Article(id=1256183371760321396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1256183358493679805, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1777427054586, onlineDateStr=2026-04-29, pubDate=1765296000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777427054586, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777427054586, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777427054586, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256183358493679805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777427051344, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777427760067, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256186331126969089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1256183358493679805, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256186331126969090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1256183358493679805, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=33, endPage=41, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256183373857473425, articleId=1256183371760321396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Mechanism of Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)and Its Active Ingredients in Treating Gastric Ulcers, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Gastric ulcer is a common clinical gastrointestinal disease,which is characterized by its susceptibility,recurrence and high medical cost.Nowadays,due to the extensive use of proton pump inhibitors,H2 receptor antagonists and antimicrobial drugs,the incidence of gastric ulcers has decreased,but the recurrence rate of gastric ulcers and the incidence of complications are still not effectively controlled.The Chinese herb Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)has the effects of clearing heat and drying dampness,purging fire and removing toxin,which plays a significant role in the treatment of sores,carbuncles and ulcers,and it can enter the stomach meridian,which iswidely used in the treatment of gastric ulcers,and it can effectively reduce the index of ulcers and accelerate the healing of ulcers.Through searching CNKI,Pubmed and other databases,the article comprehensively discussed the mechanism of Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)and its active ingredients in the treatment of gastric ulcers,in order to provide a basis for the clinical application of Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)in ulcer diseases as well as further scientific research.

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胃溃疡是一种临床常见的消化系统疾病,其具有易患、反复、医疗成本高的特点。现今由于质子泵抑制剂、H2受体拮抗剂及抗菌药物的广泛使用,胃溃疡的发病率有所下降,但胃溃疡复发率及并发症的发生率仍未得到有效控制。中草药黄连具有清热燥湿、泻火解毒之功效,在治疗疮痈溃疡类疾病中作用显著,且能入胃经,被广泛应用于胃溃疡的治疗中,可以有效降低溃疡指数,加速溃疡愈合。通过检索查阅CNKI、Pubmed等数据库文献,综合论述黄连及其有效成分治疗胃溃疡的作用机制,以期为黄连在溃疡疾病中的临床应用以及进一步科学研究提供依据。

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肖景东(1971-),男(回族),辽宁丹东人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医消化病。E-mail:
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陈力铭(1999-),男,辽宁大连人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药治疗消化系统疾病。

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陈力铭(1999-),男,辽宁大连人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药治疗消化系统疾病。

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黄连及其有效成分治疗胃溃疡的作用机制研究进展
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陈力铭 1 , 刘国政 2 , 王辉 3 , 李言 1 , 孙阳阳 1 , 赵一霖 1 , 肖景东 3
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(12): 33-41
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中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025, 43(12): 33-41
黄连及其有效成分治疗胃溃疡的作用机制研究进展
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陈力铭1, 刘国政2, 王辉3, 李言1, 孙阳阳1, 赵一霖1, 肖景东3
作者信息
  • 1.辽宁中医药大学,辽宁 沈阳 110847
  • 2.辽宁中医药大学附属第四医院,辽宁 沈阳 110101
  • 3.辽宁中医药大学附属医院,辽宁 沈阳 110032
  • 陈力铭(1999-),男,辽宁大连人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药治疗消化系统疾病。

通讯作者:

肖景东(1971-),男(回族),辽宁丹东人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医消化病。E-mail:
Research Progress on Mechanism of Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)and Its Active Ingredients in Treating Gastric Ulcers
Liming CHEN1, Guozheng LIU2, Hui WANG3, Yan LI1, Yangyang SUN1, Yilin ZHAO1, Jingdong XIAO3
Affiliations
  • 1.Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Shenyang 110847,Liaoning,China
  • 2.The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital,Shenyang 110101,Liaoning,China
  • 3.The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Shenyang 110032,Liaoning,China
出版时间: 2025-12-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.006
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胃溃疡是一种临床常见的消化系统疾病,其具有易患、反复、医疗成本高的特点。现今由于质子泵抑制剂、H2受体拮抗剂及抗菌药物的广泛使用,胃溃疡的发病率有所下降,但胃溃疡复发率及并发症的发生率仍未得到有效控制。中草药黄连具有清热燥湿、泻火解毒之功效,在治疗疮痈溃疡类疾病中作用显著,且能入胃经,被广泛应用于胃溃疡的治疗中,可以有效降低溃疡指数,加速溃疡愈合。通过检索查阅CNKI、Pubmed等数据库文献,综合论述黄连及其有效成分治疗胃溃疡的作用机制,以期为黄连在溃疡疾病中的临床应用以及进一步科学研究提供依据。

黄连  /  胃溃疡  /  小檗碱  /  作用机制  /  清热解毒

Gastric ulcer is a common clinical gastrointestinal disease,which is characterized by its susceptibility,recurrence and high medical cost.Nowadays,due to the extensive use of proton pump inhibitors,H2 receptor antagonists and antimicrobial drugs,the incidence of gastric ulcers has decreased,but the recurrence rate of gastric ulcers and the incidence of complications are still not effectively controlled.The Chinese herb Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)has the effects of clearing heat and drying dampness,purging fire and removing toxin,which plays a significant role in the treatment of sores,carbuncles and ulcers,and it can enter the stomach meridian,which iswidely used in the treatment of gastric ulcers,and it can effectively reduce the index of ulcers and accelerate the healing of ulcers.Through searching CNKI,Pubmed and other databases,the article comprehensively discussed the mechanism of Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)and its active ingredients in the treatment of gastric ulcers,in order to provide a basis for the clinical application of Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)in ulcer diseases as well as further scientific research.

Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)  /  gastric ulcer  /  berberine  /  mechanism of action  /  clearing heat and removing toxin
陈力铭, 刘国政, 王辉, 李言, 孙阳阳, 赵一霖, 肖景东. 黄连及其有效成分治疗胃溃疡的作用机制研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (12) : 33 -41 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.006
Liming CHEN, Guozheng LIU, Hui WANG, Yan LI, Yangyang SUN, Yilin ZHAO, Jingdong XIAO. Research Progress on Mechanism of Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)and Its Active Ingredients in Treating Gastric Ulcers[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (12) : 33 -41 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.006
胃溃疡是一种由多因素介导的、以胃黏膜发生炎症反应,溃疡的黏膜坏死缺损穿透黏膜肌层为特点的消化系统疾病。临床主要表现为慢性、节律性、周期性左上腹痛,严重者可伴有出血、穿孔、幽门梗阻等并发症甚至发生癌变[1]。现代医学对胃溃疡的发病机制尚未完全阐明,一般认为本病是由于对黏膜的损害因素[如胃酸、胃蛋白酶;幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacterpylori,Hp)感染;药物;应激;酒精;胆汁反流等[2-6]由于黏膜的保护、修复因素(如胃黏膜黏液-碳酸氢盐屏障;黏膜循环血流;表皮生长因子;细胞更新等[7-8])失衡所导致。由于其易于发病、易于复发以及高医疗负担,严重影响居民生命健康及生活质量[9-11]。现今临床胃溃疡的治疗仍以质子泵抑制剂、H2受体拮抗剂及抗菌药物联合治疗为主,近年来胃溃疡的发病率虽有所下降,但仍存在高复发率、高并发症发生率以及不良反应多等问题[12]。鉴于中医药治疗胃溃疡具有多途径、多靶点、多层次的特征[13]以及治愈率高、抗复发性强、不良反应小的优势[14],不少研究者已将胃溃疡治疗研究的重点转移至中医药的研究上[15]
国医大师周学文教授根据胃溃疡镜下特点及临床表现,发现与外痈“红、肿、热、痛”的特点极其相似,由于其病位深在胃脘,故应当属“内痈”范畴。并提出“毒热”是胃溃疡的核心病机[16],认为“病由毒起,热由毒化”,继则毒热在胃脘蕴结“大热不止,热胜则肉腐,肉腐则为脓”。由此可见,清热解毒药的使用是中医药治疗胃溃疡的重点。
中药黄连,味苦,性寒,归心、脾、胃、胆、大肠经,具有清热燥湿、泻火解毒之功效,擅长清中焦胃火,《珍珠囊》阐述:“其用有六:泻心火,一也;祛中焦湿热,二也;诸疮必用,三也;祛风湿,四也;治赤眼暴发,五也;止中部见血,六也。”可见黄连在治疗疮疡病中有着重要作用,常应用在消化性溃疡的治疗中。薛宁等[17]通过对近10年来中医药治疗消化性溃疡临床文献中的有效处方中药进行频数统计,得出黄连的使用频率为5.49%;李强等[18]利用CNKI数据库进行文献检索得到治疗消化性溃疡方剂99首并对方剂中药物出现频次进行统计,得出99首方剂中共涉及中药147味,其中黄连的使用频次为39次,居于所涉及中药的第6位;杨闪闪等[19]对治疗消化性溃疡的560个国家中药专利复方进行用药频次分析亦得出黄连是治疗消化性溃疡的常用中药;国医大师周学文教授同样也在其创新研制的治疗胃溃疡中药新药“溃得康”中将黄连作为君药[20]。现代研究表明,中药黄连及其有效成分对胃黏膜具有有效地保护及修复作用[21-23]。因此,临床上中药黄连的使用可能是中医药治疗胃溃疡以及其他溃疡类疾病的重要方向。本文将通过检索近年来黄连及其有效成分治疗胃溃疡的相关研究文献,综述其作用机制,以期为黄连治疗胃溃疡提供理论依据及科研方向,为胃溃疡的临床治疗与新药研发提供一定参考。
黄连的化学成分主要包括生物碱、木脂素、香豆素、黄酮、萜类、甾体、多糖、有机酸、挥发油等[24]。其中小檗碱(黄连素)在饮片中含量最高,可达5% ~8%,是黄连最具代表性的有效成分[25]。现代研究发现,黄连及其有效成分可以从抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化、改善黏膜血液循环等方面来预防和治疗胃溃疡。
黄连作为清热解毒中药具有广谱的抗菌活性,对革兰氏阴性菌、革兰氏阳性菌及真菌均有明显抑制作用,且与一般抗生素相比不易产生耐药性[24]
Hp是一种能够在胃内定植的革兰氏阴性微需氧菌。Hp感染被认为是已知导致胃溃疡及胃癌发生最主要的危险因素[26],并能够对胃溃疡的愈合与复发产生影响[27-28],有研究显示,大约80%的胃溃疡患者存在Hp感染[29]。它可以通过诸如尿素酶、细胞毒素相关蛋白A(cytotoxin-associated gene A,CagA)、空泡细胞毒素、热休克蛋白、脂多糖等毒力因子诱导级联反应,引起慢性炎症以及细胞凋亡的发生[30],最终导致胃溃疡。
黄连及其有效成分小檗碱均具有良好的抑制Hp作用。陈芝芸等[31]对100味治疗脾胃病的常用中药进行体外Hp抑菌实验,结果显示黄连的Hp抑制效果最强。陈秋霞等[32]通过网络药理学分析发现,黄连中的槲皮素、汉防己甲素、药根碱、盐酸巴马汀、小檗碱、去四氢碎叶紫堇碱等31种有效成分能够作用于Hp。
TANG Q等[33]对比了5种黄连主要生物碱的抗Hp活性,结果表明小檗碱对Hp抑制效果最显著且无耐药发生;进一步的体外实验显示,小檗碱抑制幽门螺杆菌的生长是通过诱导Hp DNA片段化,磷脂酰丝氨酸暴露和膜损伤实现的,并且能够降低CagA的表达以改善Hp介导的炎症反应。董凤[34]比较4种中药成分对多重耐药性Hp的体外抑菌作用,发现小檗碱的最小抑菌浓度(Minimum Inhibitory Concentration,MIC)最低,为12.5 mg·mL-1,对多重耐药性Hp的体外抑菌效果显著。此外,杨行堂等[35]进行了小檗碱抗Hp药敏实验,结果显示当小檗碱含量达25μg水平时即具有一定抗Hp作用,而达到250μg水平时抗Hp作用效果可以与阿莫西林和克拉霉素相当。李仕宇等[36]利用Mate分析评价小檗碱辅助根除Hp的有效性及安全性,结果显示小檗碱辅助标准治疗的Hp根除率为90.19%,显著高于采用单纯三联或四联疗法的74.86%(P<0.01),且能降低不良反应的发生率。
吴静等[37]通过体外抑菌实验发现,70%黄连酒精提取物MIC为0.015 6 g·mL-1,盐酸小檗碱MIC为0.025 g·mL-1,黄连的抗菌活性要优于其有效成分小檗碱,说明黄连抗Hp可能是由多组分协同发挥作用。
另有学者研究发现黄连有效成分槲皮素能够抑制Hp D-丙氨酸:D-丙氨酸连接酶[38],为Hp抑制提供了新思路。
近年来有研究探索胃溃疡与病原微生物感染的关系,发现念珠菌的感染同样与胃黏膜损伤存在相关性[39]。其中白念珠菌是最常见的胃黏膜念珠菌感染菌种,作为一种机会致病真菌,它可定植于消化道的所有部位,且具有相对耐药性[40],其对宿主的影响主要通过毒力因子黏附素、生物膜、胞外水解酶、侵袭素、candidalysin毒素以及二相性转化来实现[41]。黄竹青等[42]胃镜下采集63位消化科就诊患者胃黏膜组织标本进行真菌分离培养鉴定,得到真菌32(32/63,50.8%)株,其中31株为白念珠菌,且发现真菌阳性率与病理诊断正相关(P=0.027)。齐贺等[43]调查沈阳及抚顺地区上消化道疾病患者胃黏膜念珠菌感染情况,结果显示消化性溃疡患者白念珠菌感染率为48.15%,高于慢性胃炎组的27.74%(P<0.01),说明白念珠菌感染可能加重胃黏膜的损伤。
有学者通过比较常见中药体外抗念珠菌的敏感性,发现黄连抗白念珠菌作用最为突出,MIC90为1 mg·mL-1,且黄连的主要活性成分盐酸小檗碱具有较强的抗氟康唑耐药白念珠菌作用[44]
姚冬婷等[45]检测小檗碱对临床常见念珠菌的体外抑菌效果,结果显示小檗碱对白念珠菌的MIC50为32μg·mL-1,对光滑念珠菌的MIC50为16μg·mL-1,对热带念珠菌的MIC50为8 μg·mL-1,可见其对临床常见念珠菌均有良好的抑菌效果。关于小檗碱的抑菌机制,有研究表明盐酸小檗碱可能通过下调菌丝形成关键基因ECE1、EFG1、HWP1、ALS1,从而抑制白念珠菌向菌丝相的菌态转换[46];另有学者认为盐酸小檗碱可能通过下调β-葡聚糖合成酶调控基因FKS1和FKS2,使β-葡聚糖暴露,进而破坏菌丝相白念珠菌细胞壁的完整性[47];DA SILVA A R等[48]研究发现小檗碱能够诱导耐氟康唑白念珠菌线粒体膜完整性改变以及DNA损伤,推断小檗碱的抗念珠菌机制可能与细胞凋亡有关。
与小檗碱具有相似结构的异喹啉生物碱—黄连碱同样具有较强的抗真菌活性[49],KONGW J等[50]报道黄连碱浓度在45mg·L-1时开始抑制白念珠菌的生长,当浓度达到500mg·L-1时则能够完全抑制白念珠菌生长。杨勇等[51]检测黄连生物碱成分的抑菌作用,发现白念珠菌对小檗碱、黄连碱以及巴马汀敏感,其中小檗碱与黄连碱的抑菌活性较强且二者作用相当。
此外还有研究表明黄连及其有效成分与常规抗真菌药合用能起到增效作用,吴盘红等[52]通过体外抗菌实验探讨黄连对咪康唑抗白念珠菌的增效作用,结果显示单用2%硝酸咪康唑溶液作用于白念珠菌的MIC均值为(14.0±14.99)mg·mL-1,黄连煎煮液和2%硝酸咪康唑溶液联用时,硝酸咪康唑溶液与黄连煎煮液的MIC均值分别为和(5.98±11.28)mg·mL-1与(1.43±2.63)mg·m L-1,二者的分级抑菌浓度(fractional inhibitory concentration,FIC)指数为0.53,说明黄连与硝酸咪康唑联用时可以增强抗白念珠菌效果。WEIG X等[53]采用棋盘微稀释法和琼脂扩散法检测小檗碱与临床常用抗真菌药物咪康唑或氟康唑的协同作用,计算得到其FIC<0.5(∑FIC =0.19),说明小檗碱与常用抗真菌药物对白念珠菌有协同作用。QUAN H等[54]针对40株耐药白念珠菌进行棋盘微稀释实验发现盐酸小檗碱对氟康唑的抑菌活性有增效作用,并且通过琼脂扩散实验和时间杀伤曲线的结果对其进行了证实。孔德道等[55]采用棋盘法设计比较小檗碱与克霉唑单独使用以及联合使用时针对白念珠菌ATCC10231的体外抑菌作用,发现即便降低克霉唑浓度,只要与极低浓度的小檗碱联用,也能产生相同大小的抑菌环,并计算平均FIC指数为0.312 5,说明两药联用有协同抑菌作用。针对增效机制的研究,雍江堰等[56]认为盐酸小檗碱对氟康唑抑制氟康唑耐药白念珠菌的增效作用可能是通过影响白念珠菌的钙离子稳态关键基因Pmc1p与Yvc1p表达,促进细胞内Ca2+内流,破坏钙稳态,从而增加耐药菌株对氟康唑的敏感性实现的;XU Y等[57]通过体外实验证明小檗碱与氟康唑联用能够提高氟康唑耐药白念珠菌的线粒体膜电位,抑制腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)合成酶活性,降低细胞内ATP水平,增加内源性活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的生成,从而实现协同作用。
李丰霞等[58]研究发现氟康唑单独使用时在体外对白念珠菌的MIC值为0.250~64μg·mL-1,当与黄连有效成分汉防己甲素联合使用时MIC降至0.125~16μg·mL-1,说明汉防己甲素对氟康唑的抗菌活性同样具有增效作用;李水秀等[59]进一步体外研究发现汉防己甲素在最初期(0 h)和早期(4 h)可以协助氟康唑抑制白念珠菌生物膜;另有研究表明汉防己甲素对氟康唑抗菌的增效作用也可能是通过抑制白念珠菌菌丝相药物外排泵的功能来实现的[60]
炎症反应是机体免疫系统应对有害刺激的一种防御反应,但过度的炎症反应可以造成组织的损害,局部表现为红、肿、热、痛。胃黏膜炎症反应是胃溃疡的核心环节,同时也是疾病癌变恶化的重要影响因素[61]
黄连能够通过调节炎症相关因子,改善胃黏膜炎症损伤以体现其清热作用。蒋俊等[62]研究发现黄连浓缩液灌胃能降低胃溃疡大鼠模型血清中6-酮-前列腺素F1-α(6-Keto-PGF1α)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNFα)、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-8含量,6-Keto-PGF1α是前列腺素(prostaglandin,PG)E2的稳定产物,可以间接表明PGE2水平,PGE2是由底物花生四烯酸在环氧合酶(cyclooxygenase,COX)的催化下生成的一种脂质介质,是胃黏膜保护的核心因子,能够减少胃酸分泌,增加胃黏液分泌与碳酸氢盐的产生[63]以及抑制多种炎症因子释放[64],与此同时PGE2也是机体主要的炎症介质之一,参与炎症反应的诸多环节,能够增加血管通透性,加重溃疡胃黏膜红肿热痛等炎症表现[65],因此PGE2对胃黏膜的损伤具有双向作用,其复杂作用可能会受到炎症环境细胞类型以及浓度等因素的影响,有报道提出COX-1衍生的PG具有胃黏膜保护作用[66],而COX-2产生的高水平PG与炎症有关,动物实验表明PG在溃疡发生后升高,在溃疡加重期显著增高,在溃疡消退期降低[67],TNF-α则是由巨噬细胞/单核细胞产生的促炎细胞因子,能通过多途径参与炎症反应,是发现和治疗炎症性疾病的重要靶点[68],IL-8是一种中性粒细胞趋化因子,它可以在炎症部位迅速合成并招募和激活炎症细胞,促进炎症反应[69],可见黄连能够通过降低炎症因子水平改善胃溃疡黏膜炎症情况。
前期有相关报道提出黄连主要成分小檗碱能够通过调控核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)信号通路、JAKs/STATs信号通路、有丝分裂原激活蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号通路[70]、NLRP3炎症小体信号通路[71]或改善线粒体生物合成功能[72]发挥抗炎作用。GUO Q等[73]研究小檗碱在胃溃疡疾病中的抗炎作用发现其能够降低乙醇致急性胃溃疡大鼠血清IL-6、PGE2水平,并提高抗炎因子IL-10表达,有效缓解胃黏膜炎症;IL-6是促炎细胞因子家族的一员,它可以通过激活细胞上的gp130触发下游多条信号通路来发挥多效性促炎作用[74],而IL-10则对维持组织上皮层的完整性和稳态至关重要,其可以通过调控下游的STAT3通路抑制促炎反应,限制炎症引起的不必要的组织破坏[75]。郭颖媛等[76]探究小檗碱对Hp小鼠胃黏膜损伤的保护机制,发现小檗碱可以显著降低Hp感染小鼠胃黏膜组织IL-1β、IL-8、IL-4、IL-10水平,减轻Hp感染导致的胃黏膜上皮细胞的炎性损伤,IL-1β与IL-8同为促炎细胞因子,通常认为IL-1β的成熟与释放由NLRP3炎症小体信号通路控制[77],释放的IL-1β能够与其受体IL-1βR结合诱导包括白细胞介素受体相关激酶、MAPK、NF-κB等信号通路激活,导致各种炎症细胞因子和生长因子的转录来促进炎症反应发生,此外IL-1β还能影响T细胞的成熟以及B细胞的增殖,并促进多种炎症相关分子如COX-2、PGE2、一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)、磷脂酶A2等的表达[78],IL-4与IL-10则属于Th2抗炎细胞因子,在人类感染中有着负免疫调节的作用,IL-4可以抑制1型细胞因子干扰素-γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)的产生并促进IL-10的合成[79],有实验研究发现Hp感染患者血清及胃组织中的IL-4水平相比Hp阴性者增加,认为Hp感染者体内2型细胞因子含量升高可能是导致Hp慢性感染的原因之一[80],IL-10的表达升高同样与许多慢性细菌感染有关[75],有试验证实Hp感染的确可以导致患者血清IL-10表达增加[81],是故小鼠胃黏膜IL-4、IL-10水平降低可能与小檗碱的抗Hp作用有关,提示Hp介导的黏膜炎症减轻,所需的抗炎介质减少,说明黄连主要成分小檗碱针对Hp感染型胃溃疡可以同时发挥其抗Hp作用及抗炎作用并使二者达到平衡。郭丽坤等[82]建立Hp感染大鼠模型,给予小檗碱灌胃后,可见大鼠胃黏膜组织TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-2水平降低,炎性细胞浸润明显减少,Th1细胞因子IFN-γ在微生物感染时由T淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞、黏膜上皮细胞或自然杀伤细胞产生,与受体IFN-γ R结合,进而激活JAK信号转导和转录蛋白STAT通路以驱动免疫应答反应[83],IL-2是一种免疫调节细胞因子,在维持免疫平衡中发挥重要作用,IL-2在低水平时起到免疫抑制的作用,当IL-2水平升高时可以刺激多种免疫细胞增殖、激活、分化,增强免疫反应[84-85],表明小檗碱能够通过降低TNF-α及IFN-γ、IL-2水平来调节机体免疫应答,减轻Hp感染所致的胃黏膜炎症反应。卢燕君等[86]探讨小檗碱对Hp感染小鼠胃黏膜的保护作用及其抑制胃黏膜炎性因子分泌的作用机制,发现胃黏膜的保护效果与给予小檗碱剂量呈正相关,高剂量小檗碱干预能明显控制胃黏膜组织炎症,且令小鼠血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、COX-2表达显著降低,并进一步通过细胞实验证明其机制可能是通过抑制CagA-NF-κB信号通路的过度活化而减少炎症因子的释放。
LUO C等[87]发现黄连碱预处理对非甾体抗炎药物吲哚美辛致大鼠胃黏膜损伤的炎症相关因子调节作用与相同剂量的小檗碱相似,能有效下调模型IL1-β和TNF-α水平,在实验中吲哚美辛显著抑制了大鼠COX-1和COX-2的表达并降低胃黏膜PGE2含量,而在经过黄连碱预处理的大鼠体内COX-1和COX-2的mRNA表达显著增强,从而剂量依赖性促进胃黏膜防御因子PGE2的产生,发挥抗吲哚美辛的胃黏膜保护作用,此外,实验结果显示黄连碱预处理降低p38 MAPK及MKK6蛋白在胃黏膜中的表达,说明了黄连碱可能是通过阻断p38 MAPK通路和抑制MKK6在胃中的激活来减轻吲哚美辛诱导的炎症反应,完善了黄连碱抗炎机制的研究。
另有研究表明黄连生物碱成分巴马汀也能够有效减少醋酸诱导胃溃疡大鼠胃黏膜炎性细胞浸润,促进溃疡愈合,其抗炎作用可能是通过降低血清血小板活化因子水平以及提高胃黏膜PGE2水平实现[88]
姚晓艳等[89]以胃溃疡大鼠为模型黄连为实验药物进行药效学实验,用ELISA检测发现黄连能够降低胃溃疡大鼠血清中IL-8、TNF-α含量,减少炎性细胞浸润,并建立了12批不同来源黄连的HPLC指纹图谱得到16个共有峰,其中包含5个已知成分分别为表小檗碱、黄连碱、盐酸药根碱、盐酸巴马汀、盐酸小檗碱,最后采用灰色关联度分析图谱共有峰与IL-8、TNF-α含量的相关性,发现16个共有峰均对IL-8有关联性,有15个峰与TNF-α有关联性,并得出其中5个已知成分与IL-8关联顺序为盐酸小檗碱>盐酸巴马汀>盐酸药根碱>表小檗碱>黄连碱,与TNF-α关联顺序为盐酸药根碱>盐酸小檗碱>盐酸巴马汀>黄连碱>表小檗碱;曾超等[90]采用相同方法研究黄连抗胃溃疡炎症的作用机制与相关活性成分,发现黄连抗炎作用可能同时与其降低促炎症因子IL-3含量有关,并通过谱-效分析得出16个共有峰与IL-3关联度均>0.6,5个已知成分与IL-3关联顺序为盐酸小檗碱>盐酸巴马汀>盐酸药根碱>表小檗碱>黄连碱,IL-3主要由活化的T淋巴细胞和肥大细胞产生,既往对IL-3的研究多局限在其造血、抗肿瘤及免疫调节等作用上[91],但目前有新的证据表明IL-3在炎症相关疾病中同样发挥重要作用,它可以促进免疫细胞的生成与相关炎症因子释放来参与扩大炎症反应[92-93];通过以上结果分析可见黄连中绝大多数成分(包括未知成分)均能起到抗炎作用,且各成分对不同药效指标影响不同,说明黄连的抗胃溃疡炎症作用并非某一单体成分通过单一途径实现的,而是多种活性成分的综合作用效果,因此黄连中含量较低的其他未知成分同样存在挖掘潜力。
氧化应激反应是胃溃疡的重要病理过程之一。ROS是正常细胞代谢的副产物,即部分通过线粒体呼吸还原的O2,包括超氧自由基(superoxide radical,O-2·),羟基自由基(hydroxy radical·OH-),过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide,H2 O2)等,这些不稳定自由基能与细胞内成分高度反应使其失活,在正常状态下,活性氧的形成与内源性抗氧化防御机制之间存在平衡[94],但当吸烟、饮酒、非甾体抗炎药、慢性感染以及炎症反应等诱因的介导下这一平衡被打破,导致过氧化反应的发生,造成胃黏膜组织损伤[95]。故寻找天然抗氧化剂抵抗氧化应激造成的胃黏膜损伤,在胃溃疡的治疗中有着重大意义。
现代研究表明,中药黄连[96]及其生物碱[97]、黄酮[98]、多糖[99]等组分均具有不同程度的抗氧化能力。采用无水乙醇灌胃制备小鼠胃溃疡模型,检测黄连药液干预后模型血清及胃组织中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)与丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)的含量变化,SOD是机体内主要的抗氧化酶,它能使O-2·转变为毒性较小的H2O2,在负责中和ROS的级联反应中起到重要作用,而MDA则是脂质过氧化的代谢产物,可作为体现胃黏膜氧化损伤的指标,当胃黏膜损伤时通常可见SOD降低与MDA的升高[100],结果显示黄连高剂量干预时能显著降低溃疡模型小鼠血清及胃组织中的MDA含量并提高SOD含量,间接反映了中药黄连具有剂量依赖性的抗氧化作用[101-102]
目前黄连在胃溃疡疾病中的抗氧化作用研究主要集中在其主要成分生物碱类物质上,李备等[103]研究黄连总生物碱对乙醇致大鼠胃黏膜损伤模型的保护机制,以Fenton反应比色法测定模型胃黏膜OH-·含量,硫代巴比妥酸测定MDA含量,亚硝酸盐比色法测定SOD含量,发现预先给予黄连总生物碱后,能够明显降低模型胃黏膜OH-·、MDA含量,恢复SOD活力,提示黄连总生物碱能够通过抗脂质过氧化,清除和抑制自由基来保护胃黏膜,该作用可能是黄连各生物碱相互增效的结果。有研究验证了小檗碱对氧化损伤的抑制作用,通过分析乙醇诱导急性胃溃疡大鼠的血清氧化应激指标,发现小檗碱预处理能够提高抗氧化酶SOD和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)活性,减少氧化产物MDA和髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)的积累,还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)被认为是一种主要的细胞内抗氧化缓冲物,具有多方面的直接或间接抗氧化应激作用,GSH-Px对H2O2具有主要的亲和力,它可以通过与底物GSH的作用相互配合,将已由SOD活性诱导转变的H2 O2进一步分解为水并伴随GSH转化为其氧化形式[100],MPO是一种主要表达于中性粒细胞的血红素过氧化物酶,它可以通过催化Cl-与H2 O2反应生成强氧化剂次氯酸(hypochlorous acid,HOCl)而具有广泛的抗病原活性,但当处于慢性炎症或氧化应激过程中,MPO在细胞外过度表达使其衍生物HOCl浓度升高,打破平衡引起强烈的氧化反应,造成组织损伤加重炎症反应[104],该研究还创新性地提出小檗碱治疗急性胃溃疡的潜在途径可能是通过调节胃溃疡条件下三羧酸循环介导的花生四烯酸代谢途径减少脂质ROS堆积来维持氧化平衡[73],但该途径仍需通过进一步实验验证。另有实验探究小檗碱对乙醇性胃溃疡小鼠胃液以及胃组织中NO含量的影响,内源性NO同PGE2一样在胃溃疡中具有双重作用,生理环境下内皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)产生的适量NO对胃黏膜具有保护作用,然而当机体受到病原体或炎症介质刺激时高表达的诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide sythase,iNOS)催化合成超量NO释放并与O-2·合成强氧化剂过氧化硝酸盐[105]产生细胞毒性,通过氧化及硝化反应导致组织损伤[105],实验结果发现小檗碱预处理组NO含量在乙醇灌胃后1 h高于对照组(P<0.05),6 h低于对照组(P<0.05),RT-PCR分析显示相比对照组小檗碱可以增强eNOS的表达,同时抑制iNOS的表达(P<0.01)[107],说明小檗碱可能通过促进eNOS/NO,抑制iNOS/NO将NO水平维持在一个相对稳定的水平,使NO对胃溃疡的预防与修复起到正向作用。田华等[108]也从抗氧化应激方面来探讨小檗碱抗Hp相关性胃黏膜损伤的作用机制,发现小檗碱能增加Hp相关性胃炎大鼠胃黏膜的SOD含量,并显著降低iNOS以及专门用于ROS产生的NAD(P)H 氧化酶(NOX)[109]NOX-2、NOX-4。李群等[108]采用回顾性、随机对照、抽样研究的方法探讨小檗碱联合三联疗法治疗消化性溃疡对同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)水平的影响,结果显示小檗碱联合三联疗法能够显著提高治疗总有效率并降低9个月内复发率,其治疗后的血清Hcy水平为(9.14±1.48)μmol·L-1,明显低于治疗前的(14.02±1.47)μmol·L-1P<0.05),且低于单纯三联疗法治疗组(P<0.05),Hcy是一种含巯基的非蛋白质氨基酸,对维持细胞稳态至关重要,相关报道指出高同型半胱氨酸血症与自由基过量产生,诱导氧化应激、线粒体损伤关系密切[111],说明小檗碱协同三联疗法治疗消化性溃疡的潜在作用机制可能与降低Hcy,抑制氧化损伤有关。
另有研究显示,在吲哚美辛致胃溃疡大鼠模型中,采用黄连碱预干预模型,具有与小檗碱相近的升高溃疡大鼠胃黏膜GSH的作用,并能够呈剂量依赖性降低MDA、MPO,且在提高SOD方面的效果要优于小檗碱,此外实验通过Western blot法分析核因子-E2相关因子2(nuclearofactor erythroid derived 2-like 2,Nrf2)和血红素氧合酶1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)蛋白在胃黏膜上的表达,结果表明黄连碱及小檗碱预处理可以诱导Nrf2易位进入细胞核,提高HO-1蛋白的表达,对比发现两种黄连生物碱上调Nrf2通路的作用均明显优于临床常用质子泵抑制剂兰索拉唑,说明黄连碱与小檗碱对非甾体抗炎药物所致胃溃疡的胃黏膜保护机制可能与调节Nrf2/HO-1通路介导的抗氧化作用有关[87]
此外黄连中的黄酮类化合物槲皮素也能通过抑制氧化应激来减轻胃黏膜损伤,KAHRAMAN A等[112]评价槲皮素对乙醇性胃溃疡大鼠胃黏膜的保护作用,发现槲皮素对乙醇诱导的大鼠胃黏膜溃疡有预防作用,在造模前提前给予槲皮素干预的大鼠胃黏膜SOD及非酶促抗氧化剂总蛋白巯基较模型组显著升高,MPO活性显著降低。ALKUSHIA G R等[113]选用吲哚美辛致大鼠急性胃溃疡模型验证槲皮素的胃黏膜保护机制,发现槲皮素对吲哚美辛所致胃溃疡的保护作用优于H2 受体拮抗剂法莫替丁,在接受槲皮素治疗后因吲哚美辛干预导致明显降低的抗氧化指标GSH、SOD、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)恢复至接近正常值,CAT是除GSH-Px之外参与分解H2 O2的另一关键酶,它可以加速H2 O2分解为水和氧气[100],实验结果说明调节胃黏膜氧化平衡是槲皮素保护胃黏膜的重要途径之一。
胃黏膜血液循环是胃黏膜保护的重要因素之一,它可以为胃黏膜提供氧气、各类营养物质和胃肠肽类激素以支持黏膜正常的结构、功能与更新修复,还在黏膜表面黏液以及碳酸氢盐的产生与分泌中发挥重要作用,有助于维持黏膜屏障,此外黏膜表面的血液循环能够及时清除代谢废物和反向扩散至黏膜内的H+从而保持局部黏膜的微环境相对稳定[114]。因此胃黏膜血流量(gastricmucosal blood flow,GMBF)和胃黏膜损伤的发生与修复关系密切,大量研究资料显示GMBF减少能够导致胃黏膜溃疡而溃疡周围的GMBF增加则会加速溃疡愈合[115]
GMBF受到血管收缩因子如内皮素(endothelin,ET)等和血管舒张因子如NO、PGE2等的共同调节[116]。NO与ET是一对相互拮抗的血管活性物质,二者之间的平衡对GMBF的调节至关重要[117]。NO的合成受一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)的调节,在生理状态下eNOS持续产生适量的NO,激活鸟苷酸环化酶,使三磷酸鸟苷酸转化为5-环化磷酸鸟苷酸,从而调节胃黏膜血管壁平滑肌张力,维持GMBF水平,此外NO还能通过刺激上皮细胞黏液分泌、抑制血小板聚集和中性粒细胞黏附、清除超氧自由基等机制发挥其保护胃黏膜作用[118]。ET是一类具有21个氨基酸的环肽,有强烈的收缩血管效果,它可以通过与血管平滑肌上的ETA 受体结合导致一系列级联反应,使细胞内Ca2+快速升高进而令血管收缩[119]。有实验证据表明在胃溃疡发生时NO明显下降,ET明显上升,而当溃疡愈合时NO/ET趋于平衡,恢复至接近正常水平[120]。潘龙瑞等[121]观察黄连主要成分小檗碱对胃溃疡小鼠胃黏膜血管活性物质NO/ET的影响,在每日1次连续5 d小檗碱药液预处理干预后采用无水乙醇灌胃导致小鼠急性胃黏膜损伤,2 h后取小鼠胃组织测定NO、NOS及ET含量,发现采用小剂量(5 mg·kg-1)小檗碱干预便可将溃疡小鼠胃组织NO/ET维持在正常水平,当大剂量(50 mg·kg-1)小檗碱预处理时可见小鼠胃组织NO和NOS显著升高,ET含量明显降低,并有效抑制了乙醇所致的胃黏膜溃疡,说明小檗碱能够呈剂量依赖性促进NOS/NO并降低ET水平,通过调节胃黏膜血管活性物质,增加GMBF可能是小檗碱发挥其保护胃黏膜作用的机制之一。
研究证实PGE2作为胃黏膜重要的防御因子也能够通过维持GMBF以发挥其保护作用[115],它可以作用于EP2及EP4受体来诱导血管平滑肌松弛增加血流量[122],如前文中所提到的,黄连中的化学组分黄连碱及巴马汀可以有效抑制黏膜溃疡时的PGE2下降[87-88]
胃酸分泌过多也是消化性溃疡发生的重要原因之一,在Hp被发现之前“无酸即无溃疡”的说法被广泛推崇。BEI L等[123]采用水浸应激法、乙醇灌胃法、醋酸侵蚀法、幽门结扎法4种造模方法建立小鼠胃溃疡模型,观察黄连总生物碱的抗溃疡作用及对胃分泌的影响情况,并与小檗碱和西米替丁进行比较,结果显示黄连总生物碱对各类胃溃疡(除醋酸侵蚀型胃溃疡)均有明显的呈剂量依赖性抑制作用且效果要优于小檗碱与西米替丁,通过收集胃液测定发现黄连总生物碱及小檗碱可以降低胃内游离酸度、总酸度、总酸排泄量,但相比H2受体拮抗剂西米替丁抑酸效果较弱,另对胃液体积、胃蛋白酶活性、胃壁黏液量以及胃液中溶解的游离黏液没有产生影响,可见黄连生物碱成分有一定程度的抑制胃酸分泌作用,但与其抑制胃溃疡能力不成正比,说明抑制胃酸并非黄连生物碱防治胃溃疡的唯一途径,黄连防治胃溃疡是多种成分通过多种机制协同作用的结果。
邹忠杰等[124]利用核磁共振氢谱技术检测到乙醇性胃损伤大鼠血清和尿液中的某些代谢表型发生了明显变化,说明胃黏膜损伤大鼠出现了机体糖代谢、脂质代谢和氨基酸代谢的紊乱,同时伴随着一定的肠道菌群扰动,从而加重胃黏膜损伤,然而经过黄连总生物碱预处理能够有效缓解胃黏膜损伤大鼠机体糖代谢和脂质失衡并且对肠道菌群可以起到一定的调节作用,体现了黄连生物碱作为中药成分整体调节的特点。
细胞凋亡是一种程序性细胞死亡,是Hp感染以及其他因素介导胃黏膜损伤发生的主要病理基础之一[125],同时诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡也是治疗胃癌的关键所在。有研究用小檗碱溶液灌胃Hp感染致胃黏膜上皮细胞损伤小鼠,发现小檗碱可以明显提高Hp小鼠胃黏膜上皮细胞活力,显著降低细胞凋亡率以及Bax和Cl-Caspase-3的表达[76],表明小檗碱可以通过抑制Hp诱导的细胞凋亡过程来减轻胃黏膜损伤。与之相反的是在胃黏膜癌变的治疗中,小檗碱则可以通过促进细胞凋亡作用来预防或逆转胃癌的发生[126]。可见小檗碱在胃溃疡疾病发展的不同阶段可以表现出截然相反的作用。
《三指禅·内外痈疽先变脉论》论及“凡属肺痈与胃脘诸痈,总是热毒蕴结,四字概之。”黄连及其有效成分作为清热解毒类的代表中药被广泛应用于胃溃疡的治疗中,并且疗效显著,特别是治疗Hp感染型胃溃疡的作用尤为突出。文章综合黄连治疗胃溃疡的相关文献,发现黄连及其有效组分主要通过抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化以及调节胃黏膜血流量等作用机制,从而预防及改善胃黏膜损伤,促进溃疡愈合,具体见图1。在作用机制总结的过程中,笔者发现黄连针对某些靶点如PGE2、NO以及细胞凋亡进程并非一味促进或抑制,而是表现出双向调节的作用,将其维持在一定水平,有助于保持内环境稳态。
目前,尽管黄连及其有效成分治疗胃溃疡的药理作用相关文献已相对完善,但多数研究主要集中在黄连关键成分小檗碱上,其他成分的研究潜力尚未充分挖掘,且所作用相关通路的研究尚不足,需要进一步深入补充完善。中药传统的煎服方法通常采用水煎,可能无法充分释放黄连中的脂溶性成分,因此在制备黄连制剂的过程中可以考虑适当增加脂溶性溶剂以提高有效成分的提取效率。此外,许多研究表明对黄连药材进行特殊炮制或与其他中药配伍使用在胃溃疡的治疗中可以起到协同增效的作用[101-102],因此对黄连的炮制和配伍也是未来研究的重要方向之一。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82074296)
  • 辽宁省教育厅高校科研基金项目(L202063)
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2025年第43卷第12期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.006
  • 首发时间:2026-04-29
  • 出版时间:2025-12-10
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基金
国家自然科学基金项目(82074296)
辽宁省教育厅高校科研基金项目(L202063)
作者信息
    1.辽宁中医药大学,辽宁 沈阳 110847
    2.辽宁中医药大学附属第四医院,辽宁 沈阳 110101
    3.辽宁中医药大学附属医院,辽宁 沈阳 110032

通讯作者:

肖景东(1971-),男(回族),辽宁丹东人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医消化病。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zhzyyxk/CN/10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.006
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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