Article(id=1322925863456617341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322925862630339452, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.051, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339704620, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339704620, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339704620, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339704620, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322925862630339452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752076800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339704424, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340532184, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929334587105328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322925862630339452, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929334587105329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322925862630339452, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=253, endPage=258, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322925863666332542, articleId=1322925863456617341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Expert Consensus on Nomenclature of Heart Failure in Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnId=1256183446796382258, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Expert Consensus and Guidelines, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The characteristics of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)“valuing syndrome and belittling disease”make the current TCM disease nomenclature lack of regularization and standardization,and gradually appear“aging”,marginalization and“westernization”. How the TCM disease nomenclature can achieve dialogue with western medicine on the basis of maintaining their own theoretical and cultural characteristics is the key to deepening the integration of TCM and western medicine as well as promoting the modernization of TCM. The project group focused on the TCM disease nomenclature of heart failure(HF),and relied on the National Terminology Committee for TCM and the Expert Committee for Cardiovascular Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Chinese Research Hospital Association,established an expert consensus working group,systematically sorted out the connotation of the TCM disease nomenclature of HF,and conducted three rounds of expert questionnaire survey on the improved Delphi method. The expert consensus of TCM disease nomenclature of HF was preliminary achieved,aiming at promoting the theoretical and clinical research on the prevention and treatment of HF in TCM.

, authors=National Terminology Committee for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Expert Committee for Cardiovascular Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Chinese Research Hospital Association, National Clinical Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, authorsList=National Terminology Committee for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Expert Committee for Cardiovascular Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Chinese Research Hospital Association, National Clinical Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322925864081568639, articleId=1322925863456617341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=心力衰竭的中医病名专家共识, columnId=1256183449291993160, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=专家共识指南, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中医重证轻病的特点使目前中医病名缺乏规范化、标准化,并逐渐出现“老化”、边缘化和“西化”。中医病名如何在保持自身理论特点和文化特色基础上实现与西医对话,是深化中西医结合、促进中医药现代化进程的关键。项目组以心力衰竭的中医病名为研究切入点,依托全国中医药学名词审定委员会和中国研究型医院学会中西医结合心血管病专业委员会,成立了专家共识项目专家小组,系统梳理了目前心力衰竭的中医病名内涵,通过三轮改良德尔菲法专家问卷调研,初步达成心力衰竭中医病名的业内共识,旨在推动中医药防治心力衰竭的理论和临床研究。

, authors=全国中医药学名词审定委员会, 中国研究型医院学会中西医结合心血管病专业委员会, 国家中医心血管病临床医学研究中心, authorsList=全国中医药学名词审定委员会, 中国研究型医院学会中西医结合心血管病专业委员会, 国家中医心血管病临床医学研究中心, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
董国菊(1975-),女,山东海阳人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士后,研究方向:中西医结合心血管疾病基础与临床。E-mail:。
魏玥(1998-),女(满族),辽宁大连人,博士在读,研究方向:中西医结合心血管疾病。E-mail:。
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Universal definition and classification of heart failure:a report of the Heart Failure Society of America,Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology,Japanese Heart Failure Society and Writing Committee of the Universal Definition of Heart Failure:Endorsed by the Canadian Heart Failure Society,Heart Failure Association of India,Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand,and Chinese Heart Failure Association[J]. Eur JHeart Fail,2021,23(3):352-380., articleTitle=Universal definition and classification of heart failure:a report of the Heart Failure Society of America,Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology,Japanese Heart Failure Society and Writing Committee of the Universal Definition of Heart Failure:Endorsed by the Canadian Heart Failure Society,Heart Failure Association of India,Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand,and Chinese Heart Failure Association, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322925873418089422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322925863456617341, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=25, issue=11, pageStart=1976, pageEnd=1984, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=41, authorNames=AGOSTONI P, PLUCHINOTTA F R, SALVIONI E, journalName=Eur J Heart Fail, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AGOSTONI P,PLUCHINOTTA F R,SALVIONI E,et al. 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问题同意/[例(%)]不同意/[例(%)]选择不同意意见的专家建议
1、您是否同意HFrEF和HFpEF使用不同的中医病名?83(83)17(17)1位专家建议使用西医病名;12位专家建议统一沿用中医心衰病/心水病病名;4位专家未给出具体建议
2、您是否同意HFrEF继续沿用中医“心水病”病名?93(93)7(7)7位专家建议用心衰病
3、您是否同意使用“肺饮病”作为HFpEF的中医病名?75(75)25(25)8位专家表示暂没想到合适的病名;12位专家建议用心衰病/心水病:1位专家建议用饮病;1位专家建议用心僵病/心硬病;1位专家建议用心饮病;1位专家建议用虚劳;1位专家建议根据症状动态命名
4、由于射血分数轻度降低的心衰(HFmrEF)的临床表现和治疗与HFrEF相似,您是否同意将HFmrEF归属在HFrEF中进行中医诊治?98(98)2(2)2位专家建议统一用心水病,无须根据西医分型重新命名
5、对于射血分数改善的心衰(HFimpEF),您同意将其归属于HFrEF的中医诊治,还是归属于HFpEF的中医诊治,还是均不同意?HFrEF:70(70)
HFpEF:29(29)
1(1)1位专家建议统一用心水病,无须根据西医分型重新命名
6、您是否同意废弃中医病名,使用与西医一致的病名诊断?17(17)83(83)
), ArticleFig(id=1322925868342981536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322925863456617341, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

第二轮改良德尔菲法问卷调研结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
问题同意/[例(%)]不同意/[例(%)]选择不同意意见的专家建议
1、您是否同意HFrEF和HFpEF使用不同的中医病名?83(83)17(17)1位专家建议使用西医病名;12位专家建议统一沿用中医心衰病/心水病病名;4位专家未给出具体建议
2、您是否同意HFrEF继续沿用中医“心水病”病名?93(93)7(7)7位专家建议用心衰病
3、您是否同意使用“肺饮病”作为HFpEF的中医病名?75(75)25(25)8位专家表示暂没想到合适的病名;12位专家建议用心衰病/心水病:1位专家建议用饮病;1位专家建议用心僵病/心硬病;1位专家建议用心饮病;1位专家建议用虚劳;1位专家建议根据症状动态命名
4、由于射血分数轻度降低的心衰(HFmrEF)的临床表现和治疗与HFrEF相似,您是否同意将HFmrEF归属在HFrEF中进行中医诊治?98(98)2(2)2位专家建议统一用心水病,无须根据西医分型重新命名
5、对于射血分数改善的心衰(HFimpEF),您同意将其归属于HFrEF的中医诊治,还是归属于HFpEF的中医诊治,还是均不同意?HFrEF:70(70)
HFpEF:29(29)
1(1)1位专家建议统一用心水病,无须根据西医分型重新命名
6、您是否同意废弃中医病名,使用与西医一致的病名诊断?17(17)83(83)
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心力衰竭的中医病名专家共识
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全国中医药学名词审定委员会 , 中国研究型医院学会中西医结合心血管病专业委员会 , 国家中医心血管病临床医学研究中心
中华中医药学刊 | 专家共识指南 2025,43(7): 253-258
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中华中医药学刊 |专家共识指南 2025 , 43 (7) : 253 -258
心力衰竭的中医病名专家共识
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全国中医药学名词审定委员会, 中国研究型医院学会中西医结合心血管病专业委员会, 国家中医心血管病临床医学研究中心
作者信息
通讯作者:
董国菊(1975-),女,山东海阳人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士后,研究方向:中西医结合心血管疾病基础与临床。E-mail:。
魏玥(1998-),女(满族),辽宁大连人,博士在读,研究方向:中西医结合心血管疾病。E-mail:。
Expert Consensus on Nomenclature of Heart Failure in Traditional Chinese Medicine
National Terminology Committee for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Expert Committee for Cardiovascular Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Chinese Research Hospital Association, National Clinical Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology
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出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.051
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中医重证轻病的特点使目前中医病名缺乏规范化、标准化,并逐渐出现“老化”、边缘化和“西化”。中医病名如何在保持自身理论特点和文化特色基础上实现与西医对话,是深化中西医结合、促进中医药现代化进程的关键。项目组以心力衰竭的中医病名为研究切入点,依托全国中医药学名词审定委员会和中国研究型医院学会中西医结合心血管病专业委员会,成立了专家共识项目专家小组,系统梳理了目前心力衰竭的中医病名内涵,通过三轮改良德尔菲法专家问卷调研,初步达成心力衰竭中医病名的业内共识,旨在推动中医药防治心力衰竭的理论和临床研究。

心力衰竭  /  射血分数减低的心力衰竭  /  射血分数保留的心力衰竭  /  射血分数中间值的心力衰竭  /  射血分数改善的心力衰竭  /  心水病  /  肺饮病  /  病名  /  专家共识

The characteristics of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)“valuing syndrome and belittling disease”make the current TCM disease nomenclature lack of regularization and standardization,and gradually appear“aging”,marginalization and“westernization”. How the TCM disease nomenclature can achieve dialogue with western medicine on the basis of maintaining their own theoretical and cultural characteristics is the key to deepening the integration of TCM and western medicine as well as promoting the modernization of TCM. The project group focused on the TCM disease nomenclature of heart failure(HF),and relied on the National Terminology Committee for TCM and the Expert Committee for Cardiovascular Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Chinese Research Hospital Association,established an expert consensus working group,systematically sorted out the connotation of the TCM disease nomenclature of HF,and conducted three rounds of expert questionnaire survey on the improved Delphi method. The expert consensus of TCM disease nomenclature of HF was preliminary achieved,aiming at promoting the theoretical and clinical research on the prevention and treatment of HF in TCM.

heart failure  /  heart failure with reduced ejection fraction  /  heart failure with preserved ejection fraction  /  heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction  /  heart failure with improved ejection fraction  /  Xinshui disease  /  Feiyin disease  /  disease nomenclature  /  expert consensus
全国中医药学名词审定委员会, 中国研究型医院学会中西医结合心血管病专业委员会, 国家中医心血管病临床医学研究中心. 心力衰竭的中医病名专家共识. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (7) : 253 -258 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.051
National Terminology Committee for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Expert Committee for Cardiovascular Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Chinese Research Hospital Association, National Clinical Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology. Expert Consensus on Nomenclature of Heart Failure in Traditional Chinese Medicine[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (7) : 253 -258 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.051
近年来,中医药防治心力衰竭(heart failure,HF)取得了长足的进展,虽然HF是中医药治疗的优势病种,但HF的中医病名尚未达成业内共识。随着西医对HF的深入研究和不断细化,中医病名如何在保持自身理论特点和文化特色基础上实现与西医对话,是深化中西医结合、促进中医药现代化进程的关键。
项目组依托全国中医药学名词审定委员会和中国研究型医院学会中西医结合心血管病专业委员会,对HF的中医病名发起专家共识,旨在完善中医药对HF从“有名”到“有实”的理论体系建设,深化中医药防治HF的临床研究进程。
传统的中医病名是古代医家在长期临床实践中集体创造出来的,是古代先贤临床经验与智慧的结晶,很多中医病名沿用至今,如“中风”“中暑”“牛皮癣”“郁证”等,既通俗易通,又能反映疾病的本质,是中医药学独有的文化特点[1]。但同时应认识到:随着诊断和治疗的发展,疾病的临床症状和预后发生了变化,这意味着中医古籍中传承下来的许多病名与当前临床实际情况存在出入,不能满足现代临床实践的实际需求。所谓纲举目张,执本末从,基于中医理论进行中医病名的传承创新并在传承创新中规范统一,是推进中医药理论体系丰富和发展的基石[2]。项目组以HF的中医病名为研究切入点,对HF中医病名存在的个性问题及共性问题进行了梳理。
中医以症状为主的疾病命名方式导致一病多名,或者一名多病[3]。就HF而言,中医古籍根据其临床表现和病因病机特点,将其分属于“心水”“心痹”“心胀”“心咳”“心悸”“喘证”“水肿”等范畴[4],形成一病而多名。就中医病名水肿而言,又可分属于现代医学的心源性水肿、肝源性水肿、肾源性水肿等,造成一名而多病。中医长期存在“病”“症”混用现象,这种随意性命名方式导致中医病名诊断缺乏规范性[5],不利于中医以病为主体的防治理论体系的构建,不利于中西医基于疾病为主体的交流与合作,不利于中医药走向国际化。
中医病名既可从症状,亦可从病因,还可从证,缺乏标准化。HF从病因可命名为“心痹”“心衰”,从病机可命名为心水、支饮,从病理产物可命名为水肿,从症状可命名为“喘证”“心咳”等,甚至可以在疾病的某阶段以方药指代病名,如真武汤证。中医病名的标准化是中医药现代化的重点和难点[2],加强中医病名标准化研究对深化中医药疾病本质的认识、促进中医药防治疾病能力的提升至关重要。
20世纪90年代,国家出台了一系列中医疾病命名相关标准,如《中医病证分类与代码》《中医临床诊疗术语疾病部分》等,由于实用性差,体系不完善,很多标准没有在临床推行[6]。2018年世卫组织发布的《国际疾病分类第十一次修订本(ICD-11)》中首次纳入了中医药传统医学章节[7],2020年国家卫生健康委员会和国家中医药管理局联合发布了《中医病证分类与代码》《中医临床诊疗术语》系列,在一定程度上推动了中医病名的标准化进程。中医病名的传承创新需要理论与临床实践的结合,需要逐个学科、逐个病种厘清,并逐一达成业内共识,以共识促标准,以标准促统一。
随着疾病谱、临床症状及预后的变化,中医以症状为主的命名方式使得一些以前适用的中医病名在现代就显得停滞“老化”了。如消渴病,在诊断不及时、治疗不到位的古代确实可以反映患者“三多一少”的临床表现,但是现在的“消渴”症状仅仅在没有得到诊治的极少数人群中出现,难以全面涵盖糖尿病的临床特点,因此有学者提出以“糖络病”作为糖尿病的中医病名,既能反映糖尿病病性本质,又可体现病位、病机及疾病演变规律,有助于提升中医药对糖尿病的深入探讨,提升中医药防治糖尿病的诊疗水平[8]。再比如支气管扩张,根据其临床表现,中医学将其归属于“咳嗽”“咯血”范畴,杨耀宇等[9]认为咯血和咳嗽只是支气管扩张症的独立症状,不宜作为病名,建议使用创新的病名“肺络张”作为支扩的病名。
“糖络病”和“肺络张”都是在传承基础上的创新,是替代“老化”病名的有益探索,对项目组的HF中医病名研究很有启发,应引起行业内的共鸣。
中医病名内涵与临床实践存在脱节的现状,使中医病名无法对临床实践产生精准而积极的指导作用,因此中医病名在实际诊疗中越来越边缘化,并逐渐“西化”。目前临床和科研多采用中西医双重诊断,且多以西医辨病+中医辨证为主的病证结合诊治模式[10],这种模式在促进中西医互通的同时,加剧了中医病名的应用弱化。苏占清[11]对2011年《中医杂志》“临床论著”栏目发表的文章进行统计后发现,以疾病为研究对象的151篇文章中,用西医病名的145篇,占96.03%,是使用中医病名的24倍。
目前发表的有关中医药诊治HF的专家共识或者指南,均以西医的HF病名作为共识/指南的项目名[12-14],如果HF的中医病名能在业内达成共识,中医药的共识/指南就可以以中医病名作为项目名,比如心水病中医诊治专家共识;或者在中医病名后面以括号的形式标注相应的西医病名,比如心水病(慢性心力衰竭)中医诊治专家共识。固化的、统一化的、与西医疾病对等的中医病名是中医构建疾病防治体系的根本,也是让西医认知中医、交流沟通的前提,也是本项目发起的初衷——用中医自己的特色名字和西医平等对话,互通有无。
HF是以心脏收缩(泵血)功能和(或)舒张(回血)功能发生障碍为核心机制,体循环缺血和/或体循环淤血和/或肺循环淤血为核心病理改变,以乏力、喘憋、呼吸困难、水肿等症状为表现的一组临床综合征[15]。为适应临床诊治需求的转变,西医的HF命名也在临床实践中不断更新[16]。2016年欧洲心脏病学会明确提出了射血分数保留心力衰竭(heart failure with preserved ejection fraction,HFpEF)的诊断标准,并把射血分数在40%~49%的HF命名为射血分数中间范围的心力衰竭(heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction,HFmrEF)[17],自此形成了射血分数减低心衰(heart failure with reduced ejection fraction,HFrEF)、HFpEF和HFmrEF的3个西医HF病名。事实上,目前仍有专家质疑用射血分数进行心衰分类的合理性[18],但至少在争议中达成了共识,而且不可否认的是,自从HFpEF取代了舒张性心力衰竭这一病名,在很大程度上推动了HFpEF临床和科研的发展进程。
目前中医对HF的病名尚未达成共识,对不同亚型HF的中医病名诊断更是鲜有提及。虽然有专家认为中医以病名为主的命名方式无须区分不同HF类型,但目前中医的临床和科研都是针对不同的HF亚型进行研究,并分别形成HFrEF和HFpEF的相关诊疗共识[19-20]。考虑到HFrEF和HFpEF中医核心病机不同、预后不同、临床表现也不尽相同,有必要对不同亚型的HF冠之以不同中医病名,以反映其核心临床特点,促进中医药对不同HF亚型的深入研究[21]。
项目组对HF的中医病名相关文献进行系统梳理,整理出目前比较有代表性的中医病名详列于下。
心水病名首见于《金匮要略·水气病脉证并治》:“其身重而少气,不得卧,烦而燥,其人阴肿”,被认为是中医古籍中最接近HF临床表现的描述[22],也是《中医病证分类与代码》推荐的中医病名,但尚未被ICD-11纳入。心水病除了临床症状与HF相似,也反映了HF的病机:病位在心,病机为水停,与西医“充血性心力衰竭”的描述颇为相似[23],而充血性心力衰竭是以心脏泵血能力减低导致的体循环和肺循环淤血为主,相当于现在所说的HFrEF。
中医心衰一词最早出现于《脉经》,有“心衰则伏”的记载,但这里的心衰既非指病名,更非指现在所言的HF,更接近心气虚的病机解释。《圣济总录》中记录的:“心衰则健忘”,也是心气不足之意,与现代医学所指HF不同[24]。2000年初在开展中医优势病种的临床路径时,因为对HF的中医病名无法达成共识,曾一度创新应用心衰病作为中医对HF的病名诊断,2012年心衰病首次出现在“十二五”规划教材《中医内科学》中[25],但因缺乏中医特色,目前临床仍沿用心水病。
中医的心衰病与西医的心力衰竭从名字上高度相似,有利于西医对中医的认识和接纳,有利于中西医临床与科研的互通与合作,但是西医有不同亚型的HF分类,中医无法用一个心衰病囊括西医不同类型、不同阶段的HF,因此心衰病既没有凸显中医特色,又在分类细节上逊色于西医的心力衰竭。
饮停于肺,为肺饮病。从病位看,肺饮病似与HF无关,实则不然。《金匮要略·痰饮咳嗽病脉证并治》中指出:“水在肺,吐涎沫,欲饮水”“肺饮不弦,但苦喘短气”,这些描述与HF发作时咳吐泡沫样痰、喘促、气短一致,与西医肺水肿相似[26]。当然有学者指出,慢阻肺也是如此表现,尤其慢阻肺急性发作时[27-28],这也进一步印证了肺饮可以作为HFpEF的中医病名,因为慢阻肺从西医角度属于HFpEF的常见类型[29]。
饮停于肺的肺饮病与肺循环淤血贯穿始终的HFpEF临床特点相似:(1)饮停于肺有程度的轻重:微饮内停,症状不明显,或仅有短气,为HFpEF病之初起[30];“上焦不治,则水泛高原”系肺饮程度加重,与HFpEF病情进展导致肺水肿一致[31]。(2)饮停于肺必与心主血脉息息相关:中医与西医对心肺相关的认识一致,其核心是气血相关,可以“心病及肺”,可以“肺病及心”[32-33]。HFpEF临床异质性大,涉及心血管疾病、肺源性疾病、代谢性疾病等多种病因[29],但核心都以肺循环不同程度的淤血为主,或因心脏的松弛性和顺应性下降导致肺循环阻力增强引起肺淤血,或因肺淤血导致肺循环阻力增强致右心衰。(3)饮停于肺可蔓延全身:肺为水之上源,主治节、通调水道。饮停于肺则肺失宣降,影响全身水液正常代谢,水液不归正化则化湿、化饮、化痰,可停于心下,积于胸膈,流于胃肠,泛溢四肢,累及全身。西医认为HFpEF是一种涉及肺、血管系统、肾脏、脂肪组织和骨骼肌损害的多器官综合征[34],与肺饮波及三焦、脏腑的病理特点相似。
中医还有很多病名与HF发病过程中某一阶段的症状或者病机相似,如心痹、心胀、心咳、肺衰、支饮、喘证、肺胀等,因不足以涵盖HF的核心中医临床特点,也难以与其他疾病相鉴别(比如心痹难以和胸痹心痛鉴别;喘证则包含了心喘和肺喘),没有在业界得到认可和推广[35]。
项目组深知中医病名的探讨、规范与统一是一条聚讼不已、各执己见的荆棘之路:涉及不同时代背景下“老”中医和“年轻”中医学术思潮的不同,涉及中医学院派和经方派理论和实践的差异。但是项目组同样坚信:中医的传承发展需要与时俱进,中医的守正创新需要在百家争鸣中存异求同。“不破不立,破而后立”,项目组以初步达成HF中医病名专家共识为目标,同时抛砖引玉以期引发更多同行思考,在实践中不断创新,推动中医病名学的革新发展。
专家小组由中国中医科学院西苑医院国医大师翁维良教授、全国中医药学名词审定委员会秘书长吴文清研究员,中国研究型医院学会中西医结合呼吸专业委员会主任委员苗青主任医师、国家中医心血管病临床中心李立志主任、董国菊主任,中国研究型医院学会中西医结合心血管病专业委员会主委吴红金主任医师、中国科学院阜外医院马丽红主任医师共同组成。
以半开放式问卷向业内15名临床一线专家征集HF的中医病名,并在前期文献梳理基础上,筛选出10个病名(心水、心衰、心痹、心胀、心咳、肺衰、支饮、喘证、肺胀、肺饮)进行选择排序。
调查结果如下:在开放式问答中,专家均同意中医病名应与时俱进,基于中医理论进行传承创新、规范统一。一致同意HFrEF沿用心水病名称,HFpEF则在提供的10个病名中,推荐排名首位的是肺饮病,其次是心水病和心衰病。
以封闭式问题,结合开放式回答的问卷进行调研,共包含6个问题:(1)您是否同意HFrEF和HFpEF使用不同的中医病名?(2)您是否同意HFrEF继续沿用中医“心水病”病名?(3)您是否同意使用“肺饮病”作为HFpEF的中医病名?(4)由于射血分数中间值心衰(HFmrEF)的临床表现和治疗与HFrEF相似,您是否同意将HFmrEF归属在HFrEF中进行中医诊治?(5)对于射血分数改善的心衰(heart failure with improved ejection fraction,HFimpEF),您同意将其归属于HFrEF的中医诊治,还是归属于HFpEF的中医诊治?以上5个问题,如果选择不同意,可以给出开放式的中医病名推荐。(6)您是否同意废弃中医病名,使用与西医一致的病名诊断?
全国26个省市74家三甲医院,一百余名临床专家参与了本项目问卷调查,共收回有效问卷100份(主任医师83%,副主任医师17%),结果如下:(1)83%的专家同意HFrEF和HFpEF使用不同的中医病名;(2)93%的专家同意用心水病命名HFrEF;(3)75%的专家同意用“肺饮病”作为HFpEF的中医病名;(4)98%的专家同意HFmrEF和HFrEF使用同一病名——心水病;(5)70%的专家主张HFimpEF归属于HFrEF,使用同一病名——心水病;(6)83%的专家不同意废弃中医病名。见表1。
专家组判定每个问题同意的专家比例≥70%为达成共识。通过两轮改良德尔菲法调研,针对HFrEF、HFpEF、HFmrEF和HFimpEF的中医病名专家同意率均≥70%,可以达成专家共识。对问卷中呈现出不同意见的几个问题进行了集中研讨。
(1)是否舍弃中医病名直接应用西医病名的问题:有17%的专家同意可以不用中医病名,中西医通用西医病名即可,这个比例是超出预期的。虽然目前中医病名“西化”明显,临床中医/中西医结合医生也大多按照西医的病名进行中医辨证论治,但专家组一致认为,中医的传承必须“本立而道生”,坚持中医病名,才能“卓然而生”[36]。当前需要解决的是探索既有中医特色、能反映中医对疾病认知的核心特点,又能让西医同行理解的中医病名,这是中西医对话的基础,是促进中医药走向国际化的第一步。
(2)中医是否与西医对应,对HFrEF和HFpEF进行不同的中医命名问题:西医之所以区分HFrEF和HFpEF,是因二者发病机制不同、治疗不同、预后不同[37]。中医与西医看到的是相同的临床问题,只是看问题的视角不同而已。综合文献查阅,结合临床实践,中医对HFrEF和HFpEF的病因病机也有不同的认识[38-39],中医临床诊治指南和专家共识也是按照HFrEF和HFpEF进行分别推荐,理应冠以不同的病名加以区别,反映各自核心特点不同的同时,便于中西医的沟通交流与合作。
(3)心水病和心衰病之争:10%左右的专家对心水病和心衰病持都可以的态度,在具体选择HFrEF的病名时,93%的专家都选择了心水病,只有7%的专家坚持用心衰病。专家组一致认为心衰病容易与西医的心力衰竭混淆,心水病则更形象地呈现出中医对该疾病的病机认识,具有中医特色的同时,易于被西医同行理解,易于在西医界推广。
(4)HFpEF的中医病名问题:75%的专家同意以肺饮病作为HFpEF的中医病名,虽然可以达成共识,但可以感受到很多专家对该问题并未进行深入思考,有8%的专家表示暂时没有想到更合适的病名推荐,也不除外选择同意的专家里面,有因没有更好的病名推荐而选择了同意。也有专家提出了创新性的建议,比如心僵病/心硬病、心饮病、虚劳等,这些病名在一定程度上反映了HFpEF的一些临床特点,是非常值得鼓励的中医病名创新之举。也有专家建议无须固定命名,根据临床症状动态命名即可。中医轻病重证由来已久,导致很多临床专家都疏于思考中医病名的内涵和价值。疾病是一个过程,具有规律性和发展性,中医需要以疾病整体为研究对象,掌握疾病发展规律,防治才能有的放矢。肺饮病在病机和临床表现上都比较接近HFpEF,虽然表述不同于西医的肺淤血,但中西医是站在同一视角看待同一问题,很容易在西医界进行推广。
HFrEF是以心脏收缩功能减退,每搏血液输出量减少,无法满足身体对血和氧的需求,出现组织器官灌注不足,并逐渐发展至体循环和/或肺循环淤血的一组临床综合征。中医认为HFrEF的核心病机为气虚血瘀水停,由于心气不足无力推动血行,一方面血液瘀滞于心,影响肺朝百脉的功能;另一方面,血瘀瘀滞于外周脉络,水积脉中而外渗,这一过程中医形象地描述为心水病。
HFmrEF是介于HFrEF和HFpEF中间的一种HF类型,西医根据其发病机制和临床表现及预后特点,将其归属于HFrEF范畴进行防治[40]。HFimpEF是指曾经射血分数在40%以下的HFrEF,经治疗后射血分数大于40%的HF[41],这类HF虽然病情改善,但通常需要持续用药,否则容易再次恶化为HFrEF,因此其治疗原则与HFrEF一致[42]。中医目前尚缺乏对于HFmrEF和HFimpEF的详细研究资料,专家结合临床实践经验同意将二者归属于中医心水病范畴。
HFpEF临床异质性大,包括心血管及心血管以外的多种致病因素,起始病因虽然不一定在心,但殊途同归。无论是肥胖、高血压还是服用心脏毒性药物等,都以损害心肌松弛性和顺应性为主,左室舒末压升高,肺静脉压增高,肺循环淤血贯穿疾病始终,以呼吸困难和活动耐量下降为主要临床表现,这一过程与中医肺饮病相似。
肺饮病病位在肺,与心、肝、脾、肾密切相关。肺饮病的形成可以是肺气虚,气化不利产生水饮内停;可以是心脉不通、心病及肺;也可以是脾肾不足、气化失司,水饮上犯于肺。肺饮病的临床表现一方面是肺失宣降造成的“苦喘,短气”,另一方面是肺通调水道失常,体内水液代谢不畅,饮停脏腑,亦可泛溢肌肤,这些认识与HFpEF的临床特点高度一致。此外,肺饮病的临床病程有轻、中、重和缓、急之分[26,28],能够涵盖HFpEF的发病全过程,故推荐肺饮病作为HFpEF的中医病名。
HF中医病名专家共识形成以后,进行了第三轮改良德尔菲法专家调研,获得全票通过。该共识是目前中医、中西医结合领域的心血管临床专家、呼吸临床专家、中医文献专家,基于中医文献梳理、结合临床实践、经过深入研究和讨论后形成的共同观点。
该共识首次提出肺饮病作为HFpEF的中医病名,很多专家都表示这是对习以为常的中医病名的反思与创新。以中国人的名字为喻,从古代社会简单朴素的张三、李四,到新中国成立的建国、爱军,到当代社会个性化的复姓名字,回溯名字的变迁史,实则是社会厚重文化底蕴的传承创新史。中医病名也存在同样的问题,只有思变,才能通达,固化的、独立的、统一的中医病名是让西医认识和学习中医的前提,是促进中西医互通合作的基础。在推行新的理念、新的共识面前,大家应摒弃成见,以发展中医药事业作为出发点,在沟通交流中以新促新,以变促变,合力推动中医药发展的中国式现代化之路。
由于缺乏HFmrEF和HFimpEF的中医证治规律系统研究,对HFpEF的中医认识也有不同观点,该共识难免有疏漏不足之处。万事开头难,兼听则明。欢迎不同声音,更欢迎大家在推广应用中结合临床实践,深入思考,提出建设性意见。后续将根据临床反馈,持续优化更新。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82074423)
  • 中国中医科学院科技创新重大攻关项目(CI2021A00903)
  • 中国中医科学院西苑医院能力提升项目(XYZX0201-02)
  • 中国中医科学院基本科研业务费委托项目(ZZ18-WT-01)
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.051
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(82074423)
中国中医科学院科技创新重大攻关项目(CI2021A00903)
中国中医科学院西苑医院能力提升项目(XYZX0201-02)
中国中医科学院基本科研业务费委托项目(ZZ18-WT-01)
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董国菊(1975-),女,山东海阳人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士后,研究方向:中西医结合心血管疾病基础与临床。E-mail:。
魏玥(1998-),女(满族),辽宁大连人,博士在读,研究方向:中西医结合心血管疾病。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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