Article(id=1256183373320565039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1256183358493679805, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1777427054957, onlineDateStr=2026-04-29, pubDate=1765296000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777427054957, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777427054957, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777427054957, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256183358493679805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777427051344, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777427760067, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256186331126969089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1256183358493679805, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256186331126969090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1256183358493679805, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=103, endPage=108, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256183374520135991, articleId=1256183373320565039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Maidong(Ophiopogonis Radix)and Its Drug Pairs, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Maidong(Ophiopogonis Radix),as a good Yin tonic in traditional Chinese medicine system,has the effect of nourishing Yin and moistening lung,invigorating stomach and promoting fluid,clearing heart and eliminating irritability.In modern pharmacological research,it plays an important role in improving cardiac function,regulating blood glucose and lipid levels,antitumor and anti-oxidation.In clinical practice,Maidong(Ophiopogonis Radix)is often used in combination with Renshen(Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma),Shashen(Glehniae Radix),Wuweizi(Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus),Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma),Banxia(Pinelliae Rhizoma)and other traditional Chinese medicines,so as to enhance the curative effect and expand the therapeutic range.The purpose of this paper is to systematically review the pharmacological action of Maidong(Ophiopogonis Radix)and the clinical application of its common drug pairs,and further explore the rules and theories of its compatible use,in order to provide reference and guidance for the further development and application of Maidong(Ophiopogonis Radix)and its drug pairs.

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麦冬,作为我国传统中药体系中的补阴佳品,具有养阴润肺、益胃生津、清心除烦的功效。在现代药理学研究中,其对于改善心功能、调控血糖血脂水平、抗肿瘤与抗氧化等方面具有不容忽视的作用。在临床实践中,麦冬常与人参、沙参、五味子、黄连、半夏等传统中药相配伍使用,从而增强疗效及扩展其治疗范围。通过系统综述麦冬的药理作用及其常用药对的临床应用,深入探讨其配伍使用的规律与理论,以期为麦冬及其药对的进一步开发与应用提供参考与指导。

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高原(1982-),女,河南洛阳人,主任医师,硕士研究生导师,研究方向:中医药防治心血管疾病的基础与临床。E-mail:
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周璐烨(1998-),女,浙江余姚人,硕士在读,研究方向:中西医结合防治心血管疾病。

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周璐烨(1998-),女,浙江余姚人,硕士在读,研究方向:中西医结合防治心血管疾病。

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麦冬及其药对研究进展
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周璐烨 1, 2 , 高原 1, 3 , 唐进法 3, 4 , 吴莹 5 , 王选阳 1, 2 , 李彬 1, 3 , 于瑞 1, 3 , 孙雨蝶 1, 2 , 朱明军 1, 3
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(12): 103-108
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中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025, 43(12): 103-108
麦冬及其药对研究进展
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周璐烨1, 2, 高原1, 3 , 唐进法3, 4, 吴莹5, 王选阳1, 2, 李彬1, 3, 于瑞1, 3, 孙雨蝶1, 2, 朱明军1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.河南中医药大学第一附属医院,心脏中心/国家区域(中医)心血管诊疗中心,河南 郑州 450000
  • 2.河南中医药大学第一临床医学院,河南 郑州 450000
  • 3.河南中医药大学第一附属医院,河南省中药安全评价与风险防控工程研究中心,河南 郑州 450000
  • 4.河南中医药大学第一附属医院,河南省中药临床应用、评价与转化工程研究中心,河南 郑州 450000
  • 5.阜外华中心血管病医院,河南 郑州 450000
  • 周璐烨(1998-),女,浙江余姚人,硕士在读,研究方向:中西医结合防治心血管疾病。

通讯作者:

高原(1982-),女,河南洛阳人,主任医师,硕士研究生导师,研究方向:中医药防治心血管疾病的基础与临床。E-mail:
Research Progress of Maidong(Ophiopogonis Radix)and Its Drug Pairs
Luye ZHOU1, 2, Yuan GAO1, 3 , Jin fa TANG3, 4, Ying WU5, Xuanyang WANG1, 2, Bin LI1, 3, Rui YU1, 3, Yudie SUN1, 2, Mingjun ZHU1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine,Heart Center/National Regional(TCM)Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Treatment Center,Zhengzhou 450000,Henan,China
  • 2.The First Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine,Zhengzhou 450000,Henan,China
  • 3.The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine,Henan Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Safety Evaluation and Risk Prevention and Control,Zhengzhou 450000,Henan,China
  • 4.The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine;Henan Clinical Application,Evaluation and Transformation Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese medicine,Zhengzhou 450000,Henan,China
  • 5.Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital,Zhengzhou 450000,Henan,China
出版时间: 2025-12-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.017
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麦冬,作为我国传统中药体系中的补阴佳品,具有养阴润肺、益胃生津、清心除烦的功效。在现代药理学研究中,其对于改善心功能、调控血糖血脂水平、抗肿瘤与抗氧化等方面具有不容忽视的作用。在临床实践中,麦冬常与人参、沙参、五味子、黄连、半夏等传统中药相配伍使用,从而增强疗效及扩展其治疗范围。通过系统综述麦冬的药理作用及其常用药对的临床应用,深入探讨其配伍使用的规律与理论,以期为麦冬及其药对的进一步开发与应用提供参考与指导。

麦冬  /  药对  /  研究进展  /  药理作用

Maidong(Ophiopogonis Radix),as a good Yin tonic in traditional Chinese medicine system,has the effect of nourishing Yin and moistening lung,invigorating stomach and promoting fluid,clearing heart and eliminating irritability.In modern pharmacological research,it plays an important role in improving cardiac function,regulating blood glucose and lipid levels,antitumor and anti-oxidation.In clinical practice,Maidong(Ophiopogonis Radix)is often used in combination with Renshen(Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma),Shashen(Glehniae Radix),Wuweizi(Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus),Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma),Banxia(Pinelliae Rhizoma)and other traditional Chinese medicines,so as to enhance the curative effect and expand the therapeutic range.The purpose of this paper is to systematically review the pharmacological action of Maidong(Ophiopogonis Radix)and the clinical application of its common drug pairs,and further explore the rules and theories of its compatible use,in order to provide reference and guidance for the further development and application of Maidong(Ophiopogonis Radix)and its drug pairs.

Maidong(Ophiopogonis Radix)  /  drug pair  /  research progress  /  pharmacologic action
周璐烨, 高原, 唐进法, 吴莹, 王选阳, 李彬, 于瑞, 孙雨蝶, 朱明军. 麦冬及其药对研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (12) : 103 -108 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.017
Luye ZHOU, Yuan GAO, Jin fa TANG, Ying WU, Xuanyang WANG, Bin LI, Rui YU, Yudie SUN, Mingjun ZHU. Research Progress of Maidong(Ophiopogonis Radix)and Its Drug Pairs[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (12) : 103 -108 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.017
麦冬[1]为百合科植物麦冬Ophiopogon japonicus(L.f)Ker-Gawl.的干燥块根。麦冬性味甘、微苦,性微寒,归心、肺、胃经。具有养阴生津,清心润肺的功效。麦冬为传统中药中的养阴药,始见于《神农本草经》,列为上品[2]。《药性赋》有言[3]:“其用有四:退肺中隐伏之火,生肺中不足之金;止烦燥阴得其养,补虚劳热不能侵。”在临床上多用于阴虚肺燥,喉痹咽痛,内热消渴,心烦失眠,肠燥便秘等阴虚病证。
麦冬的主要活性成分[4]为甾体皂苷类、高异黄酮类、多糖类等。其具有抗血栓,保护心血管系统,抗炎,抗肿瘤,免疫调节等作用[5]。药对是中药方剂配伍的关键[6],是临床中药应用中配伍的最小单位,经过历代医家实践检验,其可以增加药物之间的协同作用,增强药物疗效,同时减轻甚至消除药对的不良反应。现代药理学认为[7],药物相互作用后成分也会发生变化,赋予药物单一状态下所不具备的生物活性,为治疗领域带来新的可能性。在临床应用中,麦冬临床效果显著,配伍使用则能增强疗效并拓宽其使用领域。因此,本文通过总结麦冬的现代药理作用及其配伍研究的最新进展,为麦冬及其配伍理论的研究提供参考依据和方法,为麦冬进一步开发应用提供方向。
心律失常[8]是心脏冲动的频率、节律、起源部位、传导速度或激动次序的异常。心律失常在中医范畴属“心悸”“怔忡”[9],阴液亏损,心与心神失养,血脉瘀阻,瘀久化热,热邪亢盛,引发心中惕惕不安,而麦冬为临床治疗心血管疾病常用药物,常用于治疗心阴虚证。FAN[10]实验证实大鼠口服麦冬多糖可以增强内源性抗氧化剂从而降低异丙肾上腺素诱导的ST段抬高。王一心等[11]采用网络药理学与分子对接技术研究以麦冬为主药的参麦注射液治疗房颤的机制,证明麦冬高异黄酮类是复方重要活性成分,可能作用于丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(AKT1)来治疗房颤。同时,高广猷[12]通过建立4种动物实验性心律失常模型,发现麦冬可以增加离体豚鼠心脏的冠状动脉血流量,提高心肌对氧气的摄取率,从而显著提高小鼠在正常和减压状态下的耐缺氧能力,抵抗垂体后叶素引起的大鼠心电图波变化,从而降低心律失常发生率。
麦冬以清心生津的特性在心血管疾病领域备受关注。近年来,越来越多的研究证据表明,麦冬在保护心功能方面具有积极作用,主要通过抗氧化、抗炎、改善血液循环以及增强心肌耐受性等多途径[13-15],为心脏提供多方面的保护,成为中医药在心血管疾病治疗和预防中的重要角色之一。研究证实,麦冬提取物[16]可以增加巨噬细胞的抗氧能力,减少巨噬细胞泡沫细胞形成来预防动脉粥样硬化,起到保护心脏的作用。除此之外,实验也证实[17]麦冬提取物还可以通过激活cAMP/AMPK通路,改善线粒体能量代谢,抑制心力衰竭大鼠心肌组织凋亡,改善心功能。WU等[18]研究表明麦冬皂苷可以缓解炎症和氧化应激反应,减缓由阿霉素诱导的慢性心力衰竭进程。同时8-醛基麦冬黄烷酮B(8-FOB)作为麦冬的提取物之一[19],可以通过抑制血红素氧合酶1(HMOX-1)降低心脏胶原含量与炎症细胞因子指数,从而缓解由阿霉素诱导产生的心肌炎症与心肌纤维化等心脏毒性表现。缺血再灌注会引起心肌损伤,而阻断心肌细胞凋亡,可有效减少收缩细胞的损失,减缓甚至防止心力衰竭的发生。HE等[20]采用体内体外实验相结合的方法证实麦冬甲基黄烷酮A不仅可以减少心肌梗死面积,改善心功能,同时,可以通过激活PI3K/AKT/eNOS信号通路抑制心肌细胞凋亡,对缺血再灌注后心脏功能恢复以及心肌损伤的预防与治疗具有重要意义。
糖尿病又为“消渴”,多因阴虚燥热、气阴两虚所致。麦冬具有滋阴润燥、生津止渴的功效,其在调节血糖表现出潜在的积极作用,通过改善胰岛素敏感性和脂质代谢等,帮助患者稳定血糖血脂水平。陈奕澔等[21]研究指出麦冬皂苷D可以显著降低高脂饮食喂养的载脂蛋白E基因敲除(ApoE-/-)小鼠体质量,降低血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)水平。席啸虎[22]则运用网络药理学方法,来研究麦冬治疗糖尿病的作用机制,得到麦冬中的麦冬皂苷、麦冬黄烷酮、麦冬甲基黄烷酮等成分可以直接作用于相关靶点治疗糖尿病,并通过影响RAS相关蛋白1(Rap1)、环磷腺苷(cAMP)、腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)等通路来起到降低血糖的作用。LI等[23]采用动物实验与细胞实验结合,验证麦冬皂苷D可以有效降低糖尿病小鼠血脂水平。另有研究证实[24]麦冬提取物通过抑制IL-1β/IKK-NF-кB途径减少对高血糖和细胞因子诱导的胰岛β-细胞的损失,并改善功能障碍。麦冬多糖MDG-1作为从麦冬中提取的多糖类物质[25],被证实具有改善血脂、提高葡萄糖耐量、改善胰岛素抵抗的作用,通过基因微阵列得到差异基因,也发现绝大多数通路与脂肪的消化吸收、脂肪酸的生物合成和分解代谢以及胆汁酸的分泌和生物合成有关。
麦冬及所含有的活性成分具有抗肿瘤的潜力,其主要通过抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、诱导肿瘤细胞死亡及自噬、抑制新生血管形成,并在一定程度上抑制肿瘤的转移和侵袭等途径发挥作用[26]。ZHANG等[27]对麦冬提取物麦冬皂苷C1抗肺癌潜力进行深入研究发现,麦冬皂苷C1通过抑制肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、蛋白激酶Cα(PKCα)及Src蛋白激酶的活化调节血浆炎症水平,降低血管内皮通透性,改善内皮屏障功能,缓解癌症损伤。通过建立肝癌异种移植小鼠模型,YUAN等[28]发现麦冬皂苷B下调蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B(PTP1B)的表达,使PI3K/AKT通路失活并激活AMPK通路,抑制细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭和血管生成,促进肝癌细胞凋亡。CHEN[29]则认为麦冬的活性物质黄酮类与甾体皂苷类可能是一种潜在的自噬诱导剂,通过激活肺癌人类肺泡基底上皮细胞的自噬,预防肺癌的发生。肿瘤化疗失败的主要原因之一为耐药,而研究发现[30],麦冬皂苷B可以减轻肺癌细胞对于顺铂类药物的抗性。麦冬皂苷DT-13[31]与各种化疗药物联合使用时,对各种癌细胞具有协同作用,增强癌症细胞对于药物的敏感性,且不会产生明显毒性作用。因此,中药麦冬及其化学成分可单独或与化疗药物联用,是安全可靠的抗癌候选药物。
氧化与抗氧化平衡的失调,活性氧(ROS)和活性氮(RNS)等自由基过度生成将导致机体氧化性物质积聚[32],引起细胞和组织损伤,并引发病理反应,诱发并参与心血管、糖尿病、肿瘤等多种疾病的发生。研究发现[18],麦冬提取物可以提高抗氧化酶活性,降低氧化应激对心脏的损伤。鲁斯可皂苷元(RGN)是从麦冬中取的一种重要甾体皂苷元,研究发现[33]RGN可呈剂量依赖性地上调PI3K/AKT信号通路,进而激活核因子-E2相关因子2(Nrf2),显著上调抗氧化基因表达,由此抑制由毛霉毒素诱导的氧化应激,减缓肝损伤。同时FU等[34]发现RGN通过上调谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(GPX4)、下调长链酰基辅酶A合成酶4(ACSL4)和游离轻链(FLC),显著减轻细胞损伤和氧化应激,抑制铁下垂,减轻心脏再灌注损伤。另有研究表明[35]麦冬提取物对过氧化氢诱导的活性氧(ROS)和一氧化氮(NO)产生具有改善作用。
麦冬成分复杂,通过多成分的相互协作来发挥显著的治疗作用,使麦冬在临床中广泛应用。在抗炎方面,RGN[36]展现出减轻炎症性疾病相关炎症反应的保护作用,其通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,抑制核苷酸结合寡聚结构域样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)炎性小体激活和焦亡,减少炎症细胞因子的释放和焦亡相关蛋白的表达,从而恢复结肠组织肠上皮屏障的完整性,缓解小鼠溃疡性结肠炎的症状。AN等[37]指出麦冬皂苷D缓解了特异性皮炎模型小鼠皮肤增厚、肥大细胞活化及脾脏炎症等情况,并对于TNF-α刺激下人角质形成细胞中的炎症信号进行抑制。在缓解肺部疾病方面,麦冬中有效的甾体皂苷元RGN[38]通过介导Toll样受体4(TLR4)的相互作用,抑制TLR4/Src/VE-cadherin通路,减轻脂多糖(LPS)诱导的肺内皮屏障破坏,缓解肺内皮屏障功能障碍。另有研究表明[39],以麦冬为君药的汤剂麦门冬汤,可以有效减轻肺纤维化小鼠的体质量,缓解炎症反应,抑制M2巨噬细胞在小鼠肺组织中的浸润,同时抑制PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a信号通路,下调促纤维化因子转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)和血小板衍生生长因子受体(PDGF-RB)等,以及成纤维细胞活化标志物,潜在阻止甚至逆转肺纤维化的进程。PU等[40]通过对麦冬根的化学性质进行深入研究,发现多种新的甾体皂苷,分析其对TGF-β1活化的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞的抗肺纤维化活性,发现麦冬皂苷D可能为治疗肺纤维化的有效候选药物。治疗肝脏疾病方面,麦冬中的黄酮类化合物8-FOB[41]在体内体外均可以拮抗百草枯所诱导的肝毒性,其拮抗作用可能与抑制氧化应激、保护线粒体功能和抑制细胞凋亡相关。王旭[42]通过动物实验证实麦冬多糖MDG-1通过肠-肝轴对非酒精性脂肪性肝病起到治疗作用,MDG-1增强了AMPK的肝脏磷酸化表达,调节了肝脏脂肪形成和脂肪细胞分化,从而抑制非酒精性脂肪性肝病的进展。阮青等[43]通过体内与体外研究证实具有潜在的治疗骨关节炎的功效,体内研究发现,RGN对不稳定的内侧半月板诱导的骨关节炎(OA)模型具有保护作用,并抑制OA小鼠中基质金属蛋白酶1(MMP1)和基质金属蛋白酶3(MMP3)的表达;体外研究表明,RGN能够抑制前列腺素E2(PGE2)、NO、MMP1和MMP3的产生,减轻白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)诱导的炎症和细胞外基质降解,同时抑制铁凋亡过程,减缓OA进展。
中药药对指两种中药按照一定的配伍原则共同使用,以增强疗效、减少不良反应或产生新的治疗效果。麦冬为养阴药[44],在临床中常与人参等补气药配伍起补气养阴、益气生津的协同作用,治疗气阴两虚等病症;与沙参等补阴药相辅相成,具有滋阴润燥、清热生津的作用;与五味子等收涩药配伍,通过养阴润肺与敛肺止咳的协同作用,有效治疗肺阴不足导致的疾病;同时与黄连等清热药一同使用,协同发挥养阴清热凉血作用;此外,麦冬可以与半夏等化痰药一同使用,协同发挥养胃生津、降逆止呕作用,扩大临床使用范围。
人参被称为补气圣药,兼具生津之功;麦冬被称为滋阴润肺要药,并具扶正之力。二者配伍共奏补气养阴之效,治疗气阴两虚所致之疾。二者配伍组方有麦门冬汤、炙甘草汤、竹叶石膏汤、薯蓣丸等。目前临床多用于治疗肿瘤、心血管疾病及糖尿病等。LIU等[45]通过建立肺癌小鼠模型发现麦冬-人参提取物可以有效抑制肿瘤的生长,平均抑制率为55.73%。此外,麦冬-人参提取物能够刺激干扰素γ(IFN-γ),从而启动抗肿瘤免疫反应。激活的免疫细胞,将释放其他细胞因子,包括TNF-α和TGF-β1。其中TNF-α可促进肿瘤细胞凋亡,TGF-β1可抑制肿瘤微环境中的免疫应答。另有研究证实[46],麦冬-人参可逆转化疗药物导致的骨髓抑制作用,显著增加骨髓有核细胞和外周血细胞数量,且发现口服麦冬-人参的小鼠胸腺与脾脏指数也呈恢复正常趋势。而在配伍比例上,其中以3∶2共煎更能促进骨髓抑制小鼠外周血细胞的恢复。杨梦霞等[47]通过网络药理学研究发现,麦冬-人参可能通过SRC、胱天蛋白酶3(CASP3)、信号转导及转录激活因子3(STAT3)和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶1/14(MAPK1/14)等靶点参与血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)及受体酪氨酸激酶(ErbB)信号通路,从而在治疗抗肿瘤药物引起的心脏毒性时发挥心脏保护作用。参麦注射液(SMI)是从人参和麦冬中提取的中药,有研究报道[48],SMI通过激活AMPK和PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β信号通路,显著抑制阿霉素诱导的心功能障碍与细胞凋亡,抑制线粒体氧化应激和线粒体断裂。益气复脉注射液主要有麦冬与人参组成,GUO等[49]实验证实益气复脉注射液通过增强xCT/GPX4轴,进而减少铁死亡达到改善脓毒症诱发的心肌病的作用。而季涛等[50]则采用关联规则方法对中医治疗消渴症的用药特点与规律进行挖掘,发现麦冬-人参药对的使用频率高达75次,位居第三,二者配伍主要作用于上消与中消,起补气养阴,生津润肺之效。同时,临床研究证实[51]麦冬人参散对妊娠糖尿病气阴两虚证患者具有显著疗效,有效提高胰岛素敏感性和胰岛β细胞功能,调节炎症因子和脂肪因子,从而有效调控糖脂代谢。此外,周思思等[52]通过超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用技术(UPLC-TOFMS)分析人参麦冬药对配伍后人参皂苷的变化,发现人参皂苷Rb3、丙二酸甲酰基人参皂苷Rb2、丙二酸甲酰基人参皂苷Rc、人参皂苷Rf的含量增加,说明麦冬与人参配伍改变了人参皂苷成分的含量。
沙参为养阴药物,具有养阴清肺,益胃生津之功效,与麦冬合用,可养肺阴以清金制木,又能养胃阴以培土荣木,多治疗阴虚火旺等证[53]。二者配伍组方有沙参麦冬汤、益胃汤、一贯煎等。临床多用于肺癌等呼吸道疾病。北沙参可以上调肺癌细胞的金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子2(TIMP2)表达从而抑制其迁移[54]。麦冬提取物则可以诱导A549肺癌细胞产生自噬发挥抗癌作用[55]。张金华[56]通过网络药理学探讨麦冬-沙参治疗肺癌机制,药对中的槲皮素、β-谷甾醇、尿嘧啶核苷、鸟嘌呤核苷等多种有效核心成分能够与肿瘤蛋白p53(TP53)、MYC基因、表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、血管内皮生长因子A(VEGFA)、CASP3等多靶点结合,从而影响TNF、缺氧诱导因子1(HIF-1)、p53以及细胞凋亡信号通路等多条途径,以治疗肺癌。QI等[57]对中药方剂在非小细胞癌中治疗作用进行数据挖掘发现,麦冬及沙参的使用频次均在100次以上,且麦冬-沙参药对为核心药对。沙参麦冬汤以沙参与麦冬为君药,有研究报道[58]可改善间歇性缺氧肺癌小鼠的气阴虚证,并通过抑制IL-6/JAK2/STAT3信号通减轻氧化应激与炎症,发挥抑制肿瘤生长的作用。并且还可抑制苯并芘对PI3K通路的激活作用,逆转自噬抑制效应,在细胞恶化初期发挥拮抗肿瘤效应[59]。同时,其含药血清联合顺铂可抑制人肺癌A549细胞上皮-间充质转化相关因子钙黏蛋白E(E-cadherin)和转录因子Snail蛋白表达[60]。此外,王双[61]对沙参与麦冬配伍前后体内成分进行比较,发现可提高佛手柑内酯、异茴芹内酯、补骨脂素、欧前胡素、麦冬皂苷D和甲基麦冬高异黄酮A的生物利用度。
五味子为收涩药物,起收敛固涩,益气生津之效;麦冬五味子合用,金水相生,一润一敛,麦冬甘味合五味子之酸,酸甘化阴;五味子助麦冬收敛固涩之力,增滋阴益气之功。二者配伍组方有安中汤、通明丸、生脉散等。临床多治疗心血管疾病及呼吸道疾病。五味子及提取物[62]具有抗心肌炎症、舒张心血管、改善心肌氧化损伤、抑制心肌细胞凋亡等功效。檀玉轩[63]则对麦冬-五味子抑制心肌纤维化机制进行探究,发现与调控炎性反应、氧化应激、脂质沉积、细胞增殖凋亡等生物过程相关,二者相须为用,增强抗心肌纤维化功效。国外研究证实[64]麦冬-五味子对前脑缺血再灌注损伤后形成的硫代巴比妥酸反应物质(TBARS)具有良好抑制效果,其抑制率为85.4%,为后脑氧化性损伤起到预防作用。尹春园[65]通过数据挖掘发现该药对为中药复方治疗心肌炎最常见药对,概率为23.23%。采用同样方法,李艳阳[66]则对中药治疗抗肿瘤药物导致的心脏毒性进行研究,得到麦冬-五味子支持度大于25%,置信度高达90%,且为核心药对首位。同样在临床使用中,周亚滨教授[67]常将麦冬-五味子进行配伍治疗室前收缩心阴虚证,共奏清心润燥,收敛心阴之功。生脉散的主要组成为麦冬与五味子,同时该药对也是生脉散类方核心用药组合[68],有研究证实[69]生脉散通过改善线粒体脂质代谢缓解糖尿病引起的心肌肥厚和舒张功能障碍。并且可以有效地抑制脂质氧化,减少铁过载,通过血红素氧合酶1(HMOX1)介导抑制阿霉素诱导的铁死亡和心脏毒性[70]。此外,麦冬-五味子一定程度上具有镇痛与抗应激的作用[71],并对心悸伴失眠气血两虚证起到改善作用[72]。二者配伍后五味子可以增加麦冬在水中的溶出物质,加强溶出效应[73]
黄连为清热药物,起到清热燥湿,泻火解毒之效;与麦冬合用,补泻兼施,燥润并用,可去黄连燥湿易伤阴液之弊,增清热滋阴解毒之效,既清心胃之火不伤阴,又养阴而不留邪,合奏清心胃、养阴液之功[74]。二者配伍组方有麦冬丸、黄连麦冬汤等。临床多治疗糖尿病。一项对于糖尿病胃热证用药分析指出[75]麦冬、黄连单位药频次位列一、三名,并且麦冬-黄连药对为使用频次最高核心药对。蒋可[76]通过动物实验指出黄连麦冬配伍可抑制糖尿病大鼠的心肌组织ACE受体表达,降低心肌组织血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、内皮素(ET)含量,保护糖尿病大鼠心肌组织。JIN等[77]表示由麦冬多糖和黄连生物碱为主要成分的药物可通过干预晚期糖基化终产物-受体(AGEs-RAG)、应激激活蛋白激酶(SAPK)及上调B细胞淋巴瘤-2(BCL-2)、Caspase-3蛋白表达,改善糖尿病动脉粥样硬化家兔心肌凋亡。相田园[78]则用同样的药物对糖尿病大血管病变机制进行研究,发现可降低家兔血糖相关指标,改善脂质代谢异常,减轻炎症反应及血管内皮损伤,从而有效缓解糖尿病大血管病。此外,黄连麦冬提取物可能对缓解干眼症有良好的效果,朱培庆[79]采用体外培养大鼠结膜杯状细胞(RCj-GCs)验证发现麦冬黄连提取物对RCj-GCs有促进有丝分裂和增殖的效果。
半夏为化痰药物,燥湿化痰,降逆止呕;半夏辛温,麦冬甘苦[80],二药合用,相辅相成,一辛一润,以辛温之性滋润,以甘苦之味润燥,共奏润肺胃、降逆气之效,滋润而不腻,润燥而不伤阴。二者配伍组方有麦门冬汤、温经汤、竹叶汤等。临床多用于治疗肺系疾病。对半夏及经方进行数据挖掘分析[81],发现麦冬-半夏药对为常用核心药对。有研究揭示[82],半夏与麦冬的配伍在特定比例下,特别是1∶1和2∶1的比例,能够通过MAPK-ERK1/2信号通路显著减少大鼠肺组织中黏蛋白的表达以及EGFR的含量,进而有效抑制黏蛋白的过度表达。这一作用机制对于改善大鼠痰湿阻肺的症状具有显著效果。目前国内外对于麦冬-半夏药对相关实验研究较少,主要针对麦冬-半夏著名的组方麦门冬汤,其对肺纤维化有良好改善效果,其主要作用是降低炎症因子,抑制促纤维化因子和氧化应激,促进骨髓间充质干细胞的分化和归巢,增强细胞自噬活性[83]。此外,该方对于慢性萎缩性胃炎也有一定改善作用[84]
麦冬是我国中药宝库补阴药中常用的药材,具有养阴润肺、益胃生津、清心除烦的功效。现代药理学研究证实[14]麦冬在保护心血管系统、抑制肿瘤发展、调控血糖血脂水平以及抗氧化、抗炎等方面具有不容忽视的作用。药对是历代医家长期临证经验总结[85],遵循中药配伍的六大原则——“相须、相使、相畏、相杀、相恶、相反”,并体现了中药的四气五味、升降浮沉、归经等理论,其在临床应用中具有举足轻重的地位。本文系统地梳理和分析了麦冬相关药对的临床应用与药理作用,发现麦冬与其他药物配伍后,相较于单独使用,其药理效果更为显著,作用范围更为广泛,且药物利用率更高。同时,还揭示了麦冬药对独特的药理作用与功效,尤其在肺系疾病的治疗上展现出更为广泛的治疗范围。然而,鉴于中药化学成分的复杂性,药对配伍后的研究难度相对较大。目前,中药现代研究主要聚焦于单味药或两味药配伍后的某一成分,而对药对整体成分的深入研究尚显不足。麦冬药对的研究亦多侧重于经方数据挖掘和动物实验,而临床试验则相对缺乏。因此,为了更全面、更深入地探索麦冬药对的价值,未来研究应立足中医药理论,结合动物实验与现代实验技术,系统研究药对配伍后的成分变化、吸收度、利用率,以及其在人体内的药理作用与机制,从而为麦冬药对的进一步开发与应用提供可靠的科学依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(82030120)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(81503435)
  • 河南省中医药管理局国家中医临床研究基地科研专项(2018JDZX058)
  • 河南省中医药科学研究专项(2022ZY2009)
  • 河南省医学科技攻关计划联合共建项目(LHGJ20200090)
  • 河南省重点研发与推广专项(科技攻关)项目(212102310759; 212102311079; 242102310554)
  • 河南中医药大学第一附属医院横向课题项目(XZ2022013)
  • 北京华通国康公益基金会医学科研专项(2023HT034)
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2025年第43卷第12期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.017
  • 首发时间:2026-04-29
  • 出版时间:2025-12-10
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基金
国家自然科学基金重点项目(82030120)
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(81503435)
河南省中医药管理局国家中医临床研究基地科研专项(2018JDZX058)
河南省中医药科学研究专项(2022ZY2009)
河南省医学科技攻关计划联合共建项目(LHGJ20200090)
河南省重点研发与推广专项(科技攻关)项目(212102310759; 212102311079; 242102310554)
河南中医药大学第一附属医院横向课题项目(XZ2022013)
北京华通国康公益基金会医学科研专项(2023HT034)
作者信息
    1.河南中医药大学第一附属医院,心脏中心/国家区域(中医)心血管诊疗中心,河南 郑州 450000
    2.河南中医药大学第一临床医学院,河南 郑州 450000
    3.河南中医药大学第一附属医院,河南省中药安全评价与风险防控工程研究中心,河南 郑州 450000
    4.河南中医药大学第一附属医院,河南省中药临床应用、评价与转化工程研究中心,河南 郑州 450000
    5.阜外华中心血管病医院,河南 郑州 450000

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高原(1982-),女,河南洛阳人,主任医师,硕士研究生导师,研究方向:中医药防治心血管疾病的基础与临床。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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