Article(id=1322926772395844005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926740955341011, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.032, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339921329, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339921329, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339921329, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339921329, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322926740955341011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760025600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339913834, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340753123, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322930261259846420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926740955341011, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322930261259846421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926740955341011, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=171, endPage=175, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322926772660085158, articleId=1322926772395844005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Mechanism of Huangqi(Astragali Radix)and Its Active Ingredients in Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Myasthenia gravis(MG)is an autoimmune disease characterized by fluctuating muscle weakness and abnormal fatigue,which can last for many years in one group of muscles(usually eye muscles,called ocular myasthenia)or spread to other skeletal muscles(generalized myasthenia gravis),resulting in fluctuating dysarthria,dysphagia,chewing difficulty and breathing difficulty.In recent years,the overall incidence and prevalence of this disease are rising,especially among the middle-aged and the elderly,seriously affecting the daily life and normal work of the patients.At present,steroid hormone drugs,immunosuppressive drugs,anticholinesterase drugs,monoclonal antibodies and other symptomatic drugs have limited long-term efficacy and obvious adverse reactions.Huangqi(Astragali Radix)is one of the commonly used and effective traditional Chinese drugs for treating MG.The effective components of Huangqi(Astragali Radix)for treating MGare mainly polysaccharides,flavonoids and saponins,including astragalosideⅣ,total flavonoids,quercetin and astragalus polysaccharides.They mainly induce lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation,enhance macrophage activity,regulate the expressions of cytokines such as interferon-γ(IFN-γ),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and nitric oxide(NO),and regulate T lymphocytes by exerting their biological activities such as enhancing immunity,anti-fatigue and anti-inflammation.In this paper,the mechanism of Huangqi(Astragali Radix)and its effective components in the treatment of MGwas reviewed,in order to provide ideas and theoretical basis for the development and treatment of new drugs for MG.

, authors=Haofan GAO1, Jialin YAO1, Baoliang WANG2, Baicheng QIAN2, Yunxiang GUANG2, authorsList=Haofan GAO, Jialin YAO, Baoliang WANG, Baicheng QIAN, Yunxiang GUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Baoliang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322926773024989607, articleId=1322926772395844005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=黄芪及其有效成分治疗重症肌无力的作用机制研究进展, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

重症肌无力(Myasthenia gravis,MG)是一种自身免疫性疾病,表现为波动性肌肉无力和异常疲劳,无力可持续于一组肌肉多年(通常是眼部肌肉,称为眼肌无力)或扩散到其他骨骼肌(全身性重症肌无力),导致波动性构音障碍、吞咽困难、咀嚼困难和呼吸困难。近些年MG的总体发病率和流行率正在上升,尤其是在中老年人中,严重影响患者日常生活及正常工作。目前采用的类固醇激素药物、免疫抑制药物、抗胆碱酯酶药物、单克隆抗体等对症治疗药物长期疗效有限且不良反应明显。黄芪是治疗MG常用且有效的中药之一,黄芪治疗MG的有效成分主要为多糖类、黄酮类、皂苷类等,包括黄芪甲苷Ⅳ(AstragalosideⅣ,AS-Ⅳ)、总黄酮、槲皮素、黄芪多糖(Astragalus polysaccharides,APS)等,它们主要通过发挥增强免疫力、抗疲劳、抗炎等生物活性,诱导淋巴细胞增殖、分化,增强巨噬细胞活性,调节干扰素γ(interferongamma,IFN-γ)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、一氧化氮(Nievicoxide,NO)等细胞因子表达,调节T淋巴细胞亚群平衡及炎性因子水平,维持体内免疫平衡,增强免疫器官指数、促进免疫细胞增殖,缓解MG病情进展。对黄芪及其有效成分在MG治疗方面的作用机制进行了综述,以期为MG新药研发及治疗提供思路及理论依据。

, authors=郜浩帆1, 姚佳霖1, 王宝亮2, 钱百成2, 关运祥2, authorsList=郜浩帆, 姚佳霖, 王宝亮, 钱百成, 关运祥, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王宝亮, authorNote=

郜浩帆(1999-),女,河南许昌人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治脑病。

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王宝亮(1959-),男,河南郑州人,主任医师、教授,博士研究生导师,学士,研究方向:中医药防治脑病。E-mail:。
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郜浩帆(1999-),女,河南许昌人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治脑病。

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黄芪及其有效成分治疗重症肌无力的作用机制研究进展
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郜浩帆 1 , 姚佳霖 1 , 王宝亮 2 , 钱百成 2 , 关运祥 2
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(10): 171-175
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (10) : 171 -175
黄芪及其有效成分治疗重症肌无力的作用机制研究进展
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郜浩帆1, 姚佳霖1, 王宝亮2 , 钱百成2, 关运祥2
作者信息
  • 1.河南中医药大学第一临床医学院,河南 郑州 450000
  • 2.河南中医药大学第一附属医院,河南 郑州 450000
通讯作者:
王宝亮(1959-),男,河南郑州人,主任医师、教授,博士研究生导师,学士,研究方向:中医药防治脑病。E-mail:。
作者简介:

郜浩帆(1999-),女,河南许昌人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治脑病。

Research Progress on Mechanism of Huangqi(Astragali Radix)and Its Active Ingredients in Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis
Haofan GAO1, Jialin YAO1, Baoliang WANG2 , Baicheng QIAN2, Yunxiang GUANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine,Zhengzhou 450000,Henan,China
  • 2.The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine,Zhengzhou 450000,Henan,China
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.032
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重症肌无力(Myasthenia gravis,MG)是一种自身免疫性疾病,表现为波动性肌肉无力和异常疲劳,无力可持续于一组肌肉多年(通常是眼部肌肉,称为眼肌无力)或扩散到其他骨骼肌(全身性重症肌无力),导致波动性构音障碍、吞咽困难、咀嚼困难和呼吸困难。近些年MG的总体发病率和流行率正在上升,尤其是在中老年人中,严重影响患者日常生活及正常工作。目前采用的类固醇激素药物、免疫抑制药物、抗胆碱酯酶药物、单克隆抗体等对症治疗药物长期疗效有限且不良反应明显。黄芪是治疗MG常用且有效的中药之一,黄芪治疗MG的有效成分主要为多糖类、黄酮类、皂苷类等,包括黄芪甲苷Ⅳ(AstragalosideⅣ,AS-Ⅳ)、总黄酮、槲皮素、黄芪多糖(Astragalus polysaccharides,APS)等,它们主要通过发挥增强免疫力、抗疲劳、抗炎等生物活性,诱导淋巴细胞增殖、分化,增强巨噬细胞活性,调节干扰素γ(interferongamma,IFN-γ)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、一氧化氮(Nievicoxide,NO)等细胞因子表达,调节T淋巴细胞亚群平衡及炎性因子水平,维持体内免疫平衡,增强免疫器官指数、促进免疫细胞增殖,缓解MG病情进展。对黄芪及其有效成分在MG治疗方面的作用机制进行了综述,以期为MG新药研发及治疗提供思路及理论依据。

黄芪  /  有效成分  /  重症肌无力  /  作用机制  /  信号通路

Myasthenia gravis(MG)is an autoimmune disease characterized by fluctuating muscle weakness and abnormal fatigue,which can last for many years in one group of muscles(usually eye muscles,called ocular myasthenia)or spread to other skeletal muscles(generalized myasthenia gravis),resulting in fluctuating dysarthria,dysphagia,chewing difficulty and breathing difficulty.In recent years,the overall incidence and prevalence of this disease are rising,especially among the middle-aged and the elderly,seriously affecting the daily life and normal work of the patients.At present,steroid hormone drugs,immunosuppressive drugs,anticholinesterase drugs,monoclonal antibodies and other symptomatic drugs have limited long-term efficacy and obvious adverse reactions.Huangqi(Astragali Radix)is one of the commonly used and effective traditional Chinese drugs for treating MG.The effective components of Huangqi(Astragali Radix)for treating MGare mainly polysaccharides,flavonoids and saponins,including astragalosideⅣ,total flavonoids,quercetin and astragalus polysaccharides.They mainly induce lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation,enhance macrophage activity,regulate the expressions of cytokines such as interferon-γ(IFN-γ),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and nitric oxide(NO),and regulate T lymphocytes by exerting their biological activities such as enhancing immunity,anti-fatigue and anti-inflammation.In this paper,the mechanism of Huangqi(Astragali Radix)and its effective components in the treatment of MGwas reviewed,in order to provide ideas and theoretical basis for the development and treatment of new drugs for MG.

Huangqi(Astragali Radix)  /  effective constituen  /  myasthenia gravis  /  mechanism of action  /  signaling pathways
郜浩帆, 姚佳霖, 王宝亮, 钱百成, 关运祥. 黄芪及其有效成分治疗重症肌无力的作用机制研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (10) : 171 -175 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.032
Haofan GAO, Jialin YAO, Baoliang WANG, Baicheng QIAN, Yunxiang GUANG. Research Progress on Mechanism of Huangqi(Astragali Radix)and Its Active Ingredients in Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (10) : 171 -175 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.032
重症肌无力(Myasthenia gravis,MG)是由自身抗体介导,引起神经肌肉接头传递障碍的获得性自身免疫疾病,全身骨骼肌均可受累,临床表现为局部或全身特定骨骼肌的病态易疲劳和波动性肌无力。肌无力常从一组肌群开始,逐渐累及到其他肌群,直至发展为全身肌无力[1]。部分患者短期内病情可出现迅速进展,发生肌无力危象,目前尚难以彻底治愈。MG的全球患病率约为15~25/10万,发病率为0.4~1.0/10万[2],2020年国家神经系统疾病临床医学中心发布数据显示我国MG的发病率约为0.68/10万[3],女性发病率略高,近年来MG患病率有所增加,老年人群增速更为显著,主要死亡原因有呼吸衰竭、肺部感染等[4]。针对MG,临床上目前一般采用药物治疗如胆碱酯酶抑制剂、免疫抑制剂、皮质类固醇激素、单克隆抗体等,外科治疗如免疫吸附法、胸腺切除、血浆置换等进行治疗。
但长期、大剂量用药,会大幅度降低药效且产生大量不良反应,疗效维持时间有限[5],外科治疗直接快速,但治疗有创,价格昂贵、远期效果不理想,代价相对较大,患者接受程度有限。中医秉承整体观念,辨证论治与辨病论治相结合,中药具有“多成分、多途径、多靶点”的特点,且结合针灸、艾灸、刮痧等手段多样,不良反应发生率相对较小,在改善临床症状、降低复发率、控制并发症等方面具有突出优势[6],能够提高患者治疗依从性,被越来越广泛应用于MG的临床治疗。MG属于中医“痿证”“虚劳”“睑废”“视歧”等范畴,多因脾胃虚弱、脾肾阳虚、肝肾亏虚[7]所致,治疗上也侧重于益气健脾、补益肝肾。黄芪有补气升阳、固表止汗、利水消肿、补脾益气等功效,研究表明,黄芪具有增强免疫[8]、保护脏器、抗疲劳等作用,有研究发现,其是中医治疗MG的核心药物之一,参与构成治疗重症肌无力的基本框架[6]。但在以往的研究中,黄芪多作为中药复方制剂的一部分或组方用于治疗MG,而单味黄芪在MG治疗中的分子机制和药效物质基础尚未明确。因此,通过对黄芪及其有效成分干预MG的作用及机制进行论述,以期为中医临床治疗MG提供有价值的参考。
黄芪为“上品”之药,被称为补气圣药,为豆科植物蒙古黄芪或荚膜黄芪干燥根,性温,味甘,归脾、肺经,能健脾补中,升阳举陷,固表益卫。《本草逢源》云:“黄芪能补五脏诸虚”,属益气活血药,是虚性疾病常用中药之一。现代研究发现[9],黄芪有调节免疫、抗衰老、抗氧化应激、抗炎、改善血管内皮功能障碍、抗纤维化等药理作用。已有相关临床及实验研究证实了黄芪在治疗MG中的有效性。张静生等[10-11]认为脾肾虚损是贯穿MG始终的基本病机,在临床上运用黄芪复方通过调节淋巴细胞亚群比例分布以及体液免疫功能等,纠正MG异常的免疫应答,取得较好疗效,长期服用可替代激素提高患者生存质量,为患者提供了另一可能的治疗手段。何骁隽等[12]发现益气升提法对实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力(Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis,EAMG)大鼠具有明确治疗效果,其中黄芪高剂量组疗效最优。张巍[13]通过临床研究发现重用黄芪方联合免疫抑制剂对促进MG患者低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白4(Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4,Lrp4)及B细胞活化因子(B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family,BAFF-R)表达有积极影响,能通过调节机体免疫水平,改善症状,优化治疗效果,且用药安全性良好,较常规治疗更具优势。刘萍等[14]发现黄芪通过增强抑制性T淋巴细胞活性而降低血清乙酰胆碱受体抗体(Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody,AChRAb)水平,改善MG患者体内AChRAb与相应受体结合的状态,明显缓解肌无力症状,纠正免疫失衡状态。
通过查阅文献可知,黄芪中主要化学成分有APS、黄酮类、皂苷类、氨基酸类等[15],包括异鼠李素、刺芒柄花素、山柰酚、毛蕊异黄酮、异黄烷酮、槲皮素等[16]等多种有效成分,它们在MG的治疗中均发挥着积极作用。
APS由葡聚糖和杂多糖组成[17],具有抑菌抗炎、免疫调节、降血糖、抗肿瘤、抗衰老、保肝、神经保护等多种生物活性。其主要机制为刺激骨髓、胸腺、脾脏和黏膜免疫系统的免疫功能[18],诱导淋巴细胞增殖、分化,增强巨噬细胞活性,调节IFN-γ、TNF-α、NO等细胞因子表达,增加血清抗体浓度,调节T淋巴细胞亚群平衡等[19-20]。许多实验研究表明APS在体内外均具有很强免疫调节作用,可通过调节免疫器官、免疫细胞、免疫因子及信使物质等来发挥免疫调节作用[21]。有研究显示其化学表征与改善肿瘤、糖尿病、炎症、免疫抑制等疾病免疫紊乱有关[22],具有增强免疫力、抗疲劳等生物活性,能够增强免疫器官指数、促进免疫细胞增殖[23]。李良鸣等[24]认为APS能明显改善微循环,从而提高动物耐力。在环磷酰胺诱导的免疫抑制小鼠中,APS改善了药物诱导的胸腺细胞凋亡,增强了胸腺指数和免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgG和IgM)的血清水平,并抑制了IL-2的过量产生[18]。APS还可以通过促进T辅助细胞1(Th1)和T辅助细胞2(Th2)特异性转录因子-T盒子转录因子(T-bet)和GATA-3(GATA结合蛋白3)的表达来增强泼尼松的治疗效果[25]。
黄芪中的黄酮类成分有30余种,包括总黄酮(total flavonoids from Astragali Radix,TFA)、芒柄花素、毛蕊异黄酮、槲皮素等,是黄芪中重要的次生代谢产物[26],具有广泛生物活性,能抑制细胞炎症因子白细胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)的释放,具有抗炎抗氧化,清除自由基、调节代谢稳态、提高免疫功能、保护骨骼系统、保护心血管系统、抗肿瘤等药理作用,能够保护神经,改善细胞损伤,增强神经细胞活力,进一步稳定细胞膜结构,从而达到抑制细胞凋亡、促进神经正常运行的效果。TFA和黄芪总皂苷对多种自由基均有良好的清除作用[27],并且黄芪中的葡聚糖能刺激体液和细胞免疫[28]。LI J等[29]研究发现TFA能够抑制丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)通路中p38和c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)的磷酸化以及核转录因子κB(Nuclear transcription factorκB,NF-κB)通路中IKKα/β、IκBα和NF-κB p65核蛋白的表达,表明TFA通过调节RAW 264.7巨噬细胞中的MAPK和NF-κB信号通路具有免疫调节和抗炎作用。也有研究表明槲皮素处理衰老模型小鼠[30]能改善小鼠氧化损伤、神经变性和神经受损。
黄芪皂苷种类丰富,药用黄芪迄今为止已经发现了50多种皂苷类成分,具有改善心血管、保护器官、免疫调节、抗肿瘤等药理作用。黄芪皂苷能明显促进B细胞增殖分化和浆细胞抗体合成,能促进细胞吞噬功能和增加溶酶体水解酶含量,并增强处理和传递抗原的能力,从而促进免疫方面作用[31-32]。研究发现[33]AS-Ⅳ能够通过调节CD+4 T细胞和肠道菌群的结构和种类来改善EAMG。能够改善EAMG小鼠肌肉力量和体质量,从而缓解肌无力症状,降低了辅助性T细胞1(T helper cell,Th1)和Th17细胞的水平,增强了调节T细胞(Regulatory T cell,Tregs)的水平。AS-Ⅳ在各种类型的细胞中发挥抗氧化活性,研究发现,在大鼠血管平滑肌细胞及慢性疲劳的小鼠过度运动模型中,AS-Ⅳ显著增加线粒体耗氧率、ATP产生、线粒体DNA水平,可以改善线粒体功能障碍和在此过程中氧化应激引起的形态变化。
炎症因子诱发并加重炎症反应,在MG发病中起重要作用,T细胞亚群的失衡和分泌细胞因子的变化激活了B细胞分化为效应B细胞和浆细胞,导致抗AChRAb等致病抗体的产生,因此B细胞和T细胞各亚型表达比例失衡及其相关细胞因子功能障碍激活的免疫应答可促使MG的发生发展。MG相关细胞因子有IL-6、IL-17、IL-21、T细胞以及T辅助细胞和T滤泡辅助(Tfh)、TNF-α等[34-36],多项研究发现,这些炎症因子均在MG患者外周血中表达上调,并与MG病情、活动性及预后相关[37]。IL-6在体液免疫和细胞免疫中发挥重要作用,具有与炎症相关的多种生物学功能,可以诱导B细胞增殖活化、抗体产生,同时还能促进T细胞以及Th17和Tfh的增殖、分化[38],其中Th17、Tfh和B细胞在MG的致病自身抗体和炎症的产生中发挥重要作用。Th17细胞主要分泌促炎细胞因子IL-17,一项研究表明,血清IL-17水平、MG评分定量程度和抗AChRAb滴度呈正相关。实验数据[39]表明血清IL-6水平显著升高与MG活性相关,IL-6是MG自身免疫反应调节的重要靶点。TNF-α在MG胸腺慢性炎症中起作用,不仅能促进胸腺细胞的增殖活化,还能促进IL-6的产生[40],从而加剧T细胞的损伤和抑制活性的失调。先天免疫细胞树突状细胞(Dendritic cell,DC),作为专职抗原提呈细胞,参与了启动和调节免疫反应[41],不仅能激活淋巴细胞,而且能介导免疫耐受[42],在抑制或促进自身免疫反应中发挥着重要作用。研究表明[42]IFN-γ-DC治疗大鼠能够减少脾单核细胞产生IFN-γ和IL-10,并降低血清IFN-γ和IL-10,表明对EAMG的治疗是有效的。APS能够通过识别DC表面受体调节其表型和功能,从而促进DC表型及功能的成熟,使其正常发挥其生物学功能,诱导有效免疫应答。喻雄华等[43]研究表明萸芪糖浆干预后的EAMG大鼠血清AchR、TNF-α水平降低,CD+4/CD+8比值升高,对Th1/Th2免疫平衡及肌无力症状具有一定改善作用。研究发现[44],APS注射液可以调控鲤鱼头肾、鳃和脾脏中IL-1β、TNF-α和溶菌酶c基因表达的影响,对免疫系统有积极促进作用。还有研究表明APS可通过促进T细胞和B细胞的增殖,并在环磷酰胺诱导的免疫抑制小鼠体内产生IgG、IgA、IgM、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-2和IFN-γ等多种细胞因子来提高免疫功能[45-46]。ZHANG D等[47]采用病理学、血清代谢组学方法研究用膜分离技术从黄芪中分离出一种新的成分组别A4,发现这种黄芪成分可促进CD4/CD8在体内的比值,维持体内免疫平衡,在一定程度上恢复脾脏结构,改善蛋白质代谢,增强身体运动系统,通过调节氨基酸代谢和能量代谢来缓解免疫功能障碍。APS通过上调主要组织相容性复合体Ⅱ(Major histocompatibility complex,MHC-Ⅱ)、CD80和CD86的表达来诱导DC的表型成熟,进而诱导细胞毒性T淋巴细胞活化和免疫因子TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-10和IgG1产生[48]。AS-Ⅳ已被证明可显著影响CD4+T细胞,如Th1、Th17和Treg细胞并缓解炎症。
HUANG L等[49]研究发现蜜炙黄芪对脾虚大鼠有更好补气和免疫改善作用,干预后大鼠的体质量、症状评分、红细胞、白细胞、淋巴细胞水平、脾脏和胸腺指数以及TNF-α、IL-6、IFN-γ均有改善,蜜炙黄芪活性成分可能通过参与血管内皮生长因子(Vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)信号通路和MAPK信号通路,从而调控甘油磷脂代谢。AS-Ⅳ可通过激活HIF-1α/NF-κB信号通路显著缓解环磷酰胺诱导的免疫抑制,并可能提高巨噬细胞的免疫活性,可以显著改善免疫和炎症中的蛋白反应。LI C等[50]研究发现通过脱蛋白和脱硫对单磷酸腺苷(Adenosine monophosphate,AMP)结构进行修饰,AMP及其衍生物通过触发NF-κB和MAPKs信号通路,调节RAW264.7细胞和NK细胞活化,刺激NO的产生和细胞因子mRNA表达上调。
磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3k/AKT)信号通路是机体重要的炎性信号通路,在调节细胞炎症、凋亡、自噬等方面发挥着重要作用。IL-6的表达可以通过抑制蛋白激酶B/雷帕霉素靶蛋白(AKT/mTOR)信号通路来调节,以改善MG患者肌肉疲劳无力的症状。有研究报道[30]槲皮素能够激活PI3K/AKT信号通路发挥免疫增强作用。AS-Ⅳ能够抑制炎症介质粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-18和C反应蛋白,促进或抑制自噬,与抑制PI3K/AKT/AS160通路有关,以减轻炎症和疾病严重程度[51]。
另一方面肌肉质量和肌肉肥大决定肌肉力量,而骨骼肌肥大受磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/雷帕霉素靶蛋白(PI3K-AKT-mTOR)信号通路调节,该信号通路激活能够增强骨骼肌质量,维持肌肉结构和力量的产生,YEH T S等[52]采用蛋白质印迹法,研究对照发现,黄芪能够直接促进肌管肥大,在激活肌管中的PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路中起着关键作用,黄芪及其衍生物能够增强肌肉功能力量,改善骨骼肌萎缩。
Janus蛋白酪氨酸激酶(Janus protein tyrosine kinase,JAK)/信号转导子与激活子(signal transducer and activator of transcription,STAT)信号通路是机体内广泛存在的在细胞内传递信号的通路,涉及有关炎性因子在细胞内进行信号的传输。LU Y等[53]研究发现通过抑制JAK2/STAT3和AKT/mTOR信号通路磷酸化重塑Th17/Treg平衡,能够缓解EAMG大鼠的免疫反应(包括减少促炎细胞因子和突触后膜补体沉积),改善临床症状,并能增加突触后膜中的AChR聚集,从而缓解EAMG大鼠的临床症状和病理异常。研究表明[54]槲皮素能通过抑制JAK-STAT信号通路活性减少释放促炎细胞因子、趋化因子和NO,降低实验大鼠IL-6、TNF-α(JAK-STAT通路的两种有效激活剂)和IL-1β的水平,发挥炎症抑制作用。
有研究表明EB病毒与HTLV-1病毒感染与MG发病相关,其持续的感染和胸腺自身的免疫反应相关。因此黄芪可能是通过调控相应的信号通路,阻止其参与免疫疾病的发生,从而起到治疗MG的作用[16]。
MG是由多种抗体介导,细胞免疫、补体共同参与的获得性自身免疫性疾病。其中AChRAb、肌肉特异性激酶抗体(MuSK-Ab)在MG的发病中起关键作用,这些抗体影响并导致神经-肌肉接头的突触后膜功能障碍,从而引起肌肉无力和疲劳。多项研究发现MG患者外周血清中AChRAb的表达水平明显高于正常健康人[37]。AChR存在于肌肉细胞表面,集中在神经细胞和肌肉细胞之间的突触处,由蛋白链组成,形成一个穿过细胞膜的通道,允许带正电荷的离子穿过膜,产生终板电位并导致肌肉收缩。在有抗AChRAb的MG患者中,神经肌肉连接处的AChR密度降低,导致终板电位降低,在肌肉活组织检查中,疾病严重程度与AChR的丢失相关[55]。APS能够降低血清中AChRAb水平,减轻神经肌肉接处AChR损伤,缓解MG临床症状。
通过现代治疗,大多数患者通常能够保持相对正常的生活,同时控制症状,限制了病情的进展及恶化,缩短了危象病人气管插管的时间,预防和治疗危象后的并发症有效地促进病人预后。但由于重症肌无力病程长,长期使用免疫抑制治疗,不加选择作用于全身多免疫系统靶点,增加了机体易感性,增加了恶性疾病发病风险,且用量越大不良反应越大。据文献报道[56],中药或中成药联合西药治疗国人MG临床疗效与单纯西药治疗组相比具有见效快、疗程短、有效率高、复发率低等优势,而治疗MG的中药中用药频率最高的是黄芪。黄芪是一种有价值的免疫调节药物,黄芪中的多种活性成分可改善药物对中枢免疫器官和外周免疫器官(包括骨髓、胸腺、淋巴结、脾脏和黏膜组织)引起的免疫抑制,进一步调节多种免疫细胞的活性,包括巨噬细胞、NK、DC、T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞和小胶质细胞等,诱导这些免疫细胞产生多种细胞因子和趋化因子,从而增强免疫反应。此外,该研究论述也存在一些不足之处:关于黄芪中有效成分的种类、数量及治疗MG信号通路的论述不够全面,缺少各有效成分之间是否存在相互协同作用的相关探讨。期望在今后的研究中深入研究黄芪各有效成分的药效变化、协同作用、对信号通路的影响等,并且增加相关临床试验,进一步阐明黄芪治疗MG的作用机制,为未来的临床用药奠定基础。
  • 国家中医药管理局第六批全国老中医药专家学术经验继承项目(国中医药人教发〔2017〕29号)
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2025年第43卷第10期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.032
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-10-10
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国家中医药管理局第六批全国老中医药专家学术经验继承项目(国中医药人教发〔2017〕29号)
国家中医药管理局王宝亮全国名老中医药专家传承工作室建设项目(国中医药人教函〔2022〕75号)
河南省中医药科学研究专项课题项目(2023ZY2040)
河南省中医学“双一流”创建科学研究专项(HSRP-DFCTCM-2023-2-12)
作者信息
    1.河南中医药大学第一临床医学院,河南 郑州 450000
    2.河南中医药大学第一附属医院,河南 郑州 450000

通讯作者:

王宝亮(1959-),男,河南郑州人,主任医师、教授,博士研究生导师,学士,研究方向:中医药防治脑病。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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