇,日本则以灵芝酸的含量来控制灵芝的质量,但都无法全面地反映和控制整体质量,而质量标志物的提出有助于建立中药质量、风险可溯源体系,保障制剂的安全性及有效性。本文总结了灵芝的化学成分和药理作用,并从多个方面探讨灵芝的质量标志物,旨在为后期建立完整的质量控制评价体系提供理论依据。
灵芝的化学成分非常复杂,主要包括灵芝多糖、三萜类化合物、蛋白质、氨基酸、甾醇类化合物等。
灵芝多糖类成分是首先被发现的灵芝主要的药理活性成分之一,也是其化学成分研究最多的一类。灵芝多糖是分子量在500 kDa以上的大分子。已报道的灵芝多糖提取工艺有浸提法、回流法,微波法、超声法,酶法等[4]。现阶段对多糖结构的分析主要是从多糖分子数量的范围、单糖组成类型等方面进行研究[5]。如从灵芝子实体中分离出一种水溶性多糖LZD-1,分子量为2.8×104 Da,主要由L-岩藻糖(L-Fuc)、D-葡萄糖(D-Glc)和D-半乳糖(D-Gal)组成,其结构特征为:具有6,1-二取代-α-吡喃半乳糖基、2,6,1-三取代-α-吡喃半乳糖基、3,1-二取代-β-吡喃葡萄糖基和4,6,1-三取代-β-吡喃葡萄糖基残基[6]。另有学者从灵芝子实体中分离出另一种水溶性杂半乳聚糖PSG-2,分子量为6.9×104 Da[7]。国外研究者使用高效阴离子交换色谱、甲基化和气相色谱-质谱分析以及1D和2D核磁共振波谱,系统阐明了灵芝生物活性多糖(PSG-1)的骨架特征:PSG-1-F组分主要由葡萄糖和葡萄糖醛酸组成,少量为甘露糖和半乳糖[8]。灵芝糖肽LZ-B-1的多糖部分具有1,6-二取代-α-吡喃半乳糖基、1,2,6-三取代-α-吡喃半乳糖基、1,3-二取代-β-吡喃葡萄糖基和1,4,6-三取代-β-吡喃葡萄糖基残基的骨架[9]。灵芝水溶性糖肽(GLPCW-Ⅱ)的多糖部分主要由L-Fuc、D-Glc和D-Gal组成[10]。
三萜类化合物是由30个碳原子构成的萜类化合物,菌类、蕨类、单子叶和双子叶植物、动物及海洋生物中均有分布[11]。从自然界中分离鉴定出20 000多种三萜[12],灵芝中发现了300多种三萜类化合物[13]。灵芝三萜类化合物可根据碳原子数分为C24、C27和C30三大类[14];根据取代基的不同,分为三萜酸、三萜醇和三萜内酯等[15]。灵芝三萜的提取方法主要包括溶剂浸提、超声辅助提取、超高压辅助提取和微波辅助提取等。灵芝中主要的三萜类成分见表1,部分结构见图1。
甾醇类化合物是灵芝中主要生物活性物质之一,大多为麦角甾醇化合物,是真菌类的特征甾醇[24]。该物质在抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗衰老、抗炎、抑菌等方面均存在较大优势[25]。正丙醇-碳酸钾双水相体系是一种简单、高效分离灵芝总甾醇的新方法,具有高效灵敏、准确可靠、可操作性强的特点[26]。王晓琴等[27]从灵芝中分离出近20种甾醇类物质,其中麦角甾醇含量较高。罗翠婷等[28]通过高效液相色谱法测定灵芝中麦角甾醇含量,发现不同部位的麦角甾醇含量具有差异性。灵芝中已分离出的甾醇类化合物见表2,部分结构见图2。
灵芝蛋白质是除了多糖和三萜外的主要活性物质之一。灵芝蛋白类活性成分包括灵芝蛋白、灵芝多肽和糖肽,灵芝蛋白类活性产物具有免疫调节、抗高血压、抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗氧化等药理作用[38]。林佳萍等[39]以料液比为(w/v)1∶120、温度65℃、pH为10.0的工艺提取灵芝粗蛋白,提取率达50.52%。唐奕诗等[40]发现液氮冷冻研磨结合尿素-硫脲溶解蛋白质的方法适合灵芝菌丝体总蛋白的提取,且提取的蛋白质种类多,条带丰度高。灵芝素是分子量为15 kDa的抗真菌蛋白,其没有血凝、脱氧核糖核酸酶、核糖核酸酶和蛋白酶抑制活性[41]。灵芝-8(LZ-8)是灵芝菌丝体中的一种真菌免疫调节蛋白[42-43]。WU Q等[44]以血管紧张素I转换酶(Angiotension converting enzyme inhibitors,ACE)为靶标,鉴定出3种ACE抑制肽,即Gln-Leu-Val-Pro(QLVP)、Gln-Asp-Val-Leu(QDVL)和Gln-Leu-Asp-Leu(QLDL)。另外李晓凤等[45]也从长白山野生平盖灵芝中分离出多种氨基酸,见表3。
除了灵芝多糖,甾醇和三萜外,灵芝中还含有维生素(见表4)、微量元素(见表5)和核苷(见表6)等多种活性物质。
现代药理学研究表明,灵芝具有免疫调节、抗肿瘤、保肝护肝、抗衰老、抗炎等作用。
机体的免疫调节主要是指免疫系统中的免疫细胞和免疫分子之间,以及它们与其他系统之间的相互作用,使得维持自身生理动态平衡与相对稳定的重要生理机能。免疫功能低下可引起机体防御功能降低,导致机体易受病原体侵袭;反之,免疫功能亢进会引起机体对外来抗原应答过于强烈[52]。灵芝多糖具有平衡体液和细胞免疫活性,包括调节B淋巴细胞、T淋巴细胞、树突状细胞、巨噬细胞和自然杀伤细胞,促进免疫器官生长、细胞因子释放和其他免疫调节功能[53-55]。经灵芝多糖治疗后小鼠免疫器官指数和巨噬细胞吞噬量均显著增加,肿瘤坏死因子(Tumor necrosis factor,TNF)中TNF-α、白细胞介素-1β(Interleukin-1β,IL-1β)和一氧化氮同样增加,灵芝多糖可以通过Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR-4)依赖信号通路激活巨噬细胞,提高机体免疫力[56]。灵芝醇提物能增强巨噬细胞的增殖率和吞噬能力,降低炎症细胞NO释放量,抑制TLR-4、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(Inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)、白细胞介素-8(Interleukin-8,IL-8)和IL-1β炎症相关因子基因的表达,提高机体免疫力[57]。灵芝β1,3/1,6-葡聚糖可作为免疫调节剂[58],能够通过增强机体免疫系统来抵抗细菌病毒的入侵,是克服大流行疫情的潜在药物。
恶性肿瘤是一类危及人类健康的疾病,恶性肿瘤细胞增殖、扩散会导致组织器官功能减退,并压迫周围神经引发癌性疼痛[59]。灵芝多糖抗肿瘤的作用机制主要是提高宿主细胞的免疫力,且与其他免疫增效剂相比,灵芝多糖发挥药效没有不良反应,且具有多靶点、多途径的特点[60]。灵芝醇提物通过上调基质金属蛋白酶(Matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)中MMP-2、MMP-9的表达,下调组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂(Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases,TIMPs)中TIMP-2的表达抑制小鼠黑色素瘤肺转移,而灵芝多糖可以通过上调B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2),下调B细胞淋巴瘤-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶(Caspase-3)的表达来抑制小鼠黑色素瘤肺转移[61]。张萍等[62]证实了灵芝酸类成分能促进前列腺癌LNCaP细胞的凋亡,尤以灵芝酸C1、M、N活性高。WANG X L等[63]在体外实验中发现来自灵芝菌丝体的三萜酸提取物对人肝癌SMMC-7721和人结肠癌SW620细胞系具有细胞毒性。另有学者发现灵芝抑制了高度侵袭性乳腺癌和前列腺癌细胞的细胞黏附和细胞迁移[64],灵芝寡肽-3(LZO-3)以浓度依赖性方式显著抑制人非小细胞肺癌细胞A549的生长,并且在48 h后表现出强烈的生长抑制,而不影响正常人肺细胞的细胞增殖[65]。大量文献研究证明,灵芝在抗多种部位的恶性肿瘤方面表现了非常好的抑制效果。
肝脏作为人体中最大的消化腺,其健康状态对人体健康水平有着重大影响,早期的肝损伤如未得到及时有效的干预,将导致肝炎、肝纤维化、肝硬化,乃至肝衰竭和肝癌等发生。灵芝及其制品可以通过调控脂代谢等机制减轻肝损伤,对多种肝损伤均具有预防和治疗的作用[66]。灵芝的三萜类化合物和多糖成分具有广泛的抗肝纤维化作用[67]。灵芝酸具有多通路、多靶点抗肝细胞癌的作用,其潜在机制包括抑制增殖以及诱导凋亡、抑制相关病毒基因表达以及激活TNF信号通路等[68]。灵芝能够直接调节肝脏的能量代谢过程和脂质积累[69]。白鹤灵芝提取物可改善非酒精性脂肪性肝病肝脏脂质沉积及脂质代谢紊乱,其作用机制可能是通过微生物调节脂质代谢紊乱和不饱和脂肪酸的合成,参与调节蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)-沉默信息调节因子1(Silent information regulator of transcription 1,SIRT1)信号通路介导的脂质代谢紊乱和氧化应激,同时降低固醇调节元件结合蛋白(Sterol regulatory element binding proteins,SREBPs)和脂肪酸合成酶(Fatty acid synthase,FAS)的表达[70]。
衰老几乎总是伴随着身体生理机能的下降,在衰老的众多理论中,氧化应激和自由基积累理论最为突出[71]。多种灵芝提取物主要通过抗氧化、免疫调节和抗神经退行性变等作用共同发挥抗衰老作用[72]。灵芝中的多糖和三萜类化合物可能通过减少自由基的过度产生来影响抗氧化、抗衰老功效[73]。AURSUWANNA T等[74]用蛋白酶对灵芝蛋白进行水解,然后对水解物产生的抗氧化肽进行检测,发现低分子量(MW <0.65 kDa)肽表现出显著的抗氧化活性。灵芝蛋白质可能是负责自由基清除活性的关键化合物[75]。灵芝酸D(GA-D)通过靶向14-3-3ε激活钙调蛋白(calmodulin,CaM)/依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ(CaMKⅡ)和核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear transcription factor E2 related factor 2,Nrf2)//血红素加氧酶-1(heme oxygenase 1,HO-1)/醌氧化还原酶1(quinone oxidoreductase 1,NQO1)信号通路,保护人羊膜间充质干细胞免受由H2 O2诱导的衰老;GA-D在体内显示出一致的抗衰老作用,尤其是通过与体外相同的保护机制阻碍了D-Gal诱导的衰老小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的衰老[76]。灵芝醇提小分子通过增强免疫力,减少脑细胞死亡,保护神经元与神经纤维等方式延缓衰老;同时还可以通过“肠道微生物-肠-脑轴”的双向交流,调节肠道菌群等多种机制延缓衰老[77]。
炎症可由免疫系统疾病、癌症、感染、化学品暴露、身体损伤或神经系统疾病等引起,特别是病毒、细菌、真菌和原生动物病原体的许多感染都会引起炎症。慢性或频繁的炎症会引起癌症并引发自身免疫性疾病[78]。灵芝三萜类化合物(GLTs)可以降低外周炎症因子的表达,在前额叶皮层和海马体中,GLTs可减少炎症因子mRNA水平的增加[79]。灵芝多糖可通过阻断炎症细胞浸润、抑制细胞因子分泌、抑制神经纤毛蛋白1(Neuropilin1,NRP1)活化、调节肺细胞凋亡和自噬等多种机制预防脂多糖诱导的急性肺炎[80]。灵芝多糖(GLP)调节树突状细胞相关C型凝集素1(Dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin-1,Dectin-1)受体抑制核转录因子-κB(Nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)/核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3,NLRP3)炎症小体信号,从而抑制神经炎症的发生、改善运动功能,并促进髓鞘的再生[81]。此外,GLP也可调节M1巨噬细胞、M2抗炎巨噬细胞和相关炎性细胞因子的比例[55]。灵芝β-葡聚糖和葡寡糖可以通过调节炎症因子水平、炎症信号通路、改善肠道菌群紊乱和短链脂肪酸代谢,显著减轻溃疡性结肠炎的典型症状[82]。
心脑血管疾病是全身性血管病变或系统性血管病变在心脏和脑部的表现。主要病因包括动脉粥样硬化、高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病等。灵芝成分被认为具有降脂和抗高血压作用,并且已分离出具有特定作用机制的化合物[83]。灵芝腺苷提取物(AEGL)能有效降低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇喂养的小鼠血清和肝脏中的血脂水平,AEGL降脂的生物学机制可能是通过调节FA代谢相关蛋白的表达,以及上调这些蛋白的乙酰化和巴豆酰化修饰水平[84]。灵芝三萜降血糖能力由大到小排序为中性三萜>总三萜>酸性三萜>阿卡波糖[85]。与黑木耳多糖和蛹虫草多糖的结合能力相比,灵芝多糖能在更低的浓度范围内起到与上述多糖接近的效果,说明灵芝多糖具有较强的降脂活性[86]。灵芝多糖(GLP)通过直接抑制血管内皮细胞增殖和诱导细胞死亡以及间接抑制细胞内血管内皮生长因子的产生来抑制血管生成[55]。GLP可经由 Nrf2、TLR-4/NF-κB、AMPK、肝脏X受体α(Liver X receptorα,LXRα)-ATP结合盒转运体A1(ATP-binding cassette transporter A1,ABCA1)/ATP结合盒转运体G1(ATP-binding cassette transporter G1,ABCG1)及法尼醇X受体(Farnesoid X receptor,FXR)-成纤维细胞生长因子15(Fibroblast growth factor 15,FGF15)信号通路,调节脂质代谢蛋白的表达;能够显著调节氨基酸代谢、脂质代谢、能量代谢等通路的丰度,从而改善高脂血症[87]。灵芝多糖可能通过增加胰腺中β细胞的更新或允许部分破坏的β细胞的恢复并刺激胰腺胰岛素分泌而达到抗高血糖作用[88]。
退行性病变是指随着年龄的增长,体内器官出现老化及变质的情况,是不可阻挡的生理性改变,包括腰椎间盘突出、帕金森病、颈椎病、阿尔茨海默病。人体中产生的活性氧/氮物质可引起与许多退行性疾病相关的氧化损伤,例如痴呆[89]。经研究证明灵芝提取物(GLE)可通过调节线粒体功能、自噬和细胞凋亡来改善帕金森病病理学,可能涉及腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶[Adenosine 5'-monophosphate(AMP)-AMPK]/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(Mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)和PTEN诱导假定激酶1(PTEN-induced putative kinase 1,PINK1)/帕金蛋白(Parkin)信号通路的激活[90]。体外研究表明,GLE可以通过抑制iNOS/NLRP3激活来抑制小胶质细胞的活化,并减轻BV-2小胶质细胞中脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharides,LPS)诱导的自噬和溶酶体降解功能障碍[91]。另有学者采用1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶诱导的小鼠帕金森病模型来评价灵芝三萜抗帕金森病活性,发现灵芝三萜可显著改善多巴胺能神经元缺失、运动功能障碍[92]。灵芝多糖通过调节细胞凋亡相关蛋白的表达,抑制氧化应激诱导的神经元凋亡达到神经保护作用[93]。GTDE可增加脑源性神经营养因子的蛋白表达水平的表达,保护神经元的树突状结构,减少衰老引起的神经元损伤,从而减轻衰老引起的认知障碍[94]。灵芝酸A(GAA)对H2 O2抑制TLR4/NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NLRP3)信号轴诱导细胞凋亡、氧化应激和炎症反应表现出抑制作用[95]。GAA通过增强Axl受体酪氨酸激酶(Axl receptor tyrosine kinase,Axl)磷酸化显著增加BV-2细胞的自噬,促进小胶质细胞清除β-淀粉样蛋白(Amyloidβ,Aβ)中Aβ42表达,改善了阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)小鼠模型的认知缺陷[96]。
2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》收载的灵芝仅规定了灵芝多糖不得少于0.90%,三萜及甾醇不得少于0.50%。人工栽培灵芝受产地、栽培环境、收获条件等因素的影响(见图3),导致了灵芝的质量具有差异[97]。中药质量标志物能够全面客观地把控中药的质量,以保证中药在生产过程中的安全性及有效性,因此明确灵芝的质量标志物具有重要意义。
中药药性理论主要包括四气、五味、归经、升降沉浮、有毒无毒等,是中药基础理论的核心[98],也是指导中药临床应用的重要依据,中药性味与其化学成分紧密相关,“性-效-物”的三元关系,即性味也应作为Q-Marker预测的依据[99]。《唐六书》中提出了“寒,温,平”三性[100],平性药“其性虽平,平而无性”,并提出理论假说“平而有性,有性无功,以味为用”[101]。穆兰澄等提出“性平力不平”[102],平性药具有广泛的药理作用,其主要的药理作用包括抗菌、抗炎、镇痛、抗肿瘤、镇静、影响心血管系统、降血脂、抗衰老、降血压、止血、保肝等[103-104]。中药五味的实际意义包括药物的真实滋味和提示药物性能的基本特征[105]。中医认为,甘味药有补气血、补阴阳、解除肌肉紧张以及解毒作用。甘味中药多含有糖类、蛋白质、甾醇、氨基酸、维生素等[106]。据此可认为灵芝中的多糖类、蛋白质、甾醇、氨基酸、维生素成分是其“甘”的物质基础,可作为灵芝QMarker的参考选项。
化学成分是中药药效作用的物质基础,见插页ⅩⅩⅩⅢ图4;中药临床应用的重要依据是传统功效,确定与功效相关的化学成分有利于质量标志物的确定。灵芝具有补气安神,止咳平喘的功效。灵芝中提取并鉴定出多糖、蛋白质和三萜等多种化合物[107]。灵芝三萜类化合物具有抗高血压、降胆固醇血症、保肝和抗组胺作用,以及抗肿瘤和抗血管生成活性;灵芝多糖具有免疫调节、抗增殖、促凋亡、抗转移和抗血管生成作用,并且一些多糖还具有抑制细菌生长或诱导病原菌死亡的作用[3,108]。灵芝多糖肽对高尿酸血症和肾损伤具有预防作用[109]。从灵芝中提取的过氧化麦角甾醇不仅对增殖细胞具有细胞毒性,而且通过诱导细胞凋亡对静止的缓慢循环细胞也表现出细胞毒性[110]。灵芝酸A通过下调细胞内肾素-血管紧张素系统(Renin-angiotensin system,RAS)/丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号通路和抑制囊肿上皮细胞增殖来减弱肾囊肿的发展[111]。灵芝酸A通过降低皮质神经元凋亡和钙敏感受体表达,刺激MAPK通路,显示出较强的抗癫痫作用[112]。因此,灵芝中的多糖及三萜类,灵芝酸A,过氧化麦角甾醇可作为灵芝质量标志物的参考。
我国灵芝种类达100多种,分布最广在热带和亚热带地区,以及云南西双版纳、西藏的察隅和墨脱及林芝地区[113]。狭义的灵芝一般指赤芝和紫芝的总称[114],紫芝适居长江以南高温多雨的广大地区。王寿峰等[115]以不同产地灵芝子实体核磁共振氢谱(1H Nuclear magnetic resonance,1 H-NMR)图谱,运用正交偏最小二乘判别分析建立分类模型,实现了不同产地灵芝的准确判定。不同产地人工栽培的灵芝中灵芝酸B含量差别较大,有的产区甚至不含灵芝酸B[116]。不同品种的灵芝多糖含量存在一定差异,平盖灵芝的多糖含量最高;赤芝多糖含量其次;黑芝和紫芝多糖含量接近[117]。不同品种灵芝多糖的抗氧化能力也不一样,有文献报道日本进口的灵芝多糖的抗氧化能力最强,鹿角灵芝样品次之,红芝多糖样品的抗氧化能力最弱[118]。在化学成分方面,赤芝和薄树芝的质量较好,而紫芝的质量最差;在安全性方面,赤芝的安全性最高,其次是薄树芝,最后是紫芝,其中镉(Cd)对重金属安全性方面的影响最大[119]。所以灵芝多糖、Cd和灵芝酸B可作为不同产地及品种条件筛选灵芝QMarker的重要选择。
邢宇双等[120]通过醇提水沉和硫酸苯酚的方法测得灵芝孢子粉的多糖含量略大于灵芝子实体。灵芝子实体(整支)较灵芝菌盖而言,具有较高的蛋白质、多糖和三萜及甾醇含量,且灵芝孢子粉中重金属元素铅(Pb)、Cd、砷(As)和汞(Hg)潜在毒性均低于灵芝子实体(整支)和灵芝菌盖[121]。仿野生栽培灵芝醇溶性灵芝酸和水溶性多肽含量表现为:菌蕾>菌盖>菌柄[122]。生长初期灵芝酸B含量最高,随着灵芝的逐渐成熟,灵芝酸B降低并趋于稳定[116]。李赛飞等[123]对段木灵芝子实体从菌蕾期到孢子弹射结束的子实体活性物质变化规律进行了较为翔实的分析总结,灵芝总多糖及灵芝酸A等12个三萜化合物总量均为菌蕾期最高;灵芝麦角甾醇含量菌蕾期最高;灵芝尿苷、尿嘧啶、灵芝水溶性蛋白和多肽的含量随子实体生长连续下降直至最低,灵芝腺苷峰尖出现在灵芝开始弹射孢子的阶段。张国亮等[124]利用超高效液相色谱-四级杆飞行时间质谱技术证实,现蕾期样品中灵芝酸含量较高,开伞期次之,成熟期和采摘期相对较低,子实体灵芝多糖、灵芝总三萜和灵芝酸总量随着弹孢过程的持续显著降低。李保明等[125]提出三萜酸和多糖随着生长期下降可能的原因是灵芝子实体的木质部生长比较快,子实体重量增加比较多,而化合物积累比较慢,所以含量出现下降。综上所述,灵芝多糖、灵芝总三萜、灵芝酸A、灵芝酸B、蛋白质、麦角甾醇、灵芝尿苷、尿嘧啶、微量元素及重金属元素Pb、Cd、As、Hg等可作为不同生长期及部位条件筛选灵芝的Q-Marker。
大量研究学者发现不同的灵芝菌株以相同的栽培原料、相同的栽培方式栽培,其子实体内活性成分含量差异较大[126]。灵芝在栽培过程中,其子实体化学成分会受到菌种、产区气候、椴木品种,以及采后加工方法等因素的影响[127]。林下仿野生栽培灵芝中的硒含量显著高于温室栽培灵芝[128]。在代料栽培和椴木栽培两种栽培模式下,子实体的多糖与三萜含量均较高,代料子实体产量高于椴木栽培[129]。在林下栽培灵芝的较优条件是坡度小于20°的中下坡位、阴坡,林下土壤偏酸性条件,土层厚度在20 cm以下[130]。野生灵芝活性成分具有较大差异,而栽培灵芝的活性成分及含量则由品种和栽培条件决定;栽培灵芝在镇静作用上比野生灵芝的稍强[131]。大部分野生灵芝的多糖和灰分含量高于其驯化后子实体,但大部分菌株驯化后子实体的三萜、粗蛋白和可溶性蛋白含量高于野生灵芝,驯化后子实体水提液的体外抗氧化活性均低于驯化前[132]。因此,灵芝中的多糖和三萜类可作为灵芝质量标志物的参考。
灵芝产品一般为灵芝鲜品和灵芝干品。灵芝产品一般存放在干燥、阴凉的地方,一般室温下可保存18个月[133-134]。灵芝子实体可在4℃下密封存放5年,其多糖含量会随着时间延长而越来越低,存放20年后基本无药用价值。灵芝饮片存放时间不能超过3年,其多糖含量随着时间的延长流失更快。贮存方法对灵芝质量也有影响,夏季温度较高、湿度较大,即使密封存放也容易生虫。灵芝主要成分多糖类化合物特别容易被虫蛀,应该全年密封存放于4℃以下环境中[135]。灵芝弹孢前采收子实体,其灵芝多糖和灵芝三萜含量较高[136]。刘晓峰等[137]通过不同溶媒提取的灵芝酸A对大鼠体内的药动学具有显著影响。冯娜等[138]将灵芝用酒精浸泡7 d,得到多糖溶出量为0.31%,三萜溶出率为95.0%。所以,灵芝多糖和灵芝三萜类及灵芝酸A可考虑作为灵芝的Q-Marker。
成分可测性是中药Q-Marker的重要特征之一。灵芝中所含的化学物质较为复杂,明确其稳定且可进行定量测定的物质才能更好地建立质量控制评价体系。多糖类成分多采用苯酚-硫酸法测定;萜类化合物由于其成分复杂、通常选取代表性物质来进行测定[139]。李晔等[140]根据面积归一化计算得灵芝酸A、灵芝酸B、灵芝酸C2、灵芝酸G、灵芝酸H、赤芝酸A、灵芝烯酸D、灵芝酸C和灵芝酸F等9种灵芝三萜酸占总峰面积的60%左右,且分离较好。灵芝酸A、灵芝酸B、灵芝酸C2、灵芝酸E、灵芝酮三醇、灵芝萜烯二醇为赤芝三萜中有明确功效的成分[141]。张倩倩等[142]应用近红外光谱对灵芝进行多糖定量分析。紫外-可见分光光度法也适用于测定灵芝菌丝体中三萜及甾醇含量[143]。林标声等[144]采用测定试剂盒及液相色谱-串联质谱法(Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)方法对武平紫灵芝各类化学成分的组成及含量进行测定,发现与同样来源赤灵芝相比,紫灵芝的灵芝多糖和总氨基酸含量更高,三萜酸含量较低;两者的化学组成成分相似,其中灵芝酸A含量显著低于赤灵芝。综上所述,灵芝酸A、灵芝酸B、灵芝酸C2、灵芝酸E、灵芝酮三醇、灵芝萜烯二醇可作为选择灵芝的Q-Marker的参考依据。
灵芝是中国传统的扶正固本、滋补强壮的名贵药材,其子实体1至多年生,木质或木栓质,菌盖半圆形至肾形,盖面常具油漆状光泽。灵芝在世界各大洲均有分布,其中绝大部分生长在热带、亚热带和温带地区。目前,国内外学者已在灵芝的化学成分、药理作用及临床应用等方面取得了很多的研究成果。本文在对灵芝化学成分及药理作用进行分类归纳总结的基础上,以Q-Marker概念为指导,从传统药性、成分与药效相关性、不同产地及品种、不同生长期及部位、野生与栽培、采收加工及贮藏条件及成分可测性等方面对其Q-Marker进行了预测分析,筛选灵芝的质量评价指标为灵芝多糖、灵芝总三萜、灵芝酸A、灵芝酸B、灵芝酸C2、灵芝酸E、灵芝酮三醇、灵芝萜烯二醇、麦角甾醇、过氧化麦角甾醇、灵芝尿苷、尿嘧啶、蛋白质、氨基酸、微量元素、维生素成分及重金属元素Pb、Cd、As、Hg等化合物。灵芝Q-Marker的预测为健全其质量控制体系奠定了基础,对指导灵芝的合理利用和相关产品研发提供科学依据。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1600903-02)
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2025年第43卷第5期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.032
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-05-10
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国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1600903-02)
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    1.长春中医药大学,吉林 长春 130021
    2.抚松县兴隆乡盛和家庭农场,吉林 白山 134528

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张巍(1980-),男,吉林通化人,副研究员,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药分析新方法与新技术。E-mail:。
白雪媛(1980-),女(满族),吉林辽源人,研究员,博士研究生导师,硕士,研究方向:中药传统功效生物学机制研究及产品开发。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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