Article(id=1322927640608374958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926217711726961, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.08.048, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793340128328, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793340128328, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793340128327, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793340128327, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322926217711726961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1754755200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339789083, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340517761, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929274071679978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926217711726961, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929274071679979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926217711726961, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=240, endPage=245, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322927640839061679, articleId=1322927640608374958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Role and Mechanism about Astragaloside Ⅳ in Prevention and Treatment of Pulmonary Diseases, columnId=1256183365644968140, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Platform of Provincial Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pulmonary diseases seriously affect the quality of life of patients,but the treatment methods are limited.Astragaloside Ⅳ(AS-Ⅳ)has been applied in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years and is becoming increasingly popular due to its potential anti-inflammatory,anti-aging and anti-cancer properties.A large amount of evidence suggests that the protective effect of AS-Ⅳcan prevent and treat lung diseases.This article introduced the current progress of role and mechanism of AS-Ⅳ in the prevention and treatment of lung diseases.The ability of the drug to inhibit oxidative stress,promote cell proliferation and epithelial mesenchymal transition,alleviate inflammatory response and regulate programmed cell death was discussed.It also summarized the challenges and new strategies faced by current lung diseases.

, authors=Min YE1, 2, 3, Guangliang HE1, 4, Lei LIU5, Danxin WANG5, authorsList=Min YE, Guangliang HE, Lei LIU, Danxin WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Danxin WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322927641271074992, articleId=1322927640608374958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=黄芪甲苷在肺部疾病防治中的作用和机制研究进展, columnId=1256183369033965799, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=省级项目平台, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

肺部疾病严重影响患者的生活质量,但治疗方法有限。黄芪甲苷(Astragaloside Ⅳ,AS-Ⅳ)具有潜在的抗炎、抗衰老和抗癌特性,在中药中已有数千年的应用历史且越来越受欢迎。大量证据表明AS-Ⅳ的保护效应可以防治肺部疾病。介绍目前AS-Ⅳ在防治肺部疾病中的作用和机制。讨论该药物在抑制氧化应激、细胞增殖和上皮-间质转化、减轻炎症反应和调节程序性细胞死亡的能力。综述当前肺部疾病面临的挑战和新策略。

, authors=叶敏1, 2, 3, 何光亮1, 4, 刘磊5, 王丹心5, authorsList=叶敏, 何光亮, 刘磊, 王丹心, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王丹心, authorNote=

叶敏(1986-),女,四川泸州人,副教授,硕士,研究方向:肺部疾病发病机制及治疗。

, correspAuthorsNote=
王丹心(1973-),女,海南海口人,教授,硕士研究生导师,学士,研究方向:中药在肺部疾病中的药效物质基础及作用机制。E-mail:。
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叶敏(1986-),女,四川泸州人,副教授,硕士,研究方向:肺部疾病发病机制及治疗。

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叶敏(1986-),女,四川泸州人,副教授,硕士,研究方向:肺部疾病发病机制及治疗。

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黄芪甲苷在肺部疾病防治中的作用和机制研究进展
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叶敏 1, 2, 3 , 何光亮 1, 4 , 刘磊 5 , 王丹心 5
中华中医药学刊 | 省级项目平台 2025,43(8): 240-245
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中华中医药学刊 |省级项目平台 2025 , 43 (8) : 240 -245
黄芪甲苷在肺部疾病防治中的作用和机制研究进展
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叶敏1, 2, 3, 何光亮1, 4, 刘磊5, 王丹心5
作者信息
  • 1.海南科技职业大学,海南 海口 571126
  • 2.海南医科大学,海南 海口 570100
  • 3.合江县中医医院,四川 合江 646200
  • 4.西南医科大学合江医院,四川 合江 646200
  • 5.海南医学院第一附属医院,海南 海口 570102
通讯作者:
王丹心(1973-),女,海南海口人,教授,硕士研究生导师,学士,研究方向:中药在肺部疾病中的药效物质基础及作用机制。E-mail:。
作者简介:

叶敏(1986-),女,四川泸州人,副教授,硕士,研究方向:肺部疾病发病机制及治疗。

Research Progress of Role and Mechanism about Astragaloside Ⅳ in Prevention and Treatment of Pulmonary Diseases
Min YE1, 2, 3, Guangliang HE1, 4, Lei LIU5, Danxin WANG5
Affiliations
  • 1.Hainan Vocational University of Science and Technology,Haikou 571126,Hainan,China
  • 2.Hainan Medical University,Haikou 570100,Hainan,China
  • 3.Hejiang County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Hejiang 646200,Sichuan,China
  • 4.Hejiang Hospital,Southwest Medical University,Hejiang 646200,Sichuan,China
  • 5.The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University,Haikou 570102,Hainan,China
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.08.048
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肺部疾病严重影响患者的生活质量,但治疗方法有限。黄芪甲苷(Astragaloside Ⅳ,AS-Ⅳ)具有潜在的抗炎、抗衰老和抗癌特性,在中药中已有数千年的应用历史且越来越受欢迎。大量证据表明AS-Ⅳ的保护效应可以防治肺部疾病。介绍目前AS-Ⅳ在防治肺部疾病中的作用和机制。讨论该药物在抑制氧化应激、细胞增殖和上皮-间质转化、减轻炎症反应和调节程序性细胞死亡的能力。综述当前肺部疾病面临的挑战和新策略。

黄芪甲苷  /  呼吸系统疾病  /  氧化应激  /  炎症反应

Pulmonary diseases seriously affect the quality of life of patients,but the treatment methods are limited.Astragaloside Ⅳ(AS-Ⅳ)has been applied in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years and is becoming increasingly popular due to its potential anti-inflammatory,anti-aging and anti-cancer properties.A large amount of evidence suggests that the protective effect of AS-Ⅳcan prevent and treat lung diseases.This article introduced the current progress of role and mechanism of AS-Ⅳ in the prevention and treatment of lung diseases.The ability of the drug to inhibit oxidative stress,promote cell proliferation and epithelial mesenchymal transition,alleviate inflammatory response and regulate programmed cell death was discussed.It also summarized the challenges and new strategies faced by current lung diseases.

astragaloside Ⅳ  /  respiratory system diseases  /  oxidative stress  /  inflammatory reaction
叶敏, 何光亮, 刘磊, 王丹心. 黄芪甲苷在肺部疾病防治中的作用和机制研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (8) : 240 -245 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.08.048
Min YE, Guangliang HE, Lei LIU, Danxin WANG. Research Progress of Role and Mechanism about Astragaloside Ⅳ in Prevention and Treatment of Pulmonary Diseases[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (8) : 240 -245 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.08.048
近年来,肺部疾病的高发病率日益引起人们的关注。哮喘影响2.7亿人;慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是全球第三大死亡原因,每年导致约323万人死亡[1-2]。而肺癌是世界上癌症相关死亡的主要原因,每年有200万新病例和176万患者死亡[3]。肺纤维化(pulmonary fibrosis,PF)和肺动脉高压(pulmonary hypertension,PH)与患者死亡风险升高有关[4]。然而,上述疾病的可用治疗方法有限,很难治愈[5]。为了改善患者的生活质量,预防与高发病率和医疗保健使用增加有关的不良后果,我们仍然需要进一步探讨肺部疾病发病机制,期望获得新的诊断和治疗方法。
天然植物是发现和开发新药的重要来源。因此,草药作为一种肺部疾病的治疗方法正在受到科学界的关注。新出现的天然化合物之一是黄芪甲苷(Astragaloside Ⅳ,AS-Ⅳ),是从黄芪中提取的具有多靶点治疗特性的天然皂苷[6]。AS-Ⅳ的药理作用有抗衰老、抗炎、抗纤维化、抗癌等[7]。也是大脑局部缺血、动脉粥样硬化、癌症等临床疾病的推荐治疗方法[7-8]。在过去20年中,AS-Ⅳ在细胞和动物模型中改善了肺部疾病的症状[6,9]。然而,关键的药理机制仍然不清楚和有争议。在此,本文综述了AS-Ⅳ在呼吸系统疾病中的作用以及现有文献中潜在的治疗效果。
上皮-间充质转化(Epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是将完全分化的上皮细胞转化为间充质表型的过程[10]。EMT是纤维化的主要驱动因素,并参与肺纤维化(PF)的病理过程[11]。转化生长因子-β1(Transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)是一种必需的促纤维化因子,通过Smad依赖性或Smad非依赖性途径诱导EMT[12]。AS-Ⅳ通过抑制TGF-β1/磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(AKT)诱导的叉形头转录因子FOXO3α过度磷酸化,在博莱霉素(Bleomycin,BLM)诱导的大鼠肺纤维变性中显示出对EMT的保护作用[13]。AS-Ⅳ也通过抑制转移相关基因1表达来阻断TGF-β1诱导的肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞中的EMT[14]。AS-Ⅳ可以通过调节NLRP3/TGF-β1信号通路来减弱BLM治疗的肺泡上皮细胞中的EMT[15]。AS-Ⅳ治疗还可以通过抑制其他疾病模型(如糖尿病性肾病、肾纤维化、胃癌)中的EMT来延缓病理进展[16]。
AS-Ⅳ可调节PF的炎症和氧化应激[17]。AS-Ⅳ可显著下调大鼠中白细胞介素-1β(Interleukin-1β,IL-1β),肿瘤坏死因子 -α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)的水平,抑制炎症和氧化应激来减轻BLM诱导的PF大鼠的肺组织损伤[18]。AS-Ⅳ通过阻断二氧化硅诱导的PF大鼠的NF-κB通路来抑制炎症反应。AS-Ⅳ联合阿魏酸通过上调BLM 诱导的PF小鼠的核因子-E2相关因子2(Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)来保护肺组织免受氧化应激[19]。
众所周知,肺成纤维细胞的不受控制地增殖和成纤维细胞向肌成纤维细胞的过度分化会产生细胞外基质(Extracellular matrix,ECM)蛋白,从而导致肺纤维化[20]。AS-Ⅳ通过TGF-β1/Smads信号通路抑制成纤维细胞胶原合成和肌成纤维细胞转化[21]。此外,AS-Ⅳ可降低BLM 诱导的PF大鼠肺组织中ECM蛋白的Ⅲ型胶原、层粘连蛋白的血液水平[22]。
ECM蛋白的过度沉积、炎症、氧化应激和治疗药物抵抗是PF进展的主要因素[23]。虽然吡非尼酮和尼达尼布被批准用于IPF治疗,但其临床应用受到有不良反应的限制,例如胃肠道问题、光敏度和皮肤反应[24]。因此,AS-Ⅳ单独或与其他药物联合应用是IPF治疗的有希望的选择,需要进一步的研究来满足日益增长的临床需求。
癌症是拥有免疫逃逸和免疫抑制的微环境属性。因此,肿瘤微环境(Tumor microenvironment,TME)重塑已成为当前辐射诱发的肺癌治疗的一个重要研究方向[25]。AS-Ⅳ在癌症治疗中的免疫调节作用和通过多种途径拮抗辐射诱发的肺癌的发展,如抑制细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭,以及增强化疗和靶向治疗的敏感性[26-27]。吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶(indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase,IDO)是一种色氨酸分解代谢酶,可诱导辐射诱发的肺癌细胞免疫逃逸[28]。AS-Ⅳ通过抑制IDO表达来上调细胞毒性T淋巴细胞和下调调节性T细胞活性来减少辐射诱发的Lewis肺癌小鼠模型中的肿瘤生长[29]。AS-Ⅳ通过阻断IDO1与鸟苷酸结合蛋白1的相互作用,减少T细胞耗竭及抑制辐射诱发的肺癌进展,从而减少IDO1的细胞外分泌[30]。
肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(Tumor-associated macrophage,TAM)或M2极化TAM是TME中必不可少的免疫抑制细胞,其在肿瘤组织中的浸润增加往往与不良预后相关[31]。AS-Ⅳ通过抑制单磷酸腺苷(Adenosine monophosphate,AMP)激活蛋白激酶α活化,显著降低IL-13和IL-4诱导的M2 TAM极化,并减弱M2-CM诱导的A549和H1299细胞中的侵袭、迁移和血管生成[32]。因此,抑制M2极化的TAM活性成为一种有希望的治疗辐射诱发的肺癌的策略[33]。AS-Ⅳ也可抑制辐射诱发的Lewis肺癌小鼠模型中的肿瘤生长,并减少肿瘤组织中的M2 TAM浸润[34]。因此,TME重塑可能是探索AS-Ⅳ抗肿瘤作用机制的一个新途径。
AS-Ⅳ可提高辐射诱发的肺癌对化疗和靶向治疗的敏感性[29]。顺铂耐药是辐射诱发的肺癌化疗失败的最主要原因[35]。AS-Ⅳ通过抑制自噬和辐射诱发的肺癌内质网应激,增强了非小细胞肺癌(Non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)细胞对顺铂的敏感性[29]。此外,AS-Ⅳ通过抑制B7-H3蛋白的表达,提高了A549、HCC827和H1299辐射诱发的肺癌细胞对顺铂的敏感性[29]。靶向治疗也是NSCLC的一种重要治疗方法,在治疗耐药性方面面临着与化疗类似的挑战。而AS-Ⅳ可能通过抑制自噬和激活AKT/mTOR信号通路来增强A549细胞对贝伐单抗靶向治疗的敏感性[36]。此外,吉非替尼联合AS-Ⅳ治疗比单独使用吉非替尼更有效地抑制NSCLC细胞增殖[37]。
人们越来越认识到,化疗药物抵抗和免疫逃逸对辐射诱发的肺癌的治疗管理构成重大障碍。现有的证据表明AS-Ⅳ改善了化疗药物抵抗,重塑了肿瘤免疫微环境,并可能为辐射诱发的肺癌的治疗带来新的曙光。
肺动脉平滑肌细胞(Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells,PASMCs)的过度增殖在PH中肺动脉重塑的发病机制中是至关重要的[38]。AS-Ⅳ是一种有效的PASMCs增殖抑制剂,可以抑制肺动脉重塑,并导致缺氧诱导的PH大鼠平均肺动脉压显著下降[39]。50 μm的AS-Ⅳ对体外缺氧诱导的PASMC增殖有明显的抑制作用[40]。Notch信号通路是一种高度进化的保守信号通路,在PASMCs增殖中起着重要作用[41]。Notch-3靶向hes家族的bHLH转录因子5(Hairy and enhancer of split 5,Hes-5)在成年人的平滑肌细胞(Smooth muscle cell,SMC)中专门表达,并且可能与SMC的成熟和增殖有关[42]。已经在体外和活体内证明,AS-Ⅳ可以通过抑制Jag-1、Notch-3和Hes-5的表达来逆转缺氧诱导的PASMCs增殖[43]。此外,AS-Ⅳ通过在蛋白质水平下调RhoA和上调p27来抑制缺氧条件下PASMCs的增殖、迁移和黏附[44]。同时,AS-Ⅳ通过下调Bcl-2,磷酸化ERK和缺氧诱导因子-1α的表达,改善了PASMCs的抗凋亡病理生理学凋亡[45]。
另外,越来越多的证据表明,炎症在肺血管重塑中的作用[46]。AS-Ⅳ治疗减弱了由NLRP-3/calpain-1介导的炎症反应,从而减轻野百合碱(Monocrotaline,MCT)诱导的PH大鼠肺血管重塑[47]。AS-Ⅳ降低了MCT诱导的PH大鼠血液中TNF-α和IL-1β的水平[46]。此外,AS-Ⅳ还降低了缺氧诱导的PH大鼠血清中内皮素-1、血管紧张素II、TNF-α和IL-6的水平[48]。
在治疗这种疾病的过程中,PH和AS-Ⅳ靶点或途径有多种致病因素。因此,AS-Ⅳ抗PH的临床前机制尚未完全阐明。尽管如此,文献表明,AS-Ⅳ作为PH的治疗成分或预防药物的潜力,特别是在缺乏良好的临床选择的PH患者。
AS-Ⅳ可能通过降低炎症反应和调节细胞程序性死亡(Programmed cell death,PCD)而成为肺损伤的保护剂[49]。细颗粒物(Fine Particulate Matter,PM2.5)、百草枯(Paraquat,PQ)、肺组织的缺氧/复氧(Hypoxia/Reoxygenation of lung tissue,H/R)等多种病理因素均可引起肺损伤,损害肺功能。
PM2.5诱导的肺损伤与多种PCD途径的活化有关,包括铁浓缩、细胞焦亡和自噬等。
铁浓缩拥有脂质过氧化氢的铁依赖性堆积属性,可以诱发各种呼吸系统疾病[50]。这种PCD机制可能参与了与慢性阻塞性肺病、PH和肺损伤有关的病理细胞死亡[51-52]。谷胱甘肽过氧化酶4是铁浓缩症的已知威慑因素[53]。在PM2.5诱导的小鼠模型中,AS-Ⅳ通过Nrf2/SLC7a11/GPX4信号通路抑制铁浓缩、炎症和氧化应激,导致肺组织出现保护效应[52]。
自噬作为一种进化上保守的细胞内降解途径,对于细胞稳态至关重要[54]。自噬在肺损伤的发病机制中起关键作用[55]。AS-Ⅳ可通过抑制自噬在PM2.5诱导的大鼠肺损伤中发挥保护作用,主要通过PI3K/AKT信号通路下游的哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(Mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)[49]。同时AS-Ⅳ也通过激活自噬AMP活化蛋白激酶AMPK/mTOR信号通路来减轻PM2.5诱导的大鼠肺毒性[56]。这些结果表明,自噬在PM 2.5诱导的肺损伤中起双刃剑的作用,AS-Ⅳ通过自噬诱导或自噬通量抑制在肺损伤中发挥治疗作用。
细胞焦亡是由炎症小体复合物内Caspase-1的活化和细胞内脂多糖识别后引起的PCD的促炎症形式[57]。AS-Ⅳ通过抑制NLRP3炎性体介导的细胞焦亡通过NLRP3/Caspase-1轴抑制对PM2.5诱导的肺毒性的保护作用[9]。因此,PM2.5诱导的肺部炎症和氧化损伤被阻止,导致小鼠存活时间延长。此外,AS-Ⅳ可通过抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路和炎症来预防PM2.5诱导的大鼠肺损伤,并延缓肺组织损伤[58]。
PQ可引起多系统损伤,尤其是严重的肺组织损伤[59]。AS-Ⅳ在PQ损伤的小鼠中减少了Txnip/Trx的表达并抑制了Rho/ROCK/NF-κB信号通路,从而减轻了肺组织损伤[60]。
H/R也能诱发肺泡上皮细胞的凋亡,导致肺损伤[61]。AS-Ⅳ通过上调miR-21-5p抑制TLR4/NF-κB途径,从而在体外减弱H/R损伤诱导的Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞凋亡[62]。此外,肺缺血/再灌注(Ischemia/Reperfusion,I/R)肺损伤可严重限制术后肺功能的恢复,并导致并发症,如PH、肺水肿和呼吸衰竭,最终导致患者死亡[63]。AS-Ⅳ通过降低肺组织过氧化物酶水平和肺湿干比(D/W)来减轻大鼠的I/R肺损伤[64]。
肺和肺泡损伤引起的肺功能受损是许多急性和慢性肺部疾病的特征。由于AS-Ⅳ抗衰老和抗炎作用,其可以减轻各种病理因素引起的肺损伤。然而,大多数相关的研究只是基于动物实验,未来还需要相关的临床试验。
慢性阻塞性肺病(Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是一种常见的气道慢性炎症性疾病,不可逆转的气流受限为特征,是全球第三大死亡原因[65]。尽管对慢性阻塞性肺病的病理机制知之甚少,但气道炎症和氧化损伤涉及疾病病理生理学的许多方面[66]。COPD患者长时间的气流受限会导致呼吸肌疲劳,进一步加重病情。例如,膈肌功能受损往往会引起呼吸衰竭[67]。AS-Ⅳ在体外通过抑制AKT凋亡,Caspase-3和Caspase-9蛋白表达,ROS和炎症反应产生来减弱IL-8诱导的膈肌细胞中的磷酸化和炎症因子[68]。
香烟烟雾(Cigarette smoke,CS)仍然是COPD最关键的危险度[69]。因此,长期接触香烟烟雾是目前COPD啮齿动物模型的最佳方法。对小鼠的研究表明,AS-Ⅳ通过抑制JAK3/STAT3/NF-κB途径以剂量依赖性方式减轻CS诱导的肺组织病理损伤[70]。同样,AS-Ⅳ可显著抑制香烟烟雾提取物诱导的人支气管上皮细胞中JAK3/STAT3/NF-κB途径中的蛋白质水平[71]。此外,AS-Ⅳ已被证明是一种有效的NF-κB途径抑制剂,并且通过对CS诱导的COPD大鼠气道炎症施加保护效应[72]。
哮喘是一种具有多种潜在炎症途径和结构性气道异常的异质性疾病[73]。AS-Ⅳ可以通过调节各种炎症细胞和介质(如嗜中性粒细胞,IL-4和IL-10)来抑制气道炎症和减少气道超敏反应(Airway hyperresponsiveness,AHR)[74]。AS-Ⅳ通过抑制Janus激酶2/STAT6(JAK2/STAT6)信号传导途径改善了卵清蛋白(Ovalbumin,OVA)致敏的哮喘小鼠模型中的气道炎症和AHR[58]。另外,AS-Ⅳ通过下调IL-4和IL-10,上调干扰素-γ和增强OVA诱导的哮喘小鼠模型中的CD4+CD25+Foxp3T细胞来减弱变应性炎症[75]。
支气管上皮细胞非特异性炎症在哮喘病情恶化的病理特征中极其重要[76]。AS-Ⅳ通过阻断NF-κB和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号传导途径来抑制人类支气管上皮细胞中的炎症和氧化应激[77]。AS-Ⅳ通过抑制雷帕霉素复合物1信号传导途径的机制靶点来改善AHR,减轻肺部炎症,并减少炎症介质如IL-4、IL-5和IL-17的产生[77]。
嗜酸性粒细胞参与哮喘病情进展,包括气道重塑、高反应性和气道变应性炎症[78]。因此,减少嗜酸性粒细胞在气道的浸润将有效地治疗这种疾病。AS-Ⅳ抑制气道中的嗜酸性粒细胞浸润,从而抑制过敏原致敏和过敏原激发的小鼠的黏液分泌过多、气道炎症和反应过度[79]。同样,50μg/mL AS-Ⅳ在体外显著抑制由尘螨诱导的嗜酸性粒细胞[78]。总之,AS-Ⅳ的抗炎和防老化特征为哮喘患者提供了潜在的治疗选择。
尽管AS-Ⅳ对肺部疾病有很好的治疗效果,但有几个问题限制了其临床应用。例如,这种天然皂苷是一种相对较大的分子(分子量=784.97 g/mol),在水中的可溶性较差,导致目标部位的生物利用度较低,特别是通过口服给药[80]。在灌注的大鼠肠道模型中,AS-Ⅳ表现出较低的吸收率,而口服生物利用度只有2.2%[81]。在比格犬中AS-Ⅳ的绝对口腔生物利用度只有7.4%[82]。虽然研究显示AS-Ⅳ的潜在毒性较低,但亦有其他研究报告了该化合物的生殖毒性[83]。AS-Ⅳ对大鼠的母体毒性为1 mg/kg,胎儿毒性>0.5 mg/kg[83]。
脂质体是疏水性药物的有效载体,具有增效、减毒的作用。有研究者开发了一种新型多功能脂质体,用于装载AS-Ⅳ药物输送,显著提高了该化合物的生物利用度和疗效[81]。此外,由于能够大大提高天然药物的功效,利用纳米材料开发新药正在成为趋势。有趣的是,最近的一项研究表明,甘草衍生的蛋白质纳米颗粒通过包封可增溶不溶性AS-Ⅳ[84]。此外,载有AS-Ⅳ的脂质纳米胶囊可以有效地管理干性老年黄斑变性[85]。尽管如此,AS-Ⅳ纳米制剂离临床翻译还有好几年的时间,需要药理学家、化学家和材料科学家的共同努力来开发一种稳定、可扩展和有效的产品。天然产物的结构修饰可提高药效并使毒性最小化。然而,现有文献对AS-Ⅳ的结构修饰缺乏研究。
虽然多靶点调控是AS-Ⅳ在肺部疾病中的一个治疗特点,但是这种方法对临床翻译造成了很大的障碍。如果不同的生理状况和复杂的信号传导途径导致药物不能准确定位,可能会出现多种药物副作用,从而降低药物的体内活性。因此,确定肺疾病中AS-Ⅳ的特定治疗靶点是目前的重要研究方向之一。有研究表明,AS-Ⅳ通过转录组学技术阻断NLR信号传导,从而减轻了糖尿病性肾病大鼠的肾纤维化[86]。此外,也有研究证实,通过转录组筛选和实验确证miR-26b-5p/ATF3/JUN是AS-Ⅳ心脏保护作用的主要介质[86]。另外,有学者利用定量蛋白质组学显示AS-Ⅳ通过靶向DCP1A和TMSB4X诱导自噬来抑制子宫颈癌细胞侵袭[87]。因此,转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学等现代生物技术可能是探索AS-Ⅳ对肺疾病特异性治疗靶点的可靠方法。
临床试验表明,200 mL黄芪静脉注入健康的中国志愿者中是安全和耐受性良好的,表明AS-Ⅳ具有很好的临床应用潜力[88]。尽管如此,大多数应用AS-Ⅳ治疗肺疾病的研究都集中在临床前模型上。因此,有必要进行临床研究,以确认AS-Ⅳ在预防和治疗肺部疾病方面的有效性和安全性。长期的研究发现,应用药物组合是实现最佳效果的关键,为AS-Ⅳ的临床翻译提供了一个新的思路。例如,AS-Ⅳ和阿魏酸组合在各种纤维化疾病模型中表现出协同作用,因此是一种有希望的抗纤维化治疗[88]。此外,AS-Ⅳ与阿托伐他汀,贝伐单抗,丹参酮IIA和人参皂苷Rg1的组合已被用于临床前研究以治疗各种疾病[89-90]。综上所述,AS-Ⅳ复合治疗在肺部疾病的应用是值得未来研究的。
AS-Ⅳ是一种具有多种有益生物活性的天然皂苷,在预防肺部疾病的作用和机制研究方面取得了重大进展。这种天然皂苷通过抗炎、防老化、细胞增殖、EMT抑制和PCD调节来抑制肺部疾病的进展。确切地说,AS-Ⅳ联合阿魏酸、顺铂和贝伐单抗显示出协同作用,并显著提高药物疗效。更重要的是,AS-Ⅳ活体内显示出低毒性,从而促进了未来的临床翻译。尽管AS-Ⅳ在多种肺部疾病的临床前模型中具有良好的治疗作用,但其作用机制和直接靶点仍有待阐明。现代生物技术,如转录组学、表面等离子共振和蛋白质微阵列技术,提供了填补AS-Ⅳ研究知识空白的新策略。然而,AS-Ⅳ应用于肺部疾病的一个主要障碍是缺乏临床资料。因此,未来的研究应着眼于临床试验,以确认AS-Ⅳ治疗肺部疾病的有效性和安全性。此外,AS-Ⅳ的高分子量导致低生物利用度,进一步限制了其临床应用。新型的药物输送系统,如纳米胶囊,改善了AS-Ⅳ生物利用度。总之,AS-Ⅳ是治疗肺部疾病的潜在候选药物,在未来的研究中有待进一步开发。
  • 海南省卫生厅项目(WSJK2024QN008)
  • 海南省高等学校科学研究项目(Hnky2021ZD-15)
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2025年第43卷第8期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.08.048
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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海南省卫生厅项目(WSJK2024QN008)
海南省高等学校科学研究项目(Hnky2021ZD-15)
作者信息
    1.海南科技职业大学,海南 海口 571126
    2.海南医科大学,海南 海口 570100
    3.合江县中医医院,四川 合江 646200
    4.西南医科大学合江医院,四川 合江 646200
    5.海南医学院第一附属医院,海南 海口 570102

通讯作者:

王丹心(1973-),女,海南海口人,教授,硕士研究生导师,学士,研究方向:中药在肺部疾病中的药效物质基础及作用机制。E-mail:。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zhzyyxk/CN/10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.08.048
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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