Article(id=1322922762142101506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322922680609014711, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.02.026, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793338965210, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793338965210, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793338965210, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793338965210, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322922680609014711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1739116800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793338945772, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340618065, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929694785536732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322922680609014711, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929694785536733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322922680609014711, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=112, endPage=116, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322922762326650883, articleId=1322922762142101506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Exploring Arenobufagin Intervention in Colorectal Cancer Proliferation through Notch Pathway Based on Single-cell Transcriptome and Organoid Model, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the effects and mechanisms of Arenobufagin on colorectal cancer using single-cell transcriptomics and organoid models.

Methods

Single-cell sequencing on colorectal cancer xenografts treated with Arenobufagin and phosphate buffered saline(PBS)was performed. The study analyzed the reduction in specific tumor cell subpopulations and their biological functions. EDU experiments assessed the impact of Arenobufagin on HCT 116 cell proliferation,and Western Blotting verified changes in protein expressions related to the Notch pathway. Organoid models were evaluated using Hematoxylin-Eosin and Immunohistochemistry staining.

Results

The single-cell RNA sequencing results revealed that the proportion of the second tumor cell subpopulation significantly decreased following intervention. The subpopulation accounted for 21.57% in the PBS group and 14.16% in the Are group. Gene enrichment analysis indicated that these tumor cells were associated with biological processes such as protein transport,transcription regulated by RNA polymerase II,vesicle-mediated transport,negative regulation of transcription from DNA templates,vesicle-mediated transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus,apoptosis,tumor necrosis factor(TNF)signaling pathway,proteoglycans in cancer,ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation,cancer pathways,Notch signaling pathway,and Wnt signaling pathway. The EDU assay demonstrated that arenobufagin(Are)dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of HCT116 cells within the concentration range of 100 nm to 300 nm compared to the PBSgroup. Western blot analysis showed that,compared to the PBSgroup,arenobufagin significantly increased the expression of BAX while downregulating the expression of BCL-2. Additionally,proteins associated with the Notch pathway,including Notch1,Jagged1,HES1,Cyclin D1,and DLL4,exhibited varying degrees of expression inhibition.

Conclusion

Arenobufagin effectively inhibits the proliferation and migration of colorectal cancer cells,likely through the suppression of the Notch signaling pathway.

, authors=Zhihao SHANG1, Jingyang QIAN1, Yueyang LAI1, 2, Haibo CHENG1, 2, authorsList=Zhihao SHANG, Jingyang QIAN, Yueyang LAI, Haibo CHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yueyang LAI, Haibo CHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322922766760030232, articleId=1322922762142101506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=基于单细胞转录组和类器官模型探讨沙蟾毒精通过Notch通路干预结直肠癌增殖的研究, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

基于单细胞转录组测序和类器官模型探讨沙蟾毒精(Are)抑制结直肠癌的效果和机制。

方法

通过对沙蟾毒精和PBS干预的结直肠癌移植瘤进行单细胞测序,基于测序结果分析占比减少的肿瘤细胞亚群及其生物学功能;5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine(EDU)实验用于观察沙蟾毒精对于HCT 116细胞增殖的抑制能力;蛋白免疫印迹(Western Blotting)实验用于验证凋亡相关蛋白和Notch通路中相关蛋白在沙蟾毒精干预后的表达改变;最后对类器官进行了苏木精-伊红染色(HE)及免疫组织化学染色(IHC)来评估沙蟾毒精对于类器官的抑制效果。

结果

单细胞转录组测序结果显示第二群肿瘤细胞亚群在干预后比例显著降低,PBS组中占比21.57%,Are组中占比14.16%,富集分析显示这群肿瘤细胞与蛋白质运输、由RNA聚合酶Ⅱ调控的转录、囊泡介导的运输、基于DNA模板的转录负向调控、从内质网到高尔基体的囊泡介导运输、细胞凋亡过程、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)信号通路、癌症中的蛋白多糖、泛素介导的蛋白质降解、癌症途径、Notch信号通路、Wnt信号通路等生物学进程相关,EDU实验显示,与PBS组相比,沙蟾毒精在100~300 nmol/L间浓度依赖性地抑制HCT 116细胞增殖;Western blot结果显示,与PBS组相比,沙蟾毒精显著提高了BAX的表达,并抑制BCL-2的蛋白表达。与Notch通路相关的Notch1、Jagged1、HES1、Cyclin D1和DLL4蛋白都出现了不同程度的表达抑制。

结论

沙蟾毒精能够抑制结直肠癌增殖,其机制可能与抑制Notch通路激活有关。

, authors=商志浩1, 钱景阳1, 赖岳阳1, 2, 程海波1, 2, authorsList=商志浩, 钱景阳, 赖岳阳, 程海波, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赖岳阳, 程海波, authorNote=

商志浩(1997-),男,江苏扬州人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治肿瘤。

, correspAuthorsNote=
赖岳阳(1985-),男,江苏南京人,讲师,博士,研究方向:中医药肿瘤防治。E-mail:。
程海波(1975-),男,江苏南京人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药肿瘤防治。E-mail:。
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商志浩(1997-),男,江苏扬州人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治肿瘤。

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商志浩(1997-),男,江苏扬州人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治肿瘤。

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注:A.细胞亚群降维聚类;B.拷贝数变异分析;C.细胞聚类密度图;D.细胞大类含量比例图;E.细胞亚群含量比例图。

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注:A.GO富集圈图;B.KEGG富集圈图;C.KEGG富集气泡图;WikiPathways富集气泡图。

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注:A. PBS组;B. Are(100 nmol/L)组;C. Are(200 nmol/L)组;D. Are(300 nmol/L)组;E.5-FU(50 nmol/L)组。

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注:A. PBS组;B. Are(100 nmol/L)组;C. Are(200 nmol/L)组;D. Are(300 nmol/L)组;E.5-FU(50 nmol/L)组。

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细胞类型细胞数量(Are)细胞数量(Control)占比/(%)(Are)占比/(%)(Control)
Cancer_cell_012538255424.2522.79
Cancer_cell_021482241714.1621.57
Cancer_cell_031968172318.8015.37
Cancer_cell_04105499910.078.91
Cancer_cell_059739079.308.09
Cancer_cell_065869005.608.03
Cancer_cell_072304932.204.40
Endothelial_cell48100.460.09
Fibroblast16921.610.02
Macrophages10398979.938.00
Smooth_muscle_cell T_NK_cell125254672381.192.430.602.12
), ArticleFig(id=1322922772103573582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322922762142101506, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各亚群细胞数量及占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
细胞类型细胞数量(Are)细胞数量(Control)占比/(%)(Are)占比/(%)(Control)
Cancer_cell_012538255424.2522.79
Cancer_cell_021482241714.1621.57
Cancer_cell_031968172318.8015.37
Cancer_cell_04105499910.078.91
Cancer_cell_059739079.308.09
Cancer_cell_065869005.608.03
Cancer_cell_072304932.204.40
Endothelial_cell48100.460.09
Fibroblast16921.610.02
Macrophages10398979.938.00
Smooth_muscle_cell T_NK_cell125254672381.192.430.602.12
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组别浓度/(nmol/L)DNA合成率/(%)
PBS组70.41±2.64
Are10060.54±3.30
Are20045.14±1.74
Are30024.64±6.29
5-FU5021.66±3.01
), ArticleFig(id=1322922773886152784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322922762142101506, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

沙蟾毒精对HCT116细胞DNA合成率的影响(n=3,±s)

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组别浓度/(nmol/L)DNA合成率/(%)
PBS组70.41±2.64
Are10060.54±3.30
Are20045.14±1.74
Are30024.64±6.29
5-FU5021.66±3.01
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基于单细胞转录组和类器官模型探讨沙蟾毒精通过Notch通路干预结直肠癌增殖的研究
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商志浩 1 , 钱景阳 1 , 赖岳阳 1, 2 , 程海波 1, 2
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(2): 112-116
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (2) : 112 -116
基于单细胞转录组和类器官模型探讨沙蟾毒精通过Notch通路干预结直肠癌增殖的研究
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商志浩1, 钱景阳1, 赖岳阳1, 2 , 程海波1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.南京中医药大学第一临床医学院,江苏 南京 210023
  • 2.江苏省中医药防治肿瘤协同创新中心,江苏 南京 210023
通讯作者:
赖岳阳(1985-),男,江苏南京人,讲师,博士,研究方向:中医药肿瘤防治。E-mail:。
程海波(1975-),男,江苏南京人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药肿瘤防治。E-mail:。
作者简介:

商志浩(1997-),男,江苏扬州人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治肿瘤。

Exploring Arenobufagin Intervention in Colorectal Cancer Proliferation through Notch Pathway Based on Single-cell Transcriptome and Organoid Model
Zhihao SHANG1, Jingyang QIAN1, Yueyang LAI1, 2 , Haibo CHENG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.The First College of Clinical Medicine Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Nanjing 210023,Jiangsu,China
  • 2.Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Prevention and Treatment of Tumor,Nanjing 210023,Jiangsu,China
出版时间: 2025-02-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.02.026
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目的

基于单细胞转录组测序和类器官模型探讨沙蟾毒精(Are)抑制结直肠癌的效果和机制。

方法

通过对沙蟾毒精和PBS干预的结直肠癌移植瘤进行单细胞测序,基于测序结果分析占比减少的肿瘤细胞亚群及其生物学功能;5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine(EDU)实验用于观察沙蟾毒精对于HCT 116细胞增殖的抑制能力;蛋白免疫印迹(Western Blotting)实验用于验证凋亡相关蛋白和Notch通路中相关蛋白在沙蟾毒精干预后的表达改变;最后对类器官进行了苏木精-伊红染色(HE)及免疫组织化学染色(IHC)来评估沙蟾毒精对于类器官的抑制效果。

结果

单细胞转录组测序结果显示第二群肿瘤细胞亚群在干预后比例显著降低,PBS组中占比21.57%,Are组中占比14.16%,富集分析显示这群肿瘤细胞与蛋白质运输、由RNA聚合酶Ⅱ调控的转录、囊泡介导的运输、基于DNA模板的转录负向调控、从内质网到高尔基体的囊泡介导运输、细胞凋亡过程、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)信号通路、癌症中的蛋白多糖、泛素介导的蛋白质降解、癌症途径、Notch信号通路、Wnt信号通路等生物学进程相关,EDU实验显示,与PBS组相比,沙蟾毒精在100~300 nmol/L间浓度依赖性地抑制HCT 116细胞增殖;Western blot结果显示,与PBS组相比,沙蟾毒精显著提高了BAX的表达,并抑制BCL-2的蛋白表达。与Notch通路相关的Notch1、Jagged1、HES1、Cyclin D1和DLL4蛋白都出现了不同程度的表达抑制。

结论

沙蟾毒精能够抑制结直肠癌增殖,其机制可能与抑制Notch通路激活有关。

单细胞转录组  /  肠癌类器官  /  NOTCH通路  /  沙蟾毒精
Objective

To explore the effects and mechanisms of Arenobufagin on colorectal cancer using single-cell transcriptomics and organoid models.

Methods

Single-cell sequencing on colorectal cancer xenografts treated with Arenobufagin and phosphate buffered saline(PBS)was performed. The study analyzed the reduction in specific tumor cell subpopulations and their biological functions. EDU experiments assessed the impact of Arenobufagin on HCT 116 cell proliferation,and Western Blotting verified changes in protein expressions related to the Notch pathway. Organoid models were evaluated using Hematoxylin-Eosin and Immunohistochemistry staining.

Results

The single-cell RNA sequencing results revealed that the proportion of the second tumor cell subpopulation significantly decreased following intervention. The subpopulation accounted for 21.57% in the PBS group and 14.16% in the Are group. Gene enrichment analysis indicated that these tumor cells were associated with biological processes such as protein transport,transcription regulated by RNA polymerase II,vesicle-mediated transport,negative regulation of transcription from DNA templates,vesicle-mediated transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus,apoptosis,tumor necrosis factor(TNF)signaling pathway,proteoglycans in cancer,ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation,cancer pathways,Notch signaling pathway,and Wnt signaling pathway. The EDU assay demonstrated that arenobufagin(Are)dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of HCT116 cells within the concentration range of 100 nm to 300 nm compared to the PBSgroup. Western blot analysis showed that,compared to the PBSgroup,arenobufagin significantly increased the expression of BAX while downregulating the expression of BCL-2. Additionally,proteins associated with the Notch pathway,including Notch1,Jagged1,HES1,Cyclin D1,and DLL4,exhibited varying degrees of expression inhibition.

Conclusion

Arenobufagin effectively inhibits the proliferation and migration of colorectal cancer cells,likely through the suppression of the Notch signaling pathway.

single-cell transcriptomics  /  colorectal cancer organoids  /  NOTCH pathway  /  arenobufagin
商志浩, 钱景阳, 赖岳阳, 程海波. 基于单细胞转录组和类器官模型探讨沙蟾毒精通过Notch通路干预结直肠癌增殖的研究. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (2) : 112 -116 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.02.026
Zhihao SHANG, Jingyang QIAN, Yueyang LAI, Haibo CHENG. Exploring Arenobufagin Intervention in Colorectal Cancer Proliferation through Notch Pathway Based on Single-cell Transcriptome and Organoid Model[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (2) : 112 -116 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.02.026
结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)是全球造成癌症死亡的主要癌种之一,位列肺癌和乳腺癌之后[1]。根据世界卫生组织的数据,CRC在所有癌症类型中具有较高的年发病率和病死率[2]。近年来,全球人口结构变化和生活方式的转变导致了CRC发病率的显著上升。虽然早期CRC的治疗因筛查和手术技术的进步而见效,但晚期CRC患者的治疗效果依旧不佳,5年生存率低于10%[3]。CRC的发生受到多种因素的影响,包括饮食习惯、体重管理、运动频率以及遗传因素[4]。研究表明,高脂肪和低纤维的饮食与CRC发病率的增加有关,同时肠道微生物的变化也可能是一个影响因素[5]。鉴于当前的治疗挑战和流行病学特征,对结直肠癌的发病机制和治疗策略进行创新和加强显得尤为重要。
在结直肠癌中,Notch信号的激活通常与肿瘤的进展、恶化以及化疗抗性的增加有关。首先,Notch通路的异常激活可促进结直肠癌细胞的增殖和存活,这通常与调节下游基因有关,如促进细胞周期蛋白和抑制细胞凋亡相关基因的表达来实现[6-7]。其次,Notch通路在维持肿瘤干细胞的特性方面起着重要作用[8]。肿瘤干细胞被认为是导致肿瘤复发和转移的关键因素,Notch通路的活化可增强这些细胞的自我更新和多能性。此外,Notch信号通路还与肿瘤微环境中的其他细胞有关,如促进血管生成和调节免疫细胞的功能,从而为肿瘤的生长和扩散创造有利条件[7,10-12]。因此,Notch通路不仅在结直肠癌的生长和存活中起作用,还能够通过调节肿瘤微环境来促进癌症的进展。
基于中医药数千年的历史和临床经验,许多中药天然产物的抗肿瘤作用已得到证实,为现代科学研究提供了宝贵线索。与传统的单一靶点药物不同,中药天然产物通常通过作用于多个生物途径来展现其抗肿瘤效果,从而有助于提高疗效和减少药物抗性。沙蟾毒精(Arenobufagin,Are)作为从中华蟾蜍或黑眶蟾蜍后耳腺体及皮肤分泌的毒液中提取的主要活性成分之一,具备多重生物学效应[12-13]。作为一种高效的Na+-K+-ATP酶抑制剂,沙蟾毒精在心脏中的正性肌力作用与洋地黄类药物相似,对心脏功能调节具有重要影响[13]。此外,沙蟾毒精还显示出抑制多种癌细胞的增殖和转移的能力,尤其是在结直肠癌的干预中展现出了潜在的应用价值[14]。然而,沙蟾毒精在结直肠癌中干预的具体分子作用机制尚未被完全揭示。
本研究旨在深入探索沙蟾毒精诱导结直肠癌细胞凋亡的分子机制,基于单细胞转录组测序与类器官技术,我们期望揭示沙蟾毒精在调控结直肠癌生物学行为中的关键信号通路,为未来的临床新药研发和癌症治疗提供新的选择与策略。
本研究所使用的HCT116人类结肠癌细胞系从中国科学院上海生命科学研究院细胞库购得。细胞均在含10%胎牛血清及青霉素(100 U/mL)、链霉素(100 g/mL)的McCoy's 5A培养基中进行培养,维持于37℃、5%CO2的恒温恒湿条件下。
通过手术获取的患者组织样本被无菌剪刀细致切割成极小片段。这些组织片段随后与Matrigel(康宁,产品编号356231)按大约1∶4的比例在冰上均匀混合。接下来的步骤根据已发布的协议进行(32929210)。简要来说,组织碎片和Matrigel的混合物被迅速地分布在多孔板上,形成半球状滴珠,并在37℃下孵化15~20 min以促使滴珠凝固。每个孔中加入适量的培养基(KingcultureTM类器官生长培养基,产品编号KCW-2),每2~4 d更换1次培养基。
沙蟾毒精(PubChem CID:204810;CAS号:464-74-4;分子式:C24 H32 O6;分子量:416.50 g/mol;HPLC≥97%)购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司(中国上海)。
在高通量测序中,原始fastq格式数据通过10×Genomics的CellRanger-v5.0.0软件进行质量统计和基因组比对。软件识别细胞标签和唯一分子识别标签(UMI),量化单细胞转录组,提供细胞数量、基因中位值、测序饱和度等质控信息。进一步使用Seurat v3.1.1软件包对Cellranger结果进行质控和处理,利用广义线性模型筛选异常细胞,并根据UMI数、基因数和线粒体基因比例过滤低质量细胞,如双细胞或凋亡细胞。
采用Seurat软件的典型相关分析(CCA)整合工具对单细胞数据进行融合处理[15]。运用“FindClusters”功能,在0.8的分辨率下实施细胞群聚分析,并依据前20个主成分(PC)来确定细胞类型。通过基因表达水平进行主成分分析(PCA),实现线性降维,并借均匀流形近似和投影分析(UMAP)方法,将PCA结果在二维空间中展现,以便进行直观的可视化。
首先使用inferCNV R包来评估初步的拷贝数变异(CNVs)[16]。随后,通过分析每个单独细胞的基因表达数据,并设置0.1的阈值。对所有细胞类型的CNVs进行了计算。这些基因按照它们在染色体上的位置进行排列,然后计算了跨越101个基因的基因表达的移动平均值。接下来,将基因表达量标准化到零均值。在这个过程中,将上皮细胞分类为恶性,其他细胞则被认为是正常的。最后,进行了去噪处理,以获得最终的CNV分析结果。
对第二群肿瘤细胞的前50个高变基因进行功能富集分析。为获取最新的KEGG通路基因注释,使用了KEGG rest API(https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/rest/keggapi.html)进行辅助分析。从Molecular Signatures Database(http://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/downloads.jsp)下载c2.cp.pid.v7.4.symbols.gmt、c2.cp.wikipathways.v7.4.symbols.gmt和c2.cp.reactome.v7.4.symbols.gmt文件,分别用于Wiki通路的富集分析。对于基因本体(GO)的富集分析,下载c5.go.bp.v7.4.symbols.gmt文件。以上数据集均用作分析的背景集,将目标基因映射至这些背景集,并采用R软件包clusterProfiler进行富集分析,以确定基因集的富集结果。所有的富集分析均设置了基因集大小限制:最小5个基因,最大5000个基因,且将P值小于0.05作为富集显著性的标准。
取对数生长期的HCT-116细胞(大约含有2.5×104个细胞)1 mL,均匀接种于24孔板中。实验设置包括空白对照组、阳性药5-FU组(浓度为50 nmol/L)和不同浓度的沙蟾毒精处理组(浓度分别为100、200、300 nmol/L),每个处理组设3个重复孔。处理24 h后,按照EDU细胞增殖检测试剂盒的说明书操作,然后通过显微镜拍照记录结果,并计算EDU染色阳性细胞的比率。
将类器官清洗后固定,用琼脂糖包埋。切片经过二甲苯Ⅰ和Ⅱ各10 min进行脱蜡,接着依次在无水乙醇Ⅰ和Ⅱ中各处理5 min,然后经过95%、90%、80%、70%的酒精序列,每步骤5 min,最后用蒸馏水清洗。其次,切片在Harris苏木素染液中染色3~8 min,用自来水冲洗,接着在伊红染液中染色1~3 min并再次用水清洗。最后,切片先后放入95%酒精I和Ⅱ、无水乙醇Ⅰ和Ⅱ、二甲苯Ⅰ和Ⅱ中,每种溶液中各5 min,进行脱水和透明化处理,最后从二甲苯中取出,晾干后用中性树胶封片。
首先,使用3%的H2O2溶液处理切片10 min,去除内源性过氧化物酶,接着用清水洗净后在柠檬酸缓冲液中微波加热,用以暴露抗原位点。之后,切片在PBS中洗涤并用血清封闭非特异性位点,然后在37℃温箱中孵育0.5 h。接着,加入初级抗体并在4℃下过夜。次日,用PBS清洗切片后加入二级抗体,并再次在37℃孵育0.5 h。随后,切片经PBS清洗后加入链霉亲和素-生物素-过氧化物酶复合物(streptavidin biotin peroxidase complex,SABC)溶液,并在温箱中孵育0.5 h。接着进行显色处理,然后用苏木精进行复染。复染后的切片依次经过不同浓度的酒精和二甲苯进行脱水,最后在通风柜中用中性树胶封片并晾干。
采用对数生长期的细胞,经0.25%胰蛋白酶处理后制备成单细胞悬液,并调节细胞浓度至1×105个/mL。将细胞以每孔2 mL的体积均匀分配至6孔板中,在培养箱内培养24 h。细胞贴壁后,向各孔中加入不同浓度的沙蟾毒精处理液(浓度分别为100、200、300 nmol/L),并设立3个重复孔,于37℃、5% CO2条件下培养48 h。弃去上清液,收集细胞后使用RIPA裂解液提取蛋白。蛋白经BCA法定量后,进行变性处理,并在12% SDS-PAGE凝胶中进行电泳。湿转法用于蛋白转移到膜上,随后室温下封闭2 h,使用兔抗GAPDH(稀释比1∶10 000)及BAX、BCL-2、Notch1、Jagged1、HES1、Cyclin D1和DLL4(稀释比1∶2000)进行一抗孵育,过夜于4℃。用PBST洗涤膜3次,每次10 min。加入二抗(稀释比1∶10 000),在37℃孵育1 h后,用PBST再次漂洗3次,每次10 min。将膜浸入ECL发光液中2 min,并进行拍照成像。
采用SPSS23.0软件进行数据处理。计量资料以表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用LSD-t检验,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
单细胞转录组测序将肿瘤组织降维聚类成12类细胞亚群,包括7类肿瘤细胞亚群、巨噬细胞、TNK细胞、平滑肌细胞、成纤维细胞以及内皮细胞。CNV分析显示7群肿瘤细胞具有较高的拷贝数变异符合肿瘤细胞的特征,细胞聚类的密度图显示PBS组与沙蟾毒精干预组的细胞聚类分布模式存在差异。沙蟾毒精干预后肿瘤细胞较PBS组减少,具体占比减少的细胞亚群为2、6、7三群肿瘤细胞,其中第二群肿瘤细胞减少显著,PBS组中占比21.57%,Are组中占比14.16%,见表1、插页ⅩⅤ图1。
针对第二群肿瘤细胞前50个高变基因进行了富集分析,以研究这群细胞显著富集的生物学功能。GO富集显示,这群细胞的前50个高变基因主要富集在蛋白质运输、由RNA聚合酶Ⅱ调控的转录、囊泡介导的运输、基于DNA模板的转录负向调控、从内质网到高尔基体的囊泡介导运输、细胞凋亡过程、高尔基体到内质网的逆行囊泡运输、细胞内蛋白质运输、细胞凋亡过程的负向调控等功能。KEGG富集显示,这些基因主要富集在胞吞作用、内质网中的蛋白质加工、焦点黏附、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)信号通路、癌症中的蛋白多糖、泛素介导的蛋白质降解、癌症途径、Notch信号通路、Wnt信号通路等。WikiPathways富集的主要结果包括EGFR1信号通路、焦点黏附、白色脂肪细胞分化、TGF-β信号通路、Notch信号通路、Delta-Notch信号通路、Wnt信号通路等。富集分析提示了其中一些与肿瘤发生的关键生物学功能可能发挥着重要作用,Notch通路在KEGG富集与WikiPathways富集中都被提及,这提示Notch通路可能在沙蟾毒精的干预中发挥着重要作用。见插页ⅩⅥ图2。
PBS组HCT 116细胞生长状态良好。Are(100 nmol/L)组与Are(200 nmol/L)组细胞密度降低,细胞状态变差。Are(300 nmol/L)组与5-FU组细胞连接疏松,细胞增殖减少且形态发生变化,出现轻微的细胞变圆皱缩等现象,见插页ⅩⅦ图3。
EDU细胞增殖实验结果表明,与空白组比较,沙蟾毒精在100~300 nmol/L浓度区间内可以浓度依赖性地抑制细胞DNA合成率,其中5-FU组的抑制率略高于300 nmol/L浓度的沙蟾毒精组的抑制率,见表2、插页ⅩⅧ图4。
与PBS组相比,沙蟾毒精各组和5-氟尿嘧啶处理的细胞BAX蛋白表达显著上调,而BCL-2蛋白表达下调,提示沙蟾毒精能通过调控Bcl-2与Bax蛋白表达,诱导HCT116细胞发生凋亡,见图5。
与PBS组相比,沙蟾毒精各组明显下调Notch1、Jagged1、HES1、DLL4蛋白表达,沙蟾毒精200、300 nmol/L组中Notch1蛋白表达明显下调。沙蟾毒精(300 nmol/L)与5-FU对Jagged1抑制效果显著,见图6。
在HE染色的肠癌类器官切片中,PBS对照组展示了良好的组织结构保持。随着沙蟾毒精剂量的增加(100、200、300 nmol/L),组织结构破坏程度逐渐加剧,300 nmol/L浓度下的组织损伤尤为明显。而在5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)50 nmol/L处理组中,组织结构损伤尤为显著。这表明沙蟾毒精对肠癌类器官的细胞具有剂量依赖性的细胞毒性作用,且5-FU的效力特别强。见插页ⅩⅨ图7。
PBS处理组的切片中Ki-67阳性细胞数量较多,表明有活跃的细胞增殖。而在用不同浓度的沙蟾毒精(Are)处理的组别中,随着浓度的增加(100 nmol/L,200 nmol/L,300 nmol/L),Ki-67阳性细胞数量逐渐减少,显示出细胞增殖率的降低。在5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)50 nmol/L处理的切片中,几乎观察不到Ki-67阳性细胞,表明该条件下类器官受到了显著抑制。见插页ⅩⅨ图8。
结直肠癌(CRC)是一种常见的恶性肿瘤,影响全球数百万患者。它通常与生活方式、遗传因素和环境因素有关。目前,CRC的治疗主要包括手术、化疗、放疗和靶向治疗。5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)是治疗CRC的主要化疗药物之一,已被广泛应用多年。它通过干扰细胞的核苷酸代谢来抑制肿瘤生长。然而,5-FU的使用受到耐药性的限制,许多患者对5-FU产生耐药,导致治疗效果下降。此外,5-FU的不良反应,如骨髓抑制和消化道不良反应,也限制了其使用。寻找并开发疗效优、不良反应低的新抗肿瘤药物有利于更好地防治结直肠癌的发生与发展。
沙蟾毒精主要来源于蟾蜍科动物如中华大蟾蜍或黑眶蟾蜍干燥分泌物,是中药蟾酥中的有效成分之一。其具有广谱的抗肿瘤作用,能够通过促进肿瘤细胞凋亡、抑制肿瘤细胞侵袭和转移、抑制肿瘤血管生成等途径发挥抗肿瘤作用[17-18]。在肺癌、肝癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌等多种恶性肿瘤中均具有很好的抗肿瘤活性[19]。深入了解沙蟾毒精的抗肿瘤机制能够为临床转化应用提供潜在的药物选择,开发更优的治疗方案。
对肿瘤增殖的抑制研究具有重大意义,这一表型直接影响肿瘤的生长和扩散。减缓或停止肿瘤细胞的增殖是治疗癌症的核心策略之一。我们的研究发现沙蟾毒精能够浓度依赖性地影响HCT 116细胞的形态与细胞间的连接,EDU实验发现其能够显著影响HCT 116细胞的增殖,不仅如此,我们在更接近人体实际的类器官模型上进行了验证,发现沙蟾毒精对类器官形态和Ki-67都有显著的抑制效应。
单细胞测序结果表明,沙蟾毒精能够显著抑制第二群肿瘤细胞在组织中的丰度,通过对这群细胞前50个高变基因进行富集分析发现Notch通路是这群细胞中的高度活跃的通路之一,这可能是沙蟾毒精抑制这群细胞的主要途径之一。在CRC中,Notch通路的异常激活与肿瘤的发生、进展和恶化有关。Notch通路的激活可以促进肿瘤细胞的增殖和生存,抑制细胞凋亡,并有可能与癌症干细胞的维持有关[20-21]。研究发现沙蟾毒精能够抑制Notch1、Jagged1、HES1、Cyclin D1和DLL4的蛋白表达,这对于结直肠癌的治疗具有重要意义。Notch1是Notch信号通路的关键受体,而Jagged1是与Notch1结合的配体,它们的相互作用促进了信号传递[22]。HES1是Notch通路的下游靶基因,参与调控细胞分化和增殖[23]。Cyclin D1是细胞周期中的重要调节蛋白,其过度表达与癌症相关[24]。DLL4则与血管生成相关[25]。沙蟾毒精通过抑制这些关键蛋白的表达或功能,可能会阻断Notch通路的激活,从而抑制肿瘤生长和转移。
综上所述,本研究基于单细胞转录组测序以及在更为接近人体实际的类器官模型上进行了研究,证实了沙蟾毒精能通过下调Notch信号通路中关键因子Notch1、Jagged1、Hes1等蛋白的表达,并抑制HCT 116细胞生长、增殖并诱导其发生凋亡从而对结直肠癌产生治疗作用。本研究挖掘、探明了沙蟾毒精抑制结直肠癌的机制与药效,有望为今后更深入的药理和机制研究提供一定的研究基础。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3500200; 2022YFC3500201)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(81902330)
  • 国家中医药管理局中医药创新团队及人才支持计划项目(ZYYCXTD-C-202208)
  • 江苏高校优势学科建设工程项目(PAPD)
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2025年第43卷第2期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.02.026
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3500200; 2022YFC3500201)
国家自然科学基金项目(81902330)
国家中医药管理局中医药创新团队及人才支持计划项目(ZYYCXTD-C-202208)
江苏高校优势学科建设工程项目(PAPD)
作者信息
    1.南京中医药大学第一临床医学院,江苏 南京 210023
    2.江苏省中医药防治肿瘤协同创新中心,江苏 南京 210023

通讯作者:

赖岳阳(1985-),男,江苏南京人,讲师,博士,研究方向:中医药肿瘤防治。E-mail:。
程海波(1975-),男,江苏南京人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药肿瘤防治。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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