Article(id=1322923141458178445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923011518628427, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.03.029, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339055646, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1741536000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339055646, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339055646, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339055646, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322923011518628427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1741536000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339024666, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340602374, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929628976906432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923011518628427, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929628981100737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923011518628427, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=161, endPage=165, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322923141697253774, articleId=1322923141458178445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Mechanism of Gegen Qinlian Decoction(葛根芩连汤)in Regulating Cytokines in Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Gegen Qinlian Decoction(葛根芩连汤,GQD),a classical formula recorded in the Treatise on Febrile Diseases,possesses the efficacy of relieving the exterior and clearing the interior,ascending the clear and stopping dysentery. Traditionally,it has been primarily used to treat diarrhea or dysentery caused by damp-heat. Given the similarities in pathological mechanisms and primary symptoms between traditional indications of GQD and modern gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases,particularly ulcerative colitis(UC),GQD has been widely used in modern clinical practice to treat such diseases. The research has shown that the mechanism of GQD treating UCinvolves multiple pathways and targets,including regulating immune response,protecting intestinal mucosal barrier,antioxidant stress and inhibiting inflammatory response. The realization of these mechanisms is intricately linked to the sophisticated regulatory network among cytokines. Moreover,the significance of cytokines in the pathogenesis of UChas become increasingly prominent. The imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines leading to immune dysregulation is considered a critical factor influencing the progression and prognosis of UCand has become a focal point of current research. Based on this,this study systematically reviewed the mechanism of Gegen Qinlian Decoction in the treatment of UCfrom the perspective of cytokines,and explored it in depth from pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines,aiming to provide further theoretical support and reference for the rational clinical application of GQD.

, authors=Yingnan HU1, Jingyi TANG1, Weihan ZHU1, Dian YU1, Wenjun XU1, Jintao FANG1, Haorui ZHA1, Fengyong WANG2, Wei ZHANG2, authorsList=Yingnan HU, Jingyi TANG, Weihan ZHU, Dian YU, Wenjun XU, Jintao FANG, Haorui ZHA, Fengyong WANG, Wei ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322923142359953807, articleId=1322923141458178445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=葛根芩连汤调控细胞因子治疗溃疡性结肠炎作用机制研究进展, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

葛根芩连汤是记载于《伤寒论》中的经典名方,具有解表清里、升清止利功效,传统上主要应用于治疗由湿热引起的泄泻或痢疾。鉴于其与现代肠道炎症性疾病,尤其是溃疡性结肠炎,在病理机制和主治症状存在诸多共通之处,现代临床实践已广泛运用葛根芩连汤治疗此类疾病。研究表明,葛根芩连汤治疗溃疡性结肠炎的作用机制涉及多途径多靶点,包括调节免疫反应、保护肠黏膜屏障、抗氧化应激以及抑制炎症反应等。这些机制的实现与细胞因子间精细且复杂的调控网络密不可分。加之,细胞因子在溃疡性结肠炎发病机制中的重要性日益凸显,其中促炎症与抑炎型细胞因子之间的平衡失调导致的免疫异常,被认为是影响溃疡性结肠炎进展和预后的关键因素,并逐渐成为当前研究的热点。基于此,研究从细胞因子的角度出发对葛根芩连汤治疗溃疡性结肠炎的作用机制进行系统综述,分别从促炎症细胞因子和抑炎型细胞因子两个方面深入探讨,旨为葛根芩连汤在临床合理应用提供进一步理论支持和参考依据。

, authors=胡英男1, 唐静仪1, 祝维涵1, 俞点1, 徐文君1, 方锦涛1, 查皓锐1, 王峰勇2, 张威2, authorsList=胡英男, 唐静仪, 祝维涵, 俞点, 徐文君, 方锦涛, 查皓锐, 王峰勇, 张威, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张威, authorNote=

胡英男(1993-),男,安徽界首人,博士,研究方向:中西医结合防治消化道疾病。

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张威(1968-),男,浙江仙居人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中西医结合防治消化道疾病。E-mail:。
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胡英男(1993-),男,安徽界首人,博士,研究方向:中西医结合防治消化道疾病。

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胡英男(1993-),男,安徽界首人,博士,研究方向:中西医结合防治消化道疾病。

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葛根芩连汤调控细胞因子治疗溃疡性结肠炎作用机制研究进展
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胡英男 1 , 唐静仪 1 , 祝维涵 1 , 俞点 1 , 徐文君 1 , 方锦涛 1 , 查皓锐 1 , 王峰勇 2 , 张威 2
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(3): 161-165
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (3) : 161 -165
葛根芩连汤调控细胞因子治疗溃疡性结肠炎作用机制研究进展
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胡英男(1993-),男,安徽界首人,博士,研究方向:中西医结合防治消化道疾病。

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胡英男1, 唐静仪1, 祝维涵1, 俞点1, 徐文君1, 方锦涛1, 查皓锐1, 王峰勇2, 张威2
作者信息
  • 1.浙江中医药大学第二临床医学院,浙江 杭州 310053
  • 2.浙江中医药大学附属第二医院,浙江 杭州 310005
通讯作者:
张威(1968-),男,浙江仙居人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中西医结合防治消化道疾病。E-mail:。
作者简介:

胡英男(1993-),男,安徽界首人,博士,研究方向:中西医结合防治消化道疾病。

Research Progress on Mechanism of Gegen Qinlian Decoction(葛根芩连汤)in Regulating Cytokines in Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis
Yingnan HU1, Jingyi TANG1, Weihan ZHU1, Dian YU1, Wenjun XU1, Jintao FANG1, Haorui ZHA1, Fengyong WANG2, Wei ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University,Hangzhou 310053,Zhejiang,China
  • 2.The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University,Hangzhou 310005,Zhejiang,China
出版时间: 2025-03-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.03.029
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葛根芩连汤是记载于《伤寒论》中的经典名方,具有解表清里、升清止利功效,传统上主要应用于治疗由湿热引起的泄泻或痢疾。鉴于其与现代肠道炎症性疾病,尤其是溃疡性结肠炎,在病理机制和主治症状存在诸多共通之处,现代临床实践已广泛运用葛根芩连汤治疗此类疾病。研究表明,葛根芩连汤治疗溃疡性结肠炎的作用机制涉及多途径多靶点,包括调节免疫反应、保护肠黏膜屏障、抗氧化应激以及抑制炎症反应等。这些机制的实现与细胞因子间精细且复杂的调控网络密不可分。加之,细胞因子在溃疡性结肠炎发病机制中的重要性日益凸显,其中促炎症与抑炎型细胞因子之间的平衡失调导致的免疫异常,被认为是影响溃疡性结肠炎进展和预后的关键因素,并逐渐成为当前研究的热点。基于此,研究从细胞因子的角度出发对葛根芩连汤治疗溃疡性结肠炎的作用机制进行系统综述,分别从促炎症细胞因子和抑炎型细胞因子两个方面深入探讨,旨为葛根芩连汤在临床合理应用提供进一步理论支持和参考依据。

葛根芩连汤  /  溃疡性结肠炎  /  细胞因子  /  促炎症细胞因子  /  抑炎型细胞因子

Gegen Qinlian Decoction(葛根芩连汤,GQD),a classical formula recorded in the Treatise on Febrile Diseases,possesses the efficacy of relieving the exterior and clearing the interior,ascending the clear and stopping dysentery. Traditionally,it has been primarily used to treat diarrhea or dysentery caused by damp-heat. Given the similarities in pathological mechanisms and primary symptoms between traditional indications of GQD and modern gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases,particularly ulcerative colitis(UC),GQD has been widely used in modern clinical practice to treat such diseases. The research has shown that the mechanism of GQD treating UCinvolves multiple pathways and targets,including regulating immune response,protecting intestinal mucosal barrier,antioxidant stress and inhibiting inflammatory response. The realization of these mechanisms is intricately linked to the sophisticated regulatory network among cytokines. Moreover,the significance of cytokines in the pathogenesis of UChas become increasingly prominent. The imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines leading to immune dysregulation is considered a critical factor influencing the progression and prognosis of UCand has become a focal point of current research. Based on this,this study systematically reviewed the mechanism of Gegen Qinlian Decoction in the treatment of UCfrom the perspective of cytokines,and explored it in depth from pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines,aiming to provide further theoretical support and reference for the rational clinical application of GQD.

Gegen Qinlian Decoction(葛根芩连汤)  /  ulcerative colitis  /  cytokines  /  pro-inflammatory cytokines  /  anti-inflammatory cytokine
胡英男, 唐静仪, 祝维涵, 俞点, 徐文君, 方锦涛, 查皓锐, 王峰勇, 张威. 葛根芩连汤调控细胞因子治疗溃疡性结肠炎作用机制研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (3) : 161 -165 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.03.029
Yingnan HU, Jingyi TANG, Weihan ZHU, Dian YU, Wenjun XU, Jintao FANG, Haorui ZHA, Fengyong WANG, Wei ZHANG. Research Progress on Mechanism of Gegen Qinlian Decoction(葛根芩连汤)in Regulating Cytokines in Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (3) : 161 -165 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.03.029
葛根芩连汤,源自于东汉末年医圣张仲景《伤寒杂病论》,为治疗湿热泄泻或痢疾的经典方剂,方以葛根、黄芩、黄连、甘草四味药材配伍组成。其重用葛根“起阴气,解诸毒”“主消渴”,解表升清阳止痢;黄连、黄芩“主恶疮”“主肠澼泄痢”,燥湿祛邪热,解诸毒;甘草“通经脉,利血气”“止渴”,调和诸药。四药合用共奏解表清里、升清止利之功。现市场上已有葛根芩连汤制剂销售,主要用于治疗溃疡性结肠炎、克罗恩病、细菌性痢疾、肠伤寒等肠道疾病[1]。其中,溃疡性结肠炎归属于中医学之“泄泻”“痢疾”“肠澼”“久利”等范畴,是一种结直肠的慢性非特异性炎症性肠病,其临床表现为腹痛、黏液脓血便和里急后重等。近几十年来,溃疡性结肠炎的发病率和患病率呈现持续上升趋势,截至2023年,全球患者数量已攀升至约500万例[2-3]。尽管新型药物如生物制剂、小分子药物抑制剂以及对白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-23细胞因子的单抗药物等不断涌现,但这些药物主要集中于诱导缓解和维持治疗,且潜在的副作用和复发风险仍是临床面临的难题[4]。因此,研发针对溃疡性结肠炎的特异性药物,以提高疗效和安全性,对于该病的临床诊疗具有重要意义。根据已公开的临床研究数据,葛根芩连汤在治疗溃疡性结肠炎患者的平均总有效率高达92.4%,平均治愈率为47.2%,显示出此方显著地治疗效果和应用前景[5]。研究进一步揭示,葛根芩连汤在治疗溃疡性结肠炎的病因机制涉及较多方面,包括调节免疫反应、维护肠黏膜屏障、对抗氧化应激等关键途径,并且影响多种细胞因子的生成及活性,进而在分子层面有效地抑制炎症反应[6-8]。细胞因子按作用机制可分为促炎症细胞因子和抑炎型细胞因子,两者之间的动态失衡是肠黏膜病理损伤的关键环节。针对这两种细胞因子的调节效果在治疗溃疡性结肠炎的过程中发挥重要作用,为该疾病的治疗提供新的治疗策略[9]。因此,本文围绕细胞因子的视角,重点对葛根芩连汤调控促炎症细胞因子和抑炎型细胞因子治疗溃疡性结肠炎的机制进行归纳、总结,为葛根芩连汤的深入开发利用提供研究基础。
细胞因子在溃疡性结肠炎的病因机制及其治疗策略中发挥特异性作用,既是该疾病发生的关键影响因素,也是制定治疗方案的重要依据。溃疡性结肠炎的病因机制复杂多样,涵盖遗传易感性、环境因素、免疫反应失调、肠道微生态等,其中细胞因子特异性作用已成为研究关注焦点[10-11]。细胞因子数量变化和功能异常,特别集中于促炎症细胞因子和抑炎型细胞因子的相互抗衡导致免疫紊乱失调,被视为是诱发溃疡性结肠炎发生和炎症持续存在的重要因素[5,12]。具体而言,肠道黏膜受损后,肠壁内固有层中免疫细胞包括T淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞等被激活,随之迅速产生并招募大量促炎症细胞因子,如肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumornecrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-12(IL-12)、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-17及IL-18等,这些衍生地细胞因子串联交互组成复杂网络,促进免疫细胞聚集、过度活化导致促炎症细胞因子进一步释放,加剧炎症并损害肠道黏膜。同时,抑炎型细胞因子如转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)和IL-10的功能受到抑制,致使炎症持续加重。由此,促炎症和抑炎型细胞因子呈现失衡状态,促炎症细胞因子表达相对升高且占具优势,不仅诱发炎症反应加剧,而且使肠道组织的损伤和功能紊乱,最终形成溃疡坏死病变。此外,靶向细胞因子是治疗溃疡性结肠炎常用的临床手段,侧重于通过调节该病发病机制中起核心作用的促炎症和抑炎型细胞因子,或者阻断细胞因子网络的关键环节,以恢复免疫系统的平衡,达到控制溃疡性结肠炎症、维持缓解为目的[12-13]。治疗方法包括阻断促炎症细胞因子(如TNF-α,IL-12和IL-23)或其受体(sIL-6R and IL-36R),采用抑炎型细胞因子衍生的生物制剂(如重组人IL-10细胞因子,抗Smad7反义寡核苷酸药物蒙格森及重组人IL-22二聚体F652),或抑制信号激酶(如JAK激酶)等。联合应用多种抗细胞因子药物在溃疡性结肠炎治疗领域正逐渐成为一种新兴趋势。这一策略的核心是基于促炎症和抑炎型细胞因子的表达及功能进行靶向调节,有望为此病治疗带来新突破,为患者提供更为精准特异性治疗[14]。
研究表明,葛根芩连汤对溃疡性结肠炎细胞因子的免疫调节作用主要涉及促炎症和抑炎型细胞因子调节。
TNF-α是一种被公认的经典促炎症细胞因子,它由活化的巨噬细胞和T淋巴细胞等产生的炎症介质,可刺激单核细胞向巨噬细胞的分化、中性粒细胞的募集和肉芽肿的产生[15-16]。
在溃疡性结肠炎中,TNF-α的过度生成导致肠道黏膜炎症、溃疡形成以及免疫调节紊乱,加剧了疾病的病程。TNF-α拮抗剂如阿达木单抗、英夫利昔单抗及戈利木单抗等已在溃疡性结肠炎治疗管理中广为推荐[17]。张理顺等[18]研究表明葛根芩连汤治疗8周后能有效减低溃疡性结肠炎湿热内蓄症患者血清TNF-α、IL-6水平显著降低,减轻患者的炎症反应,而且协同美沙拉嗪治疗效果更佳。陈丽等[19]使用葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium,DSS)诱导溃疡性结肠炎模型小鼠,发现葛根芩连汤可减轻结肠炎小鼠病变程度和结肠组织损伤范围,使得TNF-α表达降低,改善肠道炎症反应,促进肠黏膜修复,效果显著。刘文等[20]采用TNF-α作为反映葛根芩连汤对2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid,TNBS)诱导湿热内蕴型溃疡性结肠炎大鼠改善效果的药效指标,为其质量控制与评价、药效物质基础研究提供科学依据。研究结果揭示,TNF-α可能是葛根芩连汤治疗溃疡性结肠炎的重要靶点。
IL-6是一种重要的促炎症细胞因子,通过激活JAK/STAT信号通路促进抗原呈递、T细胞激活、急性相蛋白合成,并增加炎症细胞迁移,起到促炎作用[12,21]。IL-6的水平升高与溃疡性结肠炎病情严重性呈正相关,其作用包括促进炎症细胞的浸润和活化、增强黏膜免疫反应,以及影响肠道屏障功能和促进纤维化过程[22]。安明伟等[23]研究发现葛根芩连汤能减轻溃疡性结肠炎结肠黏膜损伤,通过IL-6/JAK/STAT信号途径改善代谢,抑制炎性反应。其中,低中高剂量葛根芩连汤均使结肠炎黏膜组织IL-6蛋白含量及mRNA表达量下降,以高剂量葛根芩连汤最为明显,呈现剂量依赖性的特点。许晨等[24]发现加味葛根芩连汤合用美沙拉嗪能有效减轻溃疡性结肠炎患者临床症状,改善结肠黏膜溃疡改变,并明显降低IL-6和TNF-α的水平,较单纯使用美沙拉嗪疗效更优,而且使得患者服药期间不良反应率下降。结果表明,葛根芩连汤治疗溃疡性结肠炎可能通过抑制促炎症细胞因子IL-6和TNF-α表达从而抑制炎症反应,促进溃疡修复。
IL-1β是一种关键的促炎症细胞因子,由多种细胞类型(包括巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、中性粒细胞和上皮细胞)产生,起着推动炎症反应、促进发热、细胞增殖和分化、细胞黏附和迁移以及组织修复和重塑等多重作用[25]。在溃疡性结肠炎的发病机制中,IL-1β的过量产生与肠道的炎症反应、组织损伤及促炎微环境的建立密切相关,通过激活肠道内的免疫细胞及促进炎症介质的释放,进一步加剧了溃疡性结肠炎的病理过程[26-27]。XU等[28]借助网络药理学探究葛根芩连汤对溃疡性结肠炎潜在作用机制,可能与调节免疫系统和炎症相关通路中细胞因子(如IL-6、TNF、IL-1β、IL-10、IL-4、IL-2等)的平衡来实现。此外,分子对接结果进一步表明,此方主要活性成分槲皮素对上述枢纽靶点同样展示出良好的亲和力。曾微微等[29]研究发现葛根芩连汤联合固肠止泻丸治疗溃疡性结肠炎患者与单纯使用固肠止泻丸治疗,均能够显著降低血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平,并且显著改善患者的临床症状,提升患者的免疫功能,有助于改善患者预后。其中,葛根芩连汤联合固肠止泻丸组血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的表达水平较单纯使用固肠止泻丸更低。LI等[30]实验研究发现葛根芩连汤通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,增强抗氧化作用,并显著降低IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-αmRNA表达水平,从而减轻DSS诱导急性溃疡性结肠炎小鼠炎症反应。综上结果提示,葛根芩连汤治疗溃疡性结肠炎的作用机制可能通过抑制促炎症细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α表达有关。
IL-17主要是由辅助性T细胞(Helper T cells,Th细胞)亚型Th17细胞产生的促炎症细胞因子,具有促进炎症和强化宿主防御的作用[31]。研究报道[30],IL-17的水平显著升高见于活动期溃疡性结肠炎外周血和肠道黏膜固有层内,且与病情严重程度密切相关[32-33]。IL-23通过激活Th17细胞产生IL-17,靶向IL-23/IL-17轴是治疗溃疡性结肠炎的一种很有前景的新方法[33-34]。宋妍等[35]研究发现葛根芩连汤治疗溃疡性结肠炎是多靶点、多个信号通路共同调节的复杂过程,其中信号通路包括NF-κB、IL-17、Toll样受体、MAPK、PI3K-AKT、Jak/STAT、TNF等。ZHAO等[36]实验显示,葛根芩连汤减轻DSS诱导的溃疡性结肠炎模型小鼠的异常症状,作用机制可能通过抑制IL-6/JAK2/STAT3信号通路,恢复结肠组织中调节性T细胞(Regulatory T cell,Treg)和Th17细胞的稳态,降低IL-17、IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6和TGF-β1等炎症因子的表达。以上表明,葛根芩连汤治疗溃疡性结肠炎的作用机制涉及对多种促炎症细胞因子的抑制作用,包括IL-17、IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-6等。
IL-18是一种典型的促炎症细胞因子,由巨噬细胞和树突状细胞产生,具有调节先天和获得性免疫反应,并参与宿主防御感染作用[37]。IL-18在溃疡性结肠炎中发挥双重作用:一方面通过促炎途径破坏肠道上皮屏障,另一方面调节Th1/Th2平衡影响免疫反应[37-38]。IL-18的分泌增加与溃疡性结肠炎的严重程度相关[39]。赵益等[40]学者研究发现葛根芩连汤对TNBS诱导溃疡性结肠炎大鼠的结肠组织损伤具有明显的治疗作用,可能通过增加机体抗氧化作用,降低促炎症细胞因子IL-18的表达,从而达到治疗目的。方娴等[41]研究发现较于单用美沙拉嗪肠溶片口服,针灸配合葛根芩连汤加减保留灌肠治疗溃疡性结肠炎患者能显著减轻患者肠道症状和临床表现,显示出更优的临床疗效,其作用机制可能与调节相关炎症因子如IL-18、IL-6,以及自身免疫性抗体有关。其中两种治疗方法治疗后结肠炎患者IL-18,IL-6较治疗前均发生显著降低,而针灸配合葛根芩连汤加减则降低更为明显。这些研究结果显示,IL-18也是葛根芩连汤治疗溃疡性结肠炎的重要靶点。
TGF-β是一种高效的抑炎型细胞因子,包括TGF-β1、TGF-β2和TGF-β3等亚型。TGF-β通过抑制免疫细胞(如T细胞和巨噬细胞)的活化和增殖,阻止细胞因子与趋化因子的生成,同时促成调节性T细胞的生成,以达到抑制炎症反应的作用。TGF-β的这些特性对于溃疡性结肠炎的管理和预后尤为关键,但其过量反而会诱致肠道纤维化。王浩等[42]运用免疫诱导法,通过向大鼠双侧足趾、双侧腹股沟及背部皮下注射抗原乳化液,成功构建了溃疡性结肠炎大鼠模型。研究观察到,葛根芩连汤治疗明显减轻结肠炎大鼠结肠黏膜损伤程度,显著提升血清TGF-β1和细胞凋亡因子B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2)水平。结果表明,葛根芩连汤可能通过提升TGF-β1的抑炎作用,促进Bcl-2相关抗细胞凋亡因子的作用趋势,减缓细胞凋亡速率,从而起到保护结肠黏膜的作用。WANG等[43]实验研究发现加味葛根芩连汤可下调溃疡性结肠炎小鼠白细胞介素(IL)-1β和丙二醛(MDA)的表达,减轻杯状细胞的损失和肠上皮超微结构的破坏,显著改善结肠炎小鼠的症状和病理损伤。此外,在体外TNF-α-诱导的caco2细胞单层肠屏障模型中,葛根芩连汤含药血清可能够显著提升TGF-β、IL-4、IL-10的表达水平,抑制促炎症细胞因子IL-21、IL-17A以及氧化应激指标丙二醛等的表达。这些结果进一步证实,葛根芩连汤保护作用与其抑制炎症、减轻氧化应激、修复肠屏障损伤密切相关。综上所述,葛根芩连汤能通过提升TGF-β的表达水平,实现对溃疡性结肠炎的有效治疗。
IL-4是由Th2细胞和肥大细胞等产生的一种多效的抑炎型细胞因子,同时兼具一定的促炎特性[44-45]。其抑炎作用主要是通过抑制Th1细胞介导的促炎反应,促进Th2细胞活化以增加抗体产生,从而帮助机体有效地清除病原体。然而,在特定情境下,IL-4亦可促进炎症反应,例如致使Th2细胞过度分化、增强免疫球蛋白类别转换和调节炎症因子产生等途径[10]。研究指出,IL-4表达可作为评估溃疡性结肠炎的炎性反应程度的评判指标。随着溃疡性结肠炎临床疾病活动度加重,IL-4在肠黏膜局部表达水平增加,呈现正相关[46]。杨柳等[47]研究发现针对于中度湿热蕴结型溃疡性结肠炎患者,在美沙拉嗪肠溶片治疗基础上给予加味葛根芩连汤临床疗效显著优于单纯使用加味葛根芩连汤,具体表现在中医证候积分、Mayo评分、电子结肠镜评分等。此外,两种药物合用后患者外周血IL-4、IL-10较治疗前上调,IL-6和TNF-α蛋白水平较治疗前降低,而且上述指标较单纯使用美沙拉嗪效果更为明显。这说明葛根芩连汤可上调抑炎型细胞因子IL-4、IL-10的水平,降低促炎症细胞因子IL-6、TNF-α表达来缓解溃疡性结肠炎的症状。张宁等[48]观察了加味葛根芩连汤联合常规治疗(如美沙拉嗪、氢化可的松琥珀酸钠)对重度湿热型溃疡性结肠炎患者的临床疗效。结果发现相较于常规治疗,加用加味葛根芩连汤更有效地缓解重度湿热型溃疡性结肠炎患者的临床症状,使临床疗效更为显著,不良反应得以减少。进一步分析显示,患者治疗后血清中抑炎型细胞因子IL-4、IL-10、IL-13的浓度显著上升,而促炎型细胞因子IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α的浓度则明显降低。高威等[49]实验发现葛根芩连汤干预后,DSS诱导溃疡性结肠炎小鼠的血清IL-4水平显著升高,而IFN-γ、TNF-α的表达水平显著降低。上述结果提示,葛根芩连汤发挥保护作用机制可能与调控抑炎型和促炎症细胞因子的分泌密切相关,如促进抑炎型细胞因子IL-4的分泌,抑制促炎症细胞因子TNF-α的表达等,从而调节体内的炎症反应,达到治疗溃疡性结肠炎的效果。
IL-10是一种重要的抑炎型细胞因子,由T细胞、B细胞以及巨噬细胞等多种细胞共同分泌。其主要作用机制在于通过抑制炎症介质的生成来调节炎症反应[50]。研究表明,IL-10与炎症性肠病存在高度相关,IL-10表达缺陷的小鼠模型会伴有自发性结肠炎[51-52]。此外,IL-10还能有效地降低Th1和Th17细胞的活性,进而减少这些细胞分泌的促炎症细胞因子如IFN-γ和IL-17的水平,从而发挥保护肠道屏障,减轻肠道炎症的作用[53]。崔茜等[54]对溃疡性结肠炎大肠湿热证患者进行临床研究,采用内服葛根芩连汤联合白头翁汤加减保留灌肠治疗,结果发现两者联用可有效地减轻患者的异常症状,临床疗效显著,而且血清中抑炎型细胞因子IL-10显著升高,促炎症细胞因子TNF-α、IL-8明显降低,提示两者抑炎效应可能与调节炎性因子IL-10、TNF-α、IL-8的产生及释放有关。杨涛等[55]、李佩武等[56]和王传颂等[57]分别开展了葛根芩连汤联合益生菌、葛根芩连加减汤联合酪酸梭菌、葛根芩连汤联合柳氮磺胺吡啶治疗溃疡性结肠炎的临床研究。这些研究均证实,葛根芩连汤与益生菌、酪酸梭菌或柳氮磺胺吡啶的协同应用,均能显示良好的临床疗效,有效地提升了患者的生存质量,而且3个临床试验中患者血清IL-10的表达水平都得以显著提高。此外,张玉洁等[58]和郑晨曦等[59]均利用DSS诱导溃疡性结肠炎模型小鼠进行研究,发现(加味)葛根芩连汤对溃疡性结肠炎的治疗方面具有有益的作用,显著提高小鼠体内IL-10水平,并降低TGF-β水平,进而促进结肠炎小鼠肠屏障功能的恢复。上述提示,IL-10在葛根芩连汤治疗溃疡性结肠炎作用机制中可能扮演核心角色。
中医药在防治溃疡性结肠炎方面疗效显著,其中葛根芩连汤作为代表性方剂,已在现代医学研究中展示出对溃疡性结肠炎的治疗潜力。尽管如此,其确切的作用机制亟待进一步揭示和剖析。细胞因子在溃疡性结肠炎的发病和治疗发挥着特异性作用,而促炎症和抑炎型两种细胞因子的平衡调控尤为关键。据研究,葛根芩连汤治疗的机制可能涉及降低促炎症细胞因子(如TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、IL-17和IL-18)的活性,并提升抑炎型细胞因子(如TGF-β、IL-4、IL-10)的表达,进而重塑免疫的稳态。葛根芩连汤对细胞因子的免疫调节作用,不仅为传统中医药治疗溃疡性结肠炎提供了理论依据,也为现代医学研究拓展了新的治疗靶点。尽管如此,鉴于溃疡性结肠炎的复杂性,目前关于葛根芩连汤防治该病的临床研究多采取联合用药或在常规西医治疗基础上附加用药,这一定程度上限制了对葛根芩连汤单独疗效的真实评价及其作用机制的深入研究,且缺乏严格规范的循证医学支持。此外,动物实验、细胞实验等基础研究虽对葛根芩连汤对细胞因子调控作用给予单向、正向的评估,但在反向、逆向验证方面,如使用抑制剂或阻断剂的研究尚显不足。
因此,为了更全面、深入地理解葛根芩连汤在治疗溃疡性结肠炎中细胞因子所发挥的关键作用,未来的研究应当聚焦于其单独应用的临床和基础研究。这包括但不限于对治疗效果的系统性评价、对作用机制的深入探究,以及正反向验证。此外,为了制定更为精准和个体化的诊疗方案,必须进一步探索细胞因子的特异性作用,并将传统中医理论与现代医学治疗策略相结合。同时,葛根芩连汤中主要活性成分对细胞因子的调节效果亦值得深入研究,这不仅有助于建立严谨的质控标准,优化治疗效果,才能确保葛根芩连汤在临床应用中的有效性和安全性,为其广泛的应用提供更为坚实的循证医学证据支持。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82274475)
  • 浙江省中医药管理局面上项目(2024ZL496)
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2025年第43卷第3期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.03.029
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-10
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(82274475)
浙江省中医药管理局面上项目(2024ZL496)
浙江省教育厅一般科研项目(Y202248721)
浙江省大学生科技创新活动计划(新苗人才计划)项目(2022R410B048; 2023R410015)
浙江中医药大学研究生科学研究基金项目(2022YKJ06)
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    1.浙江中医药大学第二临床医学院,浙江 杭州 310053
    2.浙江中医药大学附属第二医院,浙江 杭州 310005

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张威(1968-),男,浙江仙居人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中西医结合防治消化道疾病。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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