Article(id=1322912208493084892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322912162913596032, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793336449025, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1736438400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793336449025, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793336449025, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793336449025, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322912162913596032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1736438400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793336438157, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340633627, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929760048906989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322912162913596032, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929760048906990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322912162913596032, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=72, endPage=76, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322912208706994397, articleId=1322912208493084892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease with Traditional Chinese Medicine Targeting PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia,characterized by cognitive decline and memory dysfunction. The orderly operation of cellular signal transduction pathways in the brain maintains the physiological function and activity of nerve cells. The phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/Akt)signaling pathway is a classical pathway for cell proliferation,differentiation,growth and apoptosis,which can regulate downstream effector molecules involved in the occurrence and development of Alzheimer's disease. Itplays an important role in various aspects such as abnormal protein aggregation,insulin resistance in the brain,neuroinflammation,oxidative stress,apoptosis and atophagy. Based on the current research status at home and abroad,the article reviewed and summarized the recent progress in traditional Chinese medicine treating Alzheimer's disease by regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in recent years in order to provide new ideas for Alzheimer's disease drug treatment and provide reference for further in-depth mechanism research.

, authors=Jiaxin LI, Shaofeng WANG, Yanwei HAO, Xueqing DUAN, Li LI, Bin LI, authorsList=Jiaxin LI, Shaofeng WANG, Yanwei HAO, Xueqing DUAN, Li LI, Bin LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bin LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322912209147396318, articleId=1322912208493084892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=中药靶向PI3K/Akt信号通路治疗阿尔茨海默病的研究进展, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer′s disease,AD)是痴呆中最常见的一种类型,以记忆障碍和认知功能下降为主要特点。大脑内细胞信号转导通路的有序运转,维持着神经细胞的生理功能活动。磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶B(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K/Akt)信号通路是细胞增殖、分化、生长、凋亡的经典通路,可调控下游效应分子参与AD的发生发展,在异常蛋白聚集、脑内胰岛素抵抗、神经炎症、氧化应激、细胞凋亡、细胞自噬等多方面发挥重要作用。基于国内外的研究现状,梳理总结了近年来中药通过靶向PI3K/Akt信号通路治疗AD的研究进展,以期为AD药物治疗开拓新的思路,也为后续更深入的机制研究提供参考依据。

, authors=李佳欣, 王少锋, 郝彦伟, 段学庆, 李莉, 李斌, authorsList=李佳欣, 王少锋, 郝彦伟, 段学庆, 李莉, 李斌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李斌, authorNote=

李佳欣(1995-),女,四川广元人,医师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治老年病的基础与临床。

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李斌(1987-),男,山西高平人,教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治老年病的基础与临床。E-mail:。
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李佳欣(1995-),女,四川广元人,医师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治老年病的基础与临床。

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李佳欣(1995-),女,四川广元人,医师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治老年病的基础与临床。

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中药靶向PI3K/Akt信号通路治疗阿尔茨海默病的研究进展
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李佳欣 , 王少锋 , 郝彦伟 , 段学庆 , 李莉 , 李斌
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(1): 72-76
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (1) : 72 -76
中药靶向PI3K/Akt信号通路治疗阿尔茨海默病的研究进展
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李佳欣(1995-),女,四川广元人,医师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治老年病的基础与临床。

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李佳欣, 王少锋, 郝彦伟, 段学庆, 李莉, 李斌
作者信息
  • 成都中医药大学附属医院,四川 成都 610072
通讯作者:
李斌(1987-),男,山西高平人,教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治老年病的基础与临床。E-mail:。
作者简介:

李佳欣(1995-),女,四川广元人,医师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治老年病的基础与临床。

Research Progress on Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease with Traditional Chinese Medicine Targeting PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway
Jiaxin LI, Shaofeng WANG, Yanwei HAO, Xueqing DUAN, Li LI, Bin LI
Affiliations
  • Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2025-01-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.014
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阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer′s disease,AD)是痴呆中最常见的一种类型,以记忆障碍和认知功能下降为主要特点。大脑内细胞信号转导通路的有序运转,维持着神经细胞的生理功能活动。磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶B(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K/Akt)信号通路是细胞增殖、分化、生长、凋亡的经典通路,可调控下游效应分子参与AD的发生发展,在异常蛋白聚集、脑内胰岛素抵抗、神经炎症、氧化应激、细胞凋亡、细胞自噬等多方面发挥重要作用。基于国内外的研究现状,梳理总结了近年来中药通过靶向PI3K/Akt信号通路治疗AD的研究进展,以期为AD药物治疗开拓新的思路,也为后续更深入的机制研究提供参考依据。

PI3K/Akt信号通路  /  阿尔茨海默病  /  中药  /  研究进展

Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia,characterized by cognitive decline and memory dysfunction. The orderly operation of cellular signal transduction pathways in the brain maintains the physiological function and activity of nerve cells. The phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/Akt)signaling pathway is a classical pathway for cell proliferation,differentiation,growth and apoptosis,which can regulate downstream effector molecules involved in the occurrence and development of Alzheimer's disease. Itplays an important role in various aspects such as abnormal protein aggregation,insulin resistance in the brain,neuroinflammation,oxidative stress,apoptosis and atophagy. Based on the current research status at home and abroad,the article reviewed and summarized the recent progress in traditional Chinese medicine treating Alzheimer's disease by regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in recent years in order to provide new ideas for Alzheimer's disease drug treatment and provide reference for further in-depth mechanism research.

PI3K/Akt signaling pathway  /  Alzheimer's disease  /  traditional Chinese medicine  /  research progress
李佳欣, 王少锋, 郝彦伟, 段学庆, 李莉, 李斌. 中药靶向PI3K/Akt信号通路治疗阿尔茨海默病的研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (1) : 72 -76 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.014
Jiaxin LI, Shaofeng WANG, Yanwei HAO, Xueqing DUAN, Li LI, Bin LI. Research Progress on Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease with Traditional Chinese Medicine Targeting PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (1) : 72 -76 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.014
阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是一种与年龄相关的神经退行性疾病,以记忆减退及其他认知功能渐进性下降为主要临床表现。据2021年《中国阿尔茨海默病报告》表明,中国现存AD患者将近1000万,给家庭和社会带来了沉重负担,世界卫生组织已将其列为全球公共卫生优先事项[1]。AD发病机制复杂,其核心机制以β淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid,Aβ)级联假说和Tau蛋白病理学说为主,此外与神经炎症假说、氧化应激假说、胆碱能假说、神经血管学说、基因突变等紧密相关[2]。尽管大量学者围绕AD发病机制不断探索和研发治疗方案,但迄今为止,仅有乙胆碱酯酶抑制剂和N-甲基D-天冬氨酸受体拮抗剂两类药物被广泛应用于临床,且只能以控制症状为主,无法改变AD的病程发展[3]。因此,寻找有效可靠的AD治疗药物仍是亟待解决的难题。
中药及其活性成分具有靶点广泛、途径众多、系统调节的治疗作用,成为AD的潜力治疗药物[4]。机体维持正常生理活动不仅仅依靠物质和能量代谢,还需依赖于细胞间的通讯和信号调节[5]。研究发现磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶B(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K/Akt)信号通路广泛参与AD细胞内信号转导,通过调控其下游效应分子活性,影响AD病理环节与病情进展[6]。近年来,运用中药调控PI3K/Akt信号通路在治疗AD方面得到诸多研究者的积极探索,因此本文系统总结了中药靶向PI3K/Akt信号通路治疗AD的研究进展,期冀对进一步研究和相关中药的开发提供一定依据和参考。
PI3K是一种重要的细胞内信号转导激酶,几乎表达于所有哺乳动物。根据其结构、调节模式、底物特异性可以被分为PI3K Ⅰ、PI3K Ⅱ、PI3K Ⅲ 3类。Ⅰ类PI3K研究最为广泛,由调节亚基p85和催化亚基p110构成,可由细胞表面受体直接激活。基础条件下,p85与p110结合的酶活性被抑制,当细胞受到受体酪氨酸激酶、G蛋白偶联受体和生长因子等信号刺激时抑制解除,催化磷脂酰肌醇二磷酸向磷脂酰肌醇三磷酸[phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)-trisphosphate,PIP3]转化,PIP3作为第二信使将效应子募集到特定的质膜或内膜位置,启动对下游信号的调控[7]。丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶Akt是PI3K下游的主要信号靶点,是PI3K/Akt信号传导途径的核心环节[8]。PI3K激活后,Akt的PH结构区与第二信使PIP3结合,促使Akt由细胞内迁移至细胞膜,发生构象改变和双磷酸化,最终导致Akt完全激活。活化的Akt通过磷酸化作用,可调控下游多个靶蛋白,如糖原合酶激酶3(glycogen synthase kinase 3,GSK-3)、促凋亡分子Bcl-2/Bcl-XL相关的死亡启动因子(Bcl-2/Bcl-XL associated death promoter,Bad)、半胱天冬酶9(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 9,Caspase-9)、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)、核转录因子κB(nuclear factor kappa beta,NF-κB)等,在调节细胞增殖、分化、凋亡、转录、迁移及葡萄糖代谢等过程中发挥关键效应[9]。研究表明,PI3K/Akt信号通路参与多种神经退行性疾病的发生及进展,包括AD、帕金森综合征、肌萎缩侧索硬化、亨廷顿病等,是发挥神经保护效应的关键调控靶点[10]。
AD属于中医“呆病”“健忘”等范畴,病机多为本虚标实,本虚以肾精亏虚和气血不足为要,标实以痰浊蒙窍和气滞血瘀为主,在临证用药中从补肾益精、益气健脾、化痰祛瘀角度入手,能使腑清神明,恢复认知功能[11]。中医药在治疗呆病、健忘等疾病方面积累了丰富的实践成果,归纳了一系列临床疗效确切的药物和方法。随着近年来对中医药防治AD机制的深入挖掘,研发具有确切疗效的中药制剂已成为当今的热点,也是未来AD药物研发的可靠来源[12]。研究发现PI3K/Akt通路调控多种细胞内信号分子和效应蛋白参与AD发生,而中药可通过干预PI3K/Akt通路在AD的不同致病因素与病理环节发挥多靶点调控作用。
异常蛋白质的积累是中枢神经退行性疾病的共有特征,Aβ级联理论和Tau蛋白学说是AD最重要的两个病理假说,认为Aβ所致的老年斑(senile plaques,SPs)和Tau蛋白形成的神经原纤维缠结(neurofibrillary tangles,NFTs)产生的神经毒性推动AD的发展,诱发神经炎症、突触功能异常、线粒体功能障碍、神经元丢失等系列反应。研究发现PI3K/Akt途径作为脑内细胞信号转导的关键通路,可通过调控下游信号分子来减轻Aβ和Tau蛋白病理损伤。其中GSK-3β作为细胞代谢和信号传导过程的核心元件,其活性表达既参与淀粉样前体蛋白代谢促进Aβ生成,又催化Tau蛋白磷酸化形成NFTs,而PI3K/Akt的激活能诱导GSK-3β向细胞膜转位,及GSK-3β氨基端的Ser9位点发生磷酸化,使之失活,减轻对病理蛋白的影响[13]。此外,胰岛素降解酶(insulin degrading enzyme,IDE)作为Aβ降解酶之一,有研究证实PI3K/Akt信号途径参与IDE对胞外Aβ水平的调节及Aβ的降解过程[14]。
中药活性成分及复方可以通过减少异常蛋白聚集,减轻其病理损伤来改善AD症状。有研究以AD模型果蝇观察红景天苷抗Aβ的作用,结果表明红景天苷可减轻Aβ聚集及其造成的神经毒性,提高果蝇的寿命和运动活性,其机制与激活PI3K/Akt通路有关[15]。丹参酮ⅡA能上调p-PI3K、p-Akt水平,活化的Akt使Ser9位点GSK-3β发生磷酸化,抑制Tau蛋白异常磷酸化形成,同时还能减轻氧化应激和细胞凋亡,发挥神经保护效应[16]。同样,隐丹参酮[17]、积雪草酸[18]、淫羊藿苷[19]、萝卜硫素[20]也能作用于PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β通路,抑制Tau蛋白结构纤维化减轻AD模型病理改变,发挥抗AD作用。清心开窍方通过促进PI3K/Akt通路激活,上调IDE表达,增加Aβ脑内降解与清除,缓解APP/PS1小鼠认知障碍[21]。远志散[22]和酸枣仁汤[23]皆可激活PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β信号通路,减少Tau蛋白聚集,修复AD神经元损伤。
大脑是机体最活跃的能量代谢区域,能量代谢紊乱是AD发病的启动因素和关键环节,常常先于病理特征和临床症状出现[24]。AD的大脑被描述为“胰岛素抵抗”(insulin resistance,IR)状态,认为异常的胰岛素信号转导是AD的早期危险因素之一。正常生理条件下,胰岛素或胰岛素样生长因子(insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1,IGF-1)与胰岛素受体(insulin receptor,InsR)结合后,引起InsR的自身磷酸化以及胰岛素受体底物(insulin receptor substrate,IRS)的酪氨酸残基磷酸化,随后激活PI3K/Akt信号通路,调控多种蛋白质表达水平,进而促进神经元生长、维持突触可塑性等[25]。而长期脑内IR将严重损伤PI3K/Akt信号级联反应,导致其下游靶点葡萄糖转运载体蛋白(glucose transporter,GLUT)、mTOR、GSK-3β等表达紊乱,降低脑内葡萄糖转运功能,进而导致大脑能量代谢失衡,造成神经退化和认知障碍[26]。
中医药调控机体代谢具有系统、整体的优势,诸多中药活性成分及经典复方在调节AD脑内胰岛素抵抗发挥重要作用。有学者利用micro-PET技术发现姜黄素可改善脑内葡萄糖代谢,调节胰岛素信号通路相关蛋白,上调IGF-1R、IRS-2、PI3K、p-PI3K、Akt和p-Akt蛋白表达,下调InsR和IRS-1,改善AD小鼠的空间学习和记忆能力[27]。荔枝核能改善T2DM大鼠脑内胰岛素抵抗,减少病理蛋白堆积,从其分离出的多酚类物质可调控IRS-1/PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β通路来减轻胰岛素抵抗诱发的神经损伤[28-29]。半夏泻心汤通过激活APP/PS1小鼠脑内PI3K/Akt通路,上调GLUT1和GLUT3蛋白表达,促进葡萄糖的摄取和转运,修复胰岛素信号异常,增强海马突触可塑性来改善认知功能[30]。肾气丸是补肾助阳的代表方,研究发现肾气丸改善AD大鼠学习和记忆障碍,减轻组织病理损伤和神经元凋亡,逆转胰岛素抵抗相关基因的表达,可能是通过激活PI3K/Akt通路发挥作用的[31]。
越来越多证据表明,慢性且持续的神经炎症反应会导致神经元损伤与凋亡,加速AD的发展进程。小胶质细胞是驻留在中枢神经系统的免疫细胞,其过度激活是炎症反应发生的核心环节。Aβ沉积和Tau蛋白异常磷酸化所引起的免疫反应会持续激活小胶质细胞,进而释放大量炎症介质,如白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、环氧合酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)等[32]。研究发现中枢炎症因子的信号转导依赖于PI3K/Akt途径,可通过调控该通路改善AD脑内炎症微环境。NF-κB作为炎症介导的关键转录因子,当Akt发生磷酸化时,促使NF-κB抑制蛋白α(inhibitory subunit alpha of NF-κB,IκB-α)磷酸化,与NF-κB解离,NF-κB激活并进入细胞核,触发炎症级联反应,通过不同的途径诱导机体免疫和炎症的发生发展[33]。
中医药能够抑制AD脑内炎症信号激活,减轻神经炎症反应造成的神经元损伤。以脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导BV2细胞构建AD模型,发现石菖蒲多糖能够显著降低TNFα、IL-1β、IL-6、COX2、iNOS等促炎介质的表达,并且下调p-PI3K和p-Akt水平,当使用PI3K抑制剂(LY294002)后显著增强其抗炎作用,表明石菖蒲多糖可能是通过抑制PI3K/Akt通路来发挥抗神经炎症作用[34]。藏红花色素GJ-4是栀子的活性成分,干预APP/PS1小鼠后可降低脑内Aβ和Tau水平,进一步机制研究表明是通过抑制PI3K/Akt通路,减轻小胶质细胞异常活化,抑制炎症蛋白和炎症因子释放有关[35]。木香内酯通过抑制Akt、p65 NF-κB、IκB的磷酸化,使NF-κB转录活性降低,减少全身与脑内炎性物质释放,发挥保护神经元作用[36]。川陈皮素亦可通过抑制PI3K/Akt通路来控制小胶质细胞异常激活状态,减少COX-2、iNOS、IL-1β、TNF-α释放,抑制神经炎症反应[37]。双氢青蒿素是青蒿素的衍生物,研究发现其通过下调p-PI3K、p-Akt表达水平,抑制PI3K/Akt信号通路来减轻LPS诱导的神经损伤[38]。
氧化应激是导致衰老和神经退行性疾病的常见诱因,是AD发病机制中的早期事件,与多种经典病理表现密切关联。AD患者脑内,线粒体功能障碍产生过量的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS),抗氧化防御屏障被削弱,诱发神经细胞氧化损伤,促使突触功能障碍和AD病理标志物形成,造成认知损伤。核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)是调节抗氧化系统的关键转录因子,通过组织清除细胞自由基发挥保护效应。在细胞氧化应激反应下,Nrf2与Kelch样环氧氯丙烷相关蛋白1(Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1,Keap1)解离后转移入核,激活下游靶基因转录,如红素加氧酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1),从而发挥抗氧化的作用[39]。研究发现,过量的ROS堆积在脑内,会激活PI3K/Akt信号通路参与Nrf2的调控转录,而抑制Akt或其上游PI3K活化均可抑制Nrf2活性,影响着脑内抗氧化功能,推动AD进展与演变[40]。
氧化应激作为AD的早期病理环节,中药活性成分及复方可通过抗氧化作用来预防和治疗AD的发生。β-细辛醚能够减轻Aβ诱发的氧化应激损伤,减少ROS生成,上调超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)水平,减少丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量,维持AD氧化与抗氧化系统平衡稳定,其机制可能是通过激活PI3K/Akt通路来促进Nrf2/HO-1表达实现的[41]。经体内外实验验证,发现花青素可调节PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β途径,上调Nrf2和HO-1表达,增加氧化应激抗性,改善AD突触损伤和神经元凋亡情况[42]。以H2O2诱导PC12细胞建立AD模型,发现益智仁提取物可通过调控PI3K/Akt途径,增加抗氧化酶表达,减少ROS堆积,稳定线粒体膜通透性,而当使用PI3K抑制剂后其抗氧化作用明显减弱[43]。远志皂苷元可增加细胞活力,减少凋亡率,且p-PI3K、p-Akt水平升高,Nrf2、HO-1表达上调,ROS减少,Bcl-2/Bax比值增大,表明远志皂苷元可能通过激活PI3K/Akt通路发挥抗氧化和抗细胞凋亡作用[44]。阿魏提取物亦可抑制氧化应激诱导的神经元凋亡,改善认知缺陷,发挥抗AD作用,与激活PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/Nrf2/HO-1通路有关[45]。补肾健脾开心方可上调AD模型大鼠脑内PI3K和Akt蛋白表达,减少NOS的含量,增加SOD的含量,改善脑组织的抗氧化能力,提高其学习与记忆水平[46]。
广泛的神经元丢失是AD的重要组织病理改变。研究表明,抑制细胞凋亡,阻断细胞启动程序性死亡,可有效缓解AD早期神经元死亡[47]。细胞凋亡过程包含B细胞淋巴瘤-2(B lymphocyte tumor-2,Bcl-2)蛋白家族、胱天蛋白酶(Caspases)家族、细胞色素C(cytochrome C,CytC)等关键调控分子,共同维持着有序的凋亡过程。PI3K/Akt信号通路作为经典的抗凋亡通路,Akt被激活后,可抑制Bcl-2蛋白家族中促凋亡因子Bad的活化,使得Bad与Bcl-2或Bcl-XL分离,释放大量抗凋亡蛋白,抑制神经元的过早凋亡;此外,活化的Akt还可抑制Caspase-9的活性,阻止Caspase-3的激活,阻断线粒体介导的凋亡途径启动,保护神经元[48]。
中药及活性成分针对AD神经元过度丢失的病理情况能有效发挥抗神经细胞凋亡作用。黄精多糖能够显著减轻Aβ毒性作用,升高Bcl-2/Bax比值,抑制Caspase-3活化,抑制线粒体功能障碍造成的细胞凋亡;此外,还能提高p-Akt蛋白水平,而将PI3K抑制剂与其共处理则消除了这些有益作用,表明黄精多糖对Aβ25-35诱导的PC12细胞凋亡的保护作用与PI3K/Akt信号通路激活有关[49]。异连翘酯苷能上调PI3K、Akt的磷酸化水平,提高抗凋亡蛋白水平,降低促凋亡蛋白表达,缓解线粒体功能障碍,发挥神经保护作用[50]。芍药苷增加p-Akt蛋白的表达水平,上调Bcl-2表达、下调Bax表达、抑制Caspase-3活性,能激活PI3K/Akt通路促进细胞存活来对抗Aβ毒性[51]。研究证实使用PI3K抑制剂可消除人参皂苷Rg2对P12细胞的保护作用,表明人参皂苷Rg2可以通过调控PI3K/Akt途径,增强Akt磷酸化水平,提高Bcl-2/Bax比值,抑制Caspase-3活化,实现其抗神经元凋亡作用[52-53]。益智治呆方可以激活P13K/Akt/GSK-3β通路,上调Bcl-2表达,下调Bax表达,最终抑制神经细胞凋亡的发生[54]。
自噬作为一种清除受损神经元和异常蛋白聚集体的溶酶体内降解途径,在维持细胞稳态、能量平衡和细胞防御方面发挥保护作用。自噬在AD发展中具有两面性,自噬不足或过度都会影响AD。启动自噬可清除异常沉积的错误折叠蛋白,减轻其毒性损伤,修复神经元;但随着病情进展,溶酶体蛋白酶降解的敏感性下降,持续激活的自噬反而会诱导神经元的过度死亡[55]。mTOR蛋白作为自噬诱导过程中关键激酶,包括mTOR复合体1(mTOR complex 1,mTORC1)与mTORC2两个信号复合体。mTORC1作为自噬的负性调节因子,被激活后可调控自噬各环节的关键因子,包括自噬相关基因(autophagy related gene,ATG)、Unc51样激素1(Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1,ULK1)、苄氯素1(Beclin1,BECN1)、微管相关蛋白1轻链3(microtubule-associated protein1 light chain 3,LC3)等,最终抑制自噬发生[56]。研究证实PI3K/Akt作为多种效应蛋白的主要上游信号,Akt磷酸化后可介导活化mTOR,参与调控细胞自噬的过程,影响AD进展[57]。
研究表明不同中药及活性成分在AD的细胞自噬过程中可发挥双向调节作用。部分中药成分能够促进自噬的正向调控,如黄芪甲苷呈剂量依赖性地上调Beclin1、Atg5、Atg12、LAMP-1表达,升高LC3B Ⅱ/LC3B Ⅰ比值,下调p62水平,其调控机制与抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路有关,调控自噬流,促进自噬体形成,减少Aβ沉积,改善神经损伤[58]。栀子苷同样可下调APP/PS1小鼠脑内p-Akt和p-mTOR表达,提高Beclin1和LC3-Ⅱ蛋白的表达,通过调节mTOR自噬相关信号通路,减少Aβ聚集,改善小鼠认知障碍[59]。然而另有一些中药可通过激活PI3K/Akt途径来抑制自噬,如五味子醇A能够通过激活PI3K/Akt/mTOR减轻Aβ诱导的自噬和凋亡,下调LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ和Beclin-1,升高p62表达[60]。同样,由人参总皂苷联合石菖蒲挥发油所组成的补气开窍方也通过激活PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路抑制APP/PS1小鼠脑内自噬水平,减少Beclin-1和LC3的含量,增加Bcl-2和p62含量,减少脑内Aβ42和AchE表达,起到改善学习记忆能力的保护作用[61]。目前的研究发现不同中药通过PI3K/Akt调节自噬具有双向性,可能与AD不同病理阶段的自噬调控作用不同有关,需要更多研究来进一步明晰其中关系。
基于AD病因的多样性、复杂性及不确定性,中药以其多靶点、多途径的治疗优势成为AD的治疗潜力药物。目前AD的中药研究主要集中在补虚药、化痰药、活血药,复方治法亦以补肾益精、益气化痰、活血化瘀为主,切中AD本虚标实的病机,贯穿AD不同病理环节,与AD临床治疗中的思路与方药贴合。PI3K/Akt信号转导途径参与脑内多种生理活动,中药及活性成分可调控PI3K/Akt通路,从减少异常蛋白聚集、改善脑内胰岛素抵抗、抑制神经炎症、减轻氧化应激、抑制细胞凋亡、调节细胞自噬等多方面参与控制AD进展,在AD治疗中具有独特的优势。
尽管目前针对PI3K/Akt调控的研究较多,但也存在些许有待解决的问题。首先是目前研究仍多是以经典靶蛋白为主要对象,难以评估整条通路上其他靶蛋白之间相互作用与影响,同时PI3K/Akt与MAPK/ERK、Wnt/β-catenin、TLR等信号通路具有交互调控作用,未来需构建中药在多条信号通路交互之间的精密调控网络图,从中厘清主要作用靶点,才能实现精准调控;其次在不同病理阶段,PI3K/Akt通路可能发挥不同作用,例如在自噬的双重性调节方面,需要建立不同动物模型、不同病程阶段等来明确中药发挥药效的确切节点,争取在AD不同发展阶段都能实施更适当更有效的中医药治疗;此外,PI3K/Akt信号轴对脑内不同细胞的调控作用不尽相同,在神经元中PI3K/Akt的激活是有利的,而针对小胶质细胞调控炎症反应则相反,因此如何利用现代技术,如免疫疗法或纳米递送等,将药物输送到特定宿主细胞发挥相应作用,也是未来亟须关注的问题。
综上所述,靶向PI3K/Akt信号转导通路是治疗AD的有效手段,对中药调控PI3K/Akt通路治疗AD进行更为系统、更为深入的研究,有利于AD治疗药物的研发,同时也需要结合中医药组方配药的优势,明确中药各组分在不同靶点的精准效应,利用中药多生物活性成分的优势,合理配伍,实现多靶点、多通路协同互作,发挥出中医药治疗的最优效用,有利于中医药理论的现代化发展与进步。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82474455; 82174345; 82074303)
  • 四川省科技计划项目(2021YJ0435)
  • 四川省干部保健科研项目(川干研2022-504)
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2025年第43卷第1期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.014
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-01-10
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国家自然科学基金项目(82474455; 82174345; 82074303)
四川省科技计划项目(2021YJ0435)
四川省干部保健科研项目(川干研2022-504)
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    成都中医药大学附属医院,四川 成都 610072

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李斌(1987-),男,山西高平人,教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治老年病的基础与临床。E-mail:。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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