Article(id=1256183414613488299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1256183358493679805, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1777427064802, onlineDateStr=2026-04-29, pubDate=1765296000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777427064802, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777427064802, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777427064802, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256183358493679805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777427051344, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777427760067, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256186331126969089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1256183358493679805, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256186331126969090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1256183358493679805, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=96, endPage=102, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256183415787893443, articleId=1256183414613488299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong Rhizoma)in Neurodegenerative Diseases, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Neurodegenerative diseases(NDDs)are a complex group of conditions caused by progressive degeneration and dysfunction of cells and tissues in the central nervous system.The pathogenesis is intricate,and they are often chronic and difficult to cure,with no effective treatments currently available.Recent studies have shown that Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong Rhizoma),a traditional Chinese medicinal herb,exhibits a wide array of pharmacological effects.The main components of Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong Rhizoma)possess advantages in treating NDDs throughmulti-targetandmulti-pathwaymechanisms.This article reviewed the latest research advancements in the field of Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong Rhizoma)application to NDDs,primarily Parkinson's disease(PD),Alzheimer's disease(AD)and epilepsy.It summarized the use of Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong Rhizoma)and its compound formulations in the treatment of NDDs over recent years.The article particularly delved into the pharmacological effects of its active ingredients,including ferulic acid,tetramethylpyrazine(TMP),vanillic acid and ligustilide,in terms of their anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,anti-apoptotic,neurotoxicity-reducing,immunomodulatory and mitochondrial function-improving properties.This review served as a theoretical foundation for the future development of natural drugs derived from Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong Rhizoma)for the prevention and treatment of NDDs.

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神经退行性疾病是一系列由中枢神经系统细胞与组织进行性退化和功能障碍引发的复杂病症,发病机制复杂,缠绵难愈,目前尚无有效疗法。现代研究表明,川芎具有广泛的药理作用,其主要成分在神经退行性疾病的治疗中有多靶点、多通路的优势。综述川芎在帕金森病(PD)、阿尔茨海默病(AD)及癫痫为主的神经退行性疾病领域的最新研究进展,总结近年来川芎及其复方在神经退行性疾病中的应用,重点探讨其活性成分如阿魏酸、川芎嗪(TMP)、香草酸、藁本内酯等在抗炎、抗氧化、抗细胞凋亡、减轻神经毒性、调节免疫、改善线粒体功能等方面的药理作用,为其日后开发成防治神经退行性疾病的天然药物提供理论依据。

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张运克(1966-),男,河南郑州人,主任医师、教授,博士研究生导师、博士后合作导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治脑血管疾病。E-mail:
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李怡文(2001-),女,河南驻马人,硕士,研究方向:中医药防治脑血管疾病。

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李怡文(2001-),女,河南驻马人,硕士,研究方向:中医药防治脑血管疾病。

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复方组成作用机制参考文献
当归芍药散当归-芍药-川芎-茯苓-白术-泽泻(3∶16∶8∶4∶4∶8)AD:促进了小胶质细胞向M2型活化状态的转变,增强对Aβ的吞噬功能[76]
七福饮人参-熟地-当归-白术(炒)-炙甘草-酸枣仁-远志(6∶9∶9∶5∶3∶6∶5)AD:降低AGEs含量及IL-1 β水平,减少NF-κ B的表达,可能是通过抑制AGEs/RAGE/NF-κ B通路抗炎[77]
佛手散当归-川芎(1∶1)PD:降低α-Syn的表达水平,升高TH的表达和多巴胺的浓度。抑制COX-2蛋白的表达,可能通过抑制MAO-B活性减少PGE2的生成[78-80]
定振丸生地30 g,熟地30 g,当归12 g,白芍12 g,川芎10 g,黄芪15 g,白术10 g,天麻10 g,全蝎5 gPD:改善神经递质水平、减轻多巴胺能神经元的氧化应激状态,可能与下调Bax、Caspase-3,同时上调Bcl-2表达水平有关[81]
养血清脑颗粒当归、川芎、熟地黄、钩藤、鸡血藤、夏枯草PD:抑制PERK/ATF4/CHOP通路,减轻炎症,保护巴胺能神经元[82]
桃红四物汤桃仁-红花-熟地-白芍-当归-川芎(1∶0.5∶1∶1∶1∶0.5)癫痫:降低血脑屏障通透性,升高脑组织紧密连接蛋白表达水平[83]
补阳还五汤黄芪120 g,当归6 g,赤芍4.5 g,川芎3 g,桃仁3 g,红花3 g,地龙3 g降低自由基损害,改善脑组织代谢,抑制神经元凋亡,降低神经毒性,减轻炎症反应[84]
), ArticleFig(id=1256183442132317157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1256183414613488299, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

川芎复方在神经退行性疾病中的研究进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
复方组成作用机制参考文献
当归芍药散当归-芍药-川芎-茯苓-白术-泽泻(3∶16∶8∶4∶4∶8)AD:促进了小胶质细胞向M2型活化状态的转变,增强对Aβ的吞噬功能[76]
七福饮人参-熟地-当归-白术(炒)-炙甘草-酸枣仁-远志(6∶9∶9∶5∶3∶6∶5)AD:降低AGEs含量及IL-1 β水平,减少NF-κ B的表达,可能是通过抑制AGEs/RAGE/NF-κ B通路抗炎[77]
佛手散当归-川芎(1∶1)PD:降低α-Syn的表达水平,升高TH的表达和多巴胺的浓度。抑制COX-2蛋白的表达,可能通过抑制MAO-B活性减少PGE2的生成[78-80]
定振丸生地30 g,熟地30 g,当归12 g,白芍12 g,川芎10 g,黄芪15 g,白术10 g,天麻10 g,全蝎5 gPD:改善神经递质水平、减轻多巴胺能神经元的氧化应激状态,可能与下调Bax、Caspase-3,同时上调Bcl-2表达水平有关[81]
养血清脑颗粒当归、川芎、熟地黄、钩藤、鸡血藤、夏枯草PD:抑制PERK/ATF4/CHOP通路,减轻炎症,保护巴胺能神经元[82]
桃红四物汤桃仁-红花-熟地-白芍-当归-川芎(1∶0.5∶1∶1∶1∶0.5)癫痫:降低血脑屏障通透性,升高脑组织紧密连接蛋白表达水平[83]
补阳还五汤黄芪120 g,当归6 g,赤芍4.5 g,川芎3 g,桃仁3 g,红花3 g,地龙3 g降低自由基损害,改善脑组织代谢,抑制神经元凋亡,降低神经毒性,减轻炎症反应[84]
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川芎在神经退行性疾病中的研究进展
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李怡文 1 , 张运克 1, 2
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(12): 96-102
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中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025, 43(12): 96-102
川芎在神经退行性疾病中的研究进展
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李怡文1, 张运克1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.河南中医药大学,河南 郑州 450008
  • 2.河南中医药大学第一附属医院,河南 郑州 450008
  • 李怡文(2001-),女,河南驻马人,硕士,研究方向:中医药防治脑血管疾病。

通讯作者:

张运克(1966-),男,河南郑州人,主任医师、教授,博士研究生导师、博士后合作导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治脑血管疾病。E-mail:
Research Progress of Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong Rhizoma)in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Yiwen LI1, Yunke ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Henan Chinese of Chinese Medicine,Zhengzhou 450008,Henan,China
  • 2.The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan Chinese of Chinese Medicine,Zhengzhou 450008,Henan,China
出版时间: 2025-12-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.016
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神经退行性疾病是一系列由中枢神经系统细胞与组织进行性退化和功能障碍引发的复杂病症,发病机制复杂,缠绵难愈,目前尚无有效疗法。现代研究表明,川芎具有广泛的药理作用,其主要成分在神经退行性疾病的治疗中有多靶点、多通路的优势。综述川芎在帕金森病(PD)、阿尔茨海默病(AD)及癫痫为主的神经退行性疾病领域的最新研究进展,总结近年来川芎及其复方在神经退行性疾病中的应用,重点探讨其活性成分如阿魏酸、川芎嗪(TMP)、香草酸、藁本内酯等在抗炎、抗氧化、抗细胞凋亡、减轻神经毒性、调节免疫、改善线粒体功能等方面的药理作用,为其日后开发成防治神经退行性疾病的天然药物提供理论依据。

川芎  /  神经退行性疾病  /  研究进展  /  川芎嗪  /  藁本内酯

Neurodegenerative diseases(NDDs)are a complex group of conditions caused by progressive degeneration and dysfunction of cells and tissues in the central nervous system.The pathogenesis is intricate,and they are often chronic and difficult to cure,with no effective treatments currently available.Recent studies have shown that Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong Rhizoma),a traditional Chinese medicinal herb,exhibits a wide array of pharmacological effects.The main components of Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong Rhizoma)possess advantages in treating NDDs throughmulti-targetandmulti-pathwaymechanisms.This article reviewed the latest research advancements in the field of Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong Rhizoma)application to NDDs,primarily Parkinson's disease(PD),Alzheimer's disease(AD)and epilepsy.It summarized the use of Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong Rhizoma)and its compound formulations in the treatment of NDDs over recent years.The article particularly delved into the pharmacological effects of its active ingredients,including ferulic acid,tetramethylpyrazine(TMP),vanillic acid and ligustilide,in terms of their anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,anti-apoptotic,neurotoxicity-reducing,immunomodulatory and mitochondrial function-improving properties.This review served as a theoretical foundation for the future development of natural drugs derived from Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong Rhizoma)for the prevention and treatment of NDDs.

Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong Rhizoma)  /  neurodegenerative diseases  /  research progress  /  ligustrazine  /  senkyunolide
李怡文, 张运克. 川芎在神经退行性疾病中的研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (12) : 96 -102 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.016
Yiwen LI, Yunke ZHANG. Research Progress of Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong Rhizoma)in Neurodegenerative Diseases[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (12) : 96 -102 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.016
神经退行性疾病是一类慢性进行性损害神经系统功能的疾病,其发病通常伴随着神经元及其髓鞘的丧失,导致大脑和脊髓中的细胞神经元失去作用,其发生发展与年龄增长、局部蛋白质成分流失、器官衰弱等因素有关[1-2]。常见的神经退行性疾病包括AD、肌肉萎缩性侧索硬化(渐冻症)、PD、小脑萎缩症、多发性硬化等,通常都会表现为认知功能障碍、全身麻木、咀嚼困难等[3],其发病原因和机制较为复杂,尚未完全清楚,大多数情况下无法彻底治愈。目前临床上缺少有效的治疗药物,市面上常见的西药价格昂贵且不良反应较大,不利于患者长期服用。川芎活血行气、祛风止痛,其性味辛、温,归肝、胆、心包经,被广泛使用于治疗各种与血瘀、气滞、疼痛相关的病症,如胸痹心痛、胸胁刺痛、跌打肿痛、月经不调、经闭、头痛、风湿痹痛等[4]。《神农本草经》首次描述川芎主治中风入脑头痛、寒痹、筋挛缓急、金创以及妇人血闭无子等症状。《本草汇言》:“川芎上行头目,下调经水,中开郁结,为血中气药;味辛性阳,气善走窜而无阴凝黏滞之态,虽入血分,又能去一切风,调一切气”。现代药理学研究表明,川芎主要药效成分有包括TMP、藁本内酯、阿魏酸、川芎哚、洋川芎内酯、香草酸、咖啡酸、原儿茶酸、川芎酚、β-谷甾醇等[5],具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗细胞凋亡、扩张血管、保护血管内皮、抗血小板聚集、减轻神经毒性、调节免疫等多种药理作用,可改善神经系统功能以治疗神经退行性疾病[6]。本文总结了近年来川芎有效成分及其复方在AD、PD、癫痫等神经退行性疾病中的应用,为其日后开发成防治神经退行性疾病的天然药物提供理论依据。
AD显著特征在于其导致的认知和记忆能力的进行性损害,其诊断主要依赖于淀粉样蛋白β的聚集、磷酸化tau蛋白的存在,以及一系列的临床症状如长期的认知障碍和痴呆[7]。AD的病理机制极为复杂,涵盖了β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)的异常累积、tau蛋白的异常磷酸化、神经递质传递的紊乱、炎症反应以及氧化应激,这些均加剧了神经细胞的损伤和凋亡。当前,AD的治疗常采用胆碱酯酶抑制剂、N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体拮抗剂美金刚以及针对痴呆相关精神病的药物如匹莫范色林。然而,实验研究显示,这些药物可能带来显著的肝脏损伤风险,且其疗效多限于症状的暂时缓解,无法有效控制病情的进展[8]。川芎是临床治疗神经退行性疾病的高频药味,具有如舒张血管、抗血小板聚集、抗动脉粥样硬化、抗心肌缺血等广泛药理作用,近期研究进一步揭示,川芎中的活性成分可通过多种路径来抑制AD疾病的发生。
神经炎症是AD病理学的核心环节,其激活小胶质细胞并产生大量炎症因子,直接或间接损害神经元,促进自身免疫反应,加剧神经元损伤[9]。相关研究表明,在脂多糖(LPS)诱导的神经炎症及小胶质细胞活化的AD细胞模型中,阿魏酸通过提升BV2小胶质细胞自噬,减少白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和白细胞介素-1(IL-1β)的释放,有效对抗神经炎症[10];有研究进一步探索了阿魏酸调节细胞炎症的机制,得出阿魏酸可能通过激活腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路调节LPS诱导的炎症介质的释放,从而减少炎性蛋白的产生以改善AD症状的结论[11]。此外,TMP可通过调节PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路激活自噬,下调IL-1β和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达,上调LC3表达,减轻神经元炎症反应[12]。刘晓娇等[13]发现在LPS诱导的小鼠模型中,藁本内酯可通过减少一氧化氮(NO)分泌,减少海马区胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、TNF-α表达,抑制炎症反应,对神经炎症相关疾病具有潜在疗效。
AD神经变性的显著标志是Aβ的积累[14]。在淀粉样蛋白β肽(25-35)与干扰素γ的协同作用下,小胶质细胞促进促炎介质和神经毒性因子的产生,从而进一步触发核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路的活化加剧病程进展。TMP能够降低NO的释放量,并有效抑制促炎因子的产生,通过这一机制,TMP能够显著减少NF-κB的活化水平[15]。多项实验表明阿魏酸、芳樟醇和藁本内酯均对Aβ1-42低聚物诱导的神经毒性具有显著防护效果,有效抑制神经毒性[16-18]。闫恩志等的深入研究揭示了阿魏酸钠在调控Aβ1-40诱导的p38MAP激酶和JNK1/2信号通路中的关键作用,显著抗凋亡并保护海马区免受神经毒性损伤[19]。此外,章时杰等则发现,适量藁本内酯可能通过直接作用于GLUT1,减少Aβ脑内沉积,改善相关代谢通路的方式促进Aβ的转运与清除,增强APP(淀粉样前体蛋白)/PS1小鼠的学习记忆能力[20]。藁本内酯还可通过增强金属蛋白酶10(ADAM10)活性减轻APP/PS1小鼠大脑Aβ水平和斑块沉积,改善认知障碍,可能与促进APP非淀粉样加工,减少Aβ生成、抑制IGF-1/AKT/mTOR信号传导并上调sKL水平有关,体现其对AD的神经保护作用与诱导APP的α-分泌酶裂解及潜在的Aβ清除有关[21]
活性氧(ROS)的产生与氧化应激在AD发病机制中起关键作用[22]。大脑缺血缺氧后,自由基产生增多而清除减少,当ROS浓度超过抗氧化能力时,氧化还原平衡系统被打破,导致神经元内脂质、蛋白质和核酸的氧化损伤,进一步引发Aβ沉积、tau蛋白过度磷酸化及突触、神经元损失[23]。有相关实验证实,TMP可以通过调节耐药细胞中的DNA损伤蛋白H2AX和自噬相关蛋白LC3、beclin-1和p62等途径来调节氧化应激和ROS的产生[24]。亦有相关研究表明,TMP通过提升Nrf2/GCLc介导的谷胱甘肽(GSH),并抑制HIF1α/NOX2介导的ROS生成,以缓解氧化应激,对抗缺氧导致的神经元凋亡[4]。阿魏酸可通过提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT),清除氧自由基,抗氧化提高神经元活性以达到抗氧化应激的作用[25]。XUW 等[26]发现藁本内酯可提高细胞活力,减少LDH释放和细胞内ROS积累,阻断Aβ诱导的凝聚核和凋亡蛋白亚g1积累,同时抑制p38和激活PI3K/AKT通路以减轻细胞损伤。由此可见,川芎有效活性成分可通过调节氧化应激过程以减少ROS的产生,从而产生对脑神经的直接保护作用,这为神经退行性疾病如AD的治疗开拓了新途径。
线粒体是神经元能量生产的关键,对维持突触功能至关重要,对大脑和认知功能具有显著影响。研究揭示,线粒体损伤与AD的发病机制密切相关。多种因素可导致线粒体功能受损:ROS的增加会导致线粒体功能下降;氧化应激可引发线粒体动力学异常,进而影响其功能[27];Aβ通过扰乱线粒体钙储存、造成氧化磷酸化损伤以及与线粒体基质成分相互作用损害腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸形成等多种途径导致线粒体功能紊乱[28]。有机制研究表明TMP可以上调相关蛋白的表达来改善线粒体功能,保护心肌损伤[29];TMP还可以通过激活Nrf2以调节SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1通路,从而减轻海马线粒体功能障碍和脑氧化应激损伤[30-31]。亦有研究表明,TMP可以修饰海马组织中线粒体与突触蛋白谱,改善线粒体障碍,恢复突触功能,从而发挥神经保护作用[32]。ZHUW L等[33]研究发现藁本内酯能改善模型小鼠记忆缺陷,通过调节线粒体动力学(降低P-Drp1,增加Mfn1、Mfn2水平)及提高P-AMPK、ATP水平,降低氧化应激,减轻细胞凋亡和神经炎症,从而改善线粒体功能和记忆丧失。XU Y J等的研究则显示,藁本内酯有效降低APP/PS1小鼠模型大脑中Aβ的水平,影响线粒体数量与形态,减少MDA和ROS水平,增强Mn-SOD活性,并调节线粒体裂变与融合相关蛋白(降低Drp1,升高Mfn1、Mfn2、Opa1),进一步证实了其对线粒体功能的积极影响。不仅如此,藁本内酯还显著提升了大脑中ATP的水平,并促进了PSD-95、突触素以及海马和皮层中突触蛋白1的表达。在海马和皮层分离的线粒体中,藁本内酯能增强海马和皮层线粒体的CCO与SDH活性,证明其对线粒体功能有积极效应。这一发现进一步支持了藁本内酯在改善线粒体功能、降低Aβ水平、恢复突触结构以及缓解APP/PS1小鼠记忆缺陷方面的作用[34]
如Aβ斑块沉积、NFT、炎症、线粒体功能障碍、氧化应激和兴奋性毒性细胞死亡等多种病理因素均可导致AD患者大脑皮层、海马体的细胞凋亡级联反应,导致神经元损失,与痴呆程度密切相关。相关研究表明,藁本内酯可显著提高Aβ25-35诱导的AD模型细胞活力,上调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达,下调促凋亡蛋白如Bax、cleaved Caspase-3等,从而保护SH-SY5Y细胞免受Aβ25-35诱导的凋亡[35]。还有研究表明[36],藁本内酯能增加氧糖剥夺再灌注后SH-SY5Y细胞中铁转运蛋白1和铁蛋白轻链含量,降低HIF-1α水平,减少铁积累,进而减轻铁介导的细胞凋亡。
PD是一种由多种因素如α-突触核蛋白(α-synuclein,简称α-syn)基因突变、氧化应激等引发的神经退行性疾病,其典型症状包括静止性震颤、动作迟缓和肌肉僵直[37-38]。研究显示,川芎的有效成分通过抗炎、抗氧化及抗凋亡等方式,对PD具有多效性神经保护作用,为治疗PD提供了新策略。
在PD的发病机制中,α-syn扮演着核心角色。这种蛋白质是构成路易小体的主要成分,而在PD患者的大脑中,特别是多巴胺能神经元内部,α-syn的显著积聚现象尤为突出。这种积聚并非偶然,而是源于其异常折叠状态,可能进一步触发神经元的逐步退化和最终的细胞凋亡[39]。因此,对α-syn异常积聚的潜在机制进行深入研究有助于更全面地理解PD的病理过程,为开发有效的治疗方法和策略提供重要的科学依据。阿斯卡等[40]通过鱼藤酮(ROT)诱导小鼠产生PD,探讨运动和阿魏酸对PD小鼠实验模型中αsyn和神经保护性热休克蛋白70(Hsp70)的影响,结果发现阿魏酸和运动联合可上调PD小鼠模型的黑质纹状体中的Hsp70蛋白的表达,增加多巴胺(DA)能神经元密度,减少α-syn聚集,改善了PD小鼠的运动表现发挥抗PD的作用。在小鼠神经干细胞(mNSCs)中,阿魏酸可增加TH和Nurr1表达,促进DA分化,优化大脑DA系统功能,发挥抗PD作用[41]。相关研究表明,TMP在ROT诱导的PD大鼠模型中显著降低了中脑和纹状体内α-突触核蛋白(α-syn)的表达水平[42]
PD的核心病理变化为中脑黑质多巴胺(DA)能神经元变性死亡,导致DA含量锐减。因此,恢复纹状体内DA含量为PD治疗的关键。研究显示,TMP在神经保护方面具有显著作用,TMP能抑制MPTP对大鼠多巴胺能神经元的损害,促进TH表达,显著提升黑质内DA及其代谢物3,4-二羟基苯乙酸的含量[43]。而在PTP小鼠模型中,TN-2有效逆转黑质多巴胺能神经元缺失导致的纹状体内DA水平下降[4446]。此外,绿原酸通过抑制NF-κB的激活和移位,有效提升了DA神经元的存活率,为神经保护提供了另一种策略[45]。TMP则通过维护细胞内氧化还原平衡以及抑制细胞凋亡过程,显著减轻了神经元的损伤[46]。陈蕾等[47]发现一定剂量的藁本内酯可增加PD大鼠黑质TH阳性神经元数量,提高纹状体DA水平,降低RTP801表达;此外,藁本内酯还能提升6-OHDA处理的多巴胺能神经细胞系(MES23.5和SHSY5Y)活性,并抑制PD细胞模型中的RTP801表达。这一发现表明藁本内酯对多巴胺能神经元具有保护作用,可能涉及PD发病中的关键分子RTP801。
线粒体是作为细胞代谢和细胞内信号传导的中心枢纽,其功能障碍与多种神经退行性疾病有关[48]。ANIS[49]在6-OHDA诱导的PD大鼠模型中发现阿魏酸能提升PGC1α表达和蛋白质水平,缓解线粒体失调,恢复能量代谢从而对抗PD。有丝分裂吞噬在脑缺血/再灌注中清除功能异常线粒体,其中PINK1/Parkin是经典途径。有研究发现,藁本内酯在大脑中动脉闭塞再灌注(MCAO/R)动物模型和氧糖剥夺再灌注(OGD/R)体外模型中通过调节PINK1/Parkin途径在体内和体外增强线粒体吞噬功能来改善线粒体功能以减轻缺血性脑卒中后神经元损伤[50]
氧化损伤在PD和多巴胺神经元退化中起关键作用[51]。氧化应激可引发线粒体凋亡,从而加重氧化损伤,导致“氧化应激-细胞凋亡”的恶性循环[52]。GSH是大脑重要的抗氧化剂,能预防氧化损伤,但在MPTP诱导的PD模型中GSH水平降低。相关研究表明,研究显示,TMP通过提高SOD、CAT和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性来去除氧自由基,实现抗氧化作用[53]
PD患者的受累脑区可观察到小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞显著激活,促炎因子释放增加,造成突触功能的损害和突触结构的丧失,并进一步推动了路易体的形成,因此,抑制慢性炎症成为PD治疗的一个重要靶点[54-55]。据研究表明[56],在6-OHDA处理的斑马鱼模型中,TMP衍生物TN-2大幅降低了促炎基因(如IL-1β、TNF-α和COX-2)的mRNA表达水平,有效抑制了小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的活化从而有效保护DA神经元。进一步的研究发现TN-2通过抑制NF-κB的活性,减少细胞生成一氧化氮(NO),并下调了诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的蛋白表达。此外,PKCα/PI3-K/AKT通路的激活也参与到TN-2的神经保护过程中,为其提供了另一层面的保护机制。在MPTP诱导的PD小鼠模型中,TMP治疗显著改善了模型小鼠旋转动作并降低这些其黑质和纹状体中IL-1β、TNF-α水平[57]。在ROT诱导的大鼠PD模型中,TMP(20 mg/kg)显著改善中脑和纹状体TH表达、纹状体多巴胺含量以及运动缺陷,这些结果与半胱天冬酶-3活性和α-syn表达的降低以及中脑和纹状体Bax/Bcl2比率的改善相关。
癫痫是脑部神经元高度同步化异常放电引起的运动性抽搐、感觉异常、意识模糊、自主神经功能紊乱以及精神行为异常[58]。氧化应激、神经递质失衡、细胞凋亡、神经炎症等反应都会引起癫痫的发生[59]。长期服用抗癫痫药物易产生耐药性且不良反应较多,如认知功能受损、记忆力下降、抑郁等,探索更为安全有效的治疗方法显得尤为重要[60]。TMP是川芎中的一种关键抗癫痫活性成分,展现出了多重药理作用。其中包括促进血管舒张、对抗血栓形成、改善微循环环境,以及加强血脑屏障的通透性。这些作用共同构成了川芎在治疗癫痫方面的重要潜力。
在海人酸(KA)建立的颞叶癫痫(TLE)大鼠模型中,SUHA等[61]发现川芎提取物阿魏酸预处理可显著减轻癫痫发作的严重程度并防止大鼠海马CA3区域的损失。此外,阿魏酸可以显著降低TLE大鼠的MDA浓度、亚硝酸盐(NTT)含量、过氧化酶(POD)活性,从而减少氧化应激标志物,经过阿魏酸预处理的大鼠脑中nNOS水平显著低于未经预处理的癫痫大鼠。EI-HEFNAWY等[62]发现,在戊四唑(PTZ)诱导的癫痫大鼠模型中,香草酸可通过降低氧化应激标志物,下调GFAP,上调CA3海马区的Nrf2、HO-1和IGF-1显示出显著的抗癫痫潜力。实验证实,VA可能通过改善氧化应激标志物,下调CA3海马区血清胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP),上调Nrf2、血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)和胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)来实现对癫痫大鼠模型的神经保护和抗癫痫作用。
BH3-only蛋白作为Bcl-2家族的一员,在凋亡的启动和调控过程中发挥着不可或缺的作用,其表达的上调能够促进细胞凋亡,进而展现出肿瘤抑制的特性[63]。Bim是关键的凋亡调节蛋白,起着维持造血细胞内环境稳定、消除自身免疫反应及清除受损细胞的强大功能[64-67]。相关研究表明,青霉素可导致大鼠出现癫痫症状,而TMP可降低Bim的表达水平,提升海马神经元细胞黏附分子-140(NCAM-140)的表达,从而对神经元细胞产生保护作用[68]
癫痫的发病过程与神经-免疫调节网络失衡密切相关,神经系统通过多种神经肽和神经递质来调节免疫系统[69]。神经兴奋性增高是癫痫发病的重要基础,此时可检测到细胞内Ca2+浓度升高或NMDA受体活性升高或数量增加[70]。TNF-α刺激产生炎症可导致星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞分泌Glu,从而上调Glu的NMDA受体的活性来影响癫痫发作过程。IL-6的过度分泌已被证实与海马区和小脑部位星形胶质细胞的显著增生密切相关。这种增生现象进一步导致海马区脑电图出现癫痫样改变,并伴随癫痫发作的临床症状[71]。为了深入研究其潜在的干预机制,相关实验结果显示,TMP预处理的大鼠癫痫发作潜伏期显著延长,发作持续时间明显缩短。此外,通过进一步的生物化学分析,可观察到TMP预处理组大鼠体内IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α的水平显著降低。这些发现表明,TMP可能通过调节细胞因子水平进而调控中枢神经系统,维持免疫-神经网络的平衡,最终实现对癫痫发作的有效控制[72]
在中医治疗方面,川芎作为单味药治疗神经退行性疾病的情况较少,多采用中药复方治疗,以达到多靶点、多成分整体综合效应的目的[73]。现将近年来川芎复方在神经退行性疾病中的应用总结如下(见表1)。中枢神经系统中的小胶质细胞活化可分为M1促炎表型和M2抗炎表型,这两种表型都参与了AD发病机制[74]。M1型小胶质细胞处于异常活化的状态,分泌诸如IL-1β、TNF-α等促炎因子,但却不具备有效吞噬Aβ的功能。这种活化状态不仅未能减轻病理过程,反而加剧了AD的进展,进一步恶化了疾病的状况。M2型细胞则可大量分泌抗炎因子如IL-10和IL-4等,并具备通过吞噬作用有效清除Aβ的能力,这一功能对于维持细胞环境的稳态具有显著意义[75]。常翔等的研究揭示了当归芍药散含药血清在神经保护领域的潜在应用[76]。通过降低M1型小胶质细胞标志物TNF-α的mRNA表达水平,并提升M2型小胶质细胞标志物Arg1的mRNA表达水平,该血清能够有效诱导小胶质细胞的活化,进而增强其免疫应答能力。这一机制不仅促进了小胶质细胞向M2型活化状态的转变,还显著增强了其对Aβ的吞噬功能,从而在一定程度上保护神经元免受损伤。还有研究表明[77],在晚期糖基化终末产物(AGEs)诱导的AD大鼠模型中,七福饮可降低模型大鼠海马内AGEs的含量,减少皮层和海马中NF-κB的表达,并以剂量依赖性的方式降低由AGEs所引起的IL-1β水平升高,并得出其可能是通过抑制AGEs/RAGE/NF-κB通路及其所介导的炎症反应来发挥抗AD作用。佛手散由当归和川芎两味中药组成,现代药理学研究发现当归和川芎对神经疾病有一定的治疗作用[78-79]。有研究揭示[80],佛手散在MPTP诱导的PD模型小鼠中展现出显著的治疗潜力,不仅显著改善了小鼠运动障碍,而且有效降低神经组织中α-Syn的表达水平,并升高TH的表达和多巴胺的浓度。这一发现提示,佛手散治疗PD的作用可能与其降低α-Syn在神经组织的累积水平紧密相关。此外,佛手散还显著抑制了COX-2蛋白的表达,进而减少炎症介质PGE2的生成,从而降低对多巴胺能神经元的损害。这一作用可能与佛手散抑制单胺氧化酶B(MAO-B)活性的机制有关,为PD的治疗提供了新的视角。霍绮雯等[81]的研究表明,定振丸对于缓解大鼠PD症状具有显著效果。经过治疗,各剂量组的大鼠均表现出儿茶酚胺类神经递质水平、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)水平以及酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性率的提升,同时丙二醛(MDA)水平和多巴胺能神经元的凋亡率则有所下降。这些发现提示,定振丸可能通过改善神经递质水平以及减轻黑质多巴胺能神经元的氧化应激状态来发挥治疗作用。其中,高剂量定振丸的效果尤为显著。进一步分析显示,定振丸的治疗机制可能与调节细胞凋亡相关蛋白的表达有关,即下调Bax和Caspase-3的表达水平,同时上调Bcl-2蛋白的表达水平,进而增加TH免疫反应阳性神经元的数量并抑制多巴胺能神经元的凋亡。朱福连等[82]发现,在ROT诱导的PD大鼠模型中,养血清脑颗粒可能通过抑制PERK/ATF4/CHOP通路从而达到减轻炎症,保护海马及脑组织多巴胺能神经元的目的。徐龙进等[83]发现桃红四物汤可通过降低血脑屏障通透性及升高脑组织紧密连接蛋白表达水平以显著减轻癫痫发作程度。补阳还五汤具备多重神经保护机制,能有效降低自由基损害,显著改善脑组织的代谢状态,并通过调节谷氨酸含量,有效阻止了神经细胞因Ca2+超载而受损的现象。此外,补阳还五汤还可抑制神经元凋,减少了兴奋性氨基酸的潜在毒性作用,并显著降低神经炎症的发生[84]
川芎作为中医常用的活血化瘀药,具有抗兴奋毒性、抗氧化、抗神经元凋亡等作用,近年来在神经退行性疾病的治疗中展现出了一定的潜力和价值,在治疗缺血性脑损伤、阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、癫痫等神经退行性疾病中发挥了重要作用。相关研究表明,其机制与抗炎、抗氧化、抗细胞凋亡、减轻神经毒性、调节免疫等作用有关。
虽然川芎在治疗神经退行性疾病中展现出了一定的潜力,但现有的研究仍然具有一定的局限性,具体表现在:(1)其具体作用机制仍需深入研究。未来研究应进一步探讨川芎中活性成分与神经退行性疾病相关靶点的相互作用,以及川芎如何调节神经元的存活和凋亡等关键过程。(2)川芎中活性成分复杂多样,但目前的研究主要聚焦于TMP、阿魏酸、藁本内酯等单独成分,未来可以着手于川芎的其他活性成分以及各成分之间的协同作用方面对神经退行性疾病进行研究,同时,也可探索将川芎与其他药物进行联合使用,以提高治疗效果并降低不良反应。(3)目前川芎主要应用于缺血性脑损伤、阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病等少数神经退行性疾病的治疗中,未来可探索将川芎应用于更多类型的神经系统疾病治疗中,如亨廷顿病、缺血性脑损伤等。同时,也可将川芎应用于神经退行性疾病的预防中,以减缓疾病的发展进程。
神经退行性疾病是全球性的健康问题,需要加强国际合作以共同应对。川芎在治疗神经退行性疾病中展现出了一定的潜力和价值,未来应加强对其作用机制的研究和开发新型药物,以更好地发挥其在神经退行性疾病治疗中的优势。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(81974564; 82104730)
  • 河南省科技厅中原英才计划——科技创新领军人才项目(224200510027)
  • 河南省“双一流”创建学科中医学科学研究专项(HSRP-DFCTCM-2023-1-04)
  • 河南省中医药科学研究专项(2023ZY1030)
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2025年第43卷第12期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.016
  • 首发时间:2026-04-29
  • 出版时间:2025-12-10
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国家自然科学基金项目(81974564; 82104730)
河南省科技厅中原英才计划——科技创新领军人才项目(224200510027)
河南省“双一流”创建学科中医学科学研究专项(HSRP-DFCTCM-2023-1-04)
河南省中医药科学研究专项(2023ZY1030)
作者信息
    1.河南中医药大学,河南 郑州 450008
    2.河南中医药大学第一附属医院,河南 郑州 450008

通讯作者:

张运克(1966-),男,河南郑州人,主任医师、教授,博士研究生导师、博士后合作导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治脑血管疾病。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zhzyyxk/CN/10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.016
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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