Article(id=1256183366915842267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1256183358493679805, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1777427053431, onlineDateStr=2026-04-29, pubDate=1765296000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777427053431, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777427053431, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777427053431, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256183358493679805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777427051344, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777427760067, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256186331126969089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1256183358493679805, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256186331126969090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1256183358493679805, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=113, endPage=118, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256183370732658931, articleId=1256183366915842267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Mechanism of Resveratrol in Treatment of Gout, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years,the incidence of gout has been gradually rising globally due to factors such as fast-paced life,changes in lifestyle habits and the increase in metabolic obesity.Goutacute attack willappear joint pain and swelling,long-term development may even cause gout stones and chronic inflammation,causing great trouble to the patients.Currently,western medicine mainly adopts anti-inflammatory and uric acid-lowering therapies,but there is a certain risk of liver and kidney damage.Therefore,there is an urgent need to develop safe drugs with fewer side effects to treat gout.Traditional Chinese medicine has unique advantages in this field.For example,resveratrol contained in Guzhang(Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix)has been proved by many scholars to have good treatment effect on gout.Numerous studies have shown that resveratrol has significant results in anti-inflammation,lowering uric acid,maintaining the balance of intestinal flora,and regulating the growth and development of bone cells.The purpose of this articlewas to review the mechanism of resveratrol in the treatment of gout,hoping to provide a useful reference for the clinical treatment of gout in traditional Chinese medicine and the in-depth study of resveratrol.

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近几年来,由于快节奏生活、生活习惯改变和代谢异常肥胖症增加等因素,全球痛风(Gout)发病率逐步攀升。痛风急性发作时会出现关节疼痛肿胀,长期发展甚至可能引发痛风石和慢性炎症,对患者生活造成极大困扰。目前西医主要采用抗炎、降尿酸疗法,但存在一定的肝肾损害风险。因此,需要找出安全且不良反应较小的药物来治疗痛风。中医在此领域具有独特优势。例如,虎杖中含有的白藜芦醇(Resveratrol,Res)已被众多学者证明具有良好的痛风治疗效果。诸多研究表明,白藜芦醇在抗炎、降尿酸、维护肠道菌群平衡、调控骨细胞生长发育等方面均有显著成效。综述白藜芦醇治疗痛风的作用机制,希望能为中医临床治疗痛风及白藜芦醇的深入研究提供有益参考。

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刘维(1962-),女(满族),天津人,主任医师、教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:风湿免疫性疾病的中医药临床。E-mail:
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孙晨阳(1999-),女,黑龙江双鸭山人,硕士在读,研究方向:风湿免疫性疾病的中医药临床。

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孙晨阳(1999-),女,黑龙江双鸭山人,硕士在读,研究方向:风湿免疫性疾病的中医药临床。

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孙晨阳(1999-),女,黑龙江双鸭山人,硕士在读,研究方向:风湿免疫性疾病的中医药临床。

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白藜芦醇治疗痛风的作用机制研究进展
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孙晨阳 1, 2, 3 , 刘维 1, 2 , 王笑青 4 , 赵宇兴 1, 2, 3 , 宁晓梅 1, 2, 3 , 刘琰 1, 2, 3 , 王怡文 1, 2, 3
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(12): 113-118
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中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025, 43(12): 113-118
白藜芦醇治疗痛风的作用机制研究进展
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孙晨阳1, 2, 3, 刘维1, 2 , 王笑青4, 赵宇兴1, 2, 3, 宁晓梅1, 2, 3, 刘琰1, 2, 3, 王怡文1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.天津中医药大学第一附属医院,天津 300193
  • 2.国家中医针灸临床医学研究中心,天津 300193
  • 3.天津中医药大学,天津 300193
  • 4.河南省洛阳正骨医院,河南 洛阳 451106
  • 孙晨阳(1999-),女,黑龙江双鸭山人,硕士在读,研究方向:风湿免疫性疾病的中医药临床。

通讯作者:

刘维(1962-),女(满族),天津人,主任医师、教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:风湿免疫性疾病的中医药临床。E-mail:
Research Progress on Mechanism of Resveratrol in Treatment of Gout
Chenyang SUN1, 2, 3, Wei LIU1, 2 , Xiaoqing WANG4, Yuxing ZHAO1, 2, 3, Xiaomei NING1, 2, 3, Yan LIU1, 2, 3, Yiwen WANG1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.The First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Tianjin 300193,China
  • 2.National Clinical Medical Research Center of Acupuncture and Moxibustion,Tianjin 300193,China
  • 3.Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Tianjin 300193,China
  • 4.Henan Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital,Luoyang 451106,Henan,China
出版时间: 2025-12-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.019
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近几年来,由于快节奏生活、生活习惯改变和代谢异常肥胖症增加等因素,全球痛风(Gout)发病率逐步攀升。痛风急性发作时会出现关节疼痛肿胀,长期发展甚至可能引发痛风石和慢性炎症,对患者生活造成极大困扰。目前西医主要采用抗炎、降尿酸疗法,但存在一定的肝肾损害风险。因此,需要找出安全且不良反应较小的药物来治疗痛风。中医在此领域具有独特优势。例如,虎杖中含有的白藜芦醇(Resveratrol,Res)已被众多学者证明具有良好的痛风治疗效果。诸多研究表明,白藜芦醇在抗炎、降尿酸、维护肠道菌群平衡、调控骨细胞生长发育等方面均有显著成效。综述白藜芦醇治疗痛风的作用机制,希望能为中医临床治疗痛风及白藜芦醇的深入研究提供有益参考。

痛风  /  白藜芦醇  /  作用机制  /  研究进展

In recent years,the incidence of gout has been gradually rising globally due to factors such as fast-paced life,changes in lifestyle habits and the increase in metabolic obesity.Goutacute attack willappear joint pain and swelling,long-term development may even cause gout stones and chronic inflammation,causing great trouble to the patients.Currently,western medicine mainly adopts anti-inflammatory and uric acid-lowering therapies,but there is a certain risk of liver and kidney damage.Therefore,there is an urgent need to develop safe drugs with fewer side effects to treat gout.Traditional Chinese medicine has unique advantages in this field.For example,resveratrol contained in Guzhang(Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix)has been proved by many scholars to have good treatment effect on gout.Numerous studies have shown that resveratrol has significant results in anti-inflammation,lowering uric acid,maintaining the balance of intestinal flora,and regulating the growth and development of bone cells.The purpose of this articlewas to review the mechanism of resveratrol in the treatment of gout,hoping to provide a useful reference for the clinical treatment of gout in traditional Chinese medicine and the in-depth study of resveratrol.

resveratrol  /  gout  /  mechanism of action  /  review
孙晨阳, 刘维, 王笑青, 赵宇兴, 宁晓梅, 刘琰, 王怡文. 白藜芦醇治疗痛风的作用机制研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (12) : 113 -118 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.019
Chenyang SUN, Wei LIU, Xiaoqing WANG, Yuxing ZHAO, Xiaomei NING, Yan LIU, Yiwen WANG. Research Progress on Mechanism of Resveratrol in Treatment of Gout[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (12) : 113 -118 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.019
痛风(Gout),即单钠尿酸盐结晶体(Monosodium Urate,MSU)在关节和非关节沉积导致的一种常见疾病,尤其以关节及周围软组织的损害为主要特征。痛风患者典型首发表现为下肢关节部位的剧烈疼痛、红肿、皮温升高[1]。随着病情的不断发展延伸,患者会面临持续性的高尿酸血症(hyperuricemia,HUA),进而形成痛风石和慢性痛风性关节炎(主要是由单钠尿酸盐晶体引发的长期关节炎症所造成),甚至部分患者可能出现结构性关节受损这种恶劣情况[2]。研究发现,痛风与诸多其他疾病存在紧密联系,如糖尿病、脑卒中、心肌梗死和高血压病等,已成为全球范围内最为常见的关节相关疾病之一。全球诊断为痛风的人群占比约为1% ~4%,年发病率约在0.1%~0.3%,其中男性患者远多于女性,通常在3∶1到10∶1范围之内[3]
随着社会节奏加快、生活方式改变以及代谢异常与肥胖问题的加重,全球痛风发病率呈现逐年上升趋势。针对痛风治疗方面的首要任务,即减轻患者的痛苦。传统的秋水仙碱、非甾体抗炎药和皮质类固醇等药物虽然能够在一定程度上缓解症状,但常常带来肝、肾以及胃肠系统的不良作用,从而限制了患者对于药物的依从度[4]。因此,迫切需要我们深入研究,努力开发具有更优秀功效,同时又能降低药物不良反应的新型药物,以期对痛风的临床治疗方案进行全面而有效的充实与完善。
痛风被归类于中医中的“痹证”和“白虎历节风”领域。金元四大名医之一的朱丹溪在《格致余论·痛风论》记载:“彼痛风者,大率因血受热已自沸腾,其后或涉冷水,或立湿地,或扇取凉,或卧当风。寒凉外抟,热血得寒,污浊凝涩,所以作痛。”中医认为,该病症的根本原因在于先天禀赋不足,后天脾肾功能衰弱,再加酗酒,过食油腻,过度疲劳以及受凉等因素,导致湿热浊毒瘀血滞留体内,使邪气流入关节、筋骨,阻塞经络,导致气血运行不畅,引发疼痛。中药虎杖是廖科植物虎杖的干燥根茎和根,味道略苦,性质温和,主要作用于肝、胆、肺经,具有利湿退黄,清热解毒,散瘀止痛,化痰止咳,泻热通便的功效。在我国著名的中医典籍中,可查到许多关于虎杖在治疗关节红肿热痛方面的论述。譬如,《本草纲目》记载:“虎杖治疗骨节风痛和血瘀,则煮之用酒服。”虎杖在临床中被广泛地作为治疗痛风的中药材之一。白藜芦醇(Resveratrol,Res)(如图1所示),是虎杖内蕴藏的主要活性成分之一[5],其以抗炎、抗氧化能力突出经常而被报道[6],在对抗癌症[7]、调节生理免疫系统[8]等多方面亦表现出强大实力。近年的深度研究使得Res进一步显露出其在降低尿酸水平[9]上的出色功效。科研工作者都对Res用于治疗痛风的机制开展了全方位研究,研究成果预示着其在痛风治疗领域具有广阔的发展前景。因此,本文将对Res在痛风治疗方面发挥作用的机制予以总结,以期能对未来这一重要领域的科学研究有所裨益,为痛风的治疗提供有益的思路。
在痛风的急性发作期中,炎症反应始终贯穿其中并发挥着至关重要的角色。这种炎症便被称为痛风炎症,本质上是针对关节内部或外部已形成的MSU晶体所展开的自体炎症反应。众所周知,先天性免疫途径在痛风这一病症的发生机制中扮演了决定性的角色,尤其是对NOD 样受体家族成员3(Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain-like Receptor Protein 3,NLRP3)炎症复合物的激活反应,这个过程将促发白细胞介素-1(interleukin-1,IL-1)及其他一系列具有促进炎症反应功效的细胞因子的释放。在痛风之初,炎症反应的起因主要在于巨噬细胞与单核细胞,在中性粒细胞侵入之前的早期阶段,由这些细胞产生的细胞因子则后续引导了中性粒细胞和白细胞的大量增殖聚集,而白细胞的激活及其引发的细胞反应更是构成了痛风炎症的核心要素。炎性暴发期的表现特征包括中性粒细胞和单核细胞的明显侵入关节液与滑膜区域,同时也伴随着滑膜衬里层细胞的数量异常增加[10-11]。在此之际,炎症反应不仅会使得关节内部的微小循环血管呈现持续扩张状态,同时也会诱使局部组织出现渗透现象,最终导致关节肿痛的加剧。更为严重的是,炎症还会影响到关节周边组织的正常结构与生理机能,进而诱发关节功能的严重损害。因此,对于痛风性关节炎患者而言,有效地干预与调控炎症反应是疾病治疗过程中的关键环节。通过控制炎症反应,降低体内尿酸钠晶体的堆积量,进而达到减轻炎症反应与关节损害程度的效果。因此,在痛风急性发作期间,应尽早开展(一般应在24 h之内)抗炎治疗的进程。
在先天性免疫系统中,有一个关键的组成部分-核苷酸寡聚化结构域家族蛋白质3(NLRP3)蛋白、衔接细胞凋亡相关斑点状蛋白(Apoptosis-associated speckle-like protein,ASC)以及半胱天冬氨酸酶原-1(procaspase-1),它们共同构成了NLRP3炎症小体。这个小体能够将胞外信号转化为胞内信号,从而调控半胱天冬氨酸蛋白酶-1(cysteine aspartate protease,Caspase-1)的激活及白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)和白细胞介素-18(interleukin-18,IL-18)这类促炎性细胞因子的分泌,从而引发炎症反应及细胞死亡。许多研究已经证实,NLRP3炎症小体的功能失调及过度激活与多种炎症性疾病有着紧密的联系[12-13]
在基于MSU晶体的痛风性关节炎急性期发病过程中,NLRP3炎症小体成为了有关机制的核心。具体而言,MSU如同启动扳机,促进了NLRP3炎症小体的融合装配与活化,进一步使得细胞表面的IL-1β得以释放并引发炎症。特别地,IL-1β作为痛风急性炎症中所起作用最大的主要介质,而NLRP3炎症小体作为MSU晶体诱导细胞产生炎症反应的重要路径早已得到了广泛认可[14-15]。因此,调控NLRP3炎性小体是抗炎的关键。
FAN等[16]在针对体外小鼠关节炎模型进行深入研究后发现,MSU能够导致线粒体内膜受损,进而触发NLRP3炎症因子的活化,进一步促进IL-1β和IL-18的分泌,从而诱导机体发生关节炎症反应。而这种受袭大鼠滑膜炎表现出的临床症状即步态评分的严重下降可以被Res所显著缓解,这主要归功于Res成功地降低IL-1β、IL-18和Caspase-1的分泌量,同时并通过降低巨噬细胞焦亡发生率来有效阻碍了MSU诱发的NLRP3炎症因子的活化过程。科研团队在进一步探索中发现,Res还有能力提高线粒体内膜电位的稳定性,抑制磷酸肌醇依赖性激酶1(phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1,PDPK1)/Parkin的表达,并加强溶酶体相关膜蛋白-3B-Ⅱ、Parkin和串联载脂蛋白M20的表达,从而促进线粒体自噬的进程,有效控制NLRP3炎症因子的活化。另一项由ZHENG[17]科研团队主导的研究也揭示出,Res能够以显著降低Syk磷酸化的方式成功阻断IL-1β的快车道合成,进一步强化其翻译调节功能。除此之外,Res同样具备抑制NLRP3炎症因子活化的潜力,其机理在于它可以影响ASC的寡聚化过程。
丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogenactivated protein kinase,MAPK)级联是调控细胞功能如增殖、分化、凋亡与应激反应的核心通路,包含有三类关键激酶——MAPK激酶(MAP kinase kinase kinase,MKKK)、MAPK激酶(MAP kinase kinase,MKK)和MAPK,它们能激活并磷酸化下游蛋白质[18]。真核生物中已发现四条MAPK级联:ERK、JNK/应激激活蛋白激酶、p38 MAPK以及ERK5信号传导途径[19]。值得注意的是,活跃的MAPKS信号通路会影响IL-1型、IL-6型、肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor Necrosis Factor-α,TNF-α)和其他促炎细胞因子的表达,进而调节炎症过程[20]。例如,转化生长因子-β激活激酶1(transforming growth factor-βactivated kinase-1,TAK1)是MAP3K家族中的一员[21]。其可以被多种促炎细胞因子和配体激活,如TNF、IL-1β、脂多糖(ipopolysaccharide,LPS)和转化生长因子-β(transformation growth factor-β,TGF-β)[22]。而被激活的TAK1会进一步激活核转录因子-κB(Nuclear Factor kappa B,NF-κB)和MAPK信号通路,这对于MSU晶体诱导的炎症至关重要[23]
研究揭示[24],Res可有效地阻断TAK1的活性,以此显著减少MAPK路径下P38及JNK的磷酸化程度,从而抑制JNK与P38的表达量,使IL-1与TNF-α的浓度明显降低。同时,该研究亦指出Res对核因子κB抑制蛋白α(inhibitor of NF-κBα,IκBα)的分解以及NF-κB p-65的活化具有明显的抑制作用。
氧化应激是一种促氧环境,通常是指我们体内自由基和抗氧化剂失衡,其参与控制正常的生理活动和病理过程,被认为是造成细胞损伤和疾病发展的主要因素之一。有研究称,活性氧(Reactive Oxygen Species,ROS)过量产生及氧化应激对于痛风性关节炎的发病机制起到关键作用[25]。持续的高尿酸状态以及MSU晶体析出,会破坏体内氧化与抗氧化平衡,形成氧化应激(oxidative stress,OS)状态[26]。MSU刺激下,NLRP3炎性体激活,导致IL-1β分泌及大量ROS产生,加剧受累关节炎症反应,而ROS正是NLRP3/IL-1β相互作用的主要媒介。核因子E2相关因子2(Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2,Nrf2)被视为参与氧化应激反应的关键转录因子,其敲低可抑制MSU诱导的IL-1β分泌和NLRP3炎性体激活[27]。在正常情况下,Nrf2主要存在于细胞质中。当面临ROS或活性氮积累的氧化应激时,Nrf2能迅速转移至细胞核,与抗氧化反应元件结合,激活醌氧化还原酶-1[NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1,NQO1]和血红素氧合酶1(heme oxygenase 1,HO-1)等下游Ⅱ相代谢酶及抗氧化蛋白基因的表达,以减轻氧化损伤,保护细胞[28]。HO-1通过降低氧化应激和炎症、保持线粒体完整性,以保护细胞,促进细胞存活[29]。NQO1是人体中的一种抗氧化酶,具有保护性抗氧化功能,可对抗氧化应激[30]。丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)为脂质过氧化所产生,是氧化应激的重要指标。同时,人体与其他生物体内皆具备如谷胱甘肽还原酶、氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶等防御机制,用以抵御ROS对细胞造成的伤害。而SOD作为主要的内源性自由基清除剂,对于维护机体的氧化与抗氧化平衡具有至关重要的作用,能够有效清除自由基,防止细胞遭受氧化损伤[31]
研究揭示,Res可激活Nrf2以及HO-1和NQO1的表达,从而减轻氧化损伤与细胞凋亡的程度[32]。ZHANG等[33]研究发现,Res可使大鼠足爪肿胀程度明显减轻,降低MDA含量,增强SOD活性,抑制氧化应激反应。FENG等[34]发现,Res能抑制炎症反应,并通过调节Nrf2/HO-1信号传导通路以提高机体NQO1、SOD、HO-1以及Nrf2的表达水平,并抑制ROS以及MDA蛋白的表达,以此发挥抗氧化作用,缓解痛风炎症中的OS反应。
在医学领域中,当血液中的尿酸值因尿酸生成过多或是排泄受阻而超出正常范围时,即被定义为HUA。HUA在临床上属于痛风发生的高风险因素,同时也是最常见的诱因之一。因此,降低尿酸含量便成了治疗痛风的核心策略。
尿酸是人体内嘌呤代谢的终末产物,其中,黄嘌呤氧化酶(Xanthine Oxidase,XO)作为关键酶,能促使次黄嘌呤转变为黄嘌呤,进而成为尿酸[35]。针对XO的抑制作用,可显著减少尿酸生成,导致血清尿酸浓度下降。因此,XO被视作治疗痛风与HUA的重要靶标[36]。临床广泛使用的降尿酸药如别嘌呤醇、非布司他及托吡索坦等皆为XO抑制剂,故而,探寻潜在的XO抑制剂具有重大意义。
CHEN等[37]针对Res在诱发性HUA小鼠血清尿酸浓度变化中的作用进行了深入研究,测试了它对内源和外源XO活性的抑制程度,最终确定Res能够通过抑制XO来预防HUA。LI等[38]采用D-半乳糖导致的HUA小鼠模型进行了类似实验,结果显示Res能够显著抑制血清与肝脏部位XO的含量,进而降低尿酸水平。此外,CHEN等[39]还利用氧嗪酸钾诱导的高尿酸小鼠模型进行了研究,结果表明Res可以有效地抑制肝脏中黄嘌呤氢化酶(XDH)mRNA及XO的表达,从而减少尿酸的产生。
尿酸排泄不足是原发性HUA的主因。尽管尿酸可经肾小球无阻碍地排泄,然而仅约10%可从晚期近端小管被分泌回归滤液,其余多数被尿酸转运蛋白吸收。鉴于约90%的过滤尿酸盐会在肾脏内被重新吸收,因此抑制这一过程显得尤为重要。其中,尿酸盐转运体1(Urate anion exchanger1,URAT1)与葡萄糖转运蛋白9(Glucose Transporter 9,GLUT9)是参与尿酸盐再吸收的主要转运蛋白[40-41]。因此,针对URAT1和GLUT9的抑制或将成为治疗痛风的新策略。
例如,LEE等[42]通过构建HUA大鼠模型进行实验,结果显示Res能够通过下调URAT1表达,进而减少尿酸在肾细胞中的重吸收。此外,CHEN等[37]利用氧嗪酸钾诱导高尿酸小鼠模型,发现Res能显著下调肾脏中GLUT9和URAT1的mRNA及蛋白表达水平,同时上调肾脏中有机阴离子转运体1(Organic anion transporter 1,OAT1)的mRNA及蛋白表达水平。同样,LI等[38]通过体外细胞实验以及D-半乳糖诱导高尿酸小鼠模型发现,Res仅在体外抑制GLUT9蛋白表达水平,而在动物实验中则对GLUT9和URAT1蛋白表达水平均产生抑制效果。值得注意的是,ZHANG等[43]的研究指出,Res可能通过TLR4(Toll-like Receptors 4,TLR4)和NLRP3信号通路改善肾脏炎症,降低胰岛素抵抗小鼠肾脏中GLUT9和URAT1的蛋白表达水平,从而有效降低尿酸水平。综上所述,Res具有下调URAT1和GLUT9并抑制其蛋白质表达水平的能力。
肠道微生物群对维持人体生理和代谢平衡起着至关重要的作用,其结构变化或失调可能导致代谢紊乱[44]。肾脏承担了大部分尿酸的排泄任务,其余则通过粪便排泄或经由肠道菌群代谢分解[45]。研究揭示[46-47],HUA和痛风患者的肠道菌群组成出现变化。ZHUANG等[46]发现,与健康者相比,痛风患者的肠道微生物群结构和功能有所变化,其中卡氏杆菌和木兰杆菌增多,普鲁斯尼兹菌和假叶双歧杆菌减少。EDER等[47]学者更深入地揭示,痛风患者体内拟杆菌丰度高于正常人,痛风石患者肠内埃希氏菌和志贺氏菌显著增加。这表明,肠道菌群在痛风病理过程中可能参与了单碳代谢、核苷酸结合、氨基酸生物合成及嘧啶生物合成等环节。刘教授团队[48]的研究也证实,将HUA大鼠的粪便移植至健康鼠体内,可导致后者尿酸浓度升高。此外,乳杆菌和双歧杆菌具备尿酸吸收和嘌呤分解功能[49],有助于降低HUA大鼠的尿酸水平[50]。这些研究成果均显示,肠道微生物群与HUA和痛风的发病机制密切相关,因此,调控肠道微生物群或将成为治疗HUA和痛风的新途径。
Res能显著影响肠道菌群的生长,包括增加拟杆菌门/厚壁菌门的比例,促进拟杆菌、乳杆菌和双歧杆菌的生长,降低放线菌数量,从而重塑肠道菌群,调节机体免疫[51-52]。DING等[53]的研究也表明,Res能通过提高肠道菌群水平来改变其组成。Res能增加有益菌——乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的数量,同时降低粪肠球菌和大肠杆菌的水平。XU等[54]的研究发现,Res能减少失调代谢物的数量,改善肠道微生物群落结构和多样性,包括逆转拟杆菌门、变形菌门和厚壁菌门的变化,增加“有益”属,并减少潜在病原体,如毛梭菌、不动杆菌和沙雷氏菌。
痛风日久尿酸盐沉积在关节、滑膜周围导致骨质侵蚀和破坏,形成长期的功能性障碍,因此预防关节损伤已成为痛风治疗的重点。当受到MSU晶体刺激时,下层骨骼中的破骨细胞、成骨细胞以及软骨中的软骨细胞是推动侵蚀和阻止组织充分修复的重要原因[55]
破骨细胞(Osteoclasts,OC)是由骨髓中形成的髓系造血前体细胞融合而产生的多核细胞,其主要作用可以降解骨质、吸收矿化骨,破骨细胞形成受到巨噬细胞集落刺激因子和NF-κB配体受体激活剂(Receptor Activator for Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand,RANKL)的调节[56]。研究发现,痛风患者的外周血单核细胞和关节滑液单核细胞在含有RANKL和单核细胞集落刺激因子的培养下,具有优先形成破骨细胞的能力,细胞因子刺激后形成的破骨细胞数量与每个个体中痛风石的数量密切相关[57]。此外,已有研究证实,受体介导的ROS生成在RANKL诱导的破骨细胞生成中起着关键作用[58]。高水平的ROS能够增强破骨细胞的活性,进而促进骨吸收的进行[59]
SHAKIBAEIM等[60]发现Res可通过抑制IκBα磷酸化、IκBα降解和IκBα激酶活性来抑制RANKL诱导的NF-κB活化,从而防止多核破骨细胞形成,此外,Res激活沉默调节蛋白1(silent information regulator 1,Sirt-1)可诱导骨源性细胞和前成骨细胞中的Sirt-1-p300关联,导致RANKL诱导的NFκB脱乙酰化、抑制NF-κB转录激活和破骨细胞生成。BOISSY P[61]证实,Res部分地通过阻碍破骨细胞前体中RANKL信号通路的功能,以抑制破骨细胞的分化过程。XU等[62]进一步探究出,Res可以通过抑制ROS的产生,来防止由RANKL引发的破骨细胞生成现象。
痛风患者的关节处经常可见软骨损伤。MSU晶体沉积在关节软骨后,靠近MSU晶体的软骨高度紊乱,失去正常的透明软骨结构,表面不连续。MSU晶体通过Toll样受体(Toll-like Receptors,TLR)2信号传导和NF-κB的上调,诱导关节软骨细胞中一氧化氮的生成和基质金属蛋白酶3的表达,IL-1β在痛风炎症的引发中发挥着核心作用。MSU晶体在IL-1β存在的情况下,刺激环氧合酶2(Cyclooxygenase 2,COX-2)mRNA和前列腺素E2蛋白在人类软骨细胞中的表达会加重炎症。MSU晶体通过减少软骨细胞的活性和功能,增加软骨内的分解代谢活动,对痛风的软骨损害有贡献。因此,软骨细胞与MSU晶体相互作用后,可能会导致软骨损伤[63]
LIANG C等[64]发现RES通过沉默信号调节器1(SIRT1)/叉头转录因子(FOXO1)信号通路途径有效减轻IL-1β诱导的软骨细胞损伤并维持软骨细胞稳态。LIW 等[65]发现RES可以抑制COX-2、NF-κB的表达途径和基质金属蛋白酶(matrixmetalloproteinases,MMPs),增加软骨标记物ACAN(人类)重组蛋白(P01)和Ⅱ型胶原蛋白(CollagenⅡ,COLⅡ)的表达,抑制软骨细胞的凋亡。LIU等[66]发现RES通过调节Wnt/β-catenin信号通路抑制Wnt蛋白、β-catenin以及MMP1、MMP3和MMP13的表达,从而抑制软骨细胞的凋亡。这说明Res可能是治疗痛风患者关节损伤的潜在治疗剂。
近几年来,伴随着人类生活方式与饮食结构的变迁,痛风疾病的发生率呈明显上升态势。西医针对痛风,通常采用急性期消炎镇痛疗法,譬如秋水仙碱及非甾体类抗炎药等,而在缓解期与慢性期则注重长期有效地控制尿酸水平,例如别嘌醇、非布司他等药物。然而,这些药物存在一定程度的不良反应,对患者用药依从性产生影响。相比之下,中医以整体观念审视病情,辨证施治,展现出独特优势。中药虎杖的主要成分Res,因其易得、毒性低且价格实惠,备受关注。它主要通过调控NLRP3炎性小体、MAPK信号通路,抑制XO、下调URAT1、降低RANKL等途径,实现抗炎、降尿酸、调节肠道菌群以及调节骨细胞增殖和分化等功能,进而达到治疗痛风的目的。然而,目前关于Res作用机制的研究仍以细胞和动物实验为主,临床应用方面的研究相对不足,这一问题值得我们高度重视。同时,有必要进一步深入研究其活性成分并进行毒理试验,以确保其在临床应用中的安全性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82074377)
  • 国家中医药管理局中医药传承与创新“百千万”人才工程(岐黄工程)刘维岐黄学者工作室建设项目(国中医药人教函〔2018〕12号)
  • 国家中医药管理局全国名老中医药专家传承工作室项目(975022)
  • 天津市科技计划项目(22KPXMRC00180)
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2025年第43卷第12期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.12.019
  • 首发时间:2026-04-29
  • 出版时间:2025-12-10
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基金
国家自然科学基金项目(82074377)
国家中医药管理局中医药传承与创新“百千万”人才工程(岐黄工程)刘维岐黄学者工作室建设项目(国中医药人教函〔2018〕12号)
国家中医药管理局全国名老中医药专家传承工作室项目(975022)
天津市科技计划项目(22KPXMRC00180)
作者信息
    1.天津中医药大学第一附属医院,天津 300193
    2.国家中医针灸临床医学研究中心,天津 300193
    3.天津中医药大学,天津 300193
    4.河南省洛阳正骨医院,河南 洛阳 451106

通讯作者:

刘维(1962-),女(满族),天津人,主任医师、教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:风湿免疫性疾病的中医药临床。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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