Article(id=1322912186095514345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322912162913596032, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793336443685, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1736438400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793336443685, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793336443685, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793336443685, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322912162913596032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1736438400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793336438157, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340633627, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929760048906989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322912162913596032, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929760048906990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322912162913596032, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=44, endPage=50, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322912186435252970, articleId=1322912186095514345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Signaling Pathways Related to Prevention and Treatment of Breast Cancer by Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Breast cancer(BC)is one of the most common malignant tumors among women,and its incidence rate has been ranked the highest among female cancers athome and abroad. Nowadays,although the research on the prevention and treat ment of breast cancer has made great progress,such as surgery,radiotherapy,chemotherapy and immunotherapy,many complications may occur in the process of treatment,which may affect the quality of life of the patients,endanger their physical and mental health and even endanger their lives. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine,breast cancer belongs to “breast rock”,which is caused by“the evil excess and the vital Qi decline forming the mass accumulation”,and its treatment means are quite abundant,such as acupuncture and moxibustion,Tuina,plaster and guided therapy,etc. In recent years,traditional Chinese medicine has gained great popularity in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. In recent years,the prevention and treatment of breast cancer by traditional Chinese medicine has received extensive attention from all walks of life,and more and more researches have shown that in the process of breast cancer prevention and treatment,there are many advantages of traditional Chinese medicine,such as reducing the toxic side effects of radiotherapy,lowering patients' resistance to medication,effectively controlling the disease,reducing complications and so on,and so more and more researchers have invested in the study of prevention and treatment of breast cancer with the aim of enriching the prevention and treatment means of breast cancer and reducing the toxic side effects produced by related treatments. Therefore,more and more researchers have devoted themselves to the study of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer,with a view to enriching the means of prevention and treatment of breast cancer and reducing the toxic side effects of related treatment. However,the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in preventing and treating breast cancer has not been fully elucidated yet,and whether its mechanism of action is related to breast cancer-related signaling pathways(e.g.,Wnt,P13K/PTEN/AKT,etc.)still needs to be confirmed by a large number of clinical and experimental studies. Therefore,this paper summarized the current status of domestic and international research on the intervention of traditional Chinese medicine in relevant signaling pathways to prevent and control breast cancer in recent years,and explored the role and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer,with a view to providing a research direction for the succeeding researchers.

, authors=Guozhen HE1, Xiao LIU2, Xiaoyun YUAN1, Guizhi LIANG1, Honghua PENG1, authorsList=Guozhen HE, Xiao LIU, Xiaoyun YUAN, Guizhi LIANG, Honghua PENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Honghua PENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322912186955346667, articleId=1322912186095514345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=中医药防治乳腺癌相关信号通路的研究进展, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

乳腺癌(Breast cancer,BC)是女性常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其发病率已高居国内外女性癌症的榜首。现如今虽然乳腺癌的防治研究取得了长足的进步,出现了诸如手术、放化疗及免疫治疗等治疗手段,但治疗过程中往往可能出现诸多并发症,严重者可能影响患者的生活质量,危害患者的身心健康,甚至危及生命。中医学理论认为,乳腺癌属于“乳岩”,系因“邪盛正衰、蓄结成石”,其治疗手段颇为丰富,如针灸、推拿、膏引等。近年来,中医药防治乳腺癌受到了各界的广泛关注,越来越多的研究表明在乳腺癌的防治过程中,中医药存在减轻放化疗不良反应,降低患者耐药性,有效控制病情,减少并发症等诸多优点,因此越来越多的研究者投入到中医药防治乳腺癌的研究中,以期丰富乳腺癌的防治手段、减轻相关治疗产生的不良反应。然而,目前中医药防治乳腺癌的作用机制尚未完全阐明,其作用机制是否与乳腺癌相关信号通路(如Wnt、P13K/PTEN/AKT等)有关仍需大量临床及实验研究去证实。因此,对近年来中医药干预相关信号通路防治乳腺癌的国内外研究现状进行总结,探明中医药在乳腺癌防治中的作用及机制,以期为后继的科研工作者提供研究方向。

, authors=何国珍1, 刘晓2, 员晓云1, 梁桂枝1, 彭红华1, authorsList=何国珍, 刘晓, 员晓云, 梁桂枝, 彭红华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=彭红华, authorNote=

何国珍(1968-),女,广西贺州人,教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中西医结合基础(不孕不育方向)。

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彭红华(1963-),女,广西北流人,教授,学士,研究方向:中医养生与美容美体理论与临床。E-mail:。
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何国珍(1968-),女,广西贺州人,教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中西医结合基础(不孕不育方向)。

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何国珍(1968-),女,广西贺州人,教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中西医结合基础(不孕不育方向)。

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中医药防治乳腺癌相关信号通路的研究进展
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何国珍 1 , 刘晓 2 , 员晓云 1 , 梁桂枝 1 , 彭红华 1
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(1): 44-50
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (1) : 44 -50
中医药防治乳腺癌相关信号通路的研究进展
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何国珍1, 刘晓2, 员晓云1, 梁桂枝1, 彭红华1
作者信息
  • 1.广西中医药大学,广西 南宁 530200
  • 2.广西机电职业技术学院,广西 南宁 532200
通讯作者:
彭红华(1963-),女,广西北流人,教授,学士,研究方向:中医养生与美容美体理论与临床。E-mail:。
作者简介:

何国珍(1968-),女,广西贺州人,教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中西医结合基础(不孕不育方向)。

Research Progress of Signaling Pathways Related to Prevention and Treatment of Breast Cancer by Traditional Chinese Medicine
Guozhen HE1, Xiao LIU2, Xiaoyun YUAN1, Guizhi LIANG1, Honghua PENG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, Guangxi, China
  • 2.Guangxi Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Technology, Nanning 532200, Guangxi, China
出版时间: 2025-01-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.008
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乳腺癌(Breast cancer,BC)是女性常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其发病率已高居国内外女性癌症的榜首。现如今虽然乳腺癌的防治研究取得了长足的进步,出现了诸如手术、放化疗及免疫治疗等治疗手段,但治疗过程中往往可能出现诸多并发症,严重者可能影响患者的生活质量,危害患者的身心健康,甚至危及生命。中医学理论认为,乳腺癌属于“乳岩”,系因“邪盛正衰、蓄结成石”,其治疗手段颇为丰富,如针灸、推拿、膏引等。近年来,中医药防治乳腺癌受到了各界的广泛关注,越来越多的研究表明在乳腺癌的防治过程中,中医药存在减轻放化疗不良反应,降低患者耐药性,有效控制病情,减少并发症等诸多优点,因此越来越多的研究者投入到中医药防治乳腺癌的研究中,以期丰富乳腺癌的防治手段、减轻相关治疗产生的不良反应。然而,目前中医药防治乳腺癌的作用机制尚未完全阐明,其作用机制是否与乳腺癌相关信号通路(如Wnt、P13K/PTEN/AKT等)有关仍需大量临床及实验研究去证实。因此,对近年来中医药干预相关信号通路防治乳腺癌的国内外研究现状进行总结,探明中医药在乳腺癌防治中的作用及机制,以期为后继的科研工作者提供研究方向。

乳腺癌  /  中医药  /  信号通路  /  Wnt  /  P13K/PTEN/AKT

Breast cancer(BC)is one of the most common malignant tumors among women,and its incidence rate has been ranked the highest among female cancers athome and abroad. Nowadays,although the research on the prevention and treat ment of breast cancer has made great progress,such as surgery,radiotherapy,chemotherapy and immunotherapy,many complications may occur in the process of treatment,which may affect the quality of life of the patients,endanger their physical and mental health and even endanger their lives. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine,breast cancer belongs to “breast rock”,which is caused by“the evil excess and the vital Qi decline forming the mass accumulation”,and its treatment means are quite abundant,such as acupuncture and moxibustion,Tuina,plaster and guided therapy,etc. In recent years,traditional Chinese medicine has gained great popularity in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. In recent years,the prevention and treatment of breast cancer by traditional Chinese medicine has received extensive attention from all walks of life,and more and more researches have shown that in the process of breast cancer prevention and treatment,there are many advantages of traditional Chinese medicine,such as reducing the toxic side effects of radiotherapy,lowering patients' resistance to medication,effectively controlling the disease,reducing complications and so on,and so more and more researchers have invested in the study of prevention and treatment of breast cancer with the aim of enriching the prevention and treatment means of breast cancer and reducing the toxic side effects produced by related treatments. Therefore,more and more researchers have devoted themselves to the study of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer,with a view to enriching the means of prevention and treatment of breast cancer and reducing the toxic side effects of related treatment. However,the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in preventing and treating breast cancer has not been fully elucidated yet,and whether its mechanism of action is related to breast cancer-related signaling pathways(e.g.,Wnt,P13K/PTEN/AKT,etc.)still needs to be confirmed by a large number of clinical and experimental studies. Therefore,this paper summarized the current status of domestic and international research on the intervention of traditional Chinese medicine in relevant signaling pathways to prevent and control breast cancer in recent years,and explored the role and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer,with a view to providing a research direction for the succeeding researchers.

breast cancer  /  traditional Chinese medicine  /  signaling pathway  /  Wnt  /  P13K/PTEN/AKT
何国珍, 刘晓, 员晓云, 梁桂枝, 彭红华. 中医药防治乳腺癌相关信号通路的研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (1) : 44 -50 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.008
Guozhen HE, Xiao LIU, Xiaoyun YUAN, Guizhi LIANG, Honghua PENG. Research Progress of Signaling Pathways Related to Prevention and Treatment of Breast Cancer by Traditional Chinese Medicine[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (1) : 44 -50 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.008
乳腺癌(Breast cancer,BC)是一种好发于女性乳腺上皮组织的恶性肿瘤。中医学将其划入属于“乳岩”的范畴,认为女子以肝为先天,乳头属肝,乳房属胃,足阙阴肝经经上膈,布胸胁绕乳头而行,说明乳腺疾病多与肝、胃有关,并且肝喜条达而恶抑郁,情志不畅则导致肝失疏泄,进而气滞阻塞经络血脉,导致病理产物凝结内生。另外,冲任失调,抑或是冲任二脉空虚,可使气滞痰凝,痰瘀内生,结聚于乳房发为结块,日久瘤化而癌变。根据其邪实正虚的病机特点,在不同时期选用不同的治疗方法,早期邪气盛、正不虚则泻实祛邪,中期虚实夹杂则扶正祛邪,晚期正气衰则着重补益正气。
根据相关资料显示[1],截至2020年,全球BC发生率已经位列第一,成为最常见的癌症。有学者发现[2],从2003年到2017年,我国年轻女性的BC发病率稳步增长,处于农村地区的老年女性的BC病死率明显升高。目前对于BC的临床治疗主要以手术和化疗为主,但结果往往伴随着一系列并发症,诸如术后抑郁症等,严重影响患者的生存率与生活质量。而我国传统医药一向以不良反应小而出现于大众视野之中,因此,越来越多的学者将目光转向我国传统医学,开发方药、针刺等治疗手段用以防治BC,疗效显著。然而无论是复方,还是药物单体,其防治BC的机制尚不明确,往往作用于Wnt/β-Catenin、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(AKT)/雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)、白细胞介素(IL-6)/非受体型蛋白酪氨酸激酶家族(JAK)/信号传导及转录激活蛋白3(STAT3)等信号通路。故笔者借此对近年来中医药介导BC相关信号通路的研究进展进行概述,旨在为后续深入研究提供参考。
Wnt信号转导级联是动物发育过程中的主要调节因子之一,同时也是成年哺乳动物中大多数类型组织干细胞的关键驱动因素。从癌症发生、细胞生长发育到动物早期进化的各个领域,Wnt信号已成为一种基本的生长控制途径。Wnt蛋白是一种导致细胞增殖的生长刺激因子[3],其信号会在各个点影响细胞周期。与其他生长因子相比,Wnt信号传导的一个独特方面在于其能够使生长中的组织成形,同时诱导细胞增殖,并在此过程中充当定向生长因子[4-8]。Wnt信号可以某种方式指示新细胞进行分配,生成有组织的结构而不是无定形结构[5]。Wnt信号传导的产生,这一形态结果是由Wnt所能够激活的多种信号转导步骤介导的,除了能导致基因表达发生变化,同时也能影响细胞骨架和有丝分裂纺锤体[9]。此外,Wnt会使用不同类别的受体,从而产生一系列与Wnt相关的信号通路,从而在发育过程中正确塑造组织[10],或在成年后维持组织结构。
在细胞表面上,Wnt蛋白与卷曲蛋白(Frizzled,FZD)和脂蛋白受体相关蛋白5/6(LRP5/6)的受体复合物结合。FZD蛋白充当Wnt信号的主要受体,在信号传导过程中,FZD与单程跨膜分子LRP5/6协同作用,使得Wnt蛋白的结合能够导致两个受体的二聚化[11]。该机制可导致受体的构象发生变化。除了核心受体FZD和LRP5/6外,Wnt信号传导还涉及其他几个跨膜分子,包括ROR酪氨酸激酶受体和RYK酪氨酸激酶受体,它们能够分别使用富含半胱氨酸结构域(Cysteinerich domain,CRD)或WNT抑制因子(WNT inhibitory factor,WIF)结构域与Wnt配体结合。一旦激活,这些受体就会进入细胞中的其他信号通路,Wnt在发育过程中会对靶细胞产生多种影响,促进细胞的增殖、生长、发育等。
领域内最热门的焦点主要集中在Wnt通路对健康干细胞和癌症的作用上。干细胞、胚胎干(ES)细胞或成年干细胞展现出明确的自我更新能力,同时还能被诱导产生特定类型的细胞。Wnt信号可以诱导成人干细胞生长类器官,类器官可以定义为从干细胞生长的3D结构,由器官特异性细胞类型组成,有研究显示Wnt蛋白可扩大乳腺成年干细胞的克隆细胞数量,同时保留移植后细胞的发育潜力[12]。Wnt信号传导也参与了乳腺癌增殖和转移的过程。最新研究表明,Wnt信号在乳腺癌免疫微环境调节、干性维持、治疗抗性、表型塑形等方面有至关重要的作用。其中Wnt/β-Catenin、Wnt-平面细胞极性(PCP)和Wnt-Ca2+信号通路是3个公认的Wnt信号传导途径,并且在乳腺癌的进展中发挥不同的作用。大量研究表明,Wnt信号传导在乳腺癌细胞中发生了改变。这些改变包括发生在DNA水平的突变、扩增、缺失和甲基化,发生在mRNA水平的转录后修饰,以及发生在蛋白质水平的翻译后修饰。然而,有许多学者仍然认为Wnt信号的激活在乳腺肿瘤发生中起着至关重要的作用[13]。
中医药在通过调控Wnt信号通路防治乳腺癌方面取得了一定的进展。刘建波等研究发现,放疗后,放疗组β-Catenin、细胞周期蛋白D1(CyclinD1)和Bcl-2蛋白表达下降,Bax蛋白表达升高,在加入虎杖苷(Polydatin,PD)后,表达趋势更为显著;同时,比较PD组与PD+LiCl组(LiCl为Wnt激活剂)发现,β-Catenin、CyclinD1和Bcl-2蛋白表达较PD组升高,Bax蛋白表达下降,说明PD对乳腺癌细胞放疗的增敏作用与抑制Wnt/β-Catenin信号通路有关[14]。王校等从中药漏芦中提取有效成分总甾酮(totalsterone,TSR),通过腹腔注射左旋多巴的方法制备产后缺乳大鼠模型,比较各组之间差异,发现TSR低、高剂量组均能显著改善模型大鼠的缺乳状况、病理学形态,并上调了β-Catenin等经典Wnt信号通路相关基因的表达,说明TSR可能通过激活Wnt/β-Catenin信号通路发挥催乳作用[15]。张慧娟等提取野菊花总黄酮,以不同的浓度加入人乳腺癌MCF-7和MDA-MB-231细胞中,发现在野菊花总黄酮的干预下,癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭受到了抑制且呈现浓度依赖性,同时发现干预后细胞的Bax、P53mRNA表达水平显著上升,β-Catenin蛋白表达水平下降,对E-cadherin蛋白表达水平无明显变化,说明野菊花总黄酮的作用机制可能与抑制Wnt/β-Catenin信号通路及促进凋亡相关基因Bax、P53的表达有关,而与EMT进程无明显关系[16]。闫燕艳等进行了类似的实验,发现中药材常山的提取物常山酮(Halofuginone,HF)能有效抑制人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231的增殖、迁移和侵袭,同时在HF的干预下Wnt3a和β-Catenin的蛋白水平显著降低,说明HF可能通过抑制Wnt/β-Catenin信号通路的活化来发挥作用[17]。张贝贝等选用中药苦参的提取物氧化苦参碱(Oxymatrine,OM)与贝伐珠单抗(Bevacizumab,BV)作为对照,观察MCF-7细胞的增殖及细胞中蛋白的表达情况,发现OM及联合用药对MCF-7细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭有显著的抑制作用,同时还发现OM及联合用药显著降低了细胞增殖一系列蛋白的表达,显著抑制了Wnt/β-Catenin信号通路的活化,并增加钙离子依赖的细胞E-钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)的表达水平,而BV的作用恰恰与上述两组相反。说明在OM与BV联合用药的条件下,OM可通过抑制由BV导致的Wnt/β-Catenin信号通路激活,逆转EMT机制,进而发挥抗乳腺癌的作用[18]。王兰英等进行了类似的实验,实验结果显示,中药材鸡血藤的提取物鸡血藤总黄酮同样可通过Wnt/β-Catenin信号通路作用于人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞,抑制MCF-7细胞的增殖、转移和侵袭,促进其细胞凋亡[19]。李永峰等进行了类似的实验,发现高良姜素可抑制乳腺癌细胞MCF-7的增殖及迁移,并与对照组比较,实验组的细胞凋亡率显著升高,Wnt2蛋白表达量明显降低,说明高良姜素的抑癌效果与降低Wnt/β-Catenin信号转导通路活性有关[20]。米慧琼等进行了类似的实验,发现五味子乙素能够抑制人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7的增殖、促进凋亡,并显著下调Wnt蛋白与GSK-3β蛋白的表达,同时通过比较Wnt激动剂DKK2干预后的五味子乙素组,发现五味子乙素抑增殖促凋亡的作用与Wnt/β-Catenin信号通路密切相关[21]。张暖则通过实验发现乳腺癌核心方(齐元富教授拟)的含药血清能够抑制人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231的生长、增殖、迁移及侵袭,并发现细胞中的β-Catenin蛋白、CyclinD1蛋白与c-Myc蛋白的表达水平显著下降,说明乳腺癌核心方能够通过Wnt/β-Catenin通路发挥抑癌作用[22]。蟾毒灵(BUF)源自中药蟾酥,具有较强的抗癌作用。张蝶在体外实验中发现,低氧条件下,HIF-1α表达显著增高,细胞内Wnt/β-Catenin通路伤相关蛋白β-Catenin、GSK-3β表达增高,P-GSK-3β表达降低,CD44、CD133、c-Myc等干性蛋白的表达量升高,而在BUF干预后,上述表达均发生逆转,CD44、CD133、c-Myc等干性蛋白的表达量降低,说明在低氧条件下,BUF能通过HIF-1α介导Wnt/β-Catenin信号通路抑制乳腺癌细胞的干性,而在体内实验中,发现BUF同样可降低乳腺癌细胞的干性[23]。胡雅清等则选用鳖甲-莪术药对含药血清进行实验,发现与空白组相比,用药组的细胞增殖抑制率明显升高,β-Catenin、c-Myc、CyclinD1蛋白表达均显著降低,并且药对组的抑制效果高于单味药组,表明鳖甲-莪术药对具有抑癌作用,其机制可能与Wnt/β-Catenin信号通路相关[24]。赵灿发现汉黄芩素能够作用于Wnt/β-Catenin信号通路,下调β-Catenin的表达水平,进而抑制下游靶基因c-mte、CyclinD1的表达,最终起到抑制人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231、MCF-7细胞的生长、增殖、迁移及侵袭的作用[25]。董晶等选择经验方复方土贝母用于治疗乳腺癌转移瘤,通过对裸鼠行皮下接种MCF-7细胞制备模型,灌胃复方土贝母30 d后,处死小鼠观察各项指标,发现复方土贝母具有抑瘤效果,中、高剂量组的移植瘤体积显著小于荷瘤对照组,并且这两组的β-Catenin、Vimentin蛋白表达低于荷瘤对照组,E-cadherin蛋白表达高于荷瘤对照组,说明复方土贝母的抑瘤作用与β-Catenin、Vimentin及E-cadherin的表达相关[26]。闫婉君等建立人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞裸鼠肝转移模型,通过比较低、高剂量黄芩素对肝组织中SATB1、Wnt1、β-Catenin、E-cadherin、Vimentin和Snail蛋白的表达,发现黄芩素具有抑制乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞肝转移的功能,其机制可能通过下调SATB1蛋白的表达以及调控EMT的发生,进而抑制Wnt1/β-Catenin信号通路转导而实现的[27]。
PI3K/AKT/mTOR是一种在细胞活动起到重要作用的信号通路,涉及细胞增殖、生长、代谢、存活、侵袭、迁移、凋亡,血管生成,葡萄糖代谢和DNA修复等方面[28]。
当类似于胰岛素或胰岛素样生长因子这样的配体与细胞膜受体(例如酪氨酸激酶或G蛋白偶联受体GPCR的受体)结合时,由细胞外配体激活的特异性受体激活PI3K,活化的PI3K催化磷脂酰肌醇-4,5-二磷酸(PIP2)的磷酸化,生成磷脂酰肌醇3,4,5-三磷酸(PIP3),PIP3通过其pleckstrin同源相互作用域(PH域)将两种蛋白激酶AKT和磷酸肌醇依赖性蛋白激酶1(PDK1)募集到质膜上,AKT一旦募集到细胞膜上,就会在调节域Ser473上被mTOR复合物2(mTORC2)磷酸化,从而改变AKT的构象,活化的AKT使细胞膜上的靶蛋白磷酸化,然后失去与细胞膜的连接,并使胞质和细胞核中的其他靶蛋白磷酸化,靶蛋白的磷酸化可刺激细胞存活,生长和增殖[28]。
PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路成员包括如下。
(1)PI3K。PI3K是通过受体酪氨酸激酶(RTK)和G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)激活的质膜结合酶。分为三类:PI3Ks Ⅰ类,PI3Ks Ⅱ类和PI3Ks Ⅲ类[29]。PI3K的I类可细分为IA的PI3K,IB的PI3K和IC的PI3K,IA-PI3K被细胞表面受体直接激活调节细胞的生长,增殖和分化[28-32],Ⅱ类PI3K具有3种同工型:PI3KC2α和PI3KC2β在大多数组织和器官中表达,而PI3KC2γ仅在肝脏中表达[33]。它们调节细胞内膜动力学和膜运输[33-34]。Ⅲ类PI3K仅鉴定出一个成员:VPS34,它与吞噬作用、胞饮作用、内体分选和自噬的调节有关[35]。
(2)丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶AKT是PI3K信号通路的主要下游分子,活化的AKT介导细胞周期、生长、增殖和能量代谢的调节[36]。
(3)TOR是一种被称为雷帕霉素的细菌毒素灭活的大蛋白激酶,它以两种不同的多蛋白复合物形式存在:mTORC1和mTORC2。mTORC1对雷帕霉素敏感,并通过刺激养分吸收和代谢促进细胞生长和存活。它还通过促进核糖体的产生和蛋白质的合成及抑制蛋白质的降解来刺激细胞的生长[28,37]。mTORC1主要通过PI3P/AKT途径被激活,而PI3P/AKT途径则被细胞外生长因子和营养物质激活。mTORC2对雷帕霉素不敏感,主要由mTOR、蛋白Rictor、Sin1和mLST1组成。mTORC2通过直接磷酸化其疏水性基序来促进AKT激活,主要通过Rho家族GTPases蛋白参与细胞骨架的重建和细胞存活。
(4)FoxO1(Forkhead box other 1)是叉头框(Forkhead box,FOX)转录因子家族的成员。该家族分为17个亚家族,分别为FoxA~FoxQ[38]。活化的AKT使存在于细胞质中的FoxO1磷酸化。FoxO家族成员主要作用为抗氧化应激,细胞增殖、凋亡和分化[39-40]。
(5)PTEN是一种PIP3特异性磷酸酶,可将PIP3分子去磷酸化,形成PIP2分子,PIP2不属于AKT的结合平台,因此AKT无法募集到细胞膜上。结果,AKT无法被Ser473上的mTORC2磷酸化。因此,AKT的构象不再改变,并且不允许PDK1在Thr308上进行磷酸化。结果是AKT无法被激活,PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路被抑制,PTEN通过此种途径抑制细胞增殖而起到抑癌作用[41-42]。
总的来说,PI3K通过配体(胰岛素,生长因子,激素)与RTK结合,也与GPCR(趋化因子)结合而被激活。一旦激活,该蛋白激酶将催化PIP2磷酸化为PIP3。AKT被募集到质膜,在此它经历两个磷酸化过程,一个被苏氨酸残基水平的PDK1催化,第二个反应被mTORC2催化。一旦被磷酸化激活,AKT将磷酸化其他物质,例如mTOR复合物,最终将与蛋白质合成和细胞生长相关。其他与细胞增殖和存活有关的磷酸化底物,如GSK-3和Fox01将被抑制。PTEN则是参与PIP3去磷酸化这一信号通路的主要负调控因子。
吴晶晶等建立三阴性乳腺癌裸鼠移植瘤模型,分为顺铂组与益气小复方+顺铂组,检测肿瘤体积、质量以及瘤体lncRNA HCP5、PTEN、p-AKT蛋白表达水平,结果发现与顺铂组相比,益气小复方+顺铂组裸鼠情况较好,瘤体lncRNA HCP5和p-Akt蛋白表达水平显著降低,PTEN蛋白表达水平明显升高,说明益气小复方表现出的抑癌作用,可能与lncRNA HCP5的调控的PTEN和p-AKT蛋白表达相关[43]。邓樱等分别向MDA-MB-231细胞中加入“黄芪-莪术”药对(后简称为药对)冻干粉、顺铂以及药对冻干粉联合顺铂(后简称为联合用药),检测细胞增殖、PTEN与p-AKT的mRNA表达水平以及p-AKT蛋白表达水平,发现联合用药组效果最佳,能够有效抑制癌细胞增殖,上调PTENmRNA的表达,下调p-AKT蛋白的表达水平,说明“黄芪-莪术”药对抑制MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的机制可能通过上调PTEN基因进而直接抑制AKT蛋白水平来实现的[44]。同时他们还做了另一组实验,用以比较不同比例药对对人乳腺癌细胞系裸鼠移植瘤模型的影响,实验发现黄芪莪术2∶1组裸鼠的情况最好,肿瘤细胞凋亡最多,PI3K、AKT1、AKT2 mRNA表达水平显著低于模型组和药物单独作用组,PTEN蛋白表达水平显著高于模型组和药物单独作用组,p-AKT蛋白表达水平显著低于模型组和药物单独作用组,说明黄芪:莪术浓度为2∶1时,对乳腺癌的治疗效果最佳,其机制与激活PTEN表达,抑制P13K/AKT信号通路有关[45]。陈旭等运用转录组测序分析发现汉黄芩素对乳腺癌的治疗主要与PTEN/PI3K/AKT信号通路有关,与对照组相比,汉黄芩素干预下抑癌蛋白PTEN表达水平显著升高,p-P13K和p-AKT蛋白表达水平显著降低,并随着汉黄芩素的浓度而程度加剧,并且汉黄芩素抑制MCF-7的细胞,并诱导其凋亡,进而抑制裸鼠移植瘤的生长[46]。魏鑫等发现在益气小复方的干预下,乳腺癌他莫昔芬(TAM)耐药细胞(MCF-7/TAM)细胞凋亡率明显升高,PI3K、P-gp、Bcl-2蛋白表达水平、AKT磷酸化水平显著降低,PTEN蛋白表达水平、Bax、Bak显著升高,呈剂量依赖性,说明益气小复方可能通过激活PTEN,抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路传导,起到逆转乳腺癌他莫昔芬耐药性的作用[47]。李湘奇等则设立对照组、5-FU对照组、疏肝理气组、化痰散瘀组、益气健脾组以及乳康饮组,发现乳康饮及各拆方组的P13K、AKTmRNA表达水平显著下降,PTEN mRNA表达水平显著上升,乳康饮组及益气健脾组优于其他各拆方组,而在各蛋白表达方面,乳康饮组更是优于包括益气健脾组在内的各拆方组,说明乳康饮的抑癌作用可能与促进PTEN表达,抑制P13K/AKT信号通路有关[48]。黄芊等研究发现阳和汤干预下,乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的增殖受到了抑制,凋亡率明显升高,AKT磷酸化率和PI3K磷酸化率均显著降低,PTEN蛋白表达水平显著升高,说明阳和汤通过激活PTEN,抑制P13K/AKT信号通路,抑制癌细胞增殖、促进癌细胞凋亡,起到抑癌的作用[49]。赵婧等则把目光转向了乳腺癌前病变,选用MCF-10AT细胞进行实验,加入消痰解郁方、P13K激酶抑制剂(后简称抑制剂)以及消痰解郁方联合抑制剂,观察各组的细胞增殖情况以及P13K、p-AKT、PTEN蛋白的表达水平,发现与消痰解郁方组和抑制剂组相比,联合用药组对于细胞增殖的抑制程度更高,同时发现除对照组外的各组P13K、p-AKT的蛋白表达水平显著降低,PTEN蛋白表达水平显著升高,说明消痰解郁方对乳腺癌前病变的治疗效果,可能与激活PTEN,抑制P132K/AKT信号通路,进而抑制癌细胞增殖、促进其凋亡有关[50]。
IL-6/JAK/STAT3信号通路在许多人类癌症的生长和发展中具有关键作用。研究表明IL-6表达水平在慢性炎性疾病(如类风湿性关节炎和炎性肠病)以及与造血系统相关的恶性肿瘤或实体瘤患者中升高。IL-6由位于肿瘤微环境中的多种细胞类型产生,包括浸润肿瘤的免疫细胞、基质细胞和肿瘤细胞本身[51-53]。IL-6直接作用于肿瘤细胞以诱导STAT3靶基因的表达,该STAT3靶基因编码后驱动肿瘤增殖相关的蛋白质,如Cyclin D1。因此,在癌症的发病机理中,IL-6水平升高会刺激JAK/STAT3信号过度激活,这通常与患者的预后不良相关联[51,54-56]。
在肿瘤微环境中,IL-6/JAK/STAT3信号传导可驱动肿瘤细胞的增殖、存活、侵袭性和转移,同时强烈抑制抗肿瘤免疫反应。STAT3信号的过度激活发生在大多数人类癌症中。STAT3不仅可以促进IL-6基因表达,同时STAT3还可诱导促进血管生成的因子的表达,提高肿瘤细胞侵袭性或转移能力,发挥免疫抑制能力[57-59]。除了对肿瘤细胞的直接作用外,IL-6和JAK/STAT3信号传导还可产生更为深远地影响。IL-6可以在肿瘤微环境中,作为炎症的主要介质高水平表达,引起炎症反应,进而促进肿瘤的发生和发展;IL-6也可以直接刺激肿瘤细胞的增殖、存活和侵袭;IL-6还诱导促炎和促血管生成因子的产生,包括IL-1β、IL-8、CCL2、CCL3、CCL5、GM-CSF和VEGF。
严其高等发现与空白组相比,在姜黄素干预下,MCF-7细胞的增殖、侵袭受到了明显的抑制作用,并且其p-STAT3、p-JAK2 mRNA的表达水平显著降低,说明姜黄素可能通过抑制JAK2/STAT3信号通路的传导而发挥作用的[60]。刘林夕等实验发现40 mmol·L-1葡萄糖对MCF-7细胞的增殖效果最好,同时发现茯苓多糖作用组改善了高糖导致的高增殖及低凋亡,并显著下调了JAK1、STAT3的mRNA表达水平以及二者的磷酸化,说明茯苓多糖可能通过JAK1/STAT3途径抑制高糖诱导的人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞增殖并促进其凋亡[61]。冯杰鑫等发现在柴胡皂苷D干预下,各组MCF-7细胞JAK2、STAT3的蛋白表达量显著减少,且呈浓度负相关,说明柴胡皂苷D能够抑制乳腺癌MCF-7细胞增殖,促进MCF-7细胞凋亡,与JAK2/STAT3信号通路密切相关[62]。马春兰等发现莪术醇作用于乳腺癌MCF-7细胞G0/G1期,抑制JAK2、STAT3磷酸化,显著下调JAK2、STAT3 mRNA的表达水平,从而抑制细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡,说明莪术醇的抑癌效果与JAK2/STAT3信号通路密切相关[63]。张亚军等发现黄连素干预下,MCF-7细胞的增殖受到抑制和凋亡得到激活,呈浓度相关,其机制可能与JAK2/STAT3信号通路相关[64]。唐众等发现与对照组相比,消痈乳康方各组的JAK2、p-JAK2、STAT3、p-STAT3的mRNA及蛋白表达水平显著降低,且随着消痈乳康方剂量的增高,其表达水平相对更低,说明消痈乳康方能够通过抑制JAK2/STAT3信号通路,进而抑制MCF-7细胞增殖、侵袭,促进细胞凋亡[65]。方雨潇等发现柴胡桂枝汤加减方与卡培他滨联用可显著抑制三阴性乳腺癌裸鼠体内肿瘤的生长,其作用机制可能为抑制IL-6/STAT3信号通路,调控下游基因Bax、Bcl-2和CyclinD1基因的表达,进而抑制癌细胞的增殖和分化,诱导其细胞凋亡,从而发挥抗肿瘤作用[66]。
除了以上着重介绍的3种通路外,还有一些其他通路的相关研究。吴海滨等发现西黄丸可显著下调MDA-MB-231细胞及裸鼠移植瘤中SIRT1、SOX2蛋白表达水平,从而抑制SIRT1/SOX2信号通路传导,并通过阻碍PCNA、MMP-2、MMP-9的表达以抑制MDA-MB-231细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭及裸鼠体内移植瘤的生长,呈剂量依赖性[67]。侯海涛等发现山豆根具有抑癌作用,其作用机制可能与激活MAPKs信号通路,促进其相关调控蛋白的表达有关[68]。陈茂等研究发现散结消瘤方可通过调控TGF-β1/Smad信号通路,明显减轻了乳腺癌皮下移植瘤的瘤重,升高了其抑瘤率,明显上调了Ecadherin蛋白的表达水平,逆转其所介导的上皮间质转化,最终达到抑瘤的目的[69]。方雨潇等发现柴胡桂枝汤可能通过调控HIF-1α/VEGFA信号通路,抑制三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)细胞血管生成,从而发挥抗肿瘤作用[70]。魏昌然等发现乳康饮含药血清能显著抑制乳腺癌MDAMB-231细胞Hippo通路关键蛋白YAP、TAZ表达,促进YAP、TAZ的磷酸化,并抑制YAP蛋白在细胞核内的聚集。同时YAP抑制剂维替泊芬(VP)所表现出的功效及机制与乳康饮相似,因此可以认为Hippo/YAP可能作为乳康饮治疗乳腺癌的重要靶点之一[71]。吴海滨等在体外实验中发现复方苦参注射液(CKI)干预下,MDA-MB-231细胞的存活率、迁移能力显著降低,凋亡率显著升高,补充体内实验发现,CKI与Hippo-YAP通路抑制剂作用类似,均可通过抑制Hippo-YAP信号通路活化,进而抑制乳腺癌模型大鼠肿瘤的生长和转移[72]。磨娜等研究发现TGF-β1处理组的MMP-9、p-Smad2、p-ERK1/2及p-p38蛋白表达水平明显升高,而在姜黄素处理后,这些指标的表达显著下调,且呈浓度、时间依赖性,并且明显减少了癌细胞的穿膜数量,说明姜黄素具备抑制MDA-MB-231细胞侵袭的能力,其机制可能与TGF-β/Smad、TGF-β/ERK信号通路影响下游靶基因MMP-9的表达相关[73]。
中医药目前在防治乳腺癌方面取得了显著成效,其抑癌机制与WNT、PI3K/AKT/mTOR、IL-6/JAK/STAT3信号通路、SIRIT1/SOX2等信号通路活化及相关基因的表达有关,在一定程度上解决了术中、术后出现的一系列问题,譬如对药物产生的耐药性等,极大改善了乳腺癌患者的生存率及生活质量,其疗效逐渐得到了广泛的认可,中医药开始被选择作为乳腺癌的治疗手段之一。然而,运用中医药防治乳腺癌尚存在着许多问题,亟须考量和改进:第一,上述诸多研究均表明中医药可以抑制癌细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭,促进细胞凋亡,改变通路相关蛋白的表达,但就结果而言,中医药能够改善癌变的状况,但无法做到完全根治乳腺癌,这是选择中医药治疗乳腺癌需要面对的一个根本问题。第二,目前针对中医药防治乳腺癌的研究多选用单味药的提取物进行实验,对于中药复方的研究较为缺少,重视药理而忽略中医遣方组药的原则。中医药的核心是整体观念以及辨证论治的思想,发挥作用的应当是作为整体的方剂而不单单只是某一味药。第三,临床试验甚少。大部分医疗工作者选择中医药作为辅助治疗,中药与化疗药差距尚且存在。因此,临床上应用中医药防治乳腺癌的样本量便不足以支撑临床试验。尽管存在着诸多问题,但不能否认的是中医药防治乳腺癌具有广阔的开发前景,探明其机制成为了未来研究的重点。因此,在稳固现有研究的基础上,往更深层次地开展体内、体外实验,在临床上推广中医药使用,积极开展临床试验,是研究者们今后的工作方向。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82060916)
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2025年第43卷第1期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.008
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-01-10
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国家自然科学基金项目(82060916)
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    1.广西中医药大学,广西 南宁 530200
    2.广西机电职业技术学院,广西 南宁 532200

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彭红华(1963-),女,广西北流人,教授,学士,研究方向:中医养生与美容美体理论与临床。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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