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Article(id=1322923597374829288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923490592043032, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339164345, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339164345, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339164345, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339164345, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322923490592043032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1746806400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339138887, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340572227, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929502539612595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923490592043032, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929502539612596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923490592043032, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=119, endPage=123, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322923597563572970, articleId=1322923597374829288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Mechanism of Anti-Tumor Action of Chinese Medicine Monomer Saponins Regulating Mitochondrial Apoptosis, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Mitochondria are important organelles of the cell and the sites where the cell produces energy. Studies have shown that mitochondria have the ability to induce apoptosis，and mitochondria-targeted therapy is a new tumor treatment with potential ability. Tumor mortality rate is increasing year by year，seriously threatening people＇s physical and mental health. Clinical and fundamental research studies have already proved that Chinese medicine is effective in tumor treatment，and its advantages of low toxicity and high efficiency，multi-pathway and multi-targeting have made it more and more popular in the clinic. Chinese medicine monomer saponins，such as ginsenoside，escin，α-hederin，Polyphyllin，Platycodin D and so on，can induce apoptosis of tumor cells by endogenous pathway through the regulation of mitochondria，promotion of the expressions of Bax，caspases，cytochrome Cand inhibition of the expression of the Bcl-2 family of proteins，thus exerting an anti-tumor effect. In this paper，it summarized and screened the research results on the regulation of mitochondrial apoptosis by monomer saponins of traditional Chinese medicine in recent years，and took mitochondrial apoptosis as the starting point to introduce the mechanism of mitochondrial apoptosis in detail by monomer saponins of Chinese medicine with a view to exploring the new direction of Chinese medicine in the field of tumor therapy，and helping to promote the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine in the development of the field of tumor therapy.

, authors=Mingyang HE, Chengzhi WANG, Shan ZHANG, Dongdong LI, Peimin LIU, authorsList=Mingyang HE, Chengzhi WANG, Shan ZHANG, Dongdong LI, Peimin LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dongdong LI, Peimin LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322923599782359789, articleId=1322923597374829288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=中药单体皂苷类调控线粒体凋亡抗肿瘤作用机制的研究进展, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

线粒体是细胞的重要细胞器，是细胞制造能量的场所。研究表明，线粒体具有诱导细胞凋亡的能力，线粒体靶向治疗是一种具有潜力的新型肿瘤治疗方法。肿瘤致死率逐年攀升，严重威胁人们身心健康。临床及基础研究已然证明，中医药对肿瘤治疗效果显著，其低毒高效、多通路、多靶点等优点，成为肿瘤综合治疗的重要组成部分。中药单体皂苷类，如人参皂苷、七叶皂苷、α-常春藤皂苷、重楼皂苷、桔梗皂苷D等，通过调控线粒体，促进Bcl-2相关X蛋白（Bcl-2-associated X protein，BAX）、胱天蛋白酶（Caspase，CASP）、细胞色素C等的表达，抑制B淋巴细胞瘤-2（Bcell lymphoma-2，BCL-2）蛋白家族等的表达，以内源性途径诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡，进而起到抗肿瘤作用。总结筛选近年来中药单体皂苷类调控线粒体凋亡抗肿瘤的研究成果，以线粒体凋亡为着手点，归纳总结中药单体调控线粒体凋亡抗肿瘤的作用机制，以期开拓中医药在肿瘤治疗领域的新方向，有助于推动中医药现代化之路在肿瘤治疗领域中的发展。

, authors=赫名扬, 王成志, 张山, 李东东, 刘培民, authorsList=赫名扬, 王成志, 张山, 李东东, 刘培民, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李东东, 刘培民, authorNote=

赫名扬（1999-），男，河南开封人，硕士在读，研究方向：中医药防治恶性肿瘤。

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘培民（1973-），男，山东枣庄人，教授，博士研究生导师，博士，研究方向：中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。Email：。
李东东（1989-），男，河南开封人，主治医师，硕士研究生导师，博士，研究方向：中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。Email：。
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赫名扬（1999-），男，河南开封人，硕士在读，研究方向：中医药防治恶性肿瘤。

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赫名扬（1999-），男，河南开封人，硕士在读，研究方向：中医药防治恶性肿瘤。

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Biol Pharm Bull，2022，45（7）：863-871., articleTitle=Saikosaponin A inhibits growth of human bladder carcinoma T24 and 5637 cells both in vitro and in vivo, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322923610687550288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923597374829288, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=59, issue=1, pageStart=1480, pageEnd=1489, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［41］, rfOrder=40, authorNames=ZHOU P, SHI W, HE X Y, journalName=Pharm Biol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHOU P，SHI W，HE X Y，et al. Saikosaponin D：review on the antitumour effects，toxicity and pharmacokinetics［J］. Pharm Biol，2021，59（1）：1480-1489., articleTitle=Saikosaponin D：review on the antitumour effects，toxicity and pharmacokinetics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322923610758853457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923597374829288, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=11, issue=4, pageStart=2070, pageEnd=2080, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［42］, rfOrder=41, authorNames=GAO T, ZHAO P, YU X L, journalName=Am J Transl Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAO T，ZHAO P，YU X L，et al. Use of Saikosaponin D and JNK inhibitor SP600125，alone or in combination，inhibits malignant properties of human osteosarcoma U2 cells［J］. 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中药单体单体分型来源调节线粒体凋亡方式参考文献
人参皂苷人参皂苷Rg2人参降低膜电位，诱导ROS产生，增强凋亡分子蛋白和mRNA的表达［11］
人参皂苷Rh1增加mtROS的产生，抑制STAT3和NF-κB的表达［12］
上调mtROS、Bak和细胞色素C的表达［13］
人参皂苷Rh2诱导细胞色素C、Smac的释放，激活Caspase-9［14］
20（S）-GRh2生成ROS，上调Bax的表达［15］
人参皂苷Rg5下调PI3K，AKT和Bad的表达［16］
人参三醇调控线粒体膜电位［17］
人参皂苷Rk1产生ROS，上调Bax、细胞色素C、Caspase-3、8和9的表达，下调Bcl-2的表达［18］
七叶皂苷β-七叶皂苷娑罗子产生ROS，增加细胞色素C的释放［20］
生成ROS，产生活性的p18Bax片段，激活Caspase-3、7［21］
释放细胞色素C，上调Fas的表达、BAX/BCL2的比值、Caspase-3、8和9的活性［20］
常春藤皂苷α-常春藤皂苷常春藤增加ROS数量，上调APAF-1、细胞色素C的表达，下调Bcl-2的表达，促进Bax、Caspase-3、8和9的产生［24］
下调Bcl-2的表达，促进细胞色素C的释放，上调Bax、Caspase-3、9和PARP的表达，抑制IκBα、IKK-α的磷酸化［25］
增多ROS，降低线粒体膜电位［26］
下调Bcl-2的表达，激活Caspase-3、7和8的活性［27］
上调Caspase-3、9和细胞色素C的表达，下调Bcl-2的表达［28］
诱导ROS的积累，下调ATP、Bcl-2的表达［29］
重楼皂苷重楼皂苷Ⅰ重楼增强细胞色素C的释放，上调Fas、p53、p21和Bax/Bcl-2比值的水平，激活Caspase-3、8、9和PARP、ADP-核糖，产生ROS［32］
增加ROS的数量，下调Bcl-2的表达，上调Bax的表达，增强Caspase-3的活性［33］
重楼皂苷Ⅱ增加ROS，上调Fas、Bax、细胞色素C、ADP-核糖的表达，下调Bcl-2的表达，激活Caspase-3、8、9［34］
上调细胞色素C、Bax、活性Caspase-3的表达，下调Bcl-2，AKT和p-AKT的表达［35］
重楼皂苷Ⅵ上调Bax、PARP的表达，下调Bcl-2的表达［36］
重楼皂苷Ⅶ促进线粒体分裂，增加ROS的产出［36］
其他皂苷桔梗皂苷D桔梗下调Mcl-1、Bcl-2和Bcl-XL的表达，上调Bak的表达［39］
柴胡皂苷A柴胡上调细胞色素C、Caspase-3、9的表达，下调Bcl-2的表达［40］
柴胡皂苷D上调细胞色素、Bax/Bcl-2的表达，激活Caspase-3、8和9的活性［41］
铁线莲皂苷铁线莲下调细胞色素C的表达，上调Caspase-3、9的活性［43］
薯蓣皂苷穿龙薯蓣促进ROS的产生，促使Bax移动，释放细胞色素C，激活Caspase-3、9［44］
海蓬子皂苷甲海蓬子下调Bcl-2和Bcl-XL的表达［45］
黄芪甲苷Ⅳ黄芪增加细胞色素C的释放量，上调Bax/Bcl-2的比率，激活Caspase-3、9［46］
), ArticleFig(id=1322923604962325271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923597374829288, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

皂苷类调控线粒体凋亡具体机制

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中药单体单体分型来源调节线粒体凋亡方式参考文献
人参皂苷人参皂苷Rg2人参降低膜电位，诱导ROS产生，增强凋亡分子蛋白和mRNA的表达［11］
人参皂苷Rh1增加mtROS的产生，抑制STAT3和NF-κB的表达［12］
上调mtROS、Bak和细胞色素C的表达［13］
人参皂苷Rh2诱导细胞色素C、Smac的释放，激活Caspase-9［14］
20（S）-GRh2生成ROS，上调Bax的表达［15］
人参皂苷Rg5下调PI3K，AKT和Bad的表达［16］
人参三醇调控线粒体膜电位［17］
人参皂苷Rk1产生ROS，上调Bax、细胞色素C、Caspase-3、8和9的表达，下调Bcl-2的表达［18］
七叶皂苷β-七叶皂苷娑罗子产生ROS，增加细胞色素C的释放［20］
生成ROS，产生活性的p18Bax片段，激活Caspase-3、7［21］
释放细胞色素C，上调Fas的表达、BAX/BCL2的比值、Caspase-3、8和9的活性［20］
常春藤皂苷α-常春藤皂苷常春藤增加ROS数量，上调APAF-1、细胞色素C的表达，下调Bcl-2的表达，促进Bax、Caspase-3、8和9的产生［24］
下调Bcl-2的表达，促进细胞色素C的释放，上调Bax、Caspase-3、9和PARP的表达，抑制IκBα、IKK-α的磷酸化［25］
增多ROS，降低线粒体膜电位［26］
下调Bcl-2的表达，激活Caspase-3、7和8的活性［27］
上调Caspase-3、9和细胞色素C的表达，下调Bcl-2的表达［28］
诱导ROS的积累，下调ATP、Bcl-2的表达［29］
重楼皂苷重楼皂苷Ⅰ重楼增强细胞色素C的释放，上调Fas、p53、p21和Bax/Bcl-2比值的水平，激活Caspase-3、8、9和PARP、ADP-核糖，产生ROS［32］
增加ROS的数量，下调Bcl-2的表达，上调Bax的表达，增强Caspase-3的活性［33］
重楼皂苷Ⅱ增加ROS，上调Fas、Bax、细胞色素C、ADP-核糖的表达，下调Bcl-2的表达，激活Caspase-3、8、9［34］
上调细胞色素C、Bax、活性Caspase-3的表达，下调Bcl-2，AKT和p-AKT的表达［35］
重楼皂苷Ⅵ上调Bax、PARP的表达，下调Bcl-2的表达［36］
重楼皂苷Ⅶ促进线粒体分裂，增加ROS的产出［36］
其他皂苷桔梗皂苷D桔梗下调Mcl-1、Bcl-2和Bcl-XL的表达，上调Bak的表达［39］
柴胡皂苷A柴胡上调细胞色素C、Caspase-3、9的表达，下调Bcl-2的表达［40］
柴胡皂苷D上调细胞色素、Bax/Bcl-2的表达，激活Caspase-3、8和9的活性［41］
铁线莲皂苷铁线莲下调细胞色素C的表达，上调Caspase-3、9的活性［43］
薯蓣皂苷穿龙薯蓣促进ROS的产生，促使Bax移动，释放细胞色素C，激活Caspase-3、9［44］
海蓬子皂苷甲海蓬子下调Bcl-2和Bcl-XL的表达［45］
黄芪甲苷Ⅳ黄芪增加细胞色素C的释放量，上调Bax/Bcl-2的比率，激活Caspase-3、9［46］
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中药单体皂苷类调控线粒体凋亡抗肿瘤作用机制的研究进展
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赫名扬 , 王成志 , 张山 , 李东东 , 刘培民
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(5): 119-123
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (5) : 119 -123
中药单体皂苷类调控线粒体凋亡抗肿瘤作用机制的研究进展
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赫名扬, 王成志, 张山, 李东东 , 刘培民
作者信息
  • 河南中医药大学第二附属医院，河南 郑州 450002
通讯作者:
刘培民（1973-），男，山东枣庄人，教授，博士研究生导师，博士，研究方向：中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。Email：。
李东东（1989-），男，河南开封人，主治医师，硕士研究生导师，博士，研究方向：中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。Email：。
作者简介:

赫名扬（1999-），男，河南开封人，硕士在读，研究方向：中医药防治恶性肿瘤。

Research Progress on Mechanism of Anti-Tumor Action of Chinese Medicine Monomer Saponins Regulating Mitochondrial Apoptosis
Mingyang HE, Chengzhi WANG, Shan ZHANG, Dongdong LI , Peimin LIU
Affiliations
  • The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine，Zhengzhou 450002，Henan，China
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.024
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摘要
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线粒体是细胞的重要细胞器，是细胞制造能量的场所。研究表明，线粒体具有诱导细胞凋亡的能力，线粒体靶向治疗是一种具有潜力的新型肿瘤治疗方法。肿瘤致死率逐年攀升，严重威胁人们身心健康。临床及基础研究已然证明，中医药对肿瘤治疗效果显著，其低毒高效、多通路、多靶点等优点，成为肿瘤综合治疗的重要组成部分。中药单体皂苷类，如人参皂苷、七叶皂苷、α-常春藤皂苷、重楼皂苷、桔梗皂苷D等，通过调控线粒体，促进Bcl-2相关X蛋白（Bcl-2-associated X protein，BAX）、胱天蛋白酶（Caspase，CASP）、细胞色素C等的表达，抑制B淋巴细胞瘤-2（Bcell lymphoma-2，BCL-2）蛋白家族等的表达，以内源性途径诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡，进而起到抗肿瘤作用。总结筛选近年来中药单体皂苷类调控线粒体凋亡抗肿瘤的研究成果，以线粒体凋亡为着手点，归纳总结中药单体调控线粒体凋亡抗肿瘤的作用机制，以期开拓中医药在肿瘤治疗领域的新方向，有助于推动中医药现代化之路在肿瘤治疗领域中的发展。

中药单体  /  皂苷类  /  线粒体凋亡  /  肿瘤

Mitochondria are important organelles of the cell and the sites where the cell produces energy. Studies have shown that mitochondria have the ability to induce apoptosis，and mitochondria-targeted therapy is a new tumor treatment with potential ability. Tumor mortality rate is increasing year by year，seriously threatening people＇s physical and mental health. Clinical and fundamental research studies have already proved that Chinese medicine is effective in tumor treatment，and its advantages of low toxicity and high efficiency，multi-pathway and multi-targeting have made it more and more popular in the clinic. Chinese medicine monomer saponins，such as ginsenoside，escin，α-hederin，Polyphyllin，Platycodin D and so on，can induce apoptosis of tumor cells by endogenous pathway through the regulation of mitochondria，promotion of the expressions of Bax，caspases，cytochrome Cand inhibition of the expression of the Bcl-2 family of proteins，thus exerting an anti-tumor effect. In this paper，it summarized and screened the research results on the regulation of mitochondrial apoptosis by monomer saponins of traditional Chinese medicine in recent years，and took mitochondrial apoptosis as the starting point to introduce the mechanism of mitochondrial apoptosis in detail by monomer saponins of Chinese medicine with a view to exploring the new direction of Chinese medicine in the field of tumor therapy，and helping to promote the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine in the development of the field of tumor therapy.

Chinese medicine monomer  /  saponins  /  mitochondrial apoptosis  /  tumor
赫名扬, 王成志, 张山, 李东东, 刘培民. 中药单体皂苷类调控线粒体凋亡抗肿瘤作用机制的研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (5) : 119 -123 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.024
Mingyang HE, Chengzhi WANG, Shan ZHANG, Dongdong LI, Peimin LIU. Research Progress on Mechanism of Anti-Tumor Action of Chinese Medicine Monomer Saponins Regulating Mitochondrial Apoptosis[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (5) : 119 -123 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.024
正文
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癌症是世界各国导致疾病死亡的首要因素，已然成为阻碍预期寿命延长的重要障碍。根据GLOBOCAN预计，2040年全球癌症负担将达到2840万例，较2020年同比增长47%[1]。因此，癌症已严重威胁全球人群的生命健康安全，是亟须解决的医学难题。近年来，随着传统肿瘤治疗模式无法满足临床、大量研究开始探讨新疗法的背景下，线粒体靶向治疗已成为癌症治疗的有效策略[2]。线粒体是一些多呈短棒状或圆球状，且形态各异的颗粒，由两层膜包被，是细胞中制造能量，进行有氧呼吸的场所。细胞凋亡是一种程序化细胞死亡过程，具有精确调节细胞、清除有害细胞和潜在危险细胞的功能。现代研究表明，线粒体在调节细胞凋亡中发挥着至关重要的作用[3]。中药单体是中药发挥实际疗效的有效成分，皂苷是中药单体的一种类型，现代研究发现，多种中药单体皂苷类具有良好的抗肿瘤能力，调控线粒体是其起到抗肿瘤效果的关键途径之一。本文筛选总结近年来中药单体皂苷类调控线粒体凋亡抗肿瘤的研究成果，以线粒体凋亡为着手点，详细介绍了中药单体皂苷类调控线粒体凋亡抗肿瘤的作用机制，以期为线粒体靶向疗法的后续研究及临床应用提供新的思路与方法。
1　线粒体与肿瘤的关系
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线粒体是执行和协调细胞内各种代谢过程的重要细胞器，具有为细胞生命活动提供能量的功能，亦是细胞的代谢中心。肿瘤细胞具有代谢异常的特征，线粒体代谢通过为大分子合成提供关键代谢物并生成肿瘤代谢物以维持癌症表型，进而支持肿瘤合成代谢[4]。因此，线粒体代谢是肿瘤生长的一个重要过程，线粒体与肿瘤发生发展密切相关。
线粒体是多种细胞死亡方式的关键调控因子，对细胞凋亡具有显著的诱导作用。细胞凋亡是癌细胞死亡的主要机制，可分为细胞表面死亡受体激活的外在途径和通过线粒体介导遗传毒性应激的内在途径[5]。Bcl-2蛋白家族可调控细胞凋亡的内源性途径，在线粒体凋亡过程中起关键作用，Bcl-2蛋白家族通过调节线粒体通透性转换孔（Mitochondrial permeability transition pore，MPTP），对线粒体外膜通透性（Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization，MOMP）起到直接调控作用，同时，Bcl-2蛋白家族可以控制线粒体对凋亡信号的反应[6]。MOMP可诱导线粒体凋亡，进而诱导细胞死亡[7]。当MOMP被细胞因子、生长因子等多种线粒体应激信号诱导后，释放线粒体膜间隙蛋白（如细胞色素C、线粒体促凋亡蛋白Smac、线粒体丝氨酸蛋白酶Omi/HtrA2等）到细胞质中，刺激Caspase，抑制X连锁凋亡抑制蛋白（X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein，XIAP）的表达，进而激活下游死亡程序。因此，调控线粒体代谢，诱导线粒体引发细胞凋亡，对肿瘤的临床治疗具有重要意义。见插页ⅩⅩⅧ图1。
2　中药单体皂苷类调控线粒体凋亡对肿瘤细胞的影响
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2.1　人参皂苷
人参是一种传统的药用植物，具有大补元气、生津养血等功效，多用于肿瘤的临床治疗。人参皂苷是人参的主要有效成分，是三萜类糖苷化合物，现阶段研究已从人参中提取40多种人参皂苷[8]。大量研究表明，人参皂苷具有抗炎、抗肿瘤的能力[9]，其作用机制可能与凋亡、增殖、迁移和血管生成等有关[10]。
JEON H等[11]通过一项对MCF-7细胞的研究发现，人参皂苷Rg2通过降低线粒体膜电位（Mitochondrial membrane potential，MMP）导致线粒体损伤，以诱导MCF-7细胞中的活性氧（Reative oxygen species，ROS）产生，通过ROS增强凋亡分子蛋白（如p53、Bak）和mRNA表达介导抗乳腺癌作用。JIN Y J等[12]研究发现，人参皂苷Rh1对三阴性乳腺癌迁移的抑制作用与线粒体活性氧（Mitochondrial ROS，mtROS）的产生有关，其通过抑制mtROS介导的信号传导与转录激活因子3（Signal transducer and activator of transcription，STAT3）和核因子-κB（Nuclear factor kappa-B，NF-κB）信号通路，以抑制三阴性乳腺癌细胞的迁移和侵袭作用。同时，JIN Y J等[13]在另一项研究中发现，人参皂苷Rh1还能上调mtROS的表达，增加Bak和细胞色素C的蛋白表达，导致线粒体膜电位的丧失，进而使乳腺癌细胞凋亡以发挥抗肿瘤作用。LI H等[14]研究发现，人参皂苷Rh2可诱导线粒体中细胞色素C和线粒体促凋亡蛋白的释放，刺激Caspase-9，激活内在凋亡途径，以诱导食管癌细胞凋亡，进而发挥抗肿瘤功能。20（S）-GRh2是人参皂苷Rh2中的一种类型，LIU Y等[15]发现，20（S）-GRh2可降低HeLa宫颈癌细胞的线粒体膜电位，减少三磷酸腺苷的产生并诱导生成ROS，同时，20（S）-GRh2有促进Bax从细胞质向线粒体转运的能力，进而诱导宫颈癌细胞的凋亡。LIU Y N等[16]在一项对乳腺癌细胞的研究中发现，人参皂苷Rg5降低乳腺癌细胞中磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶（Phosphoinositide 3-kinase，PI3K），蛋白激酶B（Protein kinase B，AKT）和Bcl-2关联死亡启动子（Bcl-2-associated death promoter，BAD）的磷酸化水平，以抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路，进而通过线粒体介导的乳腺癌细胞凋亡途径发挥肿瘤抑制作用。YU R等[17]在一项对人参三醇的研究中发现，人参三醇通过调控ROS介导的线粒体膜电位，促进前列腺癌细胞的凋亡，进而发挥其抗癌活性。HONG Y N等[18]发现，人参皂苷Rk1可引起ROS的产生和线粒体膜电位的降低，同时人参皂苷Rk1上调Bax、细胞色素C、Caspase-3、8和9的表达，下调Bcl-2的表达，阻断PI3K/AKT通路，诱发乳腺癌细胞凋亡。综上所述，人参皂苷通过增加ROS的产生，降低线粒体膜电位，活化Caspase-3、8和9，上调细胞色素C等的表达，下调Bcl-2等的表达，进而诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡以发挥抗肿瘤作用。
2.2　七叶皂苷
七叶皂苷是从七叶树中提取的主要活性成分，现代研究表明，七叶皂苷可通过诱导细胞线粒体凋亡、抗转移和抗血管生成等机制起到抗肿瘤作用[19]。
研究发现，β-七叶皂苷通过产生ROS降低线粒体膜电位，增加细胞色素C释放，进而导致膀胱癌细胞凋亡[20]。PARK S等[21]在一项对乳腺癌的研究中发现，β-七叶皂苷通过生成ROS，产生活性的p18Bax片段，激活Caspase-3、7，进而促进乳腺癌细胞的凋亡。CHENG C L等[20]研究发现，β-七叶皂苷可促进ROS的产生，降低线粒体膜电位功，促进细胞色素C的释放，同时上调脂肪酸合成酶（Fatty acid synthase，FAS）的表达、Bax/Bcl-2的比值、Caspase-3、8和9的活性，进而诱导膀胱癌细胞凋亡。由此可见，七叶皂苷通过生成ROS，下调Bcl-2的表达，激活Caspase-3、7、8和9，裂解Bax蛋白，进而促进肿瘤细胞的凋亡。
2.3　α-常春藤皂苷
常春藤又称土鼓藤、土枫藤等，是五加科植物常春藤的茎、叶。常春藤性凉、味苦，具有祛风、利湿、平肝、解毒的功效。α-常春藤皂苷是一种五环三萜类皂苷，可从常青藤叶片中提取获得，具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗菌等药理活性，其通过诱导细胞凋亡和细胞周期停滞、抑制细胞增殖等方式发挥其抗肿瘤作用[22]。研究表明，α-常春藤皂苷具有抑制黑色素瘤细胞增殖，并诱导其凋亡的能力[23]。
WANG J等[24]在一项对胃癌细胞的研究中发现，α-常春藤皂苷通过增加ROS的积累来改变线粒体膜电位，同时上调凋亡蛋白酶激活因子-1（Apoptosis protease-activating factor-1，APAF-1）和细胞色素C的表达，下调Bcl-2的表达，促进Bax、Caspase-3、8和9的产生，进而激活并诱导胃癌细胞的凋亡。SUN D D等[25]研究发现，在白细胞介素-6（Interleukin-6，IL-6）处理的结肠癌SW620细胞模型中，α-常春藤皂苷下调Bcl-2的表达，上调Bax的表达，促进细胞色素C向细胞质释放，同时，α-常春藤皂苷上调Caspase-3、9和PARP的表达，抑制NF-κB的核转位和核因子κB抑制因子α（Inhibitory subunit Of NF kappa Balpha，IKB-α）、核因子κB抑制物激酶α（Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase alpha，IKK-α）的磷酸化，通过线粒体和Caspase途径促使结肠癌细胞凋亡。DENG H等[26]研究发现，顺铂和α-常春藤皂苷的组合通过上调凋亡相关蛋白的表达，增加胃癌细胞中ROS的积累，降低线粒体膜电位，进而抑制胃癌细胞的增殖并促使其凋亡。ADAMSKA A等[27]发现，α-常春藤皂苷能降低线粒体膜电位，下调Bcl-2的表达，激活Caspase-3、7和8的活性，以诱导卵巢癌细胞程序性死亡。LI J等[28]研究发现，α-常春藤皂苷可上调Caspase-3、9和细胞色素C的表达，下调Bcl-2的表达，增加细胞内ROS介导的线粒体途径诱导肝癌细胞凋亡。WANGJ等[29]研究发现，α-常春藤皂苷能诱导ROS的积累，下调ATP、Bcl-2的表达，通过激活线粒体途径诱导食管癌细胞凋亡。综上所述，α-常春藤皂苷通过产生ROS来改变线粒体膜电位，上调细胞色素C、Bax、Caspase-3、7、8和9，下调Bcl-2、IKK-α、IKB-α、ATP的表达，发挥其诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的能力。
2.4　重楼皂苷
重楼是百合科植物云南重楼或七叶一枝花的干燥根茎，微苦，具有清热解毒、消肿止痛、凉肝定惊的功效，是现代临床肿瘤治疗的常用药。大量现代研究证明，重楼具有极强的抗肿瘤活性[30]，其主要成分重楼皂苷发挥重要作用。重楼皂苷具有多种分型，如重楼皂苷Ⅰ、重楼皂苷Ⅱ、重楼皂苷Ⅵ、重楼皂苷Ⅶ等，这些活性成分可通过抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、转移，诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡等方式，发挥其抗肿瘤作用[31]。
ZENGY W 等[32]研究发现，重楼皂苷Ⅰ可增强细胞色素C的释放，上调Fas、p53、p21和Bax/Bcl-2比值的水平，激活Caspase-3、8、9和PARP、ADP-核糖，产生ROS致使肝癌细胞凋亡。YOU L J等[33]研究肝癌发现，重楼皂苷Ⅰ通过降低线粒体膜电位，增加ROS的数量，下调Bcl-2的表达，上调Bax的表达，增强Caspase-3的活性，进而诱导结肠癌和肺癌细胞凋亡，以起到抗肿瘤作用。WANG W P等[34]研究发现，重楼皂苷Ⅱ处理后，肝癌细胞的ROS增加，线粒体膜电位降低，同时上调Fas、Bax、细胞色素C、ADP-核糖的表达，下调Bcl-2的表达，激活Caspase-3、8、9，以调控肝癌细胞凋亡的方式发挥抗肿瘤作用。CHENG G等[35]发现，重楼皂苷Ⅱ处理后的胶质瘤细胞，多数出现线粒体肿胀、排列紊乱、缩小、空泡化的现象，即线粒体凋亡，重楼皂苷Ⅱ促进了细胞色素C、Bax、活性Caspase-3的表达，并抑制Bcl-2，AKT和p-AKT的表达，进而通过线粒体途径诱导胶质瘤细胞凋亡。YUAN Y L等[36]在一项对骨肉瘤的研究中发现，重楼皂苷Ⅵ能上调Bax和多聚ADP核糖聚合酶（Poly ADP ribose polymerase，PARP）的表达，下调骨肉瘤细胞中Bcl-2的表达以诱导线粒体介导的细胞凋亡。ZHAO L等[37]发现，重楼皂苷Ⅶ通过诱导线粒体功能障碍，促进线粒体分裂，增加ROS的产出，进而诱导卵巢癌细胞的凋亡。综上所述，重楼皂苷具有增加ROS的数量，降低线粒体膜电位，上调Bax、细胞色素C、的表达，抑制Bcl-2的表达，激发Caspase-3、8、9活性的能力，故重楼皂苷可诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。
2.5　其他皂苷
桔梗皂苷D是桔梗的主要活性成分之一，具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤等功效[38]。LIU P等[39]研究弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤时发现，经桔梗皂苷D处理的细胞中，髓样细胞白血病蛋白-1（Myeloid cell leukemia 1，MCL-1）、Bcl-2和Bcl-XL的表达被抑制，同时上调Bak的表达，通过线粒体途径发生细胞凋亡。柴胡皂苷A是柴胡中抗肿瘤的活性成分之一。ZHOU Q等[40]研究发现，柴胡皂苷A通过上调细胞色素C、Caspase-3、9的表达，抑制Bcl-2的表达，通过内源性线粒体途径诱导膀胱癌细胞凋亡。柴胡皂苷D是柴胡中抗肿瘤活性最强的成分，其作用机制包括抑制细胞增殖、侵袭、诱导细胞凋亡等[41]。GAO T等研究发现[42]，柴胡皂苷D与抑制剂SP600125合用可上调细胞色素C的释放、Bax/Bcl-2的比值，进而激活Caspase-3、8和9，以诱导骨肉瘤细胞的凋亡。铁线莲皂苷是中药铁线莲的主要活性成分。CHENG L等[43]发现，铁线莲皂苷显著降低乳腺癌细胞中的细胞色素C的表达，同时上调Caspase-3、9的活性，通过调节线粒体凋亡途径诱导乳腺癌细胞凋亡。薯蓣皂苷是穿龙薯蓣的有效活性成分。有学者研究发现，薯蓣皂苷促进ROS的产生，破坏线粒体膜电位，使Bax向线粒体移动，释放细胞色素C，激活Caspase-3和9，通过内源性线粒体依赖途径诱导肝癌细胞凋亡[44]。海蓬子皂苷甲是海蓬子的特异单体提取物。GUAN F Q等[45]研究发现，海蓬子皂苷甲通过下调Bcl-2和Bcl-xl的表达，破坏线粒体膜电位，进而诱导乳腺癌细胞的凋亡。黄芪甲苷Ⅳ是黄芪的主要有效活性成分。ZHANG B C等[46]研究发现，黄芪甲苷Ⅳ增加细胞色素C的释放量，上调Bax/Bcl-2的比率，激发Caspase-3和9的活性，进而诱导结直肠癌细胞的凋亡（见表1）。综上所述，桔梗皂苷D、柴胡皂苷D、柴胡皂苷A、铁线莲皂苷、薯蓣皂苷、海蓬子皂苷甲、黄芪甲苷Ⅳ均可通过线粒体途径诱导细胞凋亡，进而表达其抗肿瘤能力。
3　总结与展望
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近年来，肿瘤致死率逐年提高，已然成为疾病死亡的首要因素。线粒体是细胞中非常重要的细胞器之一，在细胞中具有提供能量的作用，拥有调控细胞周期的能力，线粒体与肿瘤细胞凋亡直接相关。线粒体靶向治疗是一种新型疗法，如ROS诱导剂可以诱导过量ROS的产生，激活肿瘤细胞线粒体凋亡。多种中药皂苷类通过诱导肿瘤细胞线粒体凋亡，展现其明显的抗肿瘤疗效。然而，中药单体皂苷类调控线粒体凋亡抗肿瘤作用的研究仍存在一些不足：①大量研究已证明中药单体皂苷类具有调控线粒体以诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的能力，但相关的临床观察研究仍处于空白；②中西医结合是肿瘤治疗的趋势，当前对中药单体皂苷类联合西药治疗的实验开展不足；③虽然当前皂苷类通过诱导线粒体凋亡抗肿瘤实验研究已较为深入，但却仅局限于部分蛋白和通路，对完整通路的上下游研究及多条通路的交叉研究仍不够全面。综上所述，对皂苷类调控线粒体凋亡抗肿瘤机制的研究，应注重与中西医的联合研究，深入探讨多蛋白、多通路交叉作用机制，弥补当前阶段研究上的不足。同时应多注重动物实验与临床研究相结合，促进肿瘤治疗新方案的探索，努力将基础研究成果向临床转化，为肿瘤临床治疗提供新思路与新方法，发挥中医药在肿瘤治疗领域的作用。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82204981)
  • 国家中医临床研究基地科研专项(2021JDZX2002)
  • 河南省特色骨干学科中医学学科建设项目(STG-ZYX06-202145)
  • 河南省中医药科学研究专项(20-21ZY2115)
  • 河南省中医院博士科研基金项目(2022BSJJ08; 2023BSJJ02)
  • 河南省中医药大学研究生科研创新能力提升计划项目(2022KYCX057)
文献
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2025年第43卷第5期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.024
  • 首发时间：2026-10-30
  • 出版时间：2025-05-10
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基金
国家自然科学基金项目(82204981)
国家中医临床研究基地科研专项(2021JDZX2002)
河南省特色骨干学科中医学学科建设项目(STG-ZYX06-202145)
河南省中医药科学研究专项(20-21ZY2115)
河南省中医院博士科研基金项目(2022BSJJ08; 2023BSJJ02)
河南省中医药大学研究生科研创新能力提升计划项目(2022KYCX057)
作者信息
    河南中医药大学第二附属医院，河南 郑州 450002

通讯作者:

刘培民（1973-），男，山东枣庄人，教授，博士研究生导师，博士，研究方向：中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。Email：。
李东东（1989-），男，河南开封人，主治医师，硕士研究生导师，博士，研究方向：中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。Email：。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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