Article(id=1322923013913584295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923011518628427, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.03.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339025238, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1741536000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339025238, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339025238, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339025238, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322923011518628427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1741536000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339024666, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340602374, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929628976906432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923011518628427, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929628981100737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923011518628427, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=75, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322923015280927400, articleId=1322923013913584295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research on Rapid Identification Method of Origin of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)Based on Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Technology, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

In the actual test,it is found that the leaching rate of 31 batches of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)from different origins is different,with the lowest and highest differences of 20.869%. Therefore,even genuine Chinese medicine will have different effects depending on the place of origin. The appearance of these 31 batches of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)is very similar,and it is impossible to distinguish them by trait identification. Because the 31 batches of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)are all genuine and their main components are the same,they cannot be distinguished by microscopic identification and thin layer identification. In the past,the methods of judging the origin of traditional Chinese medicines,such as liquid chromatography,gas chromatography and polymerase chain reaction,were accurate but required professionals to test for hours or even days. Therefore,this paper took Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)as an example to study a method to quickly identify the origin of traditional Chinese medicine based on fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technology(FT-IR).

Methods

Ten batches of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)from different origins were randomly selected and infrared spectrum data was collected separately. Firstly,the similarity of the infrared spectra of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)of different origins was calculated,and the similarity heat map was drawn for preliminary analysis. Five different methods were used to preprocess the original infrared spectrum. The partial least squares(PLS1)model was established and the optimal processing method was selected and the cluster analysis was carried on the selected optimal group. The continuous projection algorithm was used to select the optimal wavelength for the optimal processing method group,establishing a multispectral model and calculating the regression equation for identifying the production location. Finally,the discriminant performance of the regression equation was verified by using the confusion matrix.

Results

The optimal processing method for the full-spectrum model was normalization(NOR). The spectral data of 10 batches of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)from different origins after NOR treatment can be completely clustered into10 categories by cluster analysis,and samples from the same origin were all clustered in the same category. The value of R2 p of the full spectrum model group was0.980 0,the corresponding RMSEPwas 0.406 7%,and the value of R2 p of the multispectral model established by the 13 optimal wavelengths selected by SPA was 0.990 6 and RMSEPwas0.280 4%. The prediction performance of the multispectral model was better than that of the full-spectrum model,and the variables that needed to be input were greatly reduced,saving time and effort,and the accuracy was high. The regression equation of origin discrimination calculated based on the multispectral model was verified by the confusion matrix,and its sensitivity and specificity were more than 97%,so it is believed that the regression equation can quickly and accurately determine the origin of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula).

Conclusion

The FTIR method of determining the origin of traditional Chinese medicines studied by taking Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)as an example is fast and effective,which provides ideas for the research on the origin of other traditional Chinese medicines and provides a theoretical basis for the development of rapid inspection equipment for traditional Chinese medicines in the future.

, authors=Xiaowei DU1, Pingshun SONG1, 2, Lin NI1, 2, authorsList=Xiaowei DU, Pingshun SONG, Lin NI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Pingshun SONG, Lin NI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322923017621349051, articleId=1322923013913584295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=基于傅里叶变换红外光谱技术对中药党参产地快速判别方法的研究, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

在实际检测中发现,31批不同产地党参的浸出率各不相同,最低和最高相差20.869%,所以即使是正品中药材,也会因为产地不同而有不一样的药效。而这31批党参的外形都十分相似,无法通过性状鉴别对其进行区分;又因为31批党参均为正品,其主要成分相同,无法用显微鉴别和薄层鉴别对其区分;而前人对中药产地判别的方式如液相色谱法、气相色谱法和聚合酶链式反应等方式,虽然准确但需要数小时甚至数天的专业人员检测。所以以党参为例,研究基于傅里叶变换红外光谱技术快速判别中药产地的方法。

方法

随机选取10批不同产地的党参,分别采集红外光谱数据;首先计算不同产地党参红外光谱的相似度并绘制相似度热图进行初步分析;对原始红外光谱进行5种不同方法预处理,建立偏最小二乘模型并选出最优处理方式,对选出的最优组进行聚类分析;利用连续投影算法选出最优处理方式组的最优波长,建立多光谱模型并计算出产地判别的回归方程;最后利用混淆矩阵对回归方程的判别性能进行验证。

结果

全光谱模型最优处理方法为归一化处理,10批不同产地的党参经最优处理后的光谱数据可通过聚类分析完全聚为10类,且相同产地的样品均聚在同一类别里;全光谱模型组的预测集决定系数R2 p为0.980 0,对应的RMSEP为0.406 7%,连续投影算法挑选出的13个最优波长建立的多光谱模型的预测集决定系数R2 p为0.990 6,RMSEP为0.280 4%,多光谱模型的预测性能优于全光谱模型,且需要输入的变量大大减少,省时省力准确度高;基于多光谱模型计算出的产地判别回归方程通过混淆矩阵的验证,得出其灵敏度和特异性均为97%以上,故认为回归方程可以快速准确地判别党参的产地。

结论

以中药党参为例研究的傅里叶红外光谱技术判别中药产地的方法快速、有效,为其他中药的产地判别研究提供思路,为后期开发中药快检设备提供理论基础。

, authors=杜晓伟1, 宋平顺1, 2, 倪琳1, 2, authorsList=杜晓伟, 宋平顺, 倪琳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=宋平顺, 倪琳, authorNote=

杜晓伟(1998-),男,河北邯郸人,中药师,硕士在读,研究方向:中药鉴定与品质评价。

, correspAuthorsNote=
宋平顺(1964-),男,甘肃秦安人,主任药师、总检验师,学士,研究方向:中药鉴定与品质评价。E-mail:。
倪琳(1979-),女,甘肃兰州人,主任药师,学士,研究方向:中药鉴定。E-mail:。
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杜晓伟(1998-),男,河北邯郸人,中药师,硕士在读,研究方向:中药鉴定与品质评价。

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杜晓伟(1998-),男,河北邯郸人,中药师,硕士在读,研究方向:中药鉴定与品质评价。

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编号浸出率/(%)编号浸出率/(%)
186.64771777.7156
290.76751872.5428
393.41181980.4563
486.17032079.0098
586.76932174.3730
680.62652281.9912
783.35552381.6116
887.35892482.8006
977.11042582.6316
1086.60122683.1486
1189.16262780.3129
1272.76842883.7727
1389.12782976.2429
1481.89533079.6525
1582.82103175.2195
1676.6861
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31批不同产地党参浸出物含量

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编号浸出率/(%)编号浸出率/(%)
186.64771777.7156
290.76751872.5428
393.41181980.4563
486.17032079.0098
586.76932174.3730
680.62652281.9912
783.35552381.6116
887.35892482.8006
977.11042582.6316
1086.60122683.1486
1189.16262780.3129
1272.76842883.7727
1389.12782976.2429
1481.89533079.6525
1582.82103175.2195
1676.6861
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方法训练集交叉验证集预测集
R2cRMSEC/(%)R2cvRMSECV/(%)R2pRMSEP/(%)
NON0.99150.26420.97950.41170.97910.4212
MAS0.99300.24120.98550.34580.97260.4886
NOR0.99780.13560.99130.26700.98000.4067
SGD10.99950.06600.97530.45190.96950.5018
BC0.99330.23470.98350.36950.97540.4601
SNV0.99150.26500.98180.38820.97690.4536
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不同预处理后的全光谱预测模型

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方法训练集交叉验证集预测集
R2cRMSEC/(%)R2cvRMSECV/(%)R2pRMSEP/(%)
NON0.99150.26420.97950.41170.97910.4212
MAS0.99300.24120.98550.34580.97260.4886
NOR0.99780.13560.99130.26700.98000.4067
SGD10.99950.06600.97530.45190.96950.5018
BC0.99330.23470.98350.36950.97540.4601
SNV0.99150.26500.98180.38820.97690.4536
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方法因子数训练集交叉验证集预测集
R2cRMSEC/(%)R2cvRMSECV/(%)R2pRMSEP/(%)
NOR130.99410.22110.99120.26950.99060.2804
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最优波长多光谱模型的预测结果

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方法因子数训练集交叉验证集预测集
R2cRMSEC/(%)R2cvRMSECV/(%)R2pRMSEP/(%)
NOR130.99410.22110.99120.26950.99060.2804
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基于傅里叶变换红外光谱技术对中药党参产地快速判别方法的研究
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杜晓伟 1 , 宋平顺 1, 2 , 倪琳 1, 2
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(3): 75-78
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (3) : 75 -78
基于傅里叶变换红外光谱技术对中药党参产地快速判别方法的研究
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杜晓伟1, 宋平顺1, 2 , 倪琳1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.甘肃中医药大学药学院,甘肃 兰州 730099
  • 2.甘肃省药品检验研究院,国家中药材及饮片质量控制重点实验室,甘肃省中藏药检验检测技术工程实验室,甘肃 兰州 730070
通讯作者:
宋平顺(1964-),男,甘肃秦安人,主任药师、总检验师,学士,研究方向:中药鉴定与品质评价。E-mail:。
倪琳(1979-),女,甘肃兰州人,主任药师,学士,研究方向:中药鉴定。E-mail:。
作者简介:

杜晓伟(1998-),男,河北邯郸人,中药师,硕士在读,研究方向:中药鉴定与品质评价。

Research on Rapid Identification Method of Origin of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)Based on Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Technology
Xiaowei DU1, Pingshun SONG1, 2 , Lin NI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Pharmacy,Gansu University of Chinese Medicine,Lanzhou 730099,Gansu,China
  • 2.Gansu Institude for Drug Control,State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Material and Prepared Drug in Pieces Control,Gansu Engineering Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Inspection and Testing,Lanzhou 730070,Gansu,China
出版时间: 2025-03-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.03.012
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目的

在实际检测中发现,31批不同产地党参的浸出率各不相同,最低和最高相差20.869%,所以即使是正品中药材,也会因为产地不同而有不一样的药效。而这31批党参的外形都十分相似,无法通过性状鉴别对其进行区分;又因为31批党参均为正品,其主要成分相同,无法用显微鉴别和薄层鉴别对其区分;而前人对中药产地判别的方式如液相色谱法、气相色谱法和聚合酶链式反应等方式,虽然准确但需要数小时甚至数天的专业人员检测。所以以党参为例,研究基于傅里叶变换红外光谱技术快速判别中药产地的方法。

方法

随机选取10批不同产地的党参,分别采集红外光谱数据;首先计算不同产地党参红外光谱的相似度并绘制相似度热图进行初步分析;对原始红外光谱进行5种不同方法预处理,建立偏最小二乘模型并选出最优处理方式,对选出的最优组进行聚类分析;利用连续投影算法选出最优处理方式组的最优波长,建立多光谱模型并计算出产地判别的回归方程;最后利用混淆矩阵对回归方程的判别性能进行验证。

结果

全光谱模型最优处理方法为归一化处理,10批不同产地的党参经最优处理后的光谱数据可通过聚类分析完全聚为10类,且相同产地的样品均聚在同一类别里;全光谱模型组的预测集决定系数R2 p为0.980 0,对应的RMSEP为0.406 7%,连续投影算法挑选出的13个最优波长建立的多光谱模型的预测集决定系数R2 p为0.990 6,RMSEP为0.280 4%,多光谱模型的预测性能优于全光谱模型,且需要输入的变量大大减少,省时省力准确度高;基于多光谱模型计算出的产地判别回归方程通过混淆矩阵的验证,得出其灵敏度和特异性均为97%以上,故认为回归方程可以快速准确地判别党参的产地。

结论

以中药党参为例研究的傅里叶红外光谱技术判别中药产地的方法快速、有效,为其他中药的产地判别研究提供思路,为后期开发中药快检设备提供理论基础。

傅里叶变换红外光谱技术  /  中药  /  党参  /  产地  /  化学计量学
Objective

In the actual test,it is found that the leaching rate of 31 batches of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)from different origins is different,with the lowest and highest differences of 20.869%. Therefore,even genuine Chinese medicine will have different effects depending on the place of origin. The appearance of these 31 batches of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)is very similar,and it is impossible to distinguish them by trait identification. Because the 31 batches of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)are all genuine and their main components are the same,they cannot be distinguished by microscopic identification and thin layer identification. In the past,the methods of judging the origin of traditional Chinese medicines,such as liquid chromatography,gas chromatography and polymerase chain reaction,were accurate but required professionals to test for hours or even days. Therefore,this paper took Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)as an example to study a method to quickly identify the origin of traditional Chinese medicine based on fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technology(FT-IR).

Methods

Ten batches of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)from different origins were randomly selected and infrared spectrum data was collected separately. Firstly,the similarity of the infrared spectra of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)of different origins was calculated,and the similarity heat map was drawn for preliminary analysis. Five different methods were used to preprocess the original infrared spectrum. The partial least squares(PLS1)model was established and the optimal processing method was selected and the cluster analysis was carried on the selected optimal group. The continuous projection algorithm was used to select the optimal wavelength for the optimal processing method group,establishing a multispectral model and calculating the regression equation for identifying the production location. Finally,the discriminant performance of the regression equation was verified by using the confusion matrix.

Results

The optimal processing method for the full-spectrum model was normalization(NOR). The spectral data of 10 batches of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)from different origins after NOR treatment can be completely clustered into10 categories by cluster analysis,and samples from the same origin were all clustered in the same category. The value of R2 p of the full spectrum model group was0.980 0,the corresponding RMSEPwas 0.406 7%,and the value of R2 p of the multispectral model established by the 13 optimal wavelengths selected by SPA was 0.990 6 and RMSEPwas0.280 4%. The prediction performance of the multispectral model was better than that of the full-spectrum model,and the variables that needed to be input were greatly reduced,saving time and effort,and the accuracy was high. The regression equation of origin discrimination calculated based on the multispectral model was verified by the confusion matrix,and its sensitivity and specificity were more than 97%,so it is believed that the regression equation can quickly and accurately determine the origin of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula).

Conclusion

The FTIR method of determining the origin of traditional Chinese medicines studied by taking Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)as an example is fast and effective,which provides ideas for the research on the origin of other traditional Chinese medicines and provides a theoretical basis for the development of rapid inspection equipment for traditional Chinese medicines in the future.

FT-IR  /  Chinese medicines  /  Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)  /  place of origin  /  chemometrics
杜晓伟, 宋平顺, 倪琳. 基于傅里叶变换红外光谱技术对中药党参产地快速判别方法的研究. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (3) : 75 -78 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.03.012
Xiaowei DU, Pingshun SONG, Lin NI. Research on Rapid Identification Method of Origin of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)Based on Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Technology[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (3) : 75 -78 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.03.012
党参为桔梗科植物党参Codonopsis pilosula(Franch.)Nannf.、素花党参Codonopsis pilosula Nannf.var.modesta(Nannf.)L.T. Shen或川党参Codonopsis tangshen Oliv的干燥根,具有健脾益肺、养血生津的功效,与藜芦为十八反的药物,临床上常用于脾肺气虚、气血不足、食少倦怠、心悸气短、咳嗽虚喘、内热消渴、面色萎黄、津伤口渴等[1],是临床常用中药材之一。党参在我国很多地方有大规模的种植,但不同地理位置的气候、光照、温度和土质等要素都不尽相同,且不同地域的人们采收加工方式有所差异,这也就造成不同产地党参的化学成分含量不同,品质良莠不齐[2-3]。药材的传统鉴别方式为性状鉴别、显微鉴别[4-6]和薄层鉴别[7-8],性状鉴别对不同品种的党参有一定的辨别能力,但对于不同产地、同一品种的党参,其生药性状相似,即使是经验丰富的专业人员,也难以精准的判断;而由于品种相同,不同产地党参的主要化学成分相同[9],显微鉴别和薄层鉴别则不能对其加以区分。常用的灵敏度较高的检测方法如气相色谱法[10]、液相色谱法[11-12]和聚合酶链式反应[13]等,虽然检测的精确度高,但整个检测过程时间较长,不适用于中药快检。近年来,傅里叶变换红外光谱技术在中药检测中越来越多地应用,具有快速、灵敏度高、对技术要求不高和对送检药材的损伤小等特点[14-17],广泛应用于制药和中药分析:杨文哲等[18]研究通过红外光谱技术,能够很好地区分打碎后的海洋贝类中药;李超等[19]采用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术,结合指纹图谱建立通关藤药材的分类评价模型;周晔等[20]利用红外图谱的共有峰和变异峰,鉴别胡椒属七种亲缘关系的药用植物。但作者都是结合其他检测方法,对比红外图谱的特征波段或特征峰来鉴别中药,需要一定的专业知识储备;本文将所收集的党参建立模型,将未知样品扫描后与模型匹配,可以快速识别党参的产地。
在实际检测中发现,数十批不同产地的党参的化学成分含量各不相同,为了研究利用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术对中药产地快速判别的方法,本文随机选取了10批不同产地的党参,对其进行实验探讨,结果如下。
Spectrum Two傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(PerkinElmer北京仪器有限公司);A11basic025冲击式粉碎机(德国IKA);JB2018940标准检验筛(绍兴市张兴纱筛厂);QUINTTX224-1CN万分之一天平(德国赛多利斯科学仪器北京有限公司);HH-6数显恒温水浴锅(常州国华电器有限公司);Labonce-9240A型号电热鼓风干燥箱(北京兰贝石恒温技术有限公司);品创科技PC-12型号压片机、JDP-200电烤灯(天津精拓仪器科技有限公司)。
实验用党参分别为采集于四川、云南、陕西、宁夏、青海、河南、山西、河北、内蒙古、东北及甘肃各个区县的送检样品,由甘肃省药品检验研究院宋平顺主任药师鉴定。
样品自然晾干,粉碎后过四号筛。样品随机编号为1-31号。
按《中华人民共和国药典》2020年版一部和四部的标准及方法对31批党参进行浸出物测定。
每扫描一批样品前采集一次背景,每批样品在相同条件下扫描10个光谱图。红外光谱仪参数设定:光谱扫描范围在450~4000 nm,温度25℃以下,空气相对湿度25%以下。
采用移动平滑(moving average smoothing,MAS)、归一化(normalize,NOR)、SG一阶导数(Savitzky Golay first-order derivative,SGD1)、基线校正(baseline correction,BC)和标准正态变量(standard normal variate,SNV)五种预处理方法来减轻光谱的基线漂移和噪音的影响[21-22],提高模型的预测性能。
采用偏最小二乘法(partial least squares regression,PLSR)[23]、相似度热图(heat map of similarity)、连续投影算法(Successive projections algorithm,SPA)[24]、聚类分析(cluster analysis)[25]和混淆矩阵(confusion matrix)进行处理、分析和评价。
31批不同产地党参的浸出物含量如表1所示,虽然是同科同属的同一植物,但因产地不同,其成分含量有所差异。以浸出物率为例,虽然都符合药典标准的55%以上,但不同产地党参的浸出率最低和最高相差20.869%,可能造成同药不同效的现象,所以研究党参产地判别的方法有重要意义。
从31批党参样品中随机选取10批不同省份的样品,产地编号为1~10号,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术,对其产地的快速判别方法进行研究。
观察10批党参的原始光谱曲线(插页Ⅺ图1)和10批党参的平均吸收光谱及误代差图(插页Ⅺ图2)发现,由于不同产地党参的化学成分相同,所以红外光谱曲线差异极小,曲线整体走势相似,除各个峰的缓陡程度有所不同外,无法直接看出差异,且基线漂移和噪音影响较大。根据10批不同产地党参的100个红外光谱图做相似度评价,评价结果绘制相似度热图(插页Ⅺ图3),相似度为0.877 5,不同产地的党参有一定的差异性,但其成分相似,所以相似度较高,不能十分精确地区分产地,需借助化学计量学方法进一步处理和分析。
采用MAS、NOR、SGD1、BC、SNV五种预测处理方法对党参的原始图谱进行去噪处理,和未处理组(NON)建立PLS1模型,5种方法预处理后的光谱曲线如插页Ⅻ图4,均有不同程度的降噪效果。
PLS1模型结果如表2所示,6种不同处理组模型的预测集决定系数R2 p≥0.969 5,说明模型有良好的预测性能。其中NOR处理组的预测集决定系数和交叉验证集的决定系数均优于其他五组,且训练集决定系数相对较大,因此NOR设定为本实验的最优处理方式。插页Ⅺ图5为最优处理后的PLS1模型预测集结果,预测集决定系数R2 p为0.980 0,对应的RMSEP为0.406 7%,表明模型预测性能良好。插页Ⅺ图6为最优处理后10批党参的平均光谱曲线,可见基线漂移和噪音已很大程度减少。对经过最优处理方法NOR处理后的光谱进行聚类分析,结果如图7所示,当分类距离为12.5时,10批不同产地的党参可完全分为10类,且相同产地的样品均在同一类别里。
全波长模型的预测能力良好,但输入的变量数目巨大,计算起来耗时耗力,为了进一步优化模型和预测结果,使模型更加简单直观,提高模型的整体性能,对经NOR处理后的党参光谱数据应用SPA算法,挑选出最优波长进行建模。根据最优波长建立的多光谱PLS1模型预测结果如表3所示,多光谱模型的预测集决定系数R2 p为0.990 6,RMSEP为0.280 4%。模型的预测集结果如插页Ⅺ图8,结果显示,多光谱模型优于全波长模型,原因是多光谱模型摒除了杂峰和其他相同吸光度对应波长范围的影响,能够利用特征波长的吸光度更加精准地对党参的产地进行判别。
基于SPA算法挑选出党参的13个最优波长为3704、3632、3495、3003、1779、1748、1690、1522、1467、843、797、780和464 nm。因为不同产地的党参均为同科同属的正品药材,其化学成分相同,所以挑选出的最优波长点比较分散。10批党参样品建立的产地判别回归方程为y=50.427 4-735 366.4 X3704 nm +564 488.6 X3632 nm-199 799.2X3495 nm +396 648.2 X3003 nm+548 418X1779 nm-346 076X1748 nm-70 464.48X1690 nm-363 949.7X1522 nm +346 618.3 X1467 nm +70 848.5X843 nm -258 228.1X797 nm-164 282.3X780 nm+67 225.48X464 nm。
从剩下的21批样品中,取每个产地的样品进行红外图谱扫描,每个产地获得10条红外光谱。利用所得回归方程对党参的产地进行判别,在100条红外光谱中,把1个2号产地样品误判为1号产地,1个6号产地样品误判为5号产地,和1个8号产地样品误判为7号产地,其他97个样品的判别结果均为正确。把产地判别预测结果做成混淆矩阵(插页ⅩⅢ图9),每列为各产地的实际样本量,每行为各产地的预测样本量,右侧数值为每个产地判别预测的灵敏度,最上面的数值为每个产地判别预测的特异性,综合判别预测准确率为97%,误判率为3%。本实验每产地有10个样本,样本量相对较小,导致误差造成的影响相对较大,在后续的研究中,应加大样本量来减小误差,进而提高模型判别预测出的准确率。本实验研究的中药党参产地的判别方法和计算出的产地判别回归方程,可以较为准确地应用于实际检测。
中药材的品质优劣与产地密切相关,这是具有本草学特点的,千百年来经过历代中医药学家的选择,将中药品质和产地关联起来形成了道地药材。中药本身是一个成分复杂的体系,其有效成分的累积过程,与生长环境息息相关,不同的资源和生态环境(气候、光照、温度、降雨和土质等要素)会直接影响其化学成分的含量和药效,所以中药材的产地判别十分重要。在实际检测中发现31批不同产地的中药党参的浸出率各不相同,而以往的鉴别方法未能集快速和准确的优点于一体,故本文以中药党参为例,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术研究中药产地快速判别的方法。
不同产地党参的相似度最低为0.887 5,说明有一定的区分度。对红外光谱进行预处理,减小噪音影响,增大不同产地党参红外光谱的差异,建立PLS1模型,选出的最优预处理方法为NOR,其预测集决定系数R2 p为0.980 0,RMSEP为0.406 7%,模型性能较为可靠。在NOR处理的基础上,利用SPA算法选出最优波长13个,建立多光谱模型并计算产地判别的回归方程,预测集结果显示R2 p为0.990 6,RMSEP为0.280 4%,由于选择出少量的特征波长减少了大量数据的干扰,故多光谱模型的预测性能优于全光谱模型。最后对回归方程进行验证,其灵敏度和特异性均为97%以上,回归方程能够较为准确地对中药党参的产地进行快速判别。因此认为,本实验研究的中药产地快速判别方法可以应用于实际检测,为后期开发中药快检设备提供了理论基础。
  • 国家药品标准修订项目(BZ2021275)
  • 甘肃省科学监管项目(2021GSMPA-KL001; 2021GSMPA-KL002)
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2025年第43卷第3期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.03.012
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-10
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基金
国家药品标准修订项目(BZ2021275)
甘肃省科学监管项目(2021GSMPA-KL001; 2021GSMPA-KL002)
作者信息
    1.甘肃中医药大学药学院,甘肃 兰州 730099
    2.甘肃省药品检验研究院,国家中药材及饮片质量控制重点实验室,甘肃省中藏药检验检测技术工程实验室,甘肃 兰州 730070

通讯作者:

宋平顺(1964-),男,甘肃秦安人,主任药师、总检验师,学士,研究方向:中药鉴定与品质评价。E-mail:。
倪琳(1979-),女,甘肃兰州人,主任药师,学士,研究方向:中药鉴定。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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