Article(id=1256183368526455011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1256183358493679805, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1777427053814, onlineDateStr=2026-04-29, pubDate=1765296000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777427053814, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777427053814, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777427053814, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256183358493679805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777427051344, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777427760067, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256186331126969089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1256183358493679805, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256186331126969090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1256183358493679805, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=26, endPage=32, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256183371491827962, articleId=1256183368526455011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Ethanol Fractional Precipitation of Vinegar-Baked Chaihu(Radix Bupleuri)Polysaccharides and Their Effects on Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Lamivudine, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the ethanol fractional precipitation of vinegar-baked Chaihu(Radix Bupleuri)polysaccharides(VBCP)and their effects on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of lamivudine.

Methods

The ethanol fractional precipitation was used to separate vinegar-baked Chaihu(Radix Bupleuri)polysaccharides.The phenol sulfuric acid method was used to determine the molecular weight,and the bicinchoninic acid(BCA)method was used to determine the protein content.The high performance gel permeation chromatography was used to determine the molecular weight,the high performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the monosaccharide composition,and the infrared spectrum was used to identify the characteristic groups of polysaccharide.Then,high-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the concentration of lamivudine in plasma and tissue at different time points after oral administration of lamivudine and lamivudine+VBCPs.The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using DAS2.0 software,and the differences in pharmacokinetic parameters and tissue concentrations were compared using SPSS 20.0.

Results

The sugar contents of VBCP-40,VBCP-60,and VBCP-80 were 65.53%,66.42%and 54.86%,respectively.The protein contents were 9.836%,6.214% and 8.744%,respectively.The molecular weight of three polysaccharides decreased with increasing alcohol concentration,and they were all composed of mannose,rhamnose,glucuronic acid,galacturonic acid,glucose,galactose and arabinose,but the proportions varied greatly.The infrared spectrum shows that all of them had typical polysaccharide characteristic peaks.The results of pharmacokinetic study showed that compared with the lamivudine group,the combination group of VBCP-60 and lamivudine significantly increased area under the concentration time curve(AUC0-9,AUC0-∞)and Cmax,while decreased plasma clearance(CLz/F).The results of tissue distribution study showed that VBCP-60 and VBCP-80 could increase the concentration of lamivudine in the liver;meanwhile,VBCP-80 could reduce its concentration in the kidneys.

Conclusion

Ethanol fractional precipitation can achieve the preliminary separation and purification of VBCP.VBCP-60 and VBCP-80 can increase the distribution of lamivudine in the liver,the anti-HBV effector organ of lamivudine,so they may be the active fractions for enhancing the efficacy of lamivudine.

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目的

探讨分级醇沉醋柴胡多糖(Vinegar-baked Radix Bupleuri polysaccharide,VBCP)部位对抗乙肝药拉米夫定药代动力学及组织分布的影响。

方法

采用分级醇沉法对醋柴胡多糖进行分离,采用苯酚-硫酸法测定糖含量,二喹啉甲酸(Bicinchoninic Acid,BCA)法测定蛋白含量,高效凝胶渗透色谱法测定分子量,高效液相色谱测定单糖组成以及红外光谱进行多糖特征基团鉴定。然后采用高效液相色谱法对单用拉米夫定及联用拉米夫定与醋柴胡多糖分级醇沉部位灌胃后不同时间点拉米夫定在血浆和组织中浓度进行测定,并采用药代动力学软件(DAS 2.0)进行药代动力学参数计算,采用统计分析软件(SPSS 20.0)对药代主要参数和组织浓度差异进行比较。

结果

醋柴胡多糖40%醇沉部位(VBCP-40),60%醇沉部位(VBCP-60)和80%醇沉部位(VBCP-80)糖含量分别为65.53%、66.42%、54.86%;蛋白质含量分别为9.836%、6.214%、8.744%。3种多糖的分子量随着醇浓度的增大而减小,其均由甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖组成,但比例相差较大。红外光谱显示其均有典型的多糖特征峰。药代动力学结果显示与单用组相比,VBCP-60和拉米夫定联用组药时曲线下面积(Area under the concentration-time curve,AUC)0-9、AUC0-∞、Concentration(C)max显著升高,清除率(plasma clearance,CLz/F)显著降低。组织分布研究结果显示VBCP-60和VBCP-80可增加拉米夫定在肝脏中浓度;同时VBCP-80可降低其在肾脏中的浓度。

结论

分级醇沉可实现醋柴胡多糖的初步分离纯化。VBCP-60和VBCP-80可增加拉米夫定在效应器官肝脏中的分布,可能是联用拉米夫定增效的活性部位。

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赵瑞芝(1968-),女,陕西兴平人,研究员,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药多糖药效物质基础和中药制剂。E-mail:
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赵亚(1982-),女,湖南衡阳人,副研究员,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药多糖药效物质基础和药代动力学。

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赵亚(1982-),女,湖南衡阳人,副研究员,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药多糖药效物质基础和药代动力学。

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赵亚(1982-),女,湖南衡阳人,副研究员,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药多糖药效物质基础和药代动力学。

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Food Hydrocoll2022130:107687., articleTitle=Depolymerized nondigestible sulfated algal polysaccharides produced by hydrothermal treatment with enhanced bacterial fermentation characteristics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256183577843196615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1256183368526455011, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=102, issue=null, pageStart=438, pageEnd=451, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=PHIL L, NAVEED M, MOHAMMAD IS, journalName=Biomed Pharmacother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PHIL L,NAVEED M,MOHAMMAD IS,etal. Chitooligosaccharide:an evaluation of physicochemical and biological properties with the proposition for determination of thermal degradation products[J]. Biomed Pharmacother2018102:438-451., articleTitle=Chitooligosaccharide:an evaluation of physicochemical and biological properties with the proposition for determination of thermal degradation products, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256183578312958673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1256183368526455011, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=45, issue=1, pageStart=124, pageEnd=132, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=周雪艳, 常贺, 苟海芹, journalName=河南工业大学学报(自然科学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=周雪艳,常贺,苟海芹,. 分子量影响多糖生物活性的研究进展[J]. 河南工业大学学报(自然科学版)202445(1):124-132., articleTitle=分子量影响多糖生物活性的研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256183578719806170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1256183368526455011, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=22, issue=9, pageStart=6, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=唐勇, 李坚, 张阳德, journalName=中国现代医学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=唐勇,李坚,张阳德. 具有肝靶向功能的半乳糖化紫杉醇长循环纳米脂质体抑瘤作用研究[J]. 中国现代医学杂志201222(9):6-11., articleTitle=具有肝靶向功能的半乳糖化紫杉醇长循环纳米脂质体抑瘤作用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256183579168596703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1256183368526455011, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=41, issue=18, pageStart=3457, pageEnd=3462, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=颜红, 欧阳婷, 杨琼梁, journalName=中国中药杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=颜红,欧阳婷,杨琼梁,. 西瑞香素半乳糖化脂质体在大鼠体内组织分布的研究[J]. 中国中药杂志201641(18):3457-3462., articleTitle=西瑞香素半乳糖化脂质体在大鼠体内组织分布的研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256183579504141027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1256183368526455011, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=YU L X, YING M H, HONG S, journalName=Int J Pharm, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU L X,YING M H,HONG S,et al. Dual-targeting galactosefunctionalized hyaluronic acidmodified lipid nanoparticles delivering silybin for alleviating alcoholic liver injury[J]. Int J Pharm2024(12):124662., articleTitle=Dual-targeting galactosefunctionalized hyaluronic acidmodified lipid nanoparticles delivering silybin for alleviating alcoholic liver injury, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256183579957125864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1256183368526455011, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=266, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=ZHAO Y, LI P, WANG X S, journalName=Int J Biol Macromol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO Y,LI P,WANG X S,et al. A novel pectin polysaccharide from vinegar-baked Radix Bupleuri absorbed by microfold cells in the form of nanoparticles[J]. 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注:1.甘露糖。2.鼠李糖。3.葡萄糖醛酸。4.半乳糖醛酸。5.葡萄糖。6.半乳糖。7.阿拉伯糖。

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注:A1.空白血浆;B1.空白血浆加对照品;C1.大鼠灌胃拉米夫定后40 min血药图谱;A2.空白肝脏;B2.空白肝脏加对照品;C2.大鼠灌胃拉米夫定后40 min肝中分布图谱;1.拉米夫定;2.齐多夫定。

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注:*与单用拉米夫定组比较,P<0.05。

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组织药物浓度/(mg·L-1回收率/(%)精密度/(%)准确度/(%)稳定性(RSD)/(%)
日内日间常温24 h4℃48 h反复冻融3次
0.312106.00±7.973.081.9482.09±3.082.602.721.88
0.625107.70±3.743.811.4690.68±3.812.602.733.00
2.5102.10±5.324.320.7898.89±4.327.336.754.17
2096.89±5.072.901.64101.20±2.903.053.472.85
0.312110.40±3.496.004.6293.86±6.004.105.495.15
0.625102.10±1.693.742.0998.68±3.741.952.561.26
2.5104.60±4.051.340.95101.20±1.341.291.480.90
2095.12±1.826.140.7892.66±6.145.685.605.05
0.312109.80±3.172.391.9083.48±2.392.312.422.04
0.625107.80±4.313.710.9088.36±3.710.911.720.59
2.5109.03±4.104.300.22103.13±4.33.304.102.97
2093.94±3.684.160.8890.57±4.162.092.551.3
0.31288.26±3.394.112.7293.88±4.117.065.244.25
0.62596.00±2.183.621.5696.09±3.626.745.322.28
2.593.20±3.694.000.83100.03±4.003.692.421.99
2088.21±1.661.821.8397.06±1.822.293.541.47
0.312109.66±5.050.724.88118.96±0.720.812.493.74
0.625103.65±2.105.143.77101.91±5.141.181.070.90
2.593.26±1.852.572.3995.95±2.5795.882.192.62
2093.86±0.631.410.4399.50±1.411.431.691.14
), ArticleFig(id=1256183557383381449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1256183368526455011, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

大鼠组织中拉米夫定准确度、精密度、回收率、稳定性结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组织药物浓度/(mg·L-1回收率/(%)精密度/(%)准确度/(%)稳定性(RSD)/(%)
日内日间常温24 h4℃48 h反复冻融3次
0.312106.00±7.973.081.9482.09±3.082.602.721.88
0.625107.70±3.743.811.4690.68±3.812.602.733.00
2.5102.10±5.324.320.7898.89±4.327.336.754.17
2096.89±5.072.901.64101.20±2.903.053.472.85
0.312110.40±3.496.004.6293.86±6.004.105.495.15
0.625102.10±1.693.742.0998.68±3.741.952.561.26
2.5104.60±4.051.340.95101.20±1.341.291.480.90
2095.12±1.826.140.7892.66±6.145.685.605.05
0.312109.80±3.172.391.9083.48±2.392.312.422.04
0.625107.80±4.313.710.9088.36±3.710.911.720.59
2.5109.03±4.104.300.22103.13±4.33.304.102.97
2093.94±3.684.160.8890.57±4.162.092.551.3
0.31288.26±3.394.112.7293.88±4.117.065.244.25
0.62596.00±2.183.621.5696.09±3.626.745.322.28
2.593.20±3.694.000.83100.03±4.003.692.421.99
2088.21±1.661.821.8397.06±1.822.293.541.47
0.312109.66±5.050.724.88118.96±0.720.812.493.74
0.625103.65±2.105.143.77101.91±5.141.181.070.90
2.593.26±1.852.572.3995.95±2.5795.882.192.62
2093.86±0.631.410.4399.50±1.411.431.691.14
), ArticleFig(id=1256183558629089762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1256183368526455011, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数AUC0-9/(mg·h·L-1AUC0-∞/(mg·h·L-1Tmax/(h)Cmax/(mg·L-1MRT0-9/(h)Vz/F/(L·kg-1CLz/F/(L·kg-1·h-1
3TC组5.51±1.075.80±1.010.73±0.151.23±0.193.03±0.279.05±3.423.18±0.55
3TC+VBCP40组4.59±1.055.00±1.080.83±0.181.35±0.232.53±0.32**13.21±5.613.73±0.77
3TC+VBCP60组7.17±0.98*7.88±0.87**0.75±0.172.01±0.42**2.64±0.16**8.56±2.592.31±0.26**
3TC+VBCP80组5.28±0.867.05±2.571.00±0.521.37±0.393.02±0.4915.30±11.192.75±0.66
), ArticleFig(id=1256183559446979049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1256183368526455011, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各组大鼠主要药代动力学参数(n=6,

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数AUC0-9/(mg·h·L-1AUC0-∞/(mg·h·L-1Tmax/(h)Cmax/(mg·L-1MRT0-9/(h)Vz/F/(L·kg-1CLz/F/(L·kg-1·h-1
3TC组5.51±1.075.80±1.010.73±0.151.23±0.193.03±0.279.05±3.423.18±0.55
3TC+VBCP40组4.59±1.055.00±1.080.83±0.181.35±0.232.53±0.32**13.21±5.613.73±0.77
3TC+VBCP60组7.17±0.98*7.88±0.87**0.75±0.172.01±0.42**2.64±0.16**8.56±2.592.31±0.26**
3TC+VBCP80组5.28±0.867.05±2.571.00±0.521.37±0.393.02±0.4915.30±11.192.75±0.66
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醋柴胡多糖分级醇沉及其对拉米夫定药代动力学及组织分布的影响
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赵亚 1 , 刘丽娟 1 , 盈世敏 1 , 刘志芬 1 , 吴亚运 1, 2 , 赵瑞芝 1, 2
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(12): 26-32
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中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025, 43(12): 26-32
醋柴胡多糖分级醇沉及其对拉米夫定药代动力学及组织分布的影响
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赵亚1, 刘丽娟1, 盈世敏1, 刘志芬1, 吴亚运1, 2, 赵瑞芝1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.广州中医药大学第二附属医院省部共建中医湿证重点实验室,广东 广州 510006
  • 2.广东省中医证候临床研究重点实验室,广东 广州 510006
  • 赵亚(1982-),女,湖南衡阳人,副研究员,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药多糖药效物质基础和药代动力学。

通讯作者:

赵瑞芝(1968-),女,陕西兴平人,研究员,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药多糖药效物质基础和中药制剂。E-mail:
Ethanol Fractional Precipitation of Vinegar-Baked Chaihu(Radix Bupleuri)Polysaccharides and Their Effects on Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Lamivudine
Ya ZHAO1, Lijuan LIU1, Shimin YING1, Zhifen LIU1, Yayun WU1, 2, Ruizhi ZHAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine,Guangzhou 510006,Guangdong,China
  • 2.Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome,Guangzhou 510006,Guangdong,China
出版时间: 2025-12-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.005
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目的

探讨分级醇沉醋柴胡多糖(Vinegar-baked Radix Bupleuri polysaccharide,VBCP)部位对抗乙肝药拉米夫定药代动力学及组织分布的影响。

方法

采用分级醇沉法对醋柴胡多糖进行分离,采用苯酚-硫酸法测定糖含量,二喹啉甲酸(Bicinchoninic Acid,BCA)法测定蛋白含量,高效凝胶渗透色谱法测定分子量,高效液相色谱测定单糖组成以及红外光谱进行多糖特征基团鉴定。然后采用高效液相色谱法对单用拉米夫定及联用拉米夫定与醋柴胡多糖分级醇沉部位灌胃后不同时间点拉米夫定在血浆和组织中浓度进行测定,并采用药代动力学软件(DAS 2.0)进行药代动力学参数计算,采用统计分析软件(SPSS 20.0)对药代主要参数和组织浓度差异进行比较。

结果

醋柴胡多糖40%醇沉部位(VBCP-40),60%醇沉部位(VBCP-60)和80%醇沉部位(VBCP-80)糖含量分别为65.53%、66.42%、54.86%;蛋白质含量分别为9.836%、6.214%、8.744%。3种多糖的分子量随着醇浓度的增大而减小,其均由甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖组成,但比例相差较大。红外光谱显示其均有典型的多糖特征峰。药代动力学结果显示与单用组相比,VBCP-60和拉米夫定联用组药时曲线下面积(Area under the concentration-time curve,AUC)0-9、AUC0-∞、Concentration(C)max显著升高,清除率(plasma clearance,CLz/F)显著降低。组织分布研究结果显示VBCP-60和VBCP-80可增加拉米夫定在肝脏中浓度;同时VBCP-80可降低其在肾脏中的浓度。

结论

分级醇沉可实现醋柴胡多糖的初步分离纯化。VBCP-60和VBCP-80可增加拉米夫定在效应器官肝脏中的分布,可能是联用拉米夫定增效的活性部位。

醋柴胡多糖  /  分级醇沉  /  拉米夫定  /  药代动力学  /  组织分布
Objective

To investigate the ethanol fractional precipitation of vinegar-baked Chaihu(Radix Bupleuri)polysaccharides(VBCP)and their effects on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of lamivudine.

Methods

The ethanol fractional precipitation was used to separate vinegar-baked Chaihu(Radix Bupleuri)polysaccharides.The phenol sulfuric acid method was used to determine the molecular weight,and the bicinchoninic acid(BCA)method was used to determine the protein content.The high performance gel permeation chromatography was used to determine the molecular weight,the high performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the monosaccharide composition,and the infrared spectrum was used to identify the characteristic groups of polysaccharide.Then,high-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the concentration of lamivudine in plasma and tissue at different time points after oral administration of lamivudine and lamivudine+VBCPs.The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using DAS2.0 software,and the differences in pharmacokinetic parameters and tissue concentrations were compared using SPSS 20.0.

Results

The sugar contents of VBCP-40,VBCP-60,and VBCP-80 were 65.53%,66.42%and 54.86%,respectively.The protein contents were 9.836%,6.214% and 8.744%,respectively.The molecular weight of three polysaccharides decreased with increasing alcohol concentration,and they were all composed of mannose,rhamnose,glucuronic acid,galacturonic acid,glucose,galactose and arabinose,but the proportions varied greatly.The infrared spectrum shows that all of them had typical polysaccharide characteristic peaks.The results of pharmacokinetic study showed that compared with the lamivudine group,the combination group of VBCP-60 and lamivudine significantly increased area under the concentration time curve(AUC0-9,AUC0-∞)and Cmax,while decreased plasma clearance(CLz/F).The results of tissue distribution study showed that VBCP-60 and VBCP-80 could increase the concentration of lamivudine in the liver;meanwhile,VBCP-80 could reduce its concentration in the kidneys.

Conclusion

Ethanol fractional precipitation can achieve the preliminary separation and purification of VBCP.VBCP-60 and VBCP-80 can increase the distribution of lamivudine in the liver,the anti-HBV effector organ of lamivudine,so they may be the active fractions for enhancing the efficacy of lamivudine.

vinegar-baked Chaihu(Radix Bupleuri)polysaccharide  /  ethanol fractional precipitation  /  lamivudine  /  pharmacokinetics  /  tissue distribution
赵亚, 刘丽娟, 盈世敏, 刘志芬, 吴亚运, 赵瑞芝. 醋柴胡多糖分级醇沉及其对拉米夫定药代动力学及组织分布的影响. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (12) : 26 -32 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.005
Ya ZHAO, Lijuan LIU, Shimin YING, Zhifen LIU, Yayun WU, Ruizhi ZHAO. Ethanol Fractional Precipitation of Vinegar-Baked Chaihu(Radix Bupleuri)Polysaccharides and Their Effects on Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Lamivudine[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (12) : 26 -32 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.005
病毒性肝炎是全球范围内重要的公共卫生问题,可逐步发展为肝硬化,甚至肝癌等更严重的肝病。中国是病毒性感染负担最重的国家,而其中乙肝病毒感染为最主要的病毒性肝炎感染类型,占比70%以上[1]。目前核苷类似物是首选的抗乙肝病毒的药物,其中拉米夫定因其疗效最好,且毒性较低,其毒性是同类药物齐多夫定的十分之一左右[2],而被广泛应用于临床。然而长期单一使用拉米夫定易引发耐药突变的不良反应。虽然与其他核苷类似药联用可在一定程度上解决该问题,但是同时又带来了交叉耐药和多重耐药等新的不良反应[3]。因此急需寻找新的更安全有效的联用药物。
柴胡是我国传统中药,具有抗炎、解热、镇痛、保肝利胆、抗肝纤维化、调节免疫、抗肿瘤等药理作用[4],柴胡醋制后专入肝经,主要用于肝脏相关疾病[5-6]。前期研究显示醋柴胡的主要活性成分醋柴胡多糖与拉米夫定体外联用可通过增加拉米夫定的摄取发挥抗乙肝病毒增效作用[7],而醋柴胡多糖在体内发挥该作用的前提是醋柴胡多糖提高拉米夫定在靶组织肝脏中的浓度,但是醋柴胡多糖是否影响拉米夫定的体内过程从而发挥增效作用尚不清楚。此外醋柴胡多糖并非单一多糖组分,多糖最佳活性组分难以确定,为后续醋柴胡多糖联用增效的物质基础和机制研究带来了困难。因此本研究采用分级醇沉法对醋柴胡多糖进行分离,得到不同醇沉部位并进行理化性质表征,然后对醋柴胡多糖不同醇沉部位联用拉米夫定药代动力学和组织分布进行研究,通过体内过程明确醋柴胡多糖联用拉米夫定增效的机制,并筛选出活性醇沉部位,为醋柴胡多糖联用拉米夫定增效作用提供科学依据,并为醋柴胡多糖的进一步开发提供参考依据。
醋柴胡(产地:湖北,批号:210802691,厂家:康美药业股份有限公司);拉米夫定(含量≥98%、MB1889),齐多夫定(含量≥98%、MB1766)均由大连美仑提供;甲醇(色谱级,天津四友);乙腈(色谱级,迪马);乙酸(色谱纯,天津富宇精细化工试剂公司);1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(3-Methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one,PMP,批号:B2217151,厂家:上海阿拉丁生化科技有限公司);三氟乙酸(批号:C14724103,厂家:上海麦克林生化科技有限公司);BCA试剂盒(批号:XE351686;厂家:ThermoSciencetific);其他试剂均为分析级及以上试剂。
Agilent1200高效液相色谱仪配VWD检测器(美国安捷伦公司);IKA涡旋振荡仪(GENIUS3,德国);超低温冰箱(NEW BRUNSWICK英国);Milli-Q纯水机(美国Millipore公司);电子分析天平(BT-125D);液相色谱仪(安捷伦1260);紫外可见分光光度计(U-2910);傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Spectrum Two);电位粒径分析仪(布鲁克海文)。
SD大鼠,96只,雄性,体质量250~300 g,广东省实验动物中心提供,生产许可证号:00158008,动物合格证号:44007200034212。动物实验经广州中医药大学第二附属医院动物伦理委员会批准(批准号:2017023)。
按课题组前期方法[8]进行提取醋柴胡总多糖,然后称取醋柴胡总多糖150 g,用150 mL纯水溶解后,加入一定量95%乙醇使乙醇的质量分数达到40%,充分搅拌后置于4℃冰箱中静置24 h,3000 r·min-1,离心15 min,分别收集沉淀和上清液Ⅰ,沉淀干燥后得40%醇沉组分(VBCP-40)。向上清液Ⅰ中继续缓慢补加乙醇至质量分数为60%,4℃静置24 h,3000 r·min-1,离心15 min,分别收集沉淀和上清液Ⅱ,沉淀干燥后得60%醇沉组分(VBCP-60)。同法,向上清Ⅱ中继续缓慢补加乙醇至质量分数为80%,弃去上清液Ⅲ,得到80% 醇沉组分(VBCP-80),分别计算各组分得率(%)。
(1)糖含量测定和蛋白含量测定:糖含量测定采用苯酚-硫酸法以D-葡萄糖为标准品进行测定,蛋白含量测定采用BCA法进行测定。
(2)分子量测定:分别称取VBCP-40,VBCP-60,VBCP-80适量,用0.2 mol·L-1 NaCl制成浓度为1mg·mL-1的溶液,用0.22μm微孔滤膜过滤。另取不同分子量的右旋糖酐标准品(3690、2370、1740、1190、680、550、220、95、60 kDa),同法操作。采用配有示差折光检测器的高效液相色谱仪进行测定,色谱柱为TSKgel GMPWxL柱(7.8 mm×30 cm,13μm),流动相为0.2 mol·L-1 NaCl,柱温为25 ℃,流速为0.4 mL·min-1,检测器温度为35℃,进样量为5μL。测定完成后,各多糖样品分子量通过GPC软件计算得到。
(3)单糖组成测定:分别准确称取5mgVBCP-40,VBCP-60,VBCP-80,溶于2 mol·L-1的三氟乙酸溶液后转移到装有磁珠的25 mL圆底单口烧瓶中,将瓶内空气置换为N2后,在110℃油浴条件下密闭水解6 h。反应结束后,放冷至室温,用旋转蒸发器减压旋干后加入3 mL甲醇溶液,除去残留的三氟乙酸,重复5次以上至轻嗅无三氟乙酸味,封口-20℃保存。将样品用600μL超纯水复溶,超声溶解10 min,移液枪准确吸取粗多糖样液400μL于2 mL的EP管中,加入200μL 0.3 mol·L-1 NaOH溶液混匀后加入200μL 0.6 mol·L-1溶于甲醇的PMP溶液,涡旋混匀,在70℃水浴条件下反应100 min。反应结束后,放冷至室温,再加入200μL 0.3 mol·L-1 HCl混匀中和反应体系。加入氯仿涡旋混匀,10 000 r·min-1离心10 min,保留水层,再加入等体积的氯仿萃取两次,取水相过0.22 μm水系滤膜后上高效液相色谱仪进行分析。另取各单糖标准品同法操作。液相色谱条件:色谱柱为DiamonsilC18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为磷酸盐缓冲液(50 mmol·L-1,pH=6.83)∶乙腈=83∶17;柱温:37℃,进样体积:20μL,检测波长:254 nm。
(4)红外光谱分析:取微量醋柴胡多糖样品轻轻点于傅里叶变换红外光谱仪的硒化锌晶体表面按压后进行扫描,波数范围为4000~500 cm-1
(5)粒径和电位测定:准确称取醋柴胡多糖样品2 mg,溶于2 mL的蒸馏水中,充分混匀,过0.8μm的水系滤膜,使用电位粒径分析仪测定其粒径和电位。
(1)色谱条件:色谱柱Hibar RP-18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),检测器DAD,柱温35℃,流动相(血药浓度):0.1 mol·L-1醋酸氨缓冲液(A)(乙酸调pH值3.5)-甲醇(B)-乙腈(C)梯度洗脱(0 min,10%B;0~12 min,10%B-10%B65%C;12~14 min,10%B65%C-10%B65%C);流动相(组织分布):水(A)-甲醇(B)-乙腈(C)梯度洗脱(0 min,10%B;0~8 min,10%B-10%B6%C;8~14 min,10%B6%C-20%B10%C;14~20 min,20%B10%C-20%B10%C),流速1 mL·min-1,检测波长276 nm,进样量10μL。
(2)给药和样品的采集:血浆样品:24只SD雄性大鼠,适应性饲养1周,随机分为4组,每组6只。给药前禁食12 h,自由饮水,分别灌胃给予拉米夫定(18 mg·kg-1)、拉米夫定(18 mg·kg-1)+VBCP-40(540 mg·kg-1)、拉米夫定+VBCP-60(540 mg·kg-1)、拉米夫定+VBCP-80(540 mg·kg-1),于给药前及给药后5、10、20、40 min和1、2、4、6、9 h采血,置于1.5 mL肝素钠离心管中,4000 r·min-1离心15 min,取上层血浆,保存于-80℃冰箱,待测。
组织样品:72只SD雄性大鼠,适应性饲养1周,随机分为4组,每组18只。给药前禁食12 h,自由饮水,分别灌胃给予拉米夫定(18 mg·kg-1)、拉米夫定(18 mg·kg-1)+VBCP-40(540 mg·kg-1)、拉米夫定+VBCP-60(540 mg·kg-1)、拉米夫定+VBCP-80(540 mg·kg-1),于给药前及给药后20、40 min和4 h处死大鼠,解剖采集心、肝、脾、肺和肾组织,剔去筋膜,0.9%氯化钠溶液洗净,滤纸滤干,保存于-80℃冰箱,待测。
(3)样品的处理:血浆样品:血浆100μL,加入内标齐多夫定(2.5 mg·L-1)100μL,涡旋混匀,加入1 mL甲醇,涡旋1 min,15 000 r·min-1离心10 min,取上清液,50℃水浴、N2 挥干,100μL流动相复溶,涡旋1 min,15 000 r·min-1离心20 min,取上清液,10μL进样分析。
组织样品:精密称取组织0.1 g,加入10倍量的0.9%氯化钠溶液匀浆,离心10 min,取上清液,-80℃冰箱保存。取组织匀浆液100μL,按血浆样品同法进行后续处理。
(4)对照品溶液的制备:精密称取拉米夫定、齐多夫定对照品,用甲醇配制成1 mg·mL-1的储备液,贮存于4℃,备用。
(5)方法学考察:①专属性考察:取大鼠空白血浆和空白组织匀浆,加对照品和内标溶液的空白大鼠血浆和组织匀浆及大鼠口服给药后的血浆和组织匀浆,按“1.2.3(3)”项下样品处理方法进行处理并进样分析得到分析色谱图。
②标准曲线与定量下限:取空白血浆或组织匀浆100μL,加入拉米夫定系列标准溶液,配制成相当于拉米夫定(0.312、0.625、1.25、2.5、5、10、20 mg· L-1)的血浆样品,按“1.2.3(3)”项下方法处理样品并进样分析,以拉米夫定与齐多夫定的峰面积比(Y)与血浆和组织匀浆中浓度(X)进行线性回归计算,得到回归方程。线性范围中最低浓度为定量下限。
③准确度和精密度:空白血浆或组织匀浆100μL,分别加入定量下限、低、中、高4个质量浓度(0.312、0.625、2.5、20 mg·L-1)为拉米夫定的质控样品,按“1.2.3(3)”项下方法处理样品,上机测定后利用“1.2.3(5)②”项下方法所得随行标准曲线计算精密度和准确度。
④提取回收率:空白血浆或组织匀浆100μL,分别加入定量下限、低、中、高4个质量浓度(0.312、0.625、2.5、20 mg·L-1)为拉米夫定的质控样品,按“1.2.3(3)”项下方法处理样品,上机测定的峰面积与相应浓度的对照品溶液进样所得峰面积的比值计算得提取回收率。
⑤稳定性试验:空白血浆或组织匀浆100μL,分别加入低、中、高3个质量浓度(0.625、2.5、20 mg·L-1)为拉米夫定的质控样品,分别考察质控样品室温放置24 h、4℃放置48 h、3次冷冻-解冻循环后,然后按“1.2.3(3)”项下方法处理样品并进行测定稳定性。
采用DAS 2.0软件按非房室模型计算药物动力学参数,结果用均数±标准差()表示。应用SPSS 20.0进行组间差异分析,P<0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。
醋柴胡多糖不同醇沉部位VBCP-40、VBCP-60、VBCP-80的得率分别为1.51%、1.00%、1.05%;糖含量分别为65.53%、66.42%、54.86%;蛋白质含量分别为9.836%、6.214%、8.744%。
醋柴胡多糖不同醇沉部位的分子量如插页Ⅰ图1所示,3个醇沉部位均呈现出宽分子量峰,其中VBCP-40主峰出峰时间为17.627 min,分子量为43.858 kDa;VBCP-60主峰出峰时间为18.334 min,分子量为19.396 kDa以及VBCP-80主峰出峰时间为20.000 min,分子量为1.473 kDa。可见不同浓度醇沉对醋柴胡多糖可按分子量进行初步的分离。
醋柴胡多糖不同醇沉部位VBCP-40、VBCP-60、VBCP-80的单糖组成如图2所示,VBCP-40的单糖组成为甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖,相对摩尔比为1.79∶3.35∶0.19∶23.37∶25.93∶8.45∶36.91,以半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖和阿拉伯糖为主。VBCP-60的单糖组成为甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖,相对摩尔比为1.02∶3.19∶1.23∶8.46∶21.76∶21.12∶43.21,以葡萄糖、半乳糖和阿拉伯糖为主。VBCP-80的单糖组成为甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖,相对摩尔比为3.00∶1.36∶0.84∶3.51∶7.30∶19.57∶64.40,以葡萄糖、半乳糖和阿拉伯糖为主。
如插页Ⅰ图3所示VBCP-40、VBCP-60和VBCP-80均呈现出典型的多糖图谱。在3200~3600 cm-1处有一个强而宽的O-H拉伸振动带,吸收峰出现在2938 cm-1区域是由于C-H拉伸振动造成的。吸收峰位于1739 cm-1附近主要归因于糖醛酸的存在。强吸收峰位于1600~1650 cm-1则证实了C=O的特征不对称拉伸。信号峰值在800~1200 cm-1可视为碳水化合物指纹区。图中峰值位置位于1000~1200 cm-1的信号峰则是由C-O的弯曲振动产生。弱吸收峰即位于888 cm-1和831 cm-1附近的吸收峰则证实3种醇沉粗多糖同时含有β-和α-型两种糖苷键。
VBCP-40、VBCP-60及VBCP-80的粒径分别是(409.62±7.21)nm、(251.74±3.36)nm及(151.82±3.28)nm(图4),电位分别为(-16.19±1.44)mV、(-14.84±2.54)mV和(-11.48±2.28)mV。
专属性结果如图5所示,血浆和组织中内源性物质和其他物质均不干扰拉米夫定的测定,表明血浆和组织样品的定量分析方法专属性均良好。
拉米夫定在血中的标准曲线方程为Y=0.837X-0.036,R2 =0.999,定量下限为0.312 mg·L-1。拉米夫定在各组织中的标准曲线方程分别为:肝:Y=0.627X+0.068,R2=0.997;心:Y=0.650X+0.016,R2=0.999;脾:Y=0.823X+0.057,R2 =0.999;肺:Y=0.717X+0.013,R2=0.997;肾:Y=0.625X-0.016,R2=0.999;定量下限均为0.312 mg·L-1
血中拉米夫定准确度定量下限在114% ~116%,低、中、高浓度在99%~110%;考察了1 d内不同的放置时间精密度,结果显示血中拉米夫定低、中、高浓度日内和日间精密度的RSD均小于8.5%;拉米夫定在血中定量下限、低、中、高浓度的提取回收率在94%~98%;以上结果显示其准确度、精密度和回收率均符合生物样本测定方法要求。血浆质控样品在室温放置24 h、4℃放置48 h、3次冷冻-解冻循环的稳定性实验结果显示RSD均小于8%,表明样品在以上条件下均稳定。各组织中拉米夫定的准确度、精密度、回收率、稳定性结果见表1,均符合生物样本测定方法要求。
醋柴胡多糖不同醇沉部位对拉米夫定药动学的影响结果见图6表2。结果 显示与拉米夫定(Lamivudine,3TC)单用组比较,此外与VBCP60联用后药代动力学参数AUC0-9、AUC0-∞均显著增加,平均滞留时间(Mean Residence Time,MRT)0-9、CLz/F均显著降低。与VBCP40和VBCP80联用后,除与VBCP40联用MRT0-9显著降低外,其余参数均无显著性变化。
醋柴胡多糖不同醇沉部位对拉米夫定组织分布的影响结果见图7。结果 显示醋柴胡多糖不同醇沉部位不同程度地影响拉米夫定在大鼠体内的分布,各脏器中拉米夫定的峰值浓度从大到小依次为肾脏、肝脏、肺脏、脾脏、心脏。与拉米夫定(3TC)单用相比,VBCP60、VBCP80联用组给药40 min时肝脏中拉米夫定浓度显著增加(P<0.05);肾脏中拉米夫定浓度均降低,其中,与VBCP80联用组作用具有显著性(P<0.05)。与不同醇沉部位联用后拉米夫定在其余脏器中浓度变化不显著。
分级纯化是探讨多糖化学结构和生物活性的基础,常用方法有沉淀法,主要包括分级醇沉法和季铵盐沉淀法;柱层析法,主要包括凝胶色谱法、阴离子交换色谱法和大孔树脂色谱柱法;超滤法[9-12]。其中分步醇沉法因其操作简单、损失少、成本低、可行性高等优点而成为分级纯化中最常用的手段之一[13]。本研究通过分级醇沉方法得到了3个不同多糖醇沉部位,理化性质表征结果显示随着醇沉浓度的增加,多糖醇沉部位分子量逐渐减小;不同醇沉部位的多糖均由甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖,但单糖组成比例有较大的不同,VBCP-40以半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖和阿拉伯糖为主,VBCP-60和VBCP-80以葡萄糖、半乳糖和阿拉伯糖为主。其中3个组分共有的葡萄糖和阿拉伯糖,随着醇沉浓度的增加葡萄糖的比例减少,阿拉伯糖的比例逐渐增加。不同醇沉部位粒径大小差异显著,随着醇沉浓度的增加,多糖粒径越小。可见分级醇沉可实现醋柴胡多糖的初步分离纯化。
拉米夫定由于水溶性高,几乎分布于所有细胞外液,导致靶器官肝脏分布少,因此其临床给药剂量大,不良反应和耐药性显著增加[14]。前期研究显示醋柴胡多糖能增加肝炎细胞对拉米夫定的摄取进而增效拉米夫定抗乙肝作用,且醋柴胡多糖具有肝靶向性[615],因此推测醋柴胡多糖可能通过肝靶向作用增加拉米夫定在肝脏分布从而发挥增效作用,而本研究中醋柴胡多糖对拉米夫定药代动力学研究结果显示与单用组相比,VBCP-60和拉米夫定联用组AUC0-9、AUC0-∞、Cmax显著升高,CLz/F显著降低,表明VBCP-60能显著升高拉米夫定的血药浓度。组织分布研究结果显示VBCP-60和VBCP-80可使拉米夫定在肝脏中药物浓度增加,显示出一定的肝靶向性;同时VBCP-80可降低肾脏中的药物含量。因此在实际使用中联用后可减少拉米夫定的剂量,从而对拉米夫定用药过多而产生耐药性及拉米夫定的肾毒性有积极作用。
多糖的生物活性与其结构密切相关,多糖的构效关系研究是目前多糖研究的热点和难点[16-17],其中分子量是影响多糖生物活性的一个重要结构特征。研究发现由于分子内氢键作用较弱,分子量较低的多糖和更多的羟基或氨基处于游离状态,从而更有利于其发挥生物活性[18-19],而分子量较高的多糖具有水溶性差、黏度高的特点,阻碍了其在体内的吸收利用[20-21]。本研究结果显示分子量较高的VBCP-40对体内过程无明显影响,而分子量较低的VBCP-60和VBCP-80部位可增加拉米夫定在肝脏中的分布,且VBCP-80可减少其在肾脏中的分布,与文献报道相符。此外多糖的单糖组成是影响多糖活性的另一重要结构特征。研究发现半乳糖能被肝细胞特异性识别,因此构建半乳糖基靶向载体能够增强药物的肝靶向性[22-24]。本研究发现VBCP-60、VBCP-80半乳糖的比例相较于VBCP-40显著升高,因此进一步证实了VBCP-60、VBCP-80的肝靶向性与半乳糖比例相关。此外,与VBCP-40相比,VBCP-60、VBCP-80中阿拉伯糖的比例较高,而葡萄糖的比例明显减少,提示醋柴胡多糖的肝靶向作用也可能与这两种单糖比例也相关。多糖的立体结构与多糖的活性和体内行为密切相关。我们课题组前期研究发现醋柴胡多糖能够自组装成纳米粒[825],因此本研究对醋柴胡多糖的粒径和电位进行了测定,结果发现VBCP-40、VBCP-60、VBCP-80的粒径差异较大,且粒径较小且粒径范围在100~200 nm的VBCP-60、VBCP-80显示出更好的肝靶向作用。因此不同醇沉部位作用区别可能与其分子量、单糖组成中葡萄糖、半乳糖和阿拉伯糖的比例以及粒径密切相关。然而具体哪种理化性质和结构的多糖活性最好,还需进一步研究。
综上所述,本研究通过分级醇沉获得3个醋柴胡多糖醇沉部位,其分子量、单糖组成和立体结构均有明显区别,可见分级醇沉可实现醋柴胡多糖的初步分离纯化。3个醋柴胡多糖醇沉部位对拉米夫定的体内过程影响明显不同,其中VBCP-60和VBCP-80可增加拉米夫定在效应器官肝脏中的分布,可能是联用拉米夫定增效的活性部位。本课题的研究为醋柴胡多糖联用拉米夫定增效作用提供科学依据,并为醋柴胡多糖的进一步开发提供参考数据。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82074086; 82173981; 81573612)
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2025年第43卷第12期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.005
  • 首发时间:2026-04-29
  • 出版时间:2025-12-10
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国家自然科学基金项目(82074086; 82173981; 81573612)
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    1.广州中医药大学第二附属医院省部共建中医湿证重点实验室,广东 广州 510006
    2.广东省中医证候临床研究重点实验室,广东 广州 510006

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赵瑞芝(1968-),女,陕西兴平人,研究员,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药多糖药效物质基础和中药制剂。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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