Article(id=1322927604763853677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926217711726961, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.08.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793340119782, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793340119782, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793340119782, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793340119782, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322926217711726961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1754755200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339789083, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340517761, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929274071679978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926217711726961, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929274071679979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322926217711726961, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=6, endPage=8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322927605128758126, articleId=1322927604763853677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Clarifying Origin of Yangchangzao(Indian Houzao)(Rhesus Macaque Bezoar)in Market, columnId=1256183423710970242, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=New Opinion of Ph.D. Supervisor, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Houzao(Rhesus Macaque Bezoar)is a famous and valuable imported Chinese drug.However,due to a lack of firsthand information,the true origin of commercially available Houzao(Rhesus Macaque Bezoar)has remained the subject of speculation and assumption.To clarify its origins,the author traveled to south-central India for field research after establishing a foundation based on market investigation.The source of commercially available Houzao(Rhesus Macaque Bezoar)was confirmed firsthand via dissection.However,the results of the investigation demonstrated that Houzao(Rhesus Macaque Bezoar)material(also called Yangchangzao)is not derived from monkeys,but is instead derived from Indian goats(Capra aegagrus hircus Linnaeus).The bezoars are formed in the cecum.Both sexes of goats can produce “Yangchangzao”.The bezoars are formed around seeds of Arabic Jinhehuan[Acacia nilotica(L.)Willd.ex Delile].It is thus recommended that the commercial Chinese name of Houzao(Rhesus Macaque Bezoar)should be changed to Yangchangzao,with an alternate name of “Indian Houzao”.

, authors=Zhongzhen ZHAO1, 2, Eric Brand2, Yiping HUAN2, authorsList=Zhongzhen ZHAO, Eric Brand, Yiping HUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322927606651290491, articleId=1322927604763853677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=羊肠枣(印度猴枣)的正名研究, columnId=1256183426563096985, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=博士导师新论, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

猴枣是一味小儿化痰的进口名贵中药,迄今为止,第一手资料的缺乏,导致人们对市售猴枣的真实来源仍停留在推断和猜测阶段。为了正本清源,在市场调查的基础上,专程前往印度中南部进行了实地调查、亲手解剖,阐明了市售猴枣的来源。调查结果表明:“羊肠枣”出自印度山羊(Capra aegagrus hircus Linnaeus)而不是猕猴。结石发生的确切部位是“盲肠”。“羊肠枣”不仅出自母山羊,公山羊体内同样也有“羊肠枣”。结石产生的引物是阿拉伯金合欢Acacia nilotica(L.)Willd.ex Delile的种子。建议市售“猴枣”的中文名称应改用“羊肠枣”(别名:印度猴枣)。

, authors=赵中振1, 2, Eric Brand2, 浣一平2, authorsList=赵中振, Eric Brand, 浣一平, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

赵中振(1957-),男,北京人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:本草学、世界传统药物学。

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赵中振(1957-),男,北京人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:本草学、世界传统药物学。

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赵中振(1957-),男,北京人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:本草学、世界传统药物学。

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羊肠枣(印度猴枣)的正名研究
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赵中振 1, 2 , Eric Brand 2 , 浣一平 2
中华中医药学刊 | 博士导师新论 2025,43(8): 6-8
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中华中医药学刊 |博士导师新论 2025 , 43 (8) : 6 -8
羊肠枣(印度猴枣)的正名研究
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赵中振1, 2, Eric Brand2, 浣一平2
作者信息
  • 1.香港浸会大学中医药学院,香港 999077
  • 2.北京中医药大学《本草纲目》研究所,北京 100029
作者简介:

赵中振(1957-),男,北京人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:本草学、世界传统药物学。

Clarifying Origin of Yangchangzao(Indian Houzao)(Rhesus Macaque Bezoar)in Market
Zhongzhen ZHAO1, 2, Eric Brand2, Yiping HUAN2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Chinese Medicine,Hong Kong Baptist University,Hong Kong 999077,China
  • 2.Institute of Compendium of Materia Medica,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine,Beijing 100029,China
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.08.002
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猴枣是一味小儿化痰的进口名贵中药,迄今为止,第一手资料的缺乏,导致人们对市售猴枣的真实来源仍停留在推断和猜测阶段。为了正本清源,在市场调查的基础上,专程前往印度中南部进行了实地调查、亲手解剖,阐明了市售猴枣的来源。调查结果表明:“羊肠枣”出自印度山羊(Capra aegagrus hircus Linnaeus)而不是猕猴。结石发生的确切部位是“盲肠”。“羊肠枣”不仅出自母山羊,公山羊体内同样也有“羊肠枣”。结石产生的引物是阿拉伯金合欢Acacia nilotica(L.)Willd.ex Delile的种子。建议市售“猴枣”的中文名称应改用“羊肠枣”(别名:印度猴枣)。

猴枣  /  羊肠枣  /  印度山羊  /  阿拉伯金合欢  /  盲肠结石

Houzao(Rhesus Macaque Bezoar)is a famous and valuable imported Chinese drug.However,due to a lack of firsthand information,the true origin of commercially available Houzao(Rhesus Macaque Bezoar)has remained the subject of speculation and assumption.To clarify its origins,the author traveled to south-central India for field research after establishing a foundation based on market investigation.The source of commercially available Houzao(Rhesus Macaque Bezoar)was confirmed firsthand via dissection.However,the results of the investigation demonstrated that Houzao(Rhesus Macaque Bezoar)material(also called Yangchangzao)is not derived from monkeys,but is instead derived from Indian goats(Capra aegagrus hircus Linnaeus).The bezoars are formed in the cecum.Both sexes of goats can produce “Yangchangzao”.The bezoars are formed around seeds of Arabic Jinhehuan[Acacia nilotica(L.)Willd.ex Delile].It is thus recommended that the commercial Chinese name of Houzao(Rhesus Macaque Bezoar)should be changed to Yangchangzao,with an alternate name of “Indian Houzao”.

Houzao(Rhesus Macaque Bezoar)  /  Yangchangzao  /  Indian goat  /  Arabic Jinhehuan[Acacia nilotica(L.)Willd.ex Delile]  /  bezoars in cecum
赵中振, Eric Brand, 浣一平. 羊肠枣(印度猴枣)的正名研究. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (8) : 6 -8 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.08.002
Zhongzhen ZHAO, Eric Brand, Yiping HUAN. Clarifying Origin of Yangchangzao(Indian Houzao)(Rhesus Macaque Bezoar)in Market[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (8) : 6 -8 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.08.002
猴枣为一味小儿化痰的进口名贵中药,具有清热镇惊、豁痰定喘、解毒消肿的功效,主要治疗小儿无菌性炎症[1-2]。猴枣在中国国内并无出产,主要从印度、马来西亚等国进口,是中成药“猴枣散”的主要原料之一。猴枣商品按产地分为“印度猴枣”(主产于印度,别名“羊肠枣”)和“域枣”(主产于马来西亚),前者为市售主流商品,据估算为目前实际使用量95%以上。
迄今为止,第一手调查资料的缺乏,导致人们对猴枣的真实来源和性质的了解停留在推断和猜测阶段。关于猴枣的记载充斥着模糊的词语,如“据说”“可能”“传言”等。在研究方面,因来源不清导致成分分析过程中,难以确定其指标成分[3-6]。
面对市售“猴枣”的主流品种,仍有许多未解之谜:这些“猴枣”究竟出自哪种动物?如果是山羊,结石是在羊体内的哪个部位?真的只是母山羊才有结石呢?“羊肠枣”是如何形成的,生物链又是如何?我国有如此多的山羊,为何没有“羊肠枣”商品出现?
猴枣在古代本草著作中虽未见记载,但在百年前的文献中已有记录。有关羊肠枣(猴枣)与域枣并未分列条目,只是作为猴枣的不同商品规格记录时分别提及。
例如,1920年《绍兴医药学报》中出现有关于猴枣的答读者问,史介生认为:“猴枣形如鸽卵而松,色暗黄微白,其理层叠而生,外有包膜络之。味微咸,兼苦,性平无毒。能平虚喘,镇肝魂魄,定痉厥,治惊痫。此枣生于老猴之胃及肝胆之间。因猴常食各种山果,积年累月,津液结成为石,形如枣,故名猴枣。”[7]
周小农认为:“猴枣系猴宝也,产自南洋,新加坡诸海岛。其形若蛋,大小不一,打破层层裹叠。其性寒,专治热痰之圣药也。”[8]
此后,1921年谢观在《中国医学大辞典》中猴枣项下提到:“一说猿猴含于口中之物所结精者。”[9]
综合上述三者的意见,猴枣为老猴或猿猴,老猴之胃及肝胆之间或含于口中之物所结精者。
1930年,陈仁山《药物出产辨》记载:“近日多出南洋群岛,……但作者并未明确基原动物。在猴子枣条目下最后特别提到:‘土人呼之为羊肠枣,未必无因。好格物者,其细思之。’”[10]这里第一次出现了羊肠枣的名称,并提出了疑问。
1960年南京药学院的《药材学》猴枣条目下,来源记载为猕猴或其他猴的胆结石。该书中仿北京动物园的猴子配上了附图。应当说,猴子形象画得是对的,但猴子体内是不是有结石呢,不得而知。书中文字具体描述了两种猴枣商品规格:“新加坡、马来亚产的叫域枣,颗粒大似鸡卵,每颗50~100 g左右,黑色有光泽为上品;印度加尔各答产的颗粒大小不一,一般只小,乌而有光,质脆较好,其中青灰色者,质坚较差。”[11]
1985年国家中医药管理局的考察组去印度,冯明开在其“赴印度考察情况简报”中提到:“据说猴枣印度传统医学是不用动物结石作治病用药,故我们所到之处,提出猴枣的问题,都无人知晓。”[12]
在同一篇“简报中”接着提及:“在加尔各答,据华侨提供的线索,由宝昌号李先生介绍,找到专门经营中药材转口的尼泊尔商人,据介绍,他本人是经营猴枣的,现在还有库存。但猴枣不是在猴的身上生成的,是母山羊肠与胃(幽门)之间的结石,产于印度的南方,猴枣是在屠宰场内搜集到的。他本人曾亲自去屠宰场内收购,并亲眼看见宰羊时在羊的肠胃交界处取到。”[12]作者虽未亲眼所见,但他把在当地考察时听来的消息进行了笔录。
但以上报告后被《中华本草》引用时,则变成了肯定句:“1985年国家中医药管理局赴印度等国考察组认为,猴枣是母山羊胃肠之间的结石。”[13]国家中医药管理局考察组的考察情况简报,加上此后权威的《中华本草》,这样有关印度猴枣的问题似乎就定论了。
猴枣的商品调查是从香港着手的,因为无论中国香港还是内地目前销售的猴枣多是从香港进口的。
李震熊先生年逾八旬,在香港经营名贵中药已超过一个甲子。在行业内有“活字典”的美誉,他的药材店“李熊记”收藏有各种贵重中药,包括了“两种猴枣”。
根据李先生介绍,来自印度的一种“羊肠枣(印度猴枣)”占目前实际使用量95%以上。此种猴枣从其祖辈开始就有经营,至少有200~300年的历史了(插页Ⅰ图1),另一种“域枣”可能是来自东南亚猕猴或大猩猩两腮食囊中的结石(插页Ⅰ图2)。但这种商品目前十分罕见,几乎不流通,仅在老药店中作为“镇店之宝”保存供奉。
商品中的“印度猴枣”多呈椭圆形或长扁圆形,大小均匀,长1.1~1.6 cm,重量0.3~0.8 g。表面青黑色或暗黄色,平滑有光泽。质地硬且脆,易碎,外层易剥离,断面有层纹,内层表面灰绿色,中心有空洞,多存有果核。微有香气,味微苦。
域枣呈椭圆形或卵圆形,大小不一,类似鹌鹑蛋到鸡蛋,直径2.9~3.5(4.7)cm,重量11~39(57)g。表面暗黄色至黑褐色,平滑具有光泽。质地坚实较重,击碎后层纹较多,层厚,中心空腔细小或无空腔。微有香气,味微苦。
为了正本清源,拿到第一手凭证,2018年1月中旬,笔者研究组成员(Eric Brand、摄影师浣一平和柴林)专程前往印度中南部进行了一次探索之旅。
我们从香港出发,首先抵达海得拉巴(Hyderabad),在当地专门从事猴枣贸易的Aijaz Mahboob Khan(A.M.KHAN)先生带领下,驱车超过4 h,到了印度中南部的泰伦加纳邦(Telangana),深入到两个村镇(Karim Nagar,Nizamabad)。
我们走访了两个村镇的各一户牧羊人家。并实际对公、母两只山羊进行了现场解剖,对生长环境进行了实地观察。
采集的植物标本保存于香港浸会大学中医药学院中国银行中药标本中心。
考察全过程由浣一平、柴林摄像记录。林燕靖协助绘图。
印度是一个古老的国度,具有丰富的自然资源。泰伦加纳邦(Telangana)为一个农牧混交区,一年之中有旱季与雨季之别,出产棉花、玉米、水稻、香蕉等。
当地饲养有大量的山羊Capra aegagrus hircus Linnaeus,为群居动物,觅食力强,食性杂,对各种牧草、树木枝叶等均可采食。
每年4月,当地称作“Tumma chettu”(Babul tree)的树木的果实成熟之后,牧民用木棒敲打树枝,让果实开裂,然后将散落在地上的种子收集起来。豆子因味道较苦,用盐水浸泡处理后喂给羊吃(插页Ⅰ图3)。经鉴定此植物为豆科金合欢属植物阿拉伯金合欢Acacia nilotica(L.)Willd.ex Delile。
在当地牧民的陪同下,我们找到了Babul tree树(当地称作“Tumma chettu”)。小乔木或乔木,高3~5 m,树皮灰棕色;嫩枝被茸毛。叶为二回羽状复叶,羽片2~11对,小叶7~25对,长圆形,被短柔毛。荚果带状,长可达20 cm,宽1~2 cm,直或弯曲,种子间缢缩呈念珠状,被茸毛,不开裂。种子褐色,近椭圆形,长7~9 mm,平滑扁压。
阿拉伯金合欢的荚果一般在4月成熟,我们到来的时间是1月中旬,还是嫩果,有些类似槐角一样,表面发黏。掰开之后,荚果内的种子味道尝起来有些苦。种子成熟时会变为褐色。此植物原产非洲并延伸至阿拉伯、阿富汗、印度等地,现在世界上很多地方都有栽培。在我国海南、云南等地目前已有人工引种栽培。
有经验的牧民,触摸羊的腹部,可以感到颗粒状物的存在,便可知哪些羊“已经怀上了”。随后分而治之,没有“枣”的,则是直接用作肉羊饲养。那些怀上枣子的,继续留下,加以特别的饲养,用货车将大批量的山羊运载到5~8 km外的山林中放牧。食用到各种不同营养的树叶,有利于吸收营养,以利猴枣长大成熟。从6月草木繁盛的雨季开始喂养,到11月旱季开始宰杀,“枣”一般在羊体内120 d可以形成。
依照传统的印度日历,在每年的10月—11月正值“排灯节”(Diwali,Deepavali)。在这一传统节日里,当地要大宴宾朋,摆上丰盛的千羊宴。此时,大量的山羊被宰杀,正是牧民采收之时。一般3000~4000张餐桌上,能够获取1 kg的羊枣。
我们在牧场养殖人员的指导下,对两只羊进行了现场解剖,发现结石形成的准确部位是在“盲肠”(cecum)部位。当地人俚语称之为“cirdan”,也就是肠胃里,好似中文泛指的“肚子里”(图4)。
清水一遍遍地洗涤盲肠后,看到了一粒粒黑褐色发亮的“枣儿”。其中一只羊的腹中出现了17颗品相完好的“猴枣”。
除去外面一层灰色的结石包层后,再剥离种皮,可见豆科植物的两个豆瓣状子叶。在同一个盲肠囊袋中还有小石子与几粒黑小豆,但都没有形成结石,这也说明了羊肠枣产生的引物为阿拉伯金合欢的种子(插页Ⅰ图5)。拿到这些“猴枣”,摸上去还有些软,将外面一层灰色的结石外膜包层除去后可以看到典型的豆科植物的两个豆瓣(插页Ⅰ图6)。
周围环境中还生长有豆科阿拉伯金合欢近缘种植物黄豆树Albizia procera(Roxb.)Benth.。还有很多植物为山羊所喜的使君子科、大戟科、芸香科等植物。良好的牧场环境为羊群提供了足够的食物与营养。此生物链对于羊枣的形成密不可分。植物的种子若落进了山羊的盲肠囊袋里,则无法排泄出体外。因阿拉伯金合欢种子这种“引物”的刺激,动物体内分泌出抗炎物质,又因种子富含单宁,与蛋白质结合后,在豆子表面形成一种天然的保护层,如珍珠形成一样,层层加厚,实现了动物的自我保护。
以往文献所说只有母山羊可以产出“枣”,是不准确的。公羊与母羊同样可以产生结石。那么,为何绵羊不产“枣”呢?因为绵羊的特性是仅低头吃草,所以它们一般接触不到树上阿拉伯金合欢的种子。而山羊除了低头吃草外,还能仰头吃到各种树叶,吃得树梢之果,能够吃进去阿拉伯金合欢的种子,这样才出现了羊肠枣。
经此次实地考察,明确了市售猴枣的来源为山羊(Capra aegagrus hircus Linnaeus)的盲肠内以阿拉伯金合欢的种子为内核形成的结石。
初步考察报告以英文发表于2018年Chinese Medicine[14],考察过程拍摄成纪录片《本草无疆》之一集。以上考察报告及结论已经引起有关方面的关注[15],在国家药监局、海关总署、市场监管总局发布的关于实施《进口药材管理办法》有关事项的公告(2020年第3号)附件1中,非首次进口药材品种目录已有参考[16]。
猴枣为一味进口名贵中药,常用作小儿化痰药。猴枣商品按产地分为“羊肠枣”(印度猴枣)和“域枣”(主产于马来西亚等地),而市售主流商品(占实际使用量95%以上)为“羊肠枣”。
调查结果表明:“羊肠枣”出自印度山羊(Capra aegagrus hircus Linnaeus)而不是猕猴。结石发生的确切部位是“盲肠”。“羊肠枣”不仅出自母山羊,公山羊体内同样也有“羊肠枣”。结石产生的引物是阿拉伯金合欢Acacia nilotica(L.)Willd.ex Delile的种子。
建议市售“猴枣”的中文名称应改用“羊肠枣”(别名:印度猴枣)。
另外一种传统的商品猴枣,别称“域枣”,商品罕见,在一些老药店中保存供奉,虽有商家认为是来自东南亚猕猴胃肠的结石,猕猴或猩猩两腮食囊中的结石,但均缺乏第一手的实地考察凭据,尚待进一步研究。
猴科动物均为国家重点保护动物,并列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》[17]。此次考察结果也澄清了中国人滥杀野生动物的罪名。
印度羊肠枣不仅具有疗效、历史和资源,还有成熟的培育技术和稳定的供应链。从医学伦理的角度来看也是可以接受的,相关机理研究正在进行之中,以避免传统宝贵用药经验的失传。

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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.08.002
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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    1.香港浸会大学中医药学院,香港 999077
    2.北京中医药大学《本草纲目》研究所,北京 100029
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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