Article(id=1322926708583703507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926492627378659, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.026, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339906115, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339906115, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339906115, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339906115, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322926492627378659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757433600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339854628, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340762858, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322930302095590169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926492627378659, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322930302095590170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926492627378659, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=143, endPage=149, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322926709028299732, articleId=1322926708583703507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Pine Plant Polysaccharides, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pine plant polysaccharides(PPPS)have complex structural characteristics and various biological activities,such as immune regulation,anti-tumor,anti-oxidation and regulation of blood glucose. More and more studies have shown that polysaccharides are one of the main active ingredients of pine plants and play an indispensable role in the medicinal value of pine plants. In recentyears,a large number of studies have been carried outon PPPS,including the extraction,separation,structural identification and activity research of PPPS. However,at present,the research on PPPS is not deep enough. The structure of polysaccharides is only preliminarily analyzed. The crude polysaccharides are used in the study of activity,and only simple efficacy evaluation is made. The specific mechanism of action and the structure-activity relationship of polysaccharides are not clear. At present,the extraction of PPPSmainly uses hot water extraction,ultrasonic assisted extraction,microwave assisted extraction,enzyme assisted extraction and other processes. In terms of purificationmethods,anion exchange chromatography and dextran gel chromatography were mainly used. In the aspect of chemical structure analysis,the molecular weight,monosaccharide composition and proportion,connection mode and so on were mainly studied. In terms of biological activity,the activities of immune regulation,anti-virus and anti-tumor were studied. This paper summarized the research data in this field in the past ten years aswell as the research background,extraction,purification,structural characteristics and biological activity of PPPS,in order to provide some research prospects for the study of PPPS.

, authors=Yangdong ZHU, Jinming DING, Yizhen HUANG, Ming ZHOU, Jianlin WU, Bin YAN, authorsList=Yangdong ZHU, Jinming DING, Yizhen HUANG, Ming ZHOU, Jianlin WU, Bin YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jianlin WU, Bin YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322926709904909269, articleId=1322926708583703507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=松属植物多糖研究进展, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

松属植物多糖(Pine plant polysaccharides,PPPS)具有复杂的结构特征和多种生物活性,如免疫调节、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、调节血糖等功能。越来越多的研究表明,多糖是松属植物的主要活性成分之一,并且在松属植物的药用价值中发挥着不可或缺的作用。近年来针对松属植物多糖开展了大量研究,包括松属植物多糖的提取、分离、结构鉴定以及生物活性等。但是目前对松属植物多糖的研究还不够深入,对于多糖结构仅做了初步解析,活性的研究只采用了粗制多糖,并作了简单的药效评价,具体的作用机制和多糖的构效关系也不明确。目前对松属植物多糖的提取主要使用热水浸提法、超声波辅助提取法、微波辅助提取法、酶辅助提取法等工艺;在纯化方法方面,主要采用阴离子交换色谱和葡聚糖凝胶色谱等方法;在化学结构解析方面,主要研究了分子量、单糖组成及比例、连接方式等;在生物活性方面,研究了免疫调节、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等活性。总结了近10年该领域的研究资料,对松属植物多糖的研究背景、提取、纯化、结构特征和生物活性进行梳理总结,以期为松属植物多糖的研究提供一些研究前景。

, authors=朱阳东, 丁金铭, 黄一真, 周明, 吴建林, 闫滨, authorsList=朱阳东, 丁金铭, 黄一真, 周明, 吴建林, 闫滨, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴建林, 闫滨, authorNote=

朱阳东(2000-),男,山东济宁人,硕士在读,研究方向:中药化学。

, correspAuthorsNote=
闫滨(1971-),男,山东济南人,副教授,硕士研究生导师,硕士,研究方向:中药化学。E-mail:。
吴建林(1976-),男,山东济南人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医临床与实验研究。E-mail:。
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朱阳东(2000-),男,山东济宁人,硕士在读,研究方向:中药化学。

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朱阳东(2000-),男,山东济宁人,硕士在读,研究方向:中药化学。

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Int JBiol Macromol,2019,125:445-452., articleTitle=Chemical composition,antioxidantactivities of polysaccharide from Pine needle(Pinusmassoniana)and hypolipidemic effect in high-fat diet-induced mice, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322926717525958663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926708583703507, awardId=82374311, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(82374311), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322926717605650440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926708583703507, awardId=2016YFC0800908, language=CN, fundingSource=国家科技部重点研发项目(2016YFC0800908), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322926717668565001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926708583703507, awardId=2014ZX09509, language=CN, fundingSource=国家科技部重大研究专项(2014ZX09509), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322926717811171338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926708583703507, awardId=2017CXGC1305, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省重点研发项目(2017CXGC1305), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322926711108674518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926708583703507, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322926711125451735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926708583703507, companyId=1322926711108674518, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Jinan 250355,Shandong,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322926711150617560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926708583703507, companyId=1322926711108674518, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=山东中医药大学,山东 济南 250355)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322926717047808001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926708583703507, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部位松树品种
松仁红松
松针红松、马尾松、湿地松、黑松、雪松、火炬松
松花粉马尾松、泰山松、油松、湿地松
松子壳红松、华山松、油松、白松、五叶松
松塔红松、华山松、油松、白松、五叶松
), ArticleFig(id=1322926717110722562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926708583703507, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

松属植物多糖分布部位

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部位松树品种
松仁红松
松针红松、马尾松、湿地松、黑松、雪松、火炬松
松花粉马尾松、泰山松、油松、湿地松
松子壳红松、华山松、油松、白松、五叶松
松塔红松、华山松、油松、白松、五叶松
), ArticleFig(id=1322926717186220035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926708583703507, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部位方法提取条件得率/(%)
松子壳超声辅助提取60℃,30 min,料液比1∶40,提取2次[10]
超声辅助提取80℃,40 min,料液比1∶3,提取2次2.37[11]
超声辅助提取85℃,45 min,料液比1∶6,提取2次[12]
热水浸提80℃,2 h,料液比1∶3.5,提取2次[13]
热水浸提100℃,2 h,料液比1∶15,提取3次2.90[14]
松针超声酶法提取80℃,47 min,料液比1∶20,提取2次,超声功率560 W,纤维素酶12 FPU/g10.39[15]
超声辅助提取91℃,超声25 min,浸提1 h,料液比1∶251.86[16]
超声辅助提取90℃,2 h,料液比1∶80,超声功率为130 W2.47[17]
微波辅助提取90℃,10 min,料液比1∶14,提取2次,超声功率800 W2.16[18]
微波辅助提取150 s,料液比1∶30,提取2次,微波功率800 W3.92[19]
热水浸提法100℃,3 h,pH值6,料液比1∶144.02[7]
热水浸提法90℃,4 h,料液比1∶252.85[20]
内部沸腾法90℃,5 min,料液比1∶30,乙醇体积分数40%7.13[21]
复合酶法提取50℃酶解,料液比1∶20,pH 6.5,2.5%纤维素酶,酶解2 h,1.5%果胶酶,酶解1.5 h6.17[22]
松塔热水浸提法100℃,4 h,料液比1∶121.52[23]
热回流提取100℃,8 h,料液比1∶301.12[24]
松仁超声辅助提取90℃,35 min,料液比1∶45,超声功率800 W9.80[25]
微波辅助提取料液比1∶15,微波功率320 W,微波5 min,浸泡60 min6.01[26]
热水浸提法90℃,3 h,料液比1∶206.26[27]
超声波辅助提取90℃,35 min,料液比1∶45,超声波功率为800 W10.74[27]
热水浸提法95℃,1.5 h,料液比1∶40,提取3次9.26[28]
松花粉超声破壁提取80℃,10 min,料液比1∶12,超声功率400 W1.84[29]
热水浸提法90℃,pH 9.0,料液比1∶306.50[30]
热水浸提法90℃,3 h,料液比1∶251.40[31]
热水浸提法70℃,2 h,料液比1∶12,提取3次1.81[32]
热水浸提法85℃,2 h,料液比1∶15,提取4次1.70[33]
), ArticleFig(id=1322926717253328900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926708583703507, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

松属植物多糖提取工艺

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部位方法提取条件得率/(%)
松子壳超声辅助提取60℃,30 min,料液比1∶40,提取2次[10]
超声辅助提取80℃,40 min,料液比1∶3,提取2次2.37[11]
超声辅助提取85℃,45 min,料液比1∶6,提取2次[12]
热水浸提80℃,2 h,料液比1∶3.5,提取2次[13]
热水浸提100℃,2 h,料液比1∶15,提取3次2.90[14]
松针超声酶法提取80℃,47 min,料液比1∶20,提取2次,超声功率560 W,纤维素酶12 FPU/g10.39[15]
超声辅助提取91℃,超声25 min,浸提1 h,料液比1∶251.86[16]
超声辅助提取90℃,2 h,料液比1∶80,超声功率为130 W2.47[17]
微波辅助提取90℃,10 min,料液比1∶14,提取2次,超声功率800 W2.16[18]
微波辅助提取150 s,料液比1∶30,提取2次,微波功率800 W3.92[19]
热水浸提法100℃,3 h,pH值6,料液比1∶144.02[7]
热水浸提法90℃,4 h,料液比1∶252.85[20]
内部沸腾法90℃,5 min,料液比1∶30,乙醇体积分数40%7.13[21]
复合酶法提取50℃酶解,料液比1∶20,pH 6.5,2.5%纤维素酶,酶解2 h,1.5%果胶酶,酶解1.5 h6.17[22]
松塔热水浸提法100℃,4 h,料液比1∶121.52[23]
热回流提取100℃,8 h,料液比1∶301.12[24]
松仁超声辅助提取90℃,35 min,料液比1∶45,超声功率800 W9.80[25]
微波辅助提取料液比1∶15,微波功率320 W,微波5 min,浸泡60 min6.01[26]
热水浸提法90℃,3 h,料液比1∶206.26[27]
超声波辅助提取90℃,35 min,料液比1∶45,超声波功率为800 W10.74[27]
热水浸提法95℃,1.5 h,料液比1∶40,提取3次9.26[28]
松花粉超声破壁提取80℃,10 min,料液比1∶12,超声功率400 W1.84[29]
热水浸提法90℃,pH 9.0,料液比1∶306.50[30]
热水浸提法90℃,3 h,料液比1∶251.40[31]
热水浸提法70℃,2 h,料液比1∶12,提取3次1.81[32]
热水浸提法85℃,2 h,料液比1∶15,提取4次1.70[33]
), ArticleFig(id=1322926717324632069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926708583703507, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类部位名称单糖组成相应组成比例分子质量Dal分离纯化方法生物活性
红松松仁PNP1-a葡萄糖∶鼠李糖2.57∶1.001.02×10515%TCA脱蛋白,DEAE-52阴离子免疫调节[27]
PNP1-b葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖4.03∶1.001.43×104交换柱层析,Sephadex G-100柱纯化
PNP2-a葡萄糖/1.10×105
红松松仁PNP3-aPNP40c-1葡萄糖葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖/0.52∶2.98∶1.001.63×1052.06×10515%TCA脱蛋白,DEAE-52阴离子交换柱层析,Sephacryl S-400柱纯化保肝作用抗炎[28]
云南松松塔云南松塔多糖半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖∶半乳糖醛酸∶葡萄糖醛酸∶木糖∶岩藻糖0.63∶1.10∶1.11∶0.14∶0.04∶1.80∶1.00∶0.60∶0.09/抗病毒[29]
红松松塔PKP-A-3b半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖∶木糖∶核糖1.25∶0.78∶0.50∶0.29∶0.38∶0.25∶0.212.86×10510%TCA脱蛋白,DEAE-52阴离子交换柱层析,Sephadex G-200柱纯化抗氧化[39]
红松松塔PKP-D70-2-a半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖36.32∶19.23∶10.67∶13.6∶20.183.04×1066%TCA脱蛋白,DEAE-52阴离子交换柱层析,Sephadex G-100柱纯化抗氧化[40]
PKP-D70-2-b半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖23.10∶27.19∶13.68∶36.032.54×106
红松松塔PKP-E-1-1半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖7.11∶2.38∶4.70∶5.14∶3.421.09×10710%TCA脱蛋白,DEAE-52阴离子抗氧化[41]
PKP-E-1-2半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖6.10∶1.11∶4.91∶2.30∶7.153.69×106交换柱层析,Sephadex G-100柱纯化
PKP-E-2-1半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖16.40∶10.69∶6.74∶7.12∶9.481.83×106
PKP-E-2-2半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖2.88∶0.76∶2.18∶1.08∶2.701.72×106
红松松塔PKP半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖∶木糖8.66∶3.61∶1.73∶1.34∶2.59∶0.39/6%TCA脱蛋白,6%过氧化氢脱色,冰乙酸∶氯仿∶95%乙醇=2∶5∶1作为展开剂,进行薄层层析抗氧化抑菌[42]
红松松塔PSP-I半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖∶半乳糖醛酸∶葡萄糖醛酸∶木糖12.27∶40.79∶3.34∶1.60∶39.52∶1.81∶0.671.2×104sevag法脱蛋白质,DEAE-Sephacel阴离子交性炭法脱色,换柱层析,Sephadex G-200葡聚糖凝胶柱纯化免疫调节[43]
偃松松塔PPCP半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖1.94∶2.20∶2.33∶1.001.89×105/抗氧化免疫调节[44]
雪松松针雪松粗多糖半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖∶果糖1.00∶27.51∶1.29∶1.70∶4.86//抗氧化[46]
雪松纯化多糖半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖∶果糖1.00∶23.02∶1.22∶5.40∶1.22/酶法与Sevage法联用脱蛋白,双氧水与活性炭联用除色素
雪松松针APC葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖∶木糖37.53∶1∶4.32∶0.93∶0.911.53×104Sevage试剂脱蛋白,透析抗氧化[45]
红松松子壳PPSPⅠ-b半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖∶木糖18.35∶10.67∶1.40∶3.40∶7.82∶0.79/活性炭吸附,超滤,木瓜蛋白酶与Sevage联用脱蛋白,D101大孔树脂脱色,透析,DEAE-52离子交换柱层析抗氧化[46]
PPSPⅠ-1半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖6.91∶10.60∶2.30∶0.96∶10.60/
PPSPⅠ-2半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖0.55∶0.28∶0.16∶0.26∶0.28/
PPSPⅠ-4葡萄糖//
红松松子壳PPSP2-2半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖∶半乳糖醛酸∶葡萄糖醛酸∶木糖∶岩藻糖20.2∶11.0∶18.4∶12.2∶7.2∶11.8∶3.6∶10.5∶5.11.89×103木瓜蛋白酶与Sevag法联用脱蛋白,大孔吸附树脂除色素,DEAE-52阴离子交换柱层析,透析袋去除小分子杂质,Sephadex G-150柱纯化抗氧化[11]
PPSP3-1半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖∶半乳糖醛酸∶葡萄糖醛酸∶木糖∶岩藻糖9.1∶23.8∶5.2∶5.6∶4.6∶44.9∶2.9∶2.5∶1.32.84×103
红松松子壳PPSP1大孔吸附树脂去色素,DEAE-Bestarose FF阴离子交换柱层析,超滤脱盐与去除小分子杂质抗肿瘤[12]
种类部位名称单糖组成相应组成比例分子质量Dal分离纯化方法生物活性
马尾松松花粉MTP1-A葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖0.43∶0.33∶1Sevage试剂脱蛋白,DEAE-Sephadex A-25阴离子交换柱层析,Sephadex G-75柱纯化抗氧化抗肿瘤[33]
MTP4-A葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖1∶0.30∶0.14∶0.11
马尾松松花粉PPM 60半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖1∶0.36∶1.194∶0.03心肌保护免疫调节[47]
马尾松松花粉MPP60-B-Ⅱ半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶岩藻糖1.16∶1∶5.2∶1.72∶6.662.08×105Sevage法除蛋白,乙醇分级沉淀法初步分离多糖后,采用Sephacryl S-400HR凝胶柱层析法对多糖进行分离纯化[48]
泰山马尾松松花粉TPPPS1半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖∶半乳糖醛酸∶葡萄糖醛酸∶核糖1.46∶2.01∶1.23∶1.35∶0.38∶1.42∶2.155.6×104DEAE-52阴离子交换柱层析,Sephadex G-200柱纯化免疫调节抗氧化抗病毒[49]
TPPPS2半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖∶半乳糖醛酸∶葡萄糖醛酸∶木糖0.53∶1.99∶1.44∶1.65∶0.79∶0.98∶2.622.5×104
TPPPS3葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖∶半乳糖醛酸∶葡萄糖醛酸∶木糖∶核糖1.33∶2.63∶0.29∶1.03∶1.52∶1.35∶1.851.28×104
油松松花粉油松花粉多糖半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖∶木糖0.86∶0.63∶0.2∶1∶0.15∶0.14过氧化氢脱色,Sephadex G-100柱纯化抗氧化[31]
油松松花粉D11
D31
7.64×10410%TCA脱蛋白,DEAE-52阴离子交换柱层析、Sephaeryl S-300凝胶柱层析抗氧化保湿性[32]
), ArticleFig(id=1322926717404323846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322926708583703507, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

松属植物多糖结构表征及其生理活性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类部位名称单糖组成相应组成比例分子质量Dal分离纯化方法生物活性
红松松仁PNP1-a葡萄糖∶鼠李糖2.57∶1.001.02×10515%TCA脱蛋白,DEAE-52阴离子免疫调节[27]
PNP1-b葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖4.03∶1.001.43×104交换柱层析,Sephadex G-100柱纯化
PNP2-a葡萄糖/1.10×105
红松松仁PNP3-aPNP40c-1葡萄糖葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖/0.52∶2.98∶1.001.63×1052.06×10515%TCA脱蛋白,DEAE-52阴离子交换柱层析,Sephacryl S-400柱纯化保肝作用抗炎[28]
云南松松塔云南松塔多糖半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖∶半乳糖醛酸∶葡萄糖醛酸∶木糖∶岩藻糖0.63∶1.10∶1.11∶0.14∶0.04∶1.80∶1.00∶0.60∶0.09/抗病毒[29]
红松松塔PKP-A-3b半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖∶木糖∶核糖1.25∶0.78∶0.50∶0.29∶0.38∶0.25∶0.212.86×10510%TCA脱蛋白,DEAE-52阴离子交换柱层析,Sephadex G-200柱纯化抗氧化[39]
红松松塔PKP-D70-2-a半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖36.32∶19.23∶10.67∶13.6∶20.183.04×1066%TCA脱蛋白,DEAE-52阴离子交换柱层析,Sephadex G-100柱纯化抗氧化[40]
PKP-D70-2-b半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖23.10∶27.19∶13.68∶36.032.54×106
红松松塔PKP-E-1-1半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖7.11∶2.38∶4.70∶5.14∶3.421.09×10710%TCA脱蛋白,DEAE-52阴离子抗氧化[41]
PKP-E-1-2半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖6.10∶1.11∶4.91∶2.30∶7.153.69×106交换柱层析,Sephadex G-100柱纯化
PKP-E-2-1半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖16.40∶10.69∶6.74∶7.12∶9.481.83×106
PKP-E-2-2半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖2.88∶0.76∶2.18∶1.08∶2.701.72×106
红松松塔PKP半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖∶木糖8.66∶3.61∶1.73∶1.34∶2.59∶0.39/6%TCA脱蛋白,6%过氧化氢脱色,冰乙酸∶氯仿∶95%乙醇=2∶5∶1作为展开剂,进行薄层层析抗氧化抑菌[42]
红松松塔PSP-I半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖∶半乳糖醛酸∶葡萄糖醛酸∶木糖12.27∶40.79∶3.34∶1.60∶39.52∶1.81∶0.671.2×104sevag法脱蛋白质,DEAE-Sephacel阴离子交性炭法脱色,换柱层析,Sephadex G-200葡聚糖凝胶柱纯化免疫调节[43]
偃松松塔PPCP半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖1.94∶2.20∶2.33∶1.001.89×105/抗氧化免疫调节[44]
雪松松针雪松粗多糖半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖∶果糖1.00∶27.51∶1.29∶1.70∶4.86//抗氧化[46]
雪松纯化多糖半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖∶果糖1.00∶23.02∶1.22∶5.40∶1.22/酶法与Sevage法联用脱蛋白,双氧水与活性炭联用除色素
雪松松针APC葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖∶木糖37.53∶1∶4.32∶0.93∶0.911.53×104Sevage试剂脱蛋白,透析抗氧化[45]
红松松子壳PPSPⅠ-b半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖∶木糖18.35∶10.67∶1.40∶3.40∶7.82∶0.79/活性炭吸附,超滤,木瓜蛋白酶与Sevage联用脱蛋白,D101大孔树脂脱色,透析,DEAE-52离子交换柱层析抗氧化[46]
PPSPⅠ-1半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖6.91∶10.60∶2.30∶0.96∶10.60/
PPSPⅠ-2半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖0.55∶0.28∶0.16∶0.26∶0.28/
PPSPⅠ-4葡萄糖//
红松松子壳PPSP2-2半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖∶半乳糖醛酸∶葡萄糖醛酸∶木糖∶岩藻糖20.2∶11.0∶18.4∶12.2∶7.2∶11.8∶3.6∶10.5∶5.11.89×103木瓜蛋白酶与Sevag法联用脱蛋白,大孔吸附树脂除色素,DEAE-52阴离子交换柱层析,透析袋去除小分子杂质,Sephadex G-150柱纯化抗氧化[11]
PPSP3-1半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖∶半乳糖醛酸∶葡萄糖醛酸∶木糖∶岩藻糖9.1∶23.8∶5.2∶5.6∶4.6∶44.9∶2.9∶2.5∶1.32.84×103
红松松子壳PPSP1大孔吸附树脂去色素,DEAE-Bestarose FF阴离子交换柱层析,超滤脱盐与去除小分子杂质抗肿瘤[12]
种类部位名称单糖组成相应组成比例分子质量Dal分离纯化方法生物活性
马尾松松花粉MTP1-A葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖0.43∶0.33∶1Sevage试剂脱蛋白,DEAE-Sephadex A-25阴离子交换柱层析,Sephadex G-75柱纯化抗氧化抗肿瘤[33]
MTP4-A葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖1∶0.30∶0.14∶0.11
马尾松松花粉PPM 60半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖1∶0.36∶1.194∶0.03心肌保护免疫调节[47]
马尾松松花粉MPP60-B-Ⅱ半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶岩藻糖1.16∶1∶5.2∶1.72∶6.662.08×105Sevage法除蛋白,乙醇分级沉淀法初步分离多糖后,采用Sephacryl S-400HR凝胶柱层析法对多糖进行分离纯化[48]
泰山马尾松松花粉TPPPS1半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖∶半乳糖醛酸∶葡萄糖醛酸∶核糖1.46∶2.01∶1.23∶1.35∶0.38∶1.42∶2.155.6×104DEAE-52阴离子交换柱层析,Sephadex G-200柱纯化免疫调节抗氧化抗病毒[49]
TPPPS2半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖∶半乳糖醛酸∶葡萄糖醛酸∶木糖0.53∶1.99∶1.44∶1.65∶0.79∶0.98∶2.622.5×104
TPPPS3葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖∶半乳糖醛酸∶葡萄糖醛酸∶木糖∶核糖1.33∶2.63∶0.29∶1.03∶1.52∶1.35∶1.851.28×104
油松松花粉油松花粉多糖半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶阿拉伯糖∶鼠李糖∶甘露糖∶木糖0.86∶0.63∶0.2∶1∶0.15∶0.14过氧化氢脱色,Sephadex G-100柱纯化抗氧化[31]
油松松花粉D11
D31
7.64×10410%TCA脱蛋白,DEAE-52阴离子交换柱层析、Sephaeryl S-300凝胶柱层析抗氧化保湿性[32]
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松属植物多糖研究进展
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朱阳东 , 丁金铭 , 黄一真 , 周明 , 吴建林 , 闫滨
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(9): 143-149
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (9) : 143 -149
松属植物多糖研究进展
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朱阳东, 丁金铭, 黄一真, 周明, 吴建林 , 闫滨
作者信息
  • 山东中医药大学,山东 济南 250355
通讯作者:
闫滨(1971-),男,山东济南人,副教授,硕士研究生导师,硕士,研究方向:中药化学。E-mail:。
吴建林(1976-),男,山东济南人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医临床与实验研究。E-mail:。
作者简介:

朱阳东(2000-),男,山东济宁人,硕士在读,研究方向:中药化学。

Research Progress of Pine Plant Polysaccharides
Yangdong ZHU, Jinming DING, Yizhen HUANG, Ming ZHOU, Jianlin WU , Bin YAN
Affiliations
  • Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Jinan 250355,Shandong,China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.026
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松属植物多糖(Pine plant polysaccharides,PPPS)具有复杂的结构特征和多种生物活性,如免疫调节、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、调节血糖等功能。越来越多的研究表明,多糖是松属植物的主要活性成分之一,并且在松属植物的药用价值中发挥着不可或缺的作用。近年来针对松属植物多糖开展了大量研究,包括松属植物多糖的提取、分离、结构鉴定以及生物活性等。但是目前对松属植物多糖的研究还不够深入,对于多糖结构仅做了初步解析,活性的研究只采用了粗制多糖,并作了简单的药效评价,具体的作用机制和多糖的构效关系也不明确。目前对松属植物多糖的提取主要使用热水浸提法、超声波辅助提取法、微波辅助提取法、酶辅助提取法等工艺;在纯化方法方面,主要采用阴离子交换色谱和葡聚糖凝胶色谱等方法;在化学结构解析方面,主要研究了分子量、单糖组成及比例、连接方式等;在生物活性方面,研究了免疫调节、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等活性。总结了近10年该领域的研究资料,对松属植物多糖的研究背景、提取、纯化、结构特征和生物活性进行梳理总结,以期为松属植物多糖的研究提供一些研究前景。

松属植物  /  多糖  /  提取分离  /  结构  /  生物活性

Pine plant polysaccharides(PPPS)have complex structural characteristics and various biological activities,such as immune regulation,anti-tumor,anti-oxidation and regulation of blood glucose. More and more studies have shown that polysaccharides are one of the main active ingredients of pine plants and play an indispensable role in the medicinal value of pine plants. In recentyears,a large number of studies have been carried outon PPPS,including the extraction,separation,structural identification and activity research of PPPS. However,at present,the research on PPPS is not deep enough. The structure of polysaccharides is only preliminarily analyzed. The crude polysaccharides are used in the study of activity,and only simple efficacy evaluation is made. The specific mechanism of action and the structure-activity relationship of polysaccharides are not clear. At present,the extraction of PPPSmainly uses hot water extraction,ultrasonic assisted extraction,microwave assisted extraction,enzyme assisted extraction and other processes. In terms of purificationmethods,anion exchange chromatography and dextran gel chromatography were mainly used. In the aspect of chemical structure analysis,the molecular weight,monosaccharide composition and proportion,connection mode and so on were mainly studied. In terms of biological activity,the activities of immune regulation,anti-virus and anti-tumor were studied. This paper summarized the research data in this field in the past ten years aswell as the research background,extraction,purification,structural characteristics and biological activity of PPPS,in order to provide some research prospects for the study of PPPS.

pine plants  /  polysaccharide  /  extraction separation  /  structure  /  biological activity
朱阳东, 丁金铭, 黄一真, 周明, 吴建林, 闫滨. 松属植物多糖研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (9) : 143 -149 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.026
Yangdong ZHU, Jinming DING, Yizhen HUANG, Ming ZHOU, Jianlin WU, Bin YAN. Research Progress of Pine Plant Polysaccharides[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (9) : 143 -149 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.026
松树为松科松属的植物,我国松树品种多、分布广、易于采集,主要有华山松、马尾松、雪松、油松和红松等品种[1]。马尾松等松树被《名医别录》列入上品药材,入药部位包括松枝、松针、松树皮、松脂、松香、松节油、松花粉和松仁等[2]。随着对松树不同入药部位的不断研究,许多活性成分被发现,如黄酮类、挥发油、糖类等多种化学成分。黄酮类化合物一直是研究的重点,目前已发现大量的黄酮单体化合物,主要是杨梅素、槲皮素、山柰酚和异鼠李素等,黄酮类化合物具有多种的生理功能,例如抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤、降血糖、调节心脑血管、清热解毒、降血脂和抗疲劳等作用[3]。此外对松树挥发油的研究也取得了一些进展,松树挥发油里主要含有α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、莰烯等,松树挥发油主要有抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗氧化等生理活性[4]。
多糖类物质长期以来被认为是一种没有生物活性的杂质而被去除。然而,越来越多的研究表明,多糖具有抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗氧化、免疫调节等活性,并且具有对机体不良反应小、无残留、不产生耐药性等优点[5]。松属植物来源的多糖种类繁多,结构复杂,松树的松仁、松针、花粉、松子壳等都含有多糖,不同种类松树的多糖含量也存在差异[6]。本文综述了松属植物多糖(Pine plant polysaccharides,PPPS)的提取、纯化、结构特征和生物活性的研究进展。通过对PPPS的综述,可以为开发药用或功能性食品多糖提供更多的科学证据。
松树各部位都含有多糖,但来源主要是松仁、松针、松花粉、松子壳、松塔5个部分,可见表1。从目前研究结果分析,PPPS的总体含量较少,低于该属植物中的油脂与蛋白质含量,并且不同部位、不同品种的PPPS含量和生理活性具有一定的差异,例如湿地松松针中多糖的含量高于马尾松和黑松,红松松塔多糖的抗氧化能力强于华山松和樟子松,并且要好于其他部位[7-8]。
目前已对松属植物不同部位(松子壳、松针、松塔和松仁等)中的多糖类成分的提取工艺进行了探索。文献所报道的PPPS提取方法主要有溶剂提取法、超声波辅助提取法、微波辅助提取法以及酶解辅助提取法等,一般情况下多糖得率被作为评价多糖提取效率的重要指标[9],该属植物多糖类成分提取、脱蛋白及脱色方法的研究见表2,对比提取PPPS所使用的方法,发现超声辅助提取和酶提取可以显著提高多糖的提取效率,并且缩短了提取的时间。
植物粗多糖提取物中一般会含有较多杂质,如脂质、色素、蛋白质和多肽等;这些杂质的存在会在一定程度上影响多糖的结构表征、理化性质及生物活性等。因此,对粗多糖进行分离除杂和纯化是进一步分析多糖结构及深入研究其功能活性的必要过程[34]。对松属植物多糖的分离纯化方法进行总结,见表3。目前已报道的松属植物多糖的除蛋白方法主要是TCA法和Sevag法,也有酶-Sevag法,与传统方法比较酶-Sevag法对多糖的损耗小,蛋白去除率高。对于色素的去除,研究发现活性炭吸附对多糖的损耗很大,过氧化氢法容易降解多糖,用DEAE柱色谱既能分离多糖的同时还可以去除色素。
目前对PPPS研究发现,PPPS含有中性多糖和果胶。中性多糖是PPPS的主要成分,在松花粉中含量最高,主要包括淀粉样蛋白混合物、右旋糖酐和阿拉伯半乳聚糖。酸性多糖在PPPS中只占一小部分。酸性多糖被认为是含有鼠李糖和半乳糖醛酸的果胶。果胶是一种酸性杂多糖的混合物,主要由Gal、Gala、Rha、Ara等组成,含有RG、HG和AG结构域。果胶中阿拉伯糖的常见连接键为α-1,5和α-1,3,5键。半乳糖主要通过β-1,3连接;β-1,6;β-1,3,6;和β-1,4键。半乳糖醛酸与α-1,4键相连,并伴有不同程度的甲基化和乙酰化。鼠李糖通常与α-1,2和α-1,2,4-键相连[35-36]。
解析PPPS的结构,是进行PPPS构-效关系研究的基础,对于深入探讨其生理功能的作用机制,以及深度利用和开发PPPS具有重要意义。到目前为止,已从松属植物中分离鉴定出30多种多糖,其分子量、单糖组成及摩尔比、生物活性,见表3。目前,对松属植物多糖的结构解析还不足,大部分研究集中在单糖组成上,对单糖连接方式的研究还很少。
PPPS结构分析需要酶法或化学方法(酸水解、甲基化、高碘酸盐氧化、Smith降解、乙酰化等)结合物理方法。酶法和化学方法一般只用于多糖一级结构的测定,例如分子量测定、单糖组成、分子比例以及羟基连接方式等,物理方法有红外光谱、核磁共振(NMR)光谱和质谱。红外光谱主要用于鉴定多糖官能团和糖苷键的结构和糖类型。核磁共振波谱主要用于确定糖苷键的类型和重复结构中单糖的数量。质谱法主要用于测量分子量、糖片段的性质以及还原糖和非还原糖的存在。松属植物多糖的高级结构目前可用原子力显微镜、电子扫描显微镜和圆二色谱法进行检测,但是多糖的结构还是过于复杂,难以解析[37-38]。
多糖调节机体免疫功能的作用是多途径、多环节、多靶点的,并且抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗氧化和抗衰老等生物功能都是通过增强机体免疫功能这一方面而实现[50]。最近研究结果显示,PPPS能够全面增强机体的细胞免疫和体液免疫功能,增加免疫器官重量,增加免疫细胞数量、激活许多不同类型的免疫过程产生各种细胞因子[51]。PPPS可以通过SOC通道及TLR4-PI3K-PLC-IP3信号通路,以及TCR/CD3-PI3K-PLC信号通路来提高其细胞内的Ca2+,进而促进小鼠脾脏B淋巴细胞、脾脏T淋巴细胞的增殖和抗体的生成[52-53]。PPPS还可以通过促进巨噬细胞RAW 264.7的有氧呼吸、降低糖酵解、增加能量代谢以及蛋白质、脂肪代谢来促进细胞的增殖,显著提高活化巨噬细胞的抗原呈递能力[54-56]。此外,PPPS还能作为免疫增强剂,已有研究表明PPPS可以作为2019-nCoV亚单位疫苗的候选佐剂,对感染ALV-J、REV等引起的免疫抑制也有很好的缓解作用,并且PPPS不会造成任何的局部炎症反应和组织损害,具有天然、无毒、无不良反应的突出特点[57-60]。
多糖对多种类型的恶性肿瘤细胞有一定的治疗作用,并且久服可以增强免疫力[61]。目前发现PPPS对人白血病细胞株K562细胞、肝癌细胞HepG2等多种肿瘤细胞均有抑制作用。PPPS可以通过干扰某些肿瘤细胞内NR5A2表达降低TGF-β/Smad2/3信号通路关键蛋白的水平,进而抑制肿瘤细胞转移,并且还可以通过改变转录期基因的表达,升高细胞内钙离子和活性氧浓度,阻滞细胞周期,抑制细胞的分裂,并诱导细胞产生凋亡[62]。对于ALV-J病毒感染的肿瘤,PPPS可以在体内作用于TLR2、TLR3、TLR4和C型凝集素受体,阻断病毒吸附,抑制病毒增殖。同时,PPPS与受体结合会引起一系列基因的表达变化,上调的免疫相关基因激活免疫信号通路,下调的肿瘤相关基因表达抑制肿瘤相关信号通路,从而在体内发挥抗病毒和抗肿瘤作用,减轻病毒对组织器官的损伤[63]。
多糖抗病毒的研究机制主要可分为两种。一是植物多糖对病毒直接抑制作用;二是通过增强机体免疫系统而间接达到抑制病毒作用。很多植物多糖能够显著抑制人体免疫缺陷病毒、单纯疱疹病毒、流感病毒等[64]。研究发现,PPPS主要是通过干扰病毒进入宿主细胞来减少感染,抑制感染细胞中的病毒蛋白合成和病毒粒子相关的RNA聚合酶活性和增强了宿主的抗病性起作用的[65]。据报道,PPPS可以与病毒的gp85蛋白的结合阻断ALV-J病毒与tv-b受体蛋白的结合,阻止病毒的吸附[52,66-67]。对于HIV-1病毒、犬细小病毒(CPV)和犬瘟热病毒(CDV),PPPS通过抑制其转录酶的活性,使其不能复制。除此以外,PPPS还能通过增加宿主免疫力来增加杀灭病毒[68]。
氧化与体内自由基和氧化反应相关,自由基是人体氧化反应中产生的有害物质,具有较强的氧化性,可损伤人体组织和细胞,并导致慢性疾病和衰老[69],研究表明,PPPS表现出良好的羟基自由基、DPPH自由基以及超氧阴离子自由基清除活性,并呈现明显的量效关系,在抗氧化功能食品和药物研发中有潜在应用价值[70]。动物实验表明,PPPS可以显著提高小鼠肝脏和血清中的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力的活力,并且降低丙二醛含量,具有延缓衰老的作用[71]。PPPS的抗氧化的活性与其提取部位、品种也有较大的影响,目前雪松、云南松、火炬松的松针多糖进行提取,发现雪松松针多糖的抗氧化能力比丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)更强[46]。除此之外,PPPS的抗氧化能力还能保护卵巢的早衰,降低卵泡凋亡与闭锁,促进卵泡正常发育[72]。
肠道菌群影响着生物体的物质代谢和转化,并且还影响了机体的免疫系统[73]。研究发现,PPPS可以增加小鼠肠道菌群的丰富度和多样性,可以调节肠道的免疫抑制状态和缓解脂多糖LPS诱导的Caco2细胞屏障的损伤,PPPS可以通过非IL-23途径促进Th17分泌IL-22促进肠道黏膜损伤的修复,并且低水平的IL-23有效降低结肠炎的炎症环境[74]。PPPS还对肠道菌群的失衡具有调节作用,可以通过下调有害菌的丰度并上调有益菌的丰度来发挥对溃疡性结肠炎的缓解作用[75]。例如,PPPS下调阿克曼菌属和气球菌属丰度,上调乳杆菌属和分节丝状菌属的丰度,此外PPPS对DSS诱导的溃疡性结肠炎有改善作用,具体表现在改善结肠缩短,修复肠道损伤,减轻肠道炎症,调节血清代谢组以及调节肠道菌群的平衡等方面都起到积极作用[76]。
肝脏是人体内新陈代谢最活跃的器官,参与物质代谢并具有解毒作用,易受到化学毒素、病原微生物、酒精等因素诱导,引发脂肪肝、肝纤维化、肝硬化甚至肝癌等多种肝病[77]。目前研究发现PPPS由化学污染物、酒精和药物引起的肝损伤等都具有保护作用,并且PPPS对酒精诱导的肝损伤(AILI)保护作用最强[78]。PPPS对急性CCl4肝损伤和慢性酒精肝损伤的保护作用,其机理与其增强机体抗氧化能力,清除自由基和抑制内质网应激有关[79]。动物肝损伤保护实验发现,PPPS对CCl4诱导的肝损伤的体内外防护作用,是通过NRF2/ARE信号通路调节细胞内氧化还原状态,及通过NRF2/ARE/MKP1/JNK途径减轻肝细胞的凋亡;并通过抑制NF-κB信号途径降低CCl4引起的肝脏局部炎症反应,共同起到防护CCl4诱导肝损伤的作用[80]。PPPS对慢性酒精肝损伤的保护作用,主要通过NRF2/HO-1途径增强肝细胞的抗氧化能力,减轻了酒精诱导的氧化应激。PPPS还有效抑制包括TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6在内的促炎细胞因子的分泌,在AILI中通过NF-κB信号通路表现出抗炎作用。此外,PPPS通过调节Hipk2、P53、Hp1γ和Wip1的表达,保护小鼠免受酒精诱导的严重DNA损伤[81]。此外,PPPS还可以显著改善T-2毒素诱导的肝脏损伤,通过增加肝脏中GSH、CAT和SOD含量,降低肝脏中MDA、TNF-α和IL-6含量,抑制T-2毒素引起小鼠肝脏的氧化应激和炎症反应,抑制T-2毒素引起的肝脏细胞凋亡,逆转T-2毒素引起的肠道微生物群落代谢功能障碍,改善T-2毒素引起的小鼠肝脏氨基酸代谢紊乱[82]。
心脏是脓毒症多器官功能障碍最常累及的器官之一,可表现为心肌损伤、心功能不全的发生,增加脓毒症的死亡风险[83]。研究发现PPPS可以保护脓血症造成的心肌损伤、增强心肌收缩力等。PPPS能够靶向增加p110β蛋白的表达并促进其与PTEN的相互作用,而p110β的过表达能够直接影响PI3K/PTEN/AKT信号通路的活化并介导其下游的炎症反应,抑制心肌酶谱的异常增加,缓解心肌组织病理损伤和细胞凋亡,抑制炎症相关反应。并且硫酸酯化的PPPS还可以通过细胞膜上的L-型钙通道增强心肌的收缩能力,作用效果随着取代度的升高而不断加强[84]。
糖尿病是一种广泛存在的代谢紊乱,经常导致一些严重并发症,包括心血管疾病和神经系统损伤。糖尿病在治疗上除了注射胰岛素外,还有口服磺脲类、双胍类和a糖苷酶抑制剂等降糖药物,但这些药物存在多种不良反应,因此有必要开发新型低毒的降糖药物[85]。目前发现PPPS可能有双向调节血糖的作用,可用于糖尿病的治疗之中。动物实验研究发现,硫酸酯化后的PPPS能显著促进胰岛素的分泌,有效地改善胰岛素抵抗和葡萄糖耐受能力,上调糖尿病小鼠的胰岛素敏感性促进胰岛素的分泌,其作用机制可能是通过细胞膜上电压依赖性的钙离子通道的开放和钙库的钙离子释放,升高细胞内游离钙离子浓度来实现的[86]。另外有研究发现,PPPS对2型糖尿病小鼠空腹血糖、胰岛素水平的调节影响较小,经硫酸酯化PPPS产生了不同程度上的抗糖尿病功效,并且成剂量依赖性上升,并且部分修复受损胰岛β细胞的修复效果接近于二甲双胍,这可能是酸酯化PPPS的硫酸根增多,使其对某些受体的结合能力增强导致的[87]。
PPPS还具有降脂、抗菌及抗疲劳等作用。据研究报道,酯化多糖PPPS可以通过调节3T3-F442A前脂肪细胞胞内钙离子浓度从而对3T3-F442A前脂肪细胞脂质分化和积累产生影响[77]。PPPS减轻结肠炎小鼠临床症状和肠道损伤,有效预防结肠炎风险[88]。此外,PPPS能够改善机体内代谢产物尿素氮、乳酸、丙二醛的堆积;恢复超氧化物歧化酶、乳酸脱氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性;修复因过度运动造成的肝脏损伤,增加肝糖原的储量,降低血液中谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶的含量,增加骨骼肌纤维面积[89-90]。
松属植物具有悠久的药食两用历史,既是中药也是日常的保健食品,有很大的开发前景。多糖作为松属植物中的主要成分,对松属植物产品的开发和质量评估有着重要意义。
本文介绍了松属植物不同品种,不同部位的多糖,对其提取方法、结构和药理活性作了简单论述,对松属植物多糖目前的研究现状进行总结。结果发现PPPS的研究目前还存在着许多不足,首先是松属植物的种类、多糖可提取部位繁多,对不同品种、不同部位的多糖含量和药理作用的对比较少,不能找到一个高活性的品种部位进行研究。其次,PPPS的结构解析和构效关系的研究不够深入,大部分集中在对多糖的单糖组成和相对分子质量的研究上,少部分才对其结构进行深度解析。因此,以后对PPPS的研究重心要放在化学结构解析上,在一级结构和高级结构的层次上进行对其药理活性的研究,为深入研究其构效关系,开发PPPS药物奠定基础,最后是对PPPS的作用机制研究不够深入,目前研究缺乏PPPS在体内代谢结果的研究,仅从细胞、动物模型证明了其活性,少部分运用体外模拟了多糖的消化情况,未对其体内代谢的结构变化和药理学影响进行研究,这限制了PPPS医药或功能性食品的进一步开发。
PPPS具有良好的开发前景,松树的松仁、松花粉和松针等含有具有药理活性的多糖。PPPS的原料更易获得,为PPPS开发奠定了基础。对于目前PPPS开发中存在的不足方面,我们需要做出更多的深入研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82374311)
  • 国家科技部重点研发项目(2016YFC0800908)
  • 国家科技部重大研究专项(2014ZX09509)
  • 山东省重点研发项目(2017CXGC1305)
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2025年第43卷第9期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.09.026
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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基金
国家自然科学基金项目(82374311)
国家科技部重点研发项目(2016YFC0800908)
国家科技部重大研究专项(2014ZX09509)
山东省重点研发项目(2017CXGC1305)
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    山东中医药大学,山东 济南 250355

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闫滨(1971-),男,山东济南人,副教授,硕士研究生导师,硕士,研究方向:中药化学。E-mail:。
吴建林(1976-),男,山东济南人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医临床与实验研究。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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