Article(id=1322927015317352689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926740955341011, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.030, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339979246, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339979246, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339979246, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339979246, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322926740955341011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760025600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339913834, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340753123, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322930261259846420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926740955341011, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322930261259846421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926740955341011, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=161, endPage=166, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322927016311402738, articleId=1322927015317352689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Mechanism of PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway Regulating Asthma and Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Asthma is a highly prevalent disease around the world,with a low control rate and a certain risk of death.At present,there are many adverse reactions of hormonal drugs that improve asthma,so it is imperative to find new treatments.In recent years,traditional Chinese medicine has become popular in the treatment of asthma due to its advantages of multiple ingredients,multiple targets,multiple pathways and few side effects.Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/AKT),as a classical pathway widely existing in organisms,plays an important role in regulating cell growth,proliferation,differentiation and autophagy.The active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine,traditional Chinese medicine compounds and preparations exert anti-inflammation,anti-oxidative stress,anti-pyroptosis,regulate the dominant response of immune cells and autophagy,and reduce the airway remodeling by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway,so as to improve the course of asthma.In order to facilitate scholars to fully grasp the research status of this research in recent years,this paper reviewed the latest mechanism research on the treatment of asthma based on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway,in order to provide new ideas for scientific research,clinical and new drug researches.

, authors=Ziqi ZHOU1, Lizhe LIANG2, Guoxin LI2, authorsList=Ziqi ZHOU, Lizhe LIANG, Guoxin LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lizhe LIANG, Guoxin LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322927017494196467, articleId=1322927015317352689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=PI3K/AKT信号通路调控哮喘机制及中药治疗研究进展, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

哮喘是全世界范围内的一种高发性疾病,控制率低且具有一定的致死风险。目前改善哮喘的激素类西药存在诸多不良反应,因此,找寻新的治疗手段已经势在必行。近年来,中医药凭借自身多成分、多靶点、多途径以及不良反应小等优势在哮喘治疗中成为热门。磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K/AKT)作为广泛存在于生物体内的经典通路,对调节细胞生长、增殖、分化、自噬等方面起到重要作用。中药有效成分、中药复方及制剂通过调控PI3K/AKT信号通路发挥抗炎、抗氧化应激、抗焦亡、调控免疫细胞优势应答、调节自噬、减少气道重塑等作用,达到改善哮喘病程的目的。近年来此方面研究成果更新迅速,为便于广大学者全面把握其研究现状,基于PI3K/AKT信号通路,就目前中医药治疗哮喘的最新机制研究加以综述,以期为科研、临床以及新药研究提供新的思路。

, authors=周子齐1, 梁丽喆2, 李国信2, authorsList=周子齐, 梁丽喆, 李国信, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=梁丽喆, 李国信, authorNote=

周子齐(1996-),女,辽宁沈阳人,博士在读,研究方向:中西医结合临床药理学。

, correspAuthorsNote=
李国信(1963-),男,辽宁沈阳人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:新药研发与临床药理学。E-mail:。
梁丽喆(1983-),女,辽宁大连人,主任医师,博士,在站博士后,研究方向:中药临床药理、中医辨证方法及老年病防治应用。E-mail:。
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周子齐(1996-),女,辽宁沈阳人,博士在读,研究方向:中西医结合临床药理学。

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周子齐(1996-),女,辽宁沈阳人,博士在读,研究方向:中西医结合临床药理学。

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Pi-Pa-Run-Fei-Tang alleviates lung injury by modulating IL-6/JAK2/STAT3/IL-17 and PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway and balancing Th17 and Treg in murine model of OVA-induced asthma[J]. J Ethnopharmacol,2023,317:116719., articleTitle=Pi-Pa-Run-Fei-Tang alleviates lung injury by modulating IL-6/JAK2/STAT3/IL-17 and PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway and balancing Th17 and Treg in murine model of OVA-induced asthma, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322927026121879900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927015317352689, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=16, issue=null, pageStart=2833, pageEnd=2850, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[70], rfOrder=69, authorNames=WEI L, GOU X, SU B, journalName=Drug Des Devel Ther, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WEI L,GOU X,SU B,et al. Mahuang decoction attenuates airway inflammation and remodeling in asthma via suppression of the SP1/FGFR3/PI3K/AKT axis[J]. Drug Des Devel Ther,2022,16:2833-2850., articleTitle=Mahuang decoction attenuates airway inflammation and remodeling in asthma via suppression of the SP1/FGFR3/PI3K/AKT axis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322927020367294739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927015317352689, awardId=国中医药人教函〔2022〕76号, language=CN, fundingSource=国家中医药管理局第七批全国老中医药专家学术经验继承工作项目(国中医药人教函〔2022〕76号), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322927020480540948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927015317352689, awardId=2020JH2/10300090, language=CN, fundingSource=辽宁省重点研发计划项目(2020JH2/10300090), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322927020572815637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927015317352689, awardId=辽中医药函〔2021〕1号, language=CN, fundingSource=李国信辽宁省名中医传承工作室项目(辽中医药函〔2021〕1号), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322927020652507414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927015317352689, awardId=XLYC2212039, language=CN, fundingSource=辽宁省“兴辽英才计划”医学名家项目(XLYC2212039), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322927018362417396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927015317352689, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322927018370806005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927015317352689, companyId=1322927018362417396, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Shenyang 110847,Liaoning,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322927018383388918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927015317352689, companyId=1322927018362417396, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.辽宁中医药大学,辽宁 沈阳 110847)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322927018458886391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927015317352689, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322927018467275000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927015317352689, companyId=1322927018458886391, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.The Second Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Shenyang 110034,Liaoning,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322927018479857913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927015317352689, companyId=1322927018458886391, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.辽宁中医药大学附属第二医院,辽宁 沈阳 110034)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322927020161773841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927015317352689, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
复方药物组成模型作用靶点作用途径调控机制文献
阳和汤蛤蚧、淫羊藿、山药、五指毛桃、墨
旱莲
SD大鼠BALF中IL-6、IL-1 β、TGF-β、TNF-α、肺组
织MDA、PI3k p110 β和AKT↓,SOD↑
PI3K/AKT抗炎、抗氧化应激[63]
自制缓解合剂黄芪、茯苓、五味子、鱼腥草、白
果、葶苈子、细辛和莪术
BALB/c
小鼠
BALF中IFN-γ↑,BALF中IL-4、血清总IgE
↓,α-SMA、p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、
p-mTOR/mTOR比值↓
PI3K/
AKT/mTOR
纠正Th1/Th2免疫失
衡,减轻气道重塑
[64]
抗敏止嗽颗粒炙麻黄、炒紫苏子、紫苏叶、蜜紫
菀、蜜款冬花、蜜枇杷叶、防风、醋
五味子、乌梅、地龙、僵蚕、蝉蜕
BALB/c
小鼠
血清IFN-γ↑,IL-4、PI3K mRNA、AKT mR
NA、p-AKT、p-PI3K↓
-
PI3K/AKT
纠正Th1/Th2免疫
失衡
[65]
五虎汤麻黄、杏仁、石膏、甘草、细茶BALB/c
小鼠
LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ↑,PI3K、p-AKT和p-mTOR↓PI3K/
AKT/mTOR
调控树突细胞的自噬,
减轻气道重塑
[66]
百诃清金汤百部、诃子、麻黄、紫菀、地龙、桑
白皮、仙鹤草
BALB/c
小鼠
BALF IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-9、IL-13↓,血
清IgE↓,PI3K、AKT、NF-κB p65磷酸化↓
PI3K/AKT/
NF-κB
抗炎[67]
芍药甘草汤芍药、甘草SD大鼠P-AKT、PI3K↓,Treg细胞数↑PI3K/AKT纠正Treg分化失衡[68]
枇杷润肺汤枇杷叶、玄参、麦冬、桔梗、诃子、
芦根、薄荷、甘草
BALB/c
小鼠
BALF中IL-6、IL-1 β、TNF-α以及血清中
IgE↓,肺组织中SOD、GSH-Px↑,NO、MDA、
NF-κB、p-AKT/AKT和p-PI3K/PI3K↓
PI3K/AKT/
NF-κB
抗炎、抗氧化应激[69]
麻黄汤麻黄、桂枝、杏仁、甘草C57BL/6
小鼠
BALF中IL-4,IL-6和TNF-α↓,肺组织
SP1、FGFR3、p-AKT、p-PI3K↓
SP1/FGFR3/
PI3K/AKT
减轻气道炎症、气道
重塑
[70]
), ArticleFig(id=1322927020237271314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322927015317352689, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中药复方及制剂调控PI3K-AKT信号通路改善哮喘机制

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
复方药物组成模型作用靶点作用途径调控机制文献
阳和汤蛤蚧、淫羊藿、山药、五指毛桃、墨
旱莲
SD大鼠BALF中IL-6、IL-1 β、TGF-β、TNF-α、肺组
织MDA、PI3k p110 β和AKT↓,SOD↑
PI3K/AKT抗炎、抗氧化应激[63]
自制缓解合剂黄芪、茯苓、五味子、鱼腥草、白
果、葶苈子、细辛和莪术
BALB/c
小鼠
BALF中IFN-γ↑,BALF中IL-4、血清总IgE
↓,α-SMA、p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、
p-mTOR/mTOR比值↓
PI3K/
AKT/mTOR
纠正Th1/Th2免疫失
衡,减轻气道重塑
[64]
抗敏止嗽颗粒炙麻黄、炒紫苏子、紫苏叶、蜜紫
菀、蜜款冬花、蜜枇杷叶、防风、醋
五味子、乌梅、地龙、僵蚕、蝉蜕
BALB/c
小鼠
血清IFN-γ↑,IL-4、PI3K mRNA、AKT mR
NA、p-AKT、p-PI3K↓
-
PI3K/AKT
纠正Th1/Th2免疫
失衡
[65]
五虎汤麻黄、杏仁、石膏、甘草、细茶BALB/c
小鼠
LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ↑,PI3K、p-AKT和p-mTOR↓PI3K/
AKT/mTOR
调控树突细胞的自噬,
减轻气道重塑
[66]
百诃清金汤百部、诃子、麻黄、紫菀、地龙、桑
白皮、仙鹤草
BALB/c
小鼠
BALF IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-9、IL-13↓,血
清IgE↓,PI3K、AKT、NF-κB p65磷酸化↓
PI3K/AKT/
NF-κB
抗炎[67]
芍药甘草汤芍药、甘草SD大鼠P-AKT、PI3K↓,Treg细胞数↑PI3K/AKT纠正Treg分化失衡[68]
枇杷润肺汤枇杷叶、玄参、麦冬、桔梗、诃子、
芦根、薄荷、甘草
BALB/c
小鼠
BALF中IL-6、IL-1 β、TNF-α以及血清中
IgE↓,肺组织中SOD、GSH-Px↑,NO、MDA、
NF-κB、p-AKT/AKT和p-PI3K/PI3K↓
PI3K/AKT/
NF-κB
抗炎、抗氧化应激[69]
麻黄汤麻黄、桂枝、杏仁、甘草C57BL/6
小鼠
BALF中IL-4,IL-6和TNF-α↓,肺组织
SP1、FGFR3、p-AKT、p-PI3K↓
SP1/FGFR3/
PI3K/AKT
减轻气道炎症、气道
重塑
[70]
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PI3K/AKT信号通路调控哮喘机制及中药治疗研究进展
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周子齐 1 , 梁丽喆 2 , 李国信 2
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(10): 161-166
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (10) : 161 -166
PI3K/AKT信号通路调控哮喘机制及中药治疗研究进展
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周子齐1, 梁丽喆2 , 李国信2
作者信息
  • 1.辽宁中医药大学,辽宁 沈阳 110847
  • 2.辽宁中医药大学附属第二医院,辽宁 沈阳 110034
通讯作者:
李国信(1963-),男,辽宁沈阳人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:新药研发与临床药理学。E-mail:。
梁丽喆(1983-),女,辽宁大连人,主任医师,博士,在站博士后,研究方向:中药临床药理、中医辨证方法及老年病防治应用。E-mail:。
作者简介:

周子齐(1996-),女,辽宁沈阳人,博士在读,研究方向:中西医结合临床药理学。

Research Progress on Mechanism of PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway Regulating Asthma and Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment
Ziqi ZHOU1, Lizhe LIANG2 , Guoxin LI2
Affiliations
  • 1.Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Shenyang 110847,Liaoning,China
  • 2.The Second Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Shenyang 110034,Liaoning,China
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.030
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哮喘是全世界范围内的一种高发性疾病,控制率低且具有一定的致死风险。目前改善哮喘的激素类西药存在诸多不良反应,因此,找寻新的治疗手段已经势在必行。近年来,中医药凭借自身多成分、多靶点、多途径以及不良反应小等优势在哮喘治疗中成为热门。磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K/AKT)作为广泛存在于生物体内的经典通路,对调节细胞生长、增殖、分化、自噬等方面起到重要作用。中药有效成分、中药复方及制剂通过调控PI3K/AKT信号通路发挥抗炎、抗氧化应激、抗焦亡、调控免疫细胞优势应答、调节自噬、减少气道重塑等作用,达到改善哮喘病程的目的。近年来此方面研究成果更新迅速,为便于广大学者全面把握其研究现状,基于PI3K/AKT信号通路,就目前中医药治疗哮喘的最新机制研究加以综述,以期为科研、临床以及新药研究提供新的思路。

哮喘  /  PI3K/AKT  /  中药  /  研究进展

Asthma is a highly prevalent disease around the world,with a low control rate and a certain risk of death.At present,there are many adverse reactions of hormonal drugs that improve asthma,so it is imperative to find new treatments.In recent years,traditional Chinese medicine has become popular in the treatment of asthma due to its advantages of multiple ingredients,multiple targets,multiple pathways and few side effects.Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/AKT),as a classical pathway widely existing in organisms,plays an important role in regulating cell growth,proliferation,differentiation and autophagy.The active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine,traditional Chinese medicine compounds and preparations exert anti-inflammation,anti-oxidative stress,anti-pyroptosis,regulate the dominant response of immune cells and autophagy,and reduce the airway remodeling by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway,so as to improve the course of asthma.In order to facilitate scholars to fully grasp the research status of this research in recent years,this paper reviewed the latest mechanism research on the treatment of asthma based on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway,in order to provide new ideas for scientific research,clinical and new drug researches.

asthma  /  PI3K/AKT  /  traditional Chinese medicine  /  research progress
周子齐, 梁丽喆, 李国信. PI3K/AKT信号通路调控哮喘机制及中药治疗研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (10) : 161 -166 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.030
Ziqi ZHOU, Lizhe LIANG, Guoxin LI. Research Progress on Mechanism of PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway Regulating Asthma and Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (10) : 161 -166 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.030
哮喘是一种以慢性气道炎症为主要特征的异质性疾病,长期的气道炎症浸润可引发气道高反应性以及广泛的可逆性气流受限,临床表现为反复发作性的喘息、气促,可伴胸闷、咳嗽等呼吸道症状,严重的哮喘发作存在致死风险[1]。哮喘是全球流行最常见的慢性气道疾病之一,全球哮喘患者多达3.58亿,最近的一项调查显示,我国成年人患病率为4.2%,根据人口普查推算已达到惊人的4570万,然而我国城区哮喘总体控制率仅为28.5%[2]。针对哮喘的治疗,现代医学尚缺少令人满意的治疗方案。中医药治疗哮喘在长期的临床实践中积累出丰富的经验,近年来,随着现代科学研究手段的介入,中医药可作用于多靶点、多途径防治哮喘的特点已逐渐显现。其中磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K/AKT)信号通路与哮喘发病关系十分密切,可调控细胞生长、分化、自噬、迁移、凋亡等多种生物学行为,有望成为治疗哮喘的重要切入点。
查阅相关文献,中医药通过调控PI3K/AKT信号通路治疗哮喘的研究成果颇丰,然而目前仍缺乏针对该领域的高质量总结,为准确把握其研究现状带来一定困难。因此,本研究将近年来PI3K/AKT信号通路针对哮喘的调控机制及中药干预PI3K/AKT信号通路的作用靶点作以综述,以期为哮喘治疗的深入研究和新药研发提供理论基础。
PI3K是一类胞内脂质激酶,根据底物特异性和序列同源性可分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型。目前研究最为广泛的亚型是Ⅰ型PI3K,其根据偶联受体又分为ⅠA、ⅠB两个亚家族[3]。ⅠA型PI3K在结构上属异源二聚体,由调节亚基p85和催化亚基p110构成[4],在受到内外源刺激后,p85募集到细胞膜上,PI3K活化并在膜上将磷脂酰肌醇-4,5-二磷酸脂质转化为磷脂酰肌醇-3,4,5-三磷酸[phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)-trisphosphate,PIP3],并由PIP3提供对接位点,与具有PH结构域的下游靶点AKT结合,使其分别在苏氨酸残基(Thr308)和丝氨酸残基(Ser473)连续磷酸化而激活[5]。AKT是一种原癌基因产物,激活后可调控多种下游信号分子,主要包括哺乳动物西罗莫司靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)[6]、糖原合酶激酶3(glycogen synthase kinase-3,GSK-3)、叉头转录因子等[7],参与细胞生长、增殖、分化、代谢以及细胞凋亡、细胞自噬等过程,已成为包括哮喘、肿瘤、阿尔茨海默病以及糖代谢在内的多种疾病治疗的潜在靶点[8-9]。
气道炎症是哮喘的基础病理表现。哮喘发生时,嗜酸性粒细胞(eosinophil,EOS)、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞等炎症细胞向气道募集,并伴随多种炎性因子以及组胺等物质大量释放,继而引起平滑肌痉挛、杯状细胞增生以及黏液过度分泌,诱发气道高反应性[10]。其中,以EOS含量增多为特征的哮喘表型研究最为广泛,PI3K/AKT信号通路的激活可诱导过敏性气道炎症过程中EOS的分化、激活及脱颗粒等生物学过程。有研究表明,哮喘患者气道中以EOS介导的PI3K/AKT信号通路高度活化[11],抑制PI3K则可显著降低气道中EOS的密集[12]。血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)被认为是过敏性气道疾病重要介质之一,其表达受缺氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia inducible factor-1,HIF-1α)调控,对血管生成和血管通透性起到重要作用,研究表明抑制PI3K/AKT可以阻断mTOR/HIF-1α/VEGF转导并改善过敏性气道炎症[13]。此外,PI3K/AKT信号通路还通过参与Toll样受体识别抗原呈递细胞、P物质(substance P,SP)活化后调控核转录因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)以及NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3,NLRP3)炎症小体等多条级联通路,介导固有免疫与细胞焦亡,调控炎症反应[14-15]。
哮喘的发病过程与机体免疫反应密切相关,主要涉及T细胞的不同亚群,如辅助性T细胞1/辅助性T细胞2(T helper 1 cell/T helper 2 cell,Th1/Th2)以及调节性T淋巴细胞/辅助性T淋巴细胞17(tregulatorylymphocyte/T helper lymphocytel 17,Treg/Th17)的平衡紊乱[16-17]。Th2细胞过度分化会分泌白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-5、IL-4和IL-13等细胞因子,促进EOS的激活;Th17细胞过度激活则分泌IL-17、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)等相关因子,促进平滑肌细胞收缩和增殖,加重哮喘气道重塑和气道高反应性[18-19]。研究表明,PI3K信号通路可介导平衡Th1/Th2/Th17免疫应答,促进Th1型细胞因子干扰素γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)的分泌,并降低Th2和Th17型细胞因子(如IL-4和IL-17)的水平[20],使用PI3K/AKT抑制剂(LY294002)可以显著逆转辅助性T细胞亚群间的分化失衡,改善支气管以及血管周围炎症,有效保护气道[21-22]。
自噬现象存在于真核生物中,是通过细胞内降解清除受损细胞器和蛋白质等生物大分子来维持内环境稳态的一种动态过程。研究发现,过度自噬可诱导IL-6、IL-8等炎性因子产生,促进哮喘的气道炎症,同时自噬溶酶体降解所产生的氨基酸又作为胶原蛋白的合成原料,进一步导致气道重塑[23]。在哮喘患者体内即存在异常自噬现象,研究发现,哮喘患者支气管成纤维细胞和上皮细胞中检测到异常增多的自噬小体,且痰和外周血中的EOS自噬水平增加,而使用LY294002后自噬受到抑制[24]。mTOR是PI3K/AKT下游调节自噬的重要靶标,AKT活化后刺激mTOR复合物1(mTOR complex 1,mTORC1),mTORC1磷酸化UNC-51样激酶1(UNC-51-like kinase 1,ULK1)的Ser637、Ser757位点以及自噬基因13的Ser258位点,灭活由ULK1与多种互作蛋白组成的自噬调节复合物,抑制自噬小体形成。同时,mTORC1还能促进微管相关蛋白1A/1B-轻链3(microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3,LC3)乙酰化,使其酯化异常,从而与自噬体膜结合受阻[25]。此外,细胞因子也是自噬反应的关键控制者。研究显示,抗炎细胞因子IL-10及其受体IL-10R通过激活PI3K/AKT信号通路抑制饥饿诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞自噬[26],但也出现有争议性的观点,有研究发现,气道上皮细胞中自噬的缺失导致了对乙酰胆碱表现出气道高反应性,支气管上皮细胞发生肿胀,同时伴有p62增多[27],其似乎在细胞类型、肺内环境等多方面影响下发挥一种平衡作用,有研究表明,mTORC1和mTORC2在中等活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species,ROS)环境中抑制自噬,但在高ROS环境中,mTORC2可促进细胞自噬性死亡[28]。
目前,针对哮喘中的自噬反应究竟是有害还是有益仍未有定论[29-30],但不可否认的是,自噬能通过多方面机制影响哮喘发病,其不仅与哮喘气道炎症关系密切,还可通过影响气道纤维化、黏液高分泌及平滑肌细胞迁移等影响气道重塑[31-32],深挖PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路调节自噬的具体机制可能对哮喘治疗产生新的突破。
已经证实,氧化应激反应是包括哮喘在内的炎症性肺病的重要触发因素[33]。当气道暴露于刺激物(如过敏原、感染或其他刺激物)时,免疫细胞释放大量ROS,这使得内源性抗氧化剂不足以平衡氧化损伤,进而释放促炎性因子并诱发气道重塑。哮喘氧化应激反应与PI3K通路关系密切,有研究表明,PI3K/AKT信号通路可促进下游NF-κB的核表达,释放ROS以及多种炎症因子[34];同时,ROS也作为上游信号调控PI3K/AKT/NF-κB信号通路,其通过触发PI3K,放大下游信号并灭活同源性磷酸酶-张力蛋白(phosphatase and tensin homolog,PTEN),从而负调节AKT活化,促进肺部炎症反应[35],REN Y等[36]使用LY294002抑制PI3K/AKT后,可有效缓解ROS引起的气道平滑肌分化增殖。有研究表明,PI3K/AKT信号通路可介导细胞质中核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor E2-related factor 2,Nrf2)与Kelch-样ECH相关蛋白1(Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1,Keap1)解离,转移至细胞核中积累并磷酸化,继而与血红素加氧酶1(heme oxygenase 1,HO-1)启动子区域的ARE结合并激活抗氧化基因HO-1的诱导,从而维持细胞氧化还原稳态[37]。
气道重塑由长期的气道炎症导致,是上皮组织反复损伤和修复所引发的一种气道结构改变,主要病理表现包括上皮下纤维化、细胞外基质沉积、气道平滑肌细胞(airway smooth muscle cell,ASMC)增生以及杯状细胞化生等,可导致肺功能不可逆性损伤[38]。α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)、I型胶原蛋白(collagen I,COL-Ⅰ)和上皮-间充质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是气道重塑的标志物。气道重塑过程中伴随的一系列病理改变,很大程度上是由EMT导致的,上皮细胞受特定刺激后极性消失,细胞间丧失黏附连接,获得迁移能力,上皮屏障受到破坏[39]。研究发现,α-SMA、COL-Ⅰ、转化生长因子β(transforming growth factor,TGF-β)与磷酸化的PI3K、AKT表达趋势一致[40];且阻断PI3K/AKT信号通路可显著减少进入肺部的炎细胞,抑制人支气管上皮细胞的迁移和EMT,下调α-SMA、COL-Ⅰ、纤连蛋白-1的表达,上调E-钙黏蛋白以及PTEN表达,有效缓解EMT进展并改善肺功能[41-42]。ASMC的异常增殖是气道重塑的重要特点,WANG X J等[43]研究发现,PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路可调控成纤维细胞活化、ASMC增殖迁移,同时诱导细胞凋亡,这可能与AKT抑制糖原合成激酶活化,高表达体内周期蛋白D1从而使DNA复制加速有关。气道重塑伴随上皮杯状细胞肥大增生,释放大量黏蛋白5AC(mucin 5AC,MUC5AC),同时纤毛清除功能下降,在气道中聚集大量黏液栓,这也是哮喘致死的主要原因。研究显示,抑制PI3K/AKT/NF-κB转导可有效抑制MUC5AC的表达[44],此外,PI3K/AKT还可通过调控高迁移率族蛋白B1、HIF-1α、VEGF的表达水平缓解黏液高分泌,改善气道重塑程度[45]。
青蒿素是从天然植物黄花蒿中提取的一种倍半萜内酯化合物,具有抗炎、抑菌、抗病毒、抗疟、抗肿瘤等多种药理作用。研究发现,青蒿素干预哮喘模型大鼠后,肺组织中p-PI3K、p-AKT以及支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中NLRP3、IL-1β、IL-10的表达量均明显减少,巨噬细胞焦亡率降低[46],提示青蒿素可以有效抑制气道炎症并延缓气道重塑进程。
龙脷叶总黄酮是从大戟科植物龙脷叶中提取出的黄酮类化合物,研究发现,龙脷叶总黄酮可以显著减轻哮喘模型大鼠肺组织黏膜上皮变性,减少EOS等炎症细胞浸润,降低BALF以及血清中异常累积的ROS水平、提高超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)水平,并降低肺组织中p-AKT/AKT和PI3K的表达量[47],提示龙脷叶总黄酮具有改善气道炎症浸润的作用,其机制与抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路并调控氧化应激反应有关。
五味子多糖是植物五味子果实的主要活性成分之一,研究发现,经五味子多糖干预后,哮喘模型小鼠的增强呼吸间歇值降低,提示小鼠气道高反应性有所减轻;同时,肺组织Col I、基质金属蛋白酶-9(matrix metalloprotein-9,MMP-9)的mRNA表达水平均显著降低,与p-PI3K、p-AKT、p-mTOR、α-SMA水平变化一致[48]。提示五味子多糖具有缓解气道重塑、改善肺功能的作用,与其抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路激活及气道重塑的相关蛋白的表达有关。
欧前胡素是白芷干根中的主要成分,具有抗炎、抗HIV、抗惊厥以及抑制肿瘤的药理作用。研究表明,欧前胡素可提高Nrf2/HO-1蛋白表达,抑制PI3K/AKT通路相关蛋白表达,降低ROS、炎症因子(IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、TNFα)含量,减少气道重塑标志蛋白VEGF、α-SMA和MMP-9表达[49],提示欧前胡素的抗炎、抗气道重塑作用与Nrf2/HO-1/ROS/PI3K/AKT级联有关。
《中华本草》中记载胭脂木可退热、截疟、解毒,从其种子中提取的胭脂素具有良好的抗氧化、抗炎、抗纤维化等药理作用。研究发现,经胭脂素干预后,急性哮喘、慢性哮喘、激素抵抗型哮喘3组模型小鼠的p-PI3K以及p-AKT等蛋白表达均下降,而非磷酸化形式未受影响;BALF中IL-6、IL-17A、IFN-γ和TNF-α等炎性因子减少,同时,气管平滑肌增厚、杯状细胞增生以及黏液栓的形成程度均有所减轻;进一步以胭脂素干预经TGF-β1刺激的正常小鼠气道上皮细胞,发现细胞EMT在一定程度上被逆转[50],这些结果表明胭脂素具有抗炎、减轻气道重塑的作用,是哮喘PI3K/AKT通路的有效抑制剂。
山姜素是从高良姜、草豆蔻等山姜属中药中分离出的天然类黄酮化合物。以山姜素分别干预哮喘小鼠以及在体外经LPS刺激的巨噬细胞,发现PI3K、AKT、NF-κB、p65以及IκB的磷酸化均受到抑制,TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β等炎性因子减少[51],证实山姜素可能通过调控PI3K/AKT/NFκB通路减轻哮喘的炎症反应。
木犀草素是广泛存在于金银花、荆芥、紫苏等中药材中的天然黄酮类化合物,具有抗炎、抗菌、抗氧化等多种药理作用。研究表明,高剂量(20 mg/kg)木犀草素可显著降低哮喘小鼠BALF中IL-4、IL-5以及IL-13等炎性因子水平,并有效提高肺动态顺应性,降低气道高反应性。同时上调肺组织中PI3K p85、p-AKT和p-mTOR蛋白水平,抑制自噬标志物以及LC3的活性[52]。证明高剂量木犀草素可能通过调控PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路来抑制哮喘中过度活跃的自噬现象,减轻炎症反应,有效保护气道结构。
橘皮素是富含于陈皮中的多甲氧基黄酮类成分,具有抗炎、抗氧化和抗细胞增殖活性的作用。研究发现,橘皮素干预能够抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路所介导的Th1/Th2/Th17细胞因子极化,包括降低Th2细胞因子(IL-4、IL-5、IL-13)和Th17细胞因子(IL-17A,IL-6)分泌,增加Th1细胞因子IFN-γ;并且通过促进PTEN和p27kip1的表达抑制AKT、GSK-3β及其磷酸化表达水平,改善哮喘小鼠气道高反应性[53]。
穿山龙总皂苷属甾体皂苷类化合物,是中药穿山龙的主要活性成分,具有抗炎、抗氧化、免疫调节等多种药理作用。有研究发现其可降低乳腺回归蛋白以及通路关键蛋白PI3K、AKT的表达量,有效抑制哮喘小鼠气道平滑肌增生以及管腔狭窄[54]。
“审察卫气,为百病母”,国医大师洪广祥认为气阳虚弱、卫气不固是哮喘反复发病的重要内因[55],据此,洪教授首提“益气温阳护卫”治法,并创立“益气温阳护卫汤”以防治哮喘发作,由桂枝汤、玉屏风散加仙茅、淫羊藿组成。向双娣等[56]研究表明,益气温阳护卫汤能降低支气管自噬蛋白LC3B、Beclin1以及BALF中IL-33、IL-25等多种炎性因子水平,减少支气管上皮细胞双荧光示踪下自噬体数量,抑制LC3Ⅰ泛素化趋势,降低LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ值,同时提高PI3K、AKT和mTOR蛋白的磷酸化水平,提示该方可通过调控PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号转导,抑制气道上皮细胞自噬,从而缓解哮喘气道炎症。
“痰挟瘀血,遂成窠囊”,伏痰为哮喘发作之宿根,每遇外邪引发,致肺气升降无权;痰气胶着,日久化瘀,“血不利则为水”,复因瘀血日久酿痰,痰瘀互化,哮喘迁延难愈。对此,国医大师韩明向在治疗中主张温消同偕,其效验方麻芍平喘汤(组方为麻黄、细辛、五味子、钩藤、赤芍)治疗寒哮患者作用显著[57],任燕群等[58]研究发现,麻芍平喘汤能降低LC3B蛋白以及IL-5、IL-6、IL-10等炎性因子的表达水平,减少自噬小体生成,抑制气道上皮细胞自噬发生,作用途径与PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路有关。
“因内有壅塞之气,外有非时之感,膈有胶固之痰”,外感风邪是哮喘发作的重要病因之一,外邪引触伏痰,气道挛急,肺气宣降失常,则发为哮喘。冯晓纯等[59]在总结国医大师王烈治疗哮喘的临床经验基础上,对《摄生众妙方》中定喘汤加减化裁,创制蝎黄解痉治哮颗粒,全方由麻黄、苦杏仁、苦参、白果、全蝎、甘草组成,具有疏风宣肺,解痉平喘的功效。研究表明,经此方干预后,哮喘小鼠BALF中EOS等炎症细胞减少,气道壁增厚以及血管翳生成有所改善,与此同时,肺组织AKT、HIF-1α、α-SMA蛋白表达明显下降,提示此方可靶向调控PI3K/AKT信号通路,抑制其传导而改善哮喘小鼠的气道重塑。
“四时之气始于春,五脏之气始于肝”,肝脏具有主疏泄的生理功能决定了它在与其他脏腑的协同运作中占主导地位。肺主气,肝调气,共司气机升降,武维屏教授首倡“肝肺相关”立论[60],认为肝失疏泄,肝肺失和是哮喘发作的重要环节,并以肝肺同治立法研制出哮喘宁颗粒,在多年临床应用疗效显著,方由《伤寒论》四逆散、小柴胡汤化裁而来,组方为柴胡、白芍、清半夏、枳壳、黄芩、丹参、地龙、葶苈子、炙麻黄、前胡、炙甘草。研究发现,哮喘宁颗粒可以降低哮喘大鼠肺组织PI3K/AKT信号通路相关蛋白PI3K、AKT的表达量,抑制IL-4、IL-5、IL-13mRNA表达,降低BALF中相应炎症因子含量,减轻肺组织炎症反应,改善气道较狭窄及黏膜下层充血[61-62]。
“脾为生痰之源,肺为贮痰之器”,脾主运化水液,脾不健则水不行,肺气宣降失常则津液输布不畅,全国名老中医黄建业教授主张哮喘发作应注重肺脾同治,其创立的“运脾泻肺化痰汤”临床治疗安全有效。有研究表明,运脾泻肺化痰汤(胆南星、全瓜蒌、黄芩、浙贝母、法半夏、苦杏仁、茯苓、槟榔、焦山楂、枳实、陈皮、甘草)能有效降低幼龄哮喘大鼠肺组织、BALF以及血清中IL-17、IL-23表达,降低肺组织p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、NF-κB p-p65/NFκB p65、MUC5AC蛋白表达量,改善气道炎症及黏液高分泌[44],可能与IL-23/Th17炎症轴抑制了PI3K/AKT/NF-κB信号通路有关。
其他通过调控PI3K/AKT信号通路改善哮喘的中药复方及制剂见表1。
气道炎症、气道高反应性和气道重塑等多种机制互相影响,常使得哮喘迁延难愈。已有大量的研究证明PI3K/AKT是治疗哮喘的重要途径,该通路通过调控炎症细胞浸润、炎性因子释放、刺激免疫细胞优势应答、EMT、细胞自噬、黏液栓形成等多方面改善气道炎症,进而减少气道重塑和高反应性。中药具有低毒、多靶点、来源广泛的优势,其通过PI3K/AKT信号通路治疗哮喘有着十分广阔的应用前景,但在令人振奋的同时,也存在一些问题:①机制研究不成体系。哮喘具有多表型的特点,疾病的发展受多种因素相互影响,在以后的研究中可以考虑从多维度、多通路出发,将具有级联关系的机制一并探讨,增强研究的系统性。②病程定位应力求精准化。哮喘在各阶段侧重不同的病理表现,可结合基因组学、转录组学、代谢组学等现代化检测手段,精准靶向于某病理阶段,并充分探讨药物的具体作用靶点。③提高动物模型特异性。中医诊疗向来重视三因制宜,哮喘病随地域以及人群特征的差异偏重不同的症状表现,许多研究基于名医名家的经验方、针对某特定证候遣方,但在实验造模时并未对此加以考虑,更缺乏统一的评价标准,不利于推广。④缺乏临床验证。目前在动物体内、体外的实验成果颇丰,但若要在临证应用中取得同样卓著的效果,还需针对性地在剂量、剂型、提纯方法以及质量控制等方面进行大量试验。
综上,中医药经过几千年的沉淀与传承,蕴藏着丰富的新药创制资源,顺应时代发展,守正创新,中医药治疗哮喘必将大有可为。
  • 国家中医药管理局第七批全国老中医药专家学术经验继承工作项目(国中医药人教函〔2022〕76号)
  • 辽宁省重点研发计划项目(2020JH2/10300090)
  • 李国信辽宁省名中医传承工作室项目(辽中医药函〔2021〕1号)
  • 辽宁省“兴辽英才计划”医学名家项目(XLYC2212039)
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2025年第43卷第10期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.030
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-10-10
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基金
国家中医药管理局第七批全国老中医药专家学术经验继承工作项目(国中医药人教函〔2022〕76号)
辽宁省重点研发计划项目(2020JH2/10300090)
李国信辽宁省名中医传承工作室项目(辽中医药函〔2021〕1号)
辽宁省“兴辽英才计划”医学名家项目(XLYC2212039)
作者信息
    1.辽宁中医药大学,辽宁 沈阳 110847
    2.辽宁中医药大学附属第二医院,辽宁 沈阳 110034

通讯作者:

李国信(1963-),男,辽宁沈阳人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:新药研发与临床药理学。E-mail:。
梁丽喆(1983-),女,辽宁大连人,主任医师,博士,在站博士后,研究方向:中药临床药理、中医辨证方法及老年病防治应用。E-mail:。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zhzyyxk/CN/10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.030
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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