Article(id=1322926884731892129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926740955341011, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339948112, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339948112, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339948112, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339948112, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322926740955341011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760025600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339913834, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340753123, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322930261259846420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926740955341011, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322930261259846421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926740955341011, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=62, endPage=66, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322926888502571426, articleId=1322926884731892129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Protective Role of Banxia Xiexin Decoction(半夏泻心汤)on Pancreaticβ-cells of Prediabetes through GRK2/STR Signaling in Vitro and in Vivo Studies, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the effect of Banxia Xiexin Decoction(半夏泻心汤)on the function of pancreaticβcells and Gprotein-coupled receptor kinase2(GRK2)/sweet taste receptor(STR)signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro in prediabetes,so as to provide references for clinical application of Banxia Xiexin Decoction in the prevention and treatment of prediabetes.

Methods

The obese prediabetic mouse model was prepared by using 60% high-fat diet,and the mice were randomly divided into control group,model group and Banxia Xiexin Decoction group.After continuous administration of the drug for 4 weeks,the oral glucose tolerance(OGTT)and fasting insulin levels of the mice in each group were detected.The morphology of pancreatic islets was observed under paraffin sections with hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining,the number of pancreaticβ/αcells was detected by immunofluorescence,the expressions of taste 1 receptor member 3(TAS1R3)and GRK2 were detected by immunohistochemistry method and immunofluorescence,respectively.Western blot(WB)and RT-qPCR were employed to measure the protein and mRNA expressions of TAS1R3 and GRK2 in pancreatic tissue.INS-1 pancreaticβcells were applied to be treated with Banxia Xiexin Decoction-containing serum and/or high glucose(25 mmol/L)for 24 h.Insulin secretion was detected by ELISA under low and high glucose stimulation,while the protein expressions of TAS1R3 and GRK2 were by WB.

Results

Compared with the model group,Banxia Xiexin Decoction group exhibited a significant weight loss effect(P<0.001).In comparison with the control group,the model group showed elevated blood glucose at each time point of OGTT,as well as the area under the glucose curve,and fasting insulin levels(P<0.01);also the volume of islets increased,and theβ/αratio decreased significantly.The expression of TAS1R3 was down-regulated,while GRK2 expression was up-regulated.After the treatment of Banxia Xiexin Decoction,the blood glucose,the area under the blood glucose curve of OGTT and the fasting insulin level of the mice were significantly decreased(P<0.01).The morphology and structure of islets were more regular,the volume of islets decreased,and the number of islet cells was close to that of normal islets.Banxia Xiexin Decoction restored the expression of TAS1R3 and down-regulated GRK2 expression.In vitro experiments also demonstrated that Banxia Xiexin Decoction could restore the insulin secretion disorder induced by high glucose,up-regulate the expression of TAS1R3 and down-regulate GRK2 expression.

Conclusion

Banxia Xiexin Decoction can effectively regulate blood glucose,protect pancreatic isletβcell function and treat prediabetes.The mechanism of action may be related to its regulation of sweet taste receptor signaling pathway ofβcells.

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目的

探讨半夏泻心汤体内外保护糖尿病前期胰岛β细胞功能及对G蛋白偶联受体激酶2(G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2,GRK2)/甜味受体(sweet taste receptor,STR)信号通路的影响,为临床应用半夏泻心汤防治糖尿病前期提供参考。

方法

应用60%高脂饲料诱导制备肥胖糖尿病前期小鼠模型,将小鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组和半夏泻心汤组,连续给药治疗4周后,检测各组小鼠口服葡萄糖耐量(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)各时间点血糖、空腹胰岛素水平,石蜡切片苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色镜下观察小鼠胰腺组织胰岛形态,免疫荧光共定位染色检测胰腺组织β/α细胞数量,免疫组化检测胰腺组织甜味受体亚基味觉1受体成员3(taste 1 receptor member 3,TAS1R3)表达,免疫荧光双染色法检测GRK2表达,并进行GRK2和胰岛素(insulin)共定位分析;蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot,WB)和实时定量聚合酶链式反应(real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)法分别检测胰腺组织甜味受体亚基TAS1R3和GRK2蛋白和mRNA表达;运用胰岛β细胞株INS-1,半夏泻心汤含药血清干预高糖(25 mmol/L)处理的细胞24 h,酶联免疫吸附实验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测低糖和高糖刺激下胰岛素分泌,WB检测细胞TAS1R3和GRK2蛋白表达。

结果

与模型组相比,半夏泻心汤组减重效果明显(P<0.001);与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠OGTT各时间点血糖及血糖曲线下面积、空腹胰岛素水平均显著升高(P<0.01);胰岛体积明显增大,胰岛中β/α比例明显降低;甜味受体表达显著下调,GRK2表达显著上调。半夏泻心汤给药治疗后小鼠OGTT各时间点血糖及血糖曲线下面积、空腹胰岛素水平均显著下降(P<0.01);胰岛形态和结构较规整,胰岛体积明显减小,胰岛细胞数量接近正常胰岛;半夏泻心汤干预恢复了甜味受体表达,并下调GRK2的表达。体外实验亦显示,半夏泻心汤可以恢复高糖诱导的INS-1β细胞胰岛素分泌紊乱,上调甜味受体的表达,下调GRK2的表达。

结论

半夏泻心汤可以有效调节血糖,保护胰岛β细胞功能,治疗糖尿病前期,作用机制可能与其调控β细胞甜味受体信号通路有关。

, authors=殷美琦, 宋秀道, authorsList=殷美琦, 宋秀道, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=宋秀道, authorNote=

殷美琦(1988-),女,江苏苏州人,副主任中医师,硕士研究生导师,硕士,研究方向:糖代谢稳态失衡机制及中医药干预。

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宋秀道(1990-),男,安徽马鞍山人,副主任药师,硕士研究生导师,硕士,研究方向:糖代谢稳态失衡机制及中药干预。E-mail:。
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殷美琦(1988-),女,江苏苏州人,副主任中医师,硕士研究生导师,硕士,研究方向:糖代谢稳态失衡机制及中医药干预。

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殷美琦(1988-),女,江苏苏州人,副主任中医师,硕士研究生导师,硕士,研究方向:糖代谢稳态失衡机制及中医药干预。

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注:*与正常对照组比较,P<0.05;**与正常对照组比较,P<0.01;***与正常对照组比较,P<0.001;#与模型组比较,P<0.05;##与模型组比较,P<0.01;###与模型组比较,P<0.001。

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注:***与正常对照组比较,P<0.001;###与模型组比较,P<0.001。

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注:*与正常对照组比较,P<0.05;**与正常对照组比较,P<0.01;#与模型组比较,P<0.05;##与模型组比较,P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=w5xVezA5e0X8WAQAj/MHCA==, figureFileBig=NjLNrkRGVuA7/5c/VyV1cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322926894378791383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926884731892129, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=0Q7mviyWpU9GWD0p+TeS5A==, figureFileBig=Gz+HIQX6OYujU5RneC1cZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322926894441705944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926884731892129, language=CN, label=图6, caption=半夏泻心汤对糖尿病前期小鼠胰腺TAS1R3、GRK2 mRNA表达的影响

注:**与正常对照组比较,P<0.01;#与模型组比较,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=0Q7mviyWpU9GWD0p+TeS5A==, figureFileBig=Gz+HIQX6OYujU5RneC1cZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322926894513009113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926884731892129, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=27aZrKghP1p63lHIQNACiQ==, figureFileBig=xT2vE8i3RG0tyHPzeHa+OQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322926896186536410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926884731892129, language=CN, label=图7, caption=半夏泻心汤对糖尿病前期小鼠胰岛GRK2表达的影响(免疫荧光双染,×300)

注:*与正常对照组比较,P<0.05;#与模型组比较,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=27aZrKghP1p63lHIQNACiQ==, figureFileBig=xT2vE8i3RG0tyHPzeHa+OQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322926896257839579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926884731892129, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=40IcyfPMz5PI8DSIfvomfQ==, figureFileBig=ZLQtnY9ZwHupAdb6O37ZEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322926896329142748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926884731892129, language=CN, label=图8, caption=半夏泻心汤对高糖诱导的INS-1β细胞胰岛素分泌、甜味受体及GRK2表达的影响

注:*与正常对照组比较,P<0.05;**与正常对照组比较,P<0.01;***与正常对照组比较,P<0.001;#与模型组比较,P<0.05;##与模型组比较,P<0.01;###与模型组比较,P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=40IcyfPMz5PI8DSIfvomfQ==, figureFileBig=ZLQtnY9ZwHupAdb6O37ZEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322926896425611741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926884731892129, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称引物序列(5'-3')产物长度/(bp)
TAS1R3F:ATAGTGCCAGCATGGATCGG280
R:AGTACATCCAGCACCTTGCC
GRK2F:GCAGCGGCGATACTTCTACTT195
R:ACCAGCTCTGGATCACTATCACA
GAPDHF:CCTCGTCCCGTAGACAAAATG133
R:TGAGGTCAATGAAGGGGTCGT
), ArticleFig(id=1322926896740184542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926884731892129, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

相关基因引物信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称引物序列(5'-3')产物长度/(bp)
TAS1R3F:ATAGTGCCAGCATGGATCGG280
R:AGTACATCCAGCACCTTGCC
GRK2F:GCAGCGGCGATACTTCTACTT195
R:ACCAGCTCTGGATCACTATCACA
GAPDHF:CCTCGTCCCGTAGACAAAATG133
R:TGAGGTCAATGAAGGGGTCGT
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半夏泻心汤体内外保护糖尿病前期胰岛β细胞功能及对GRK2/STR信号通路的影响
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殷美琦 , 宋秀道
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(10): 62-66
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (10) : 62 -66
半夏泻心汤体内外保护糖尿病前期胰岛β细胞功能及对GRK2/STR信号通路的影响
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殷美琦(1988-),女,江苏苏州人,副主任中医师,硕士研究生导师,硕士,研究方向:糖代谢稳态失衡机制及中医药干预。

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殷美琦(1988-),女,江苏苏州人,副主任中医师,硕士研究生导师,硕士,研究方向:糖代谢稳态失衡机制及中医药干预。

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殷美琦, 宋秀道
作者信息
  • 南京中医药大学附属苏州市中医医院,江苏 苏州 215009
通讯作者:
宋秀道(1990-),男,安徽马鞍山人,副主任药师,硕士研究生导师,硕士,研究方向:糖代谢稳态失衡机制及中药干预。E-mail:。
作者简介:

殷美琦(1988-),女,江苏苏州人,副主任中医师,硕士研究生导师,硕士,研究方向:糖代谢稳态失衡机制及中医药干预。

Protective Role of Banxia Xiexin Decoction(半夏泻心汤)on Pancreaticβ-cells of Prediabetes through GRK2/STR Signaling in Vitro and in Vivo Studies
Meiqi YIN, Xiudao SONG
Affiliations
  • Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Suzhou 215009,Jiangsu,China
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.013
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目的

探讨半夏泻心汤体内外保护糖尿病前期胰岛β细胞功能及对G蛋白偶联受体激酶2(G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2,GRK2)/甜味受体(sweet taste receptor,STR)信号通路的影响,为临床应用半夏泻心汤防治糖尿病前期提供参考。

方法

应用60%高脂饲料诱导制备肥胖糖尿病前期小鼠模型,将小鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组和半夏泻心汤组,连续给药治疗4周后,检测各组小鼠口服葡萄糖耐量(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)各时间点血糖、空腹胰岛素水平,石蜡切片苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色镜下观察小鼠胰腺组织胰岛形态,免疫荧光共定位染色检测胰腺组织β/α细胞数量,免疫组化检测胰腺组织甜味受体亚基味觉1受体成员3(taste 1 receptor member 3,TAS1R3)表达,免疫荧光双染色法检测GRK2表达,并进行GRK2和胰岛素(insulin)共定位分析;蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot,WB)和实时定量聚合酶链式反应(real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)法分别检测胰腺组织甜味受体亚基TAS1R3和GRK2蛋白和mRNA表达;运用胰岛β细胞株INS-1,半夏泻心汤含药血清干预高糖(25 mmol/L)处理的细胞24 h,酶联免疫吸附实验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测低糖和高糖刺激下胰岛素分泌,WB检测细胞TAS1R3和GRK2蛋白表达。

结果

与模型组相比,半夏泻心汤组减重效果明显(P<0.001);与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠OGTT各时间点血糖及血糖曲线下面积、空腹胰岛素水平均显著升高(P<0.01);胰岛体积明显增大,胰岛中β/α比例明显降低;甜味受体表达显著下调,GRK2表达显著上调。半夏泻心汤给药治疗后小鼠OGTT各时间点血糖及血糖曲线下面积、空腹胰岛素水平均显著下降(P<0.01);胰岛形态和结构较规整,胰岛体积明显减小,胰岛细胞数量接近正常胰岛;半夏泻心汤干预恢复了甜味受体表达,并下调GRK2的表达。体外实验亦显示,半夏泻心汤可以恢复高糖诱导的INS-1β细胞胰岛素分泌紊乱,上调甜味受体的表达,下调GRK2的表达。

结论

半夏泻心汤可以有效调节血糖,保护胰岛β细胞功能,治疗糖尿病前期,作用机制可能与其调控β细胞甜味受体信号通路有关。

半夏泻心汤  /  糖尿病前期  /  β细胞功能  /  甜味受体  /  GRK2
Objective

To investigate the effect of Banxia Xiexin Decoction(半夏泻心汤)on the function of pancreaticβcells and Gprotein-coupled receptor kinase2(GRK2)/sweet taste receptor(STR)signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro in prediabetes,so as to provide references for clinical application of Banxia Xiexin Decoction in the prevention and treatment of prediabetes.

Methods

The obese prediabetic mouse model was prepared by using 60% high-fat diet,and the mice were randomly divided into control group,model group and Banxia Xiexin Decoction group.After continuous administration of the drug for 4 weeks,the oral glucose tolerance(OGTT)and fasting insulin levels of the mice in each group were detected.The morphology of pancreatic islets was observed under paraffin sections with hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining,the number of pancreaticβ/αcells was detected by immunofluorescence,the expressions of taste 1 receptor member 3(TAS1R3)and GRK2 were detected by immunohistochemistry method and immunofluorescence,respectively.Western blot(WB)and RT-qPCR were employed to measure the protein and mRNA expressions of TAS1R3 and GRK2 in pancreatic tissue.INS-1 pancreaticβcells were applied to be treated with Banxia Xiexin Decoction-containing serum and/or high glucose(25 mmol/L)for 24 h.Insulin secretion was detected by ELISA under low and high glucose stimulation,while the protein expressions of TAS1R3 and GRK2 were by WB.

Results

Compared with the model group,Banxia Xiexin Decoction group exhibited a significant weight loss effect(P<0.001).In comparison with the control group,the model group showed elevated blood glucose at each time point of OGTT,as well as the area under the glucose curve,and fasting insulin levels(P<0.01);also the volume of islets increased,and theβ/αratio decreased significantly.The expression of TAS1R3 was down-regulated,while GRK2 expression was up-regulated.After the treatment of Banxia Xiexin Decoction,the blood glucose,the area under the blood glucose curve of OGTT and the fasting insulin level of the mice were significantly decreased(P<0.01).The morphology and structure of islets were more regular,the volume of islets decreased,and the number of islet cells was close to that of normal islets.Banxia Xiexin Decoction restored the expression of TAS1R3 and down-regulated GRK2 expression.In vitro experiments also demonstrated that Banxia Xiexin Decoction could restore the insulin secretion disorder induced by high glucose,up-regulate the expression of TAS1R3 and down-regulate GRK2 expression.

Conclusion

Banxia Xiexin Decoction can effectively regulate blood glucose,protect pancreatic isletβcell function and treat prediabetes.The mechanism of action may be related to its regulation of sweet taste receptor signaling pathway ofβcells.

Banxia Xiexin Decoction(半夏泻心汤)  /  prediabetes  /  pancreaticβ-cells  /  sweet taste receptor  /  GRK2
殷美琦, 宋秀道. 半夏泻心汤体内外保护糖尿病前期胰岛β细胞功能及对GRK2/STR信号通路的影响. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (10) : 62 -66 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.013
Meiqi YIN, Xiudao SONG. Protective Role of Banxia Xiexin Decoction(半夏泻心汤)on Pancreaticβ-cells of Prediabetes through GRK2/STR Signaling in Vitro and in Vivo Studies[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (10) : 62 -66 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.013
糖尿病前期是介于正常血糖和糖尿病之间的中间阶段,全球患病人数约有7.2亿[1],而且随着高脂高糖等饮食方式常态化,人数还在不断增长,预计到2045年将增加到10.5亿[2]。糖尿病前期的出现标志着未来发生2型糖尿病、心血管疾病、肿瘤、抑郁等疾病的风险增高[1,3]。如何有效干预糖尿病前期以减缓并逐步从根本上遏止2型糖尿病流行是全球迫切需要解决的关键科学问题。
胰岛β细胞功能障碍是糖尿病前期发生发展的关键[4]。半夏泻心汤是源于《伤寒论》的经典名方。临床研究证实,半夏泻心汤能够改善胰岛β细胞功能,具有降糖减重降脂作用[5-6];已被收入《糖尿病前期中医药循证临床实践指南》[7]。本课题组前期研究亦发现,半夏泻心汤能增加胰高糖素样肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)水平、改善肠道葡萄糖吸收、调节肠道菌群、降低体内炎症水平和蛋白质羰基化水平,从而有效治疗糖尿病前期[8-10]。然而其改善糖尿病前期胰岛β细胞功能的确切机制仍有待进一步阐明。
自甜味受体(sweet taste receptors,STRs)在胰腺中被发现以来,大量研究证实,β细胞STRs(TAS1R2-TAS1R3)参与胰岛素分泌调控,进而在调节糖脂代谢稳态中起重要作用[11-13]。本研究拟以高脂诱导的肥胖糖尿病前期小鼠和高糖诱导的INS-1β细胞为研究对象,探讨半夏泻心汤体内外保护糖尿病前期胰岛β细胞功能及对甜味受体信号通路的影响,为临床应用半夏泻心汤防治糖尿病前期提供科学依据。
胰岛β细胞株INS-1,购自厦门逸漠生物科技有限公司。
SPF级健康6~8周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠,体质量20~22 g,购于昭衍(苏州)新药研究中心有限公司,实验动物生产许可证SCXK(苏)2018-0006,实验动物使用许可证SYXK(苏)2017-0043。所有动物均分笼饲养于标准环境,自由进食饮水,光暗周期12 h/12 h,温度(22±2)℃,湿度40%~60%。高脂饲料购自Research Diets公司(60%脂肪,20%碳水化合物,20%蛋白质)。实验通过南京中医药大学苏州附属医院伦理审查,审查号:2020伦动批027。
半夏泻心汤(法半夏12 g,酒黄连3 g,黄芩9 g,干姜9 g,党参9 g,炙甘草9 g,大枣36 g),购自南京中医药大学苏州附属医院中药房,由全国中药特色技术传承人沈多荣主任中药师鉴定符合2020版《中华人民共和国药典》规定。
称取药材适量,参考文献[14]方法制备半夏泻心汤,加入3倍量冷水浸泡30 min,加热回流提取60 min,趁热过滤上清液;滤渣中再加3倍量水,加热回流提取30 min,趁热过滤上清液;合并2次得到的上清液,减压浓缩至1.0 g·mL-1冷藏备用。
80 g生药/kg半夏泻心汤提取物灌胃给予SD大鼠,1次/d,连续7 d,末次给药2 h后,腹腔麻醉,腹主动脉采血,3000 r/min,离心15 min,分离血清,灭活,过滤,-80℃冰箱保存。
小鼠胰岛素酶联免疫吸附实验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)试剂盒购自优尔生(货号:CEA448Mu);大鼠胰岛素ELISA试剂盒购自联科生物(货号:A322020434);味觉1受体成员3(taste 1 receptor member 3,TAS1R3)抗体购自Novus Biologicals公司(货号:NB100-98792);G蛋白偶联受体激酶2(G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2,GRK2)Antibody(3F8)抗体购自Novus Biologicals公司(货号:NBP2-37611);β-actin抗体购自Engibody公司(货号:420812NJI4202016);山羊抗兔IgG二抗购自Engibody公司(货号:AT0097);山羊抗小鼠IgG二抗购自Engibody公司(货号:AT0098);抗胰岛素(Insulin)抗体购自Servicebio公司(货号:GB12334);抗胰高血糖素(glucagon)抗体购自Servicebio公司(货号:GB113496);DAPI染色试剂购自Servicebio公司(货号:G1012);RNA提取液购自Servicebio公司(货号:G3013)。
CFX Connect型PCR仪(美国Bio-rad公司);蛋白印迹电泳系统、全自动凝胶成像仪(美国ProteinSimple公司);多功能酶标仪(美国Molecular Devices公司);光学显微镜(日本OLYMPUS公司);高速冷冻离心机(德国Z-320K);稳悦血糖仪及配套血糖检测试纸[强生(中国)医疗器械有限公司]。
将雄性C57BL/6J小鼠适应性喂养1周后,正常对照组持续予以普通饲料和纯净水喂养,造模组给予60%高脂饲料和纯净水喂养造成肥胖糖尿病前期小鼠模型[15],共喂养12周,按照血糖值随机分为两组,每组6只,分别为模型组和半夏泻心汤组。
模型小鼠建立并完成分组后,正常对照组:继续予普通饮食和纯净水喂养;模型组:予60%高脂饮食和纯净水喂养;半夏泻心汤组:予普通饮食和纯净水喂养,同时给予半夏泻心汤提取物(剂量:11.31 g生药/kg),1次/d;正常对照组和模型组予等体积灭菌水灌胃,连续给药4周。
给药期间每周测量体质量、空腹血糖;给药4周后行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT),在0、30、60、120 min尾静脉采血,用血糖试纸测定小鼠血糖值,并采用近似梯形法计算曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC),计算公式如下:AUC=0.25×(BG0 min+BG30 min)+0.25×(BG30 min+BG60 min)+0.5×(BG60 min+BG120 min),其中BG为血糖。
实验结束,各组小鼠禁食不禁水18 h后摘眼球,用含EDTA的抗凝血管,于4℃,2500~3000 r/min离心10 min分离血浆,保存于-80℃冰箱备用,用于胰岛素测定。开腹后分离胰腺组织,部分放入4%多聚甲醛中固定,部分保存于-80℃冰箱。
(1)细胞培养及分组干预INS-1β细胞用含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培养基培养,待细胞长到70%~80%,用无血清培养基(5.6 mmol/L葡萄糖)预处理后培养6 h,使其处于同步化状态,分为正常对照组、模型组和半夏泻心汤组。正常对照组:RPMI-1640P培养基培养;模型组:给予含25 mmol/L葡萄糖培养基培养处理24 h;半夏泻心汤组:给予含10%半夏泻心汤含药血清、25 mmol/L葡萄糖、RPMI-1640培养基培养,干预24 h后收集细胞裂解用于蛋白质分析。
(2)用5.6 mmol/L糖浓度的KRB缓冲液孵育1.5 h后弃上清,再分别用低糖(5.6 mmol/L)和高糖(25 mmol/L)KRB缓冲液孵育1.5 h后收集上清,ELISA法测定胰岛素含量。
酶联免疫法检测胰岛素水平,检测过程严格按照试剂盒说明进行。
胰腺组织经4%多聚甲醛固定后,石蜡包埋切片,进行苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色。显微镜下观察胰腺组织形态变化并在不同视角下采集图像。
(1)免疫组织化学:将石蜡切片脱蜡并洗涤。然后,将切片放入微波炉中修复抗原。冷却至室温后,将切片放入3%H2 O2中30 min。用PBS清洗后,用10%山羊血清封片1 h。加入一抗并在4℃孵育14 h,加入二抗并孵育1 h。用DAB显色,然后用苏木精进行核染色,显微镜采集图像。
(2)免疫荧光染色:将分离的胰岛组织进行固定,石蜡切片脱蜡至水,并用EDTA抗原修复液(pH 8.0)进行抗原修复。修复完成后,自然冷却,再滴加BSA封闭30 min;之后向切片加入一抗,切片平放于湿盒内4℃孵育过夜,然后用CY3标记山羊抗小鼠IgG二抗和Fluor 488标记山羊抗兔IgG二抗避光室温孵育50 min进行染色。再加DAPI染色试剂,避光室温孵育10 min,进行细胞核复染。接着使用正置荧光显微镜(日本尼康,NIKON ECLIPSE C1)对组织切片进行观察和成像。使用Image J软件进行定量分析。
各组小鼠断髓解剖取材。将各组小鼠胰腺组织剪块、称重后置于离心管中,加入配置好的RIPA裂解液,在4℃冰箱中裂解30 min制成组织匀浆,后于12000 r/min离心10 min,小心吸取上清测定总蛋白浓度,剩余上清按比例加入5×loading buffer混合均匀,将混合液置恒温水浴锅内沸水水浴加热10 min使蛋白质变性。参照文献[13]的方法进行上样、电泳以及转膜,用5%的脱脂奶粉常温封闭2 h,于4℃冰箱中孵育一抗过夜,常温下孵育二抗2 h,参照ECL试剂说明书使蛋白显影拍摄保存。用AlphaImager 2200软件计算各蛋白条带灰度值。
取4~10 g胰岛组织加入RNA提取液,加入氯仿于4℃下12 000 r/min离心10 min,得到上层液相,加入异丙醇离心,得到白色沉淀。用乙醇洗涤沉淀物,然后用RNA溶解液溶解。反转录后,按照PCR反应体系加入试剂和样本cDNA,于荧光定量PCR仪(北京东胜创新生物科技有限公司,ETC811)上完成扩增。引物序列列于表1中。
采用GraphPad Prism软件进行统计分析。计量资料以均数±标准差()表示,多组间的比较采用单因素方差分析和Tukey's多重比较。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
单纯高能饲料喂养诱导的高血糖肥胖小鼠作为成熟的糖尿病前期动物模型,用于探索半夏泻心汤对其糖代谢水平的影响。经过12周高脂饲料喂养及4周干预后,与模型组相比,半夏泻心汤组有明显的减重效果(插页Ⅴ图1A);OGTT各时间点血糖(插页Ⅴ图1B)及血糖曲线下面积(插页Ⅴ图1C)模型组均高于正常对照组(P<0.01),特别是空腹血糖(插页Ⅴ图1B)更加明显(P<0.001);给予半夏泻心汤干预后,与模型组相比,小鼠空腹血糖(插页Ⅴ图1B)显著降低(P<0.001),糖负荷后各时间点血糖(插页Ⅴ图1B)及血糖曲线下面积(插页Ⅴ图1C)均有明显改善(P<0.01),整体曲线接近于正常对照组。为评估半夏泻心汤对胰岛素分泌的影响,进行了空腹胰岛素水平的测定。与正常对照组相比,模型组空腹胰岛素水平(插页Ⅴ图1D)显著升高(P<0.01),半夏泻心汤治疗后小鼠空腹胰岛素水平(插页Ⅴ图1D)明显下降(P<0.01)。
采用HE染色法观察小鼠胰岛的形态,与正常对照组小鼠相比,模型组小鼠胰岛体积明显增大,半夏泻心汤组干预后胰岛形态和结构较规整,胰岛体积明显减小(插页Ⅴ图2)。用胰高血糖素和胰岛素标记α细胞和β细胞进行免疫荧光共定位染色。结果显示,与正常对照组比较,模型组胰岛中β/α细胞比例明显降低,半夏泻心汤给药治疗后改善了这一趋势,恢复了胰岛α与β细胞数量,改善胰岛细胞功能(插页Ⅵ图3)。
在小鼠胰岛中,β细胞表面STRs主要是TAS1R3[16]。采用免疫组化法检测胰腺组织甜味受体亚基TAS1R3表达水平,与正常对照组相比,模型组小鼠胰岛TAS1R3表达显著减少;半夏泻心汤处理上调了甜味受体TAS1R3的表达(插页Ⅵ图4)。通过WB检测小鼠胰腺组织TAS1R3蛋白水平,与正常对照组相比,模型组小鼠胰腺组织中TAS1R3蛋白表达量显著降低;与模型组相比,半夏泻心汤干预后,胰腺TAS1R3表达显著增加(插页Ⅵ图5)。采用RT-qPCR检测胰腺组织TAS1R3的mRNA水平,同样地,与正常对照组相比,模型组小鼠胰腺组织中TAS1R3 mRNA表达量显著降低;与模型组相比,半夏泻心汤干预后,胰腺TAS1R3 mRNA表达显著增加(插页Ⅶ图6A)。
采用WB检测小鼠胰腺组织GRK2蛋白表达水平,统计分析显示,模型组GRK2蛋白表达水平明显高于正常对照组(P<0.05),经半夏泻心汤治疗后GRK2蛋白水平显著下降(P<0.01)(插页Ⅶ图5);免疫荧光双染色法检测GRK2表达,并进行GRK2和Insulin共定位分析也有同样发现(插页Ⅶ图7)。mRNA转录水平上,与正常对照组相比,模型组小鼠胰腺组织GRK2 mRNA水平显著升高(P<0.01),半夏泻心汤治疗抑制了GRK2 mRNA的表达(插页Ⅶ图6B)。
大鼠胰岛细胞瘤细胞INS-1保留了正常β细胞的生理特征。与正常对照组相比,高糖诱导24 h后的模型组INS-1细胞低糖(5.6 mmol/L)刺激胰岛素分泌增加,高糖(25 mmol/L)刺激胰岛素分泌减少,半夏泻心汤含药血清加入体外培养的高糖诱导的INS-1细胞24 h后,高糖刺激的胰岛素分泌显著增加,低糖刺激的胰岛素分泌显著减少(P<0.05)(插页Ⅷ图8A)。然后,采用WB法检测3组细胞甜味受体亚基TAS1R3以及GRK2的蛋白含量,经统计,模型组TAS1R3表达下降(P<0.001),GRK2表达增加(P<0.01);与模型组相比,给予半夏泻心汤含药血清干预后,TAS1R3表达增加(P<0.001),GRK2表达下降(P<0.05)(插页Ⅷ图8B、8C)。
糖尿病前期属于中医“脾瘅”“食郁”等范畴。半夏泻心汤以辛温之半夏、干姜与苦寒之黄连、黄芩为主组成,“辛以开之,苦以降之”,“辛、苦”并用升清降浊,调畅中焦大气,宣泄三焦气机,具有寒热平调,消痞散结,补泻同施的功用,切中糖尿病前期脾失健运、脾虚湿热、虚实错杂之病机[7],从理论上为运用半夏泻心汤治疗糖尿病前期提供了依据。课题组前期通过文献调研及实验研究充分证实半夏泻心汤具有良好的降糖减重疗效,能够恢复代谢平衡,可通过多环节、整体调控防治糖尿病前期[6,10,17-18]。本实验结果与以往研究结果一致,糖尿病前期模型组小鼠体质量明显上升,出现糖代谢异常;经半夏泻心汤治疗后,小鼠体质量减轻,糖代谢明显改善。此外,我们还观察到模型组空腹胰岛素水平升高,小鼠胰岛体积明显增大,免疫荧光检测可见胰岛β/α细胞比例明显降低;与模型组相比,半夏泻心汤组空腹胰岛素水平下降,胰岛形态和结构较规整,胰岛体积明显减小,胰岛中β/α细胞比例接近正常。细胞实验结果显示,与正常对照组相比,高糖诱导24 h后的模型组INS-1细胞低糖(5.6 mmol/L)刺激胰岛素分泌增加,高糖(25 mmol/L)刺激胰岛素分泌减少,半夏泻心汤含药血清处理后的INS-1细胞,高糖刺激的胰岛素分泌显著增加,低糖刺激的胰岛素分泌显著减少。提示半夏泻心汤可以有效调节血糖,治疗糖尿病前期,这与其调控β细胞胰岛素分泌,保护胰岛β细胞的功能有关。
众所周知,胰岛素分泌的调节是由参与葡萄糖代谢的信号介导的。葡萄糖通过葡萄糖转运蛋白2进入β细胞,并通过糖酵解途径进行代谢,其下游信号传导途径诱导胰岛素分泌[19]。新近研究发现,β细胞中的葡萄糖感应受体亦参与调节葡萄糖对胰岛素分泌的影响[11]。STRs是由G蛋白偶联受体家族的两个成员味觉1受体成员2(taste 1 receptor member 2,TAS1R2)和TAS1R3形成的异二聚体[20]。当β细胞中STRs被糖分子激活时,G蛋白偶联受体(α-gustducin、Gβ3和Gγ13)解离,随后这些亚基分别激活下游信号通路[21-22],并介导胰岛素分泌,恢复生理血浆葡萄糖水平。甜味受体及其信号传导功能失调可以导致肥胖和2型糖尿病[23]。β细胞STRs表达下调可致葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌减少[16,24-25];STRs表达下调的小鼠胰岛,空腹血糖波动可引起胰岛素高分泌[12],甜味受体表达减少增强基础胰岛素分泌在饮食诱导的肥胖野生型小鼠的胰岛中业已得到证实[12,23]。可见,β细胞STRs表达下调可以引起空腹胰岛素高分泌和葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌减少,进而有助于产生高胰岛素血症,这种以“高胰岛素血症”为表征的胰岛素分泌紊乱与糖尿病前期β细胞功能障碍的特征是一致的。课题组前期研究也证实:糖尿病前期独立致病因子3-脱氧葡萄糖醛酮(3-deoxyglucosone,3DG)诱导STRs表达下调的INS-1细胞和3DG诱导急性糖不耐受性大鼠的胰岛,均在低糖刺激下胰岛素分泌增加和高糖刺激下胰岛素分泌降低[13]。本研究体内外实验结果均显示模型组β细胞TAS1R3表达下调,半夏泻心汤干预可以上调TAS1R3表达,改善β细胞胰岛素分泌紊乱。由此可见,半夏泻心汤可以调控β细胞甜味受体,增强β细胞甜味受体的生理功能,这也可能是其恢复脾胃运化,助脾散精,调节糖代谢紊乱的重要机制之一。
STRs是G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptors,GPCRs)的一种类型。GPCRs在特异性配体持续的过度刺激下发生同源脱敏,从而致GPCR蛋白/mRNA表达下调[26]。受体的磷酸化是同源脱敏的关键,主要受GPCR激酶(GPCR Kinases,GRKs)调控。其中丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶GRK2因其在GPCR调节中的作用而闻名。GRK2在人类和小鼠胰岛中表达,并且相对于其他GRK亚型,它在胰岛中表达丰富[27]。GRK2参与β细胞GPCR同源脱敏,通过下游或胰岛素受体水平上发生的不同机制在胰岛素信号传导调节中发挥着关键作用[27-29]。最近的一项蛋白组学研究表明,db/db 2型糖尿病小鼠模型中胰岛GRK2蛋白水平呈动态变化:高血糖状态下GRK2表达上调,血糖正常时GRK2表达水平下调[30]。有趣的是,课题组小鼠胰岛免疫荧光染色发现胰腺中GRK2蛋白的表达仅限于胰岛,且糖尿病前期模型小鼠胰腺及高糖诱导的INS-1细胞实验均发现模型组GRK2蛋白表达上调,TAS1R3表达下调,半夏泻心汤干预下调了GRK2蛋白表达水平,上调了TAS1R3表达水平。提示GRK2表达上调可能是β细胞甜味受体表达下调的原因。低水平的GRK2可增强体内和离体胰岛细胞胰岛素分泌;GRK2+/-小鼠在随意喂养和OGTT后,表现为胰岛素分泌的早期而非晚期胰岛素释放增加。这更增加了β细胞甜味受体受GRK2水平调节的可能性[27]。
总之,我们在体内证实了半夏泻心汤具有有效调节血糖,保护胰岛β细胞功能,治疗糖尿病前期的作用,进而通过体内外实验表明这种作用机制可能与其调控β细胞甜味受体信号通路有关。但半夏泻心汤通过影响GRK2进而调控β细胞甜味受体表达的具体机制有待进一步深入研究。本研究为半夏泻心汤保护胰岛β细胞功能防治糖尿病前期提供了科学依据,丰富了中医药从脾论治糖尿病前期理论,为从甜味受体角度防治胰岛β细胞的功能障碍提供新的思路和方向。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82004315; 82305088)
  • 苏州市姑苏卫生人才计划人才科研项目(GSWS2021048)
  • 苏州市科技发展计划(基础研究-医学应用基础研究)项目(SKY2023218)
  • 苏州市科技发展计划(医疗卫生科技创新)项目(SKY2022204)
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2025年第43卷第10期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.10.013
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-10-10
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国家自然科学基金项目(82004315; 82305088)
苏州市姑苏卫生人才计划人才科研项目(GSWS2021048)
苏州市科技发展计划(基础研究-医学应用基础研究)项目(SKY2023218)
苏州市科技发展计划(医疗卫生科技创新)项目(SKY2022204)
作者信息
    南京中医药大学附属苏州市中医医院,江苏 苏州 215009

通讯作者:

宋秀道(1990-),男,安徽马鞍山人,副主任药师,硕士研究生导师,硕士,研究方向:糖代谢稳态失衡机制及中药干预。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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