Article(id=1322925905437401642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322925862630339452, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339714631, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339714631, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339714631, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339714631, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322925862630339452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752076800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339704424, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340532184, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929334587105328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322925862630339452, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929334587105329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322925862630339452, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=29, endPage=34, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322925907496804907, articleId=1322925905437401642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Combining Microbiomics and Metabolomics to Study Mechanism of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)Water Extract in Regulating Intestinal Barrier and Microbial Metabolism in Aging Mice, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To reveal the protective effects of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)water extract on intestinal barrier and microbial metabolism in aging model mice.

Methods

Fifty specific pathogen free(SPF)grade 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 5 groups to construct a D-galactose mouse aging model,and different doses of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)water extract were used for intervention. Biochemical analysis was used to detect the levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD),malondialdehyde(MDA)and lipid peroxidation(LPO)in mouse serum. Haematoxylin Eosin(HE)staining was used to observe pathological changes in mouse intestinal tissue. Immunohistochemical staining was used to observe the expressions of Occludin and Claudin 1 proteins in mouse intestinal tissue. The ultrastructure of mouse intestinal tissue cells was observed by using transmission electron microscopy. The combination of 16S rDNA sequencing and metabolomics analysis was used to detect the changes in gut microbiota and metabolites in mice after aging and Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)intervention,while joint analysis was conducted through bioinformatics.

Results

Compared with those of the normal control group,the weight and food intake of aging mice decreased(P<0.05),and the weight and food intake of the intervention group with Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)significantly increased compared to those of the aging group(P<0.05). Compared with those in the normal control group,the serum SOD in the aging group decreased(P<0.05),while the levels of MDA and LPO increased(P<0.05). The intervention group with Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)significantly reversed the level change of SOD,MDA and LPO(P<0.05). The intestinal tissue structure of aging model mice was significantly damaged,and the expressions of Occludin and Claudin 1 proteins decreased significantly compared to those of the normal controls(P<0.05). After high-dose intervention with Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula),there was a significant improvement in intestinal tissue damage,and the expressions of Occludin and Claudin 1 proteins increased significantly(P<0.05),and the ultrastructure of mouse intestinal cells tended to be normal. During the aging process of mice,the ratio of Bacteroidota to Firmicutes was decreased,after high-dose intervention with Dangshen(Codonopsispilosula),the ratio was increased. During this process,the main differential metabolites were lipids and lipid molecules,organic acids and their derivatives. Metabolic pathways included galactose metabolism,glyceride metabolism and drug metabolism-cytochrome P450. Omics association analysis showed that Paraacteroides,Lactobacillus and Lachnochlostrium were closely related to lipids and lipid molecules.

Conclusion

Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)water extract has a significant protective effect on the intestinal tissue structure and function of aging mice. By regulating the intestinal microbiota structure and its metabolites,it improves the intestinal barrier function and resists aging in the body.

, authors=Jing WANG1, Zhenjuan WANG1, Jiachao KANG1, Le HAN1, Lijun LIU2, Pingmin WU3, Yongqiang DUAN4, authorsList=Jing WANG, Zhenjuan WANG, Jiachao KANG, Le HAN, Lijun LIU, Pingmin WU, Yongqiang DUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yongqiang DUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322925912269922884, articleId=1322925905437401642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=联合微生物组学和代谢组学研究党参水提物调节衰老小鼠肠道屏障和菌群代谢的作用机制, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

揭示党参水提物对衰老模型小鼠肠道屏障和菌群代谢的保护作用。

方法

选取50只无特定病原体(Specific pathogen free,SPF)级8周龄C57BL/6小鼠随机分为5组,构建D-半乳糖小鼠衰老模型,并用不同剂量党参水提物进行干预。生化分析小鼠血清中超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)、脂质过氧化物(Lipid peroxidation,LPO)的含量;运用苏木素-伊红(Haematoxylin Eosin,HE)染色观察小鼠肠道组织病理学变化;应用免疫组织化学染色观察小鼠肠道组织Occludin和Claudin 1蛋白的表达情况;透射电子显微镜观察小鼠肠道组织细胞超微结构;联合16SrDNA测序和代谢组学分析衰老及党参干预后小鼠肠道菌群和代谢物的变化,再通过生物学信息学进行关联分析。

结果

与正常对照组相比,衰老小鼠体质量及摄食量降低(P<0.05),党参低、中、高剂量组比衰老组显著增加(P<0.05);与正常对照组相比,衰老模型组血清SOD下降(P<0.05),MDA、LPO水平升高(P<0.05),党参低、中、高剂量组显著逆转了SOD、MDA、LPO的变化水平(P<0.05);衰老模型小鼠的肠道组织结构明显损伤,Occludin和Claudin 1蛋白表达和正常对照组相比显著下降(P<0.05);高剂量党参干预后,肠道组织损伤有明显改善,Occludin和Claudin 1蛋白表达均明显增加(P<0.05),小鼠肠道细胞超微结构趋于正常。小鼠衰老过程中,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)比厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的比值下降,党参干预使其增加;在此过程,主要差异变化的代谢物是脂质及类脂分子、有机酸及其衍生物等,代谢通路有半乳糖代谢、甘油脂代谢、药物代谢-细胞色素P450;组学关联分析显示,Parabacteroides、Lactobacillus和Lachnoclostridium均与脂质及类脂分子密切相关。

结论

党参水提物对衰老小鼠肠道组织结构和功能有显著保护作用,通过对肠道菌群结构及其代谢物的调节,改善肠道屏障功能,延缓机体衰老。

, authors=王晶1, 王振娟1, 康甲超1, 韩乐1, 柳立军2, 吴萍民3, 段永强4, authorsList=王晶, 王振娟, 康甲超, 韩乐, 柳立军, 吴萍民, 段永强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=段永强, authorNote=

王晶(1982-),女,甘肃天水人,副教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:利用系统生物学进行药物筛选和疾病机理研究。

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段永强(1974-),男,甘肃华亭人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医老年病、脾胃病和敦煌古医方。E-mail:。
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王晶(1982-),女,甘肃天水人,副教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:利用系统生物学进行药物筛选和疾病机理研究。

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王晶(1982-),女,甘肃天水人,副教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:利用系统生物学进行药物筛选和疾病机理研究。

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articleId=1322925905437401642, language=CN, label=图7, caption=党参水提物干预衰老小鼠肠道菌群的代谢组学分析, figureFileSmall=t8NpsFstkOaY5er76axjpQ==, figureFileBig=pQDE+/uE1YAVdFfXOPuHrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322925918225834636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322925905437401642, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+TYMhJfdmao7Em66T7xQlQ==, figureFileBig=GnOJvi4i8oK2Zgyg9uJZsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322925918305526413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322925905437401642, language=CN, label=图8, caption=衰老及党参干预后小鼠差异菌群及其代谢物的关联分析, figureFileSmall=+TYMhJfdmao7Em66T7xQlQ==, figureFileBig=GnOJvi4i8oK2Zgyg9uJZsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322925918385218190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322925905437401642, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
代谢物分子式m/zVIPP值变化趋势
3-(6'-Methylthio)hexylmalic acidC11H20O5S309.1029.7150.033↑
5'-DeoxyadenosineC10H13N5O3252.1098.8630.012↑
3-Hydroxydodecanedioic acidC12H22O5245.1407.9620.033↑
S-2,5-Dimethyl-3-furanylC11H16O2S423.1707.1610.013↑
3-Methylbutanethioate
IdazoxanC11H12N2O2407.1756.5070.030↑
Lactobionic acidC12H22O12357.10514.1740.010↓
α-D-GlucoseC6H12O6179.05612.7720.036↓
Muramic acidC9H17NO7252.1089.6880.026↓
(E)-C-HDMAPPC6H14O7P2259.0138.5660.037↓
Ferulic acidC10H10O4193.0517.1100.039↓
), ArticleFig(id=1322925918452327055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322925905437401642, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

衰老模型组vs正常对照组差异显著代谢物的变化情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
代谢物分子式m/zVIPP值变化趋势
3-(6'-Methylthio)hexylmalic acidC11H20O5S309.1029.7150.033↑
5'-DeoxyadenosineC10H13N5O3252.1098.8630.012↑
3-Hydroxydodecanedioic acidC12H22O5245.1407.9620.033↑
S-2,5-Dimethyl-3-furanylC11H16O2S423.1707.1610.013↑
3-Methylbutanethioate
IdazoxanC11H12N2O2407.1756.5070.030↑
Lactobionic acidC12H22O12357.10514.1740.010↓
α-D-GlucoseC6H12O6179.05612.7720.036↓
Muramic acidC9H17NO7252.1089.6880.026↓
(E)-C-HDMAPPC6H14O7P2259.0138.5660.037↓
Ferulic acidC10H10O4193.0517.1100.039↓
), ArticleFig(id=1322925918536213136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322925905437401642, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
代谢物分子式m/zVIPP值变化趋势
ThiamineC12H16N4OS265.11215.6740.003↑
(7R*,8R*)-3-Methoxy-3',4,7,9,9'-pentahydroxy-8,4'-oxyneolignan 4-xylosideC24H32O11497.19814.7710.018↑
5-Ethoxy-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)furanoneC6H10O3129.05611.6290.017↑
20α-DihydroprednisoneC21H28O5361.19710.5480.025↑
9,10,13-Trihydroxy-Octadecanoic acidC18H36O5331.2509.6380.040↑
HelinorbisaboneC14H18O4268.15522.0380.004↓
7-Ketodeoxycholic acidC24H38O5451.27111.8910.037↓
6,9-Dioxo-decanoic acidC10H16O4223.09410.1220.007↓
Sapidolide AC14H18O5284.1506.3350.031↓
SuillinC28H40O4485.2925.8480.024↓
), ArticleFig(id=1322925918628487825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322925905437401642, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

衰老模型组vs党参高剂量组差异显著代谢物的变化情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
代谢物分子式m/zVIPP值变化趋势
ThiamineC12H16N4OS265.11215.6740.003↑
(7R*,8R*)-3-Methoxy-3',4,7,9,9'-pentahydroxy-8,4'-oxyneolignan 4-xylosideC24H32O11497.19814.7710.018↑
5-Ethoxy-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)furanoneC6H10O3129.05611.6290.017↑
20α-DihydroprednisoneC21H28O5361.19710.5480.025↑
9,10,13-Trihydroxy-Octadecanoic acidC18H36O5331.2509.6380.040↑
HelinorbisaboneC14H18O4268.15522.0380.004↓
7-Ketodeoxycholic acidC24H38O5451.27111.8910.037↓
6,9-Dioxo-decanoic acidC10H16O4223.09410.1220.007↓
Sapidolide AC14H18O5284.1506.3350.031↓
SuillinC28H40O4485.2925.8480.024↓
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联合微生物组学和代谢组学研究党参水提物调节衰老小鼠肠道屏障和菌群代谢的作用机制
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王晶 1 , 王振娟 1 , 康甲超 1 , 韩乐 1 , 柳立军 2 , 吴萍民 3 , 段永强 4
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(7): 29-34
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (7) : 29 -34
联合微生物组学和代谢组学研究党参水提物调节衰老小鼠肠道屏障和菌群代谢的作用机制
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王晶(1982-),女,甘肃天水人,副教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:利用系统生物学进行药物筛选和疾病机理研究。

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王晶(1982-),女,甘肃天水人,副教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:利用系统生物学进行药物筛选和疾病机理研究。

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王晶1, 王振娟1, 康甲超1, 韩乐1, 柳立军2, 吴萍民3, 段永强4
作者信息
  • 1.甘肃中医药大学公共卫生学院,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 2.兰州大学第一医院,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 3.甘肃中医药大学教学实验实训中心,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 4.宁夏医科大学中医学院,宁夏 银川 750000
通讯作者:
段永强(1974-),男,甘肃华亭人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医老年病、脾胃病和敦煌古医方。E-mail:。
作者简介:

王晶(1982-),女,甘肃天水人,副教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:利用系统生物学进行药物筛选和疾病机理研究。

Combining Microbiomics and Metabolomics to Study Mechanism of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)Water Extract in Regulating Intestinal Barrier and Microbial Metabolism in Aging Mice
Jing WANG1, Zhenjuan WANG1, Jiachao KANG1, Le HAN1, Lijun LIU2, Pingmin WU3, Yongqiang DUAN4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Public Health,Gansu University of Chinese Medicine,Lanzhou 730000,Gansu,China
  • 2.Lanzhou University First Hospital,Lanzhou 730000,Gansu,China
  • 3.Teaching Experiment Training Center,Gansu University of Chinese Medicine,Lanzhou 730000,Gansu,China
  • 4.School of Chinese Medicine,Ningxia Medical University,Yinchuan 750000,Ningxia,China
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.007
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目的

揭示党参水提物对衰老模型小鼠肠道屏障和菌群代谢的保护作用。

方法

选取50只无特定病原体(Specific pathogen free,SPF)级8周龄C57BL/6小鼠随机分为5组,构建D-半乳糖小鼠衰老模型,并用不同剂量党参水提物进行干预。生化分析小鼠血清中超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)、脂质过氧化物(Lipid peroxidation,LPO)的含量;运用苏木素-伊红(Haematoxylin Eosin,HE)染色观察小鼠肠道组织病理学变化;应用免疫组织化学染色观察小鼠肠道组织Occludin和Claudin 1蛋白的表达情况;透射电子显微镜观察小鼠肠道组织细胞超微结构;联合16SrDNA测序和代谢组学分析衰老及党参干预后小鼠肠道菌群和代谢物的变化,再通过生物学信息学进行关联分析。

结果

与正常对照组相比,衰老小鼠体质量及摄食量降低(P<0.05),党参低、中、高剂量组比衰老组显著增加(P<0.05);与正常对照组相比,衰老模型组血清SOD下降(P<0.05),MDA、LPO水平升高(P<0.05),党参低、中、高剂量组显著逆转了SOD、MDA、LPO的变化水平(P<0.05);衰老模型小鼠的肠道组织结构明显损伤,Occludin和Claudin 1蛋白表达和正常对照组相比显著下降(P<0.05);高剂量党参干预后,肠道组织损伤有明显改善,Occludin和Claudin 1蛋白表达均明显增加(P<0.05),小鼠肠道细胞超微结构趋于正常。小鼠衰老过程中,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)比厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的比值下降,党参干预使其增加;在此过程,主要差异变化的代谢物是脂质及类脂分子、有机酸及其衍生物等,代谢通路有半乳糖代谢、甘油脂代谢、药物代谢-细胞色素P450;组学关联分析显示,Parabacteroides、Lactobacillus和Lachnoclostridium均与脂质及类脂分子密切相关。

结论

党参水提物对衰老小鼠肠道组织结构和功能有显著保护作用,通过对肠道菌群结构及其代谢物的调节,改善肠道屏障功能,延缓机体衰老。

代谢组学  /  16SrDNA  /  衰老  /  肠道菌群  /  党参
Objective

To reveal the protective effects of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)water extract on intestinal barrier and microbial metabolism in aging model mice.

Methods

Fifty specific pathogen free(SPF)grade 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 5 groups to construct a D-galactose mouse aging model,and different doses of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)water extract were used for intervention. Biochemical analysis was used to detect the levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD),malondialdehyde(MDA)and lipid peroxidation(LPO)in mouse serum. Haematoxylin Eosin(HE)staining was used to observe pathological changes in mouse intestinal tissue. Immunohistochemical staining was used to observe the expressions of Occludin and Claudin 1 proteins in mouse intestinal tissue. The ultrastructure of mouse intestinal tissue cells was observed by using transmission electron microscopy. The combination of 16S rDNA sequencing and metabolomics analysis was used to detect the changes in gut microbiota and metabolites in mice after aging and Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)intervention,while joint analysis was conducted through bioinformatics.

Results

Compared with those of the normal control group,the weight and food intake of aging mice decreased(P<0.05),and the weight and food intake of the intervention group with Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)significantly increased compared to those of the aging group(P<0.05). Compared with those in the normal control group,the serum SOD in the aging group decreased(P<0.05),while the levels of MDA and LPO increased(P<0.05). The intervention group with Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)significantly reversed the level change of SOD,MDA and LPO(P<0.05). The intestinal tissue structure of aging model mice was significantly damaged,and the expressions of Occludin and Claudin 1 proteins decreased significantly compared to those of the normal controls(P<0.05). After high-dose intervention with Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula),there was a significant improvement in intestinal tissue damage,and the expressions of Occludin and Claudin 1 proteins increased significantly(P<0.05),and the ultrastructure of mouse intestinal cells tended to be normal. During the aging process of mice,the ratio of Bacteroidota to Firmicutes was decreased,after high-dose intervention with Dangshen(Codonopsispilosula),the ratio was increased. During this process,the main differential metabolites were lipids and lipid molecules,organic acids and their derivatives. Metabolic pathways included galactose metabolism,glyceride metabolism and drug metabolism-cytochrome P450. Omics association analysis showed that Paraacteroides,Lactobacillus and Lachnochlostrium were closely related to lipids and lipid molecules.

Conclusion

Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)water extract has a significant protective effect on the intestinal tissue structure and function of aging mice. By regulating the intestinal microbiota structure and its metabolites,it improves the intestinal barrier function and resists aging in the body.

metabolomics  /  16SrDNA  /  aging  /  gut microbiota  /  Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)
王晶, 王振娟, 康甲超, 韩乐, 柳立军, 吴萍民, 段永强. 联合微生物组学和代谢组学研究党参水提物调节衰老小鼠肠道屏障和菌群代谢的作用机制. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (7) : 29 -34 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.007
Jing WANG, Zhenjuan WANG, Jiachao KANG, Le HAN, Lijun LIU, Pingmin WU, Yongqiang DUAN. Combining Microbiomics and Metabolomics to Study Mechanism of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)Water Extract in Regulating Intestinal Barrier and Microbial Metabolism in Aging Mice[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (7) : 29 -34 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.007
人类肠道中的微生物集合被称为“肠道菌群”,其组成随着人类宿主的衰老而演变[1]。肠道菌群的失调不仅影响宿主代谢,还能诱导炎症从而影响肠黏膜屏障结构的完整性,导致各种肠道疾病、免疫系统疾病以及衰老相关疾病[2-4],肠道菌群是人体一个不可或缺的“代谢器官”[5]。研究发现,通过饮食影响肠道菌群,或者进行益生菌干预不仅有益于宿主健康,而且可以增强机体抗氧化、提高免疫力、抑制慢性炎症、调节新陈代谢[6-8]。因此,肠道菌群稳态在人类衰老的进程中发挥着重要作用,调节肠道菌群是抗衰老干预的作用靶点[9]。
近年来,中药被广泛应用于肠道菌群的调节和疾病干预。NI Y等[10]发现老年人肠道菌群与年轻人肠道菌群差异很大,中药配方养阴剔络方可降低潜在致病菌的丰度。YU M等[11]发现中药配方柴胡疏肝散可以调节抗生素诱导的宿主代谢紊乱表型和肠道菌群的结构,丰富肠道中有益菌的数量,对肠道菌群起保护作用。2023年,中药党参被国家卫生健康委员会和国家市场监督管理总局宣布纳入食药物质目录,是一种药食同源中药材。课题组前期研究从现代生物学角度阐释了党参益气健脾抗衰老的分子基础,也发现肠胃消化代谢可能是党参抗衰老的重要机制[12-13]。肠道菌群作为机体消化代谢的重要组成,因此,研究党参抗衰老机制,从探究其对肠道结构、生理变化,肠道菌群结构和代谢为出发点,非常有意义。
鉴于中药研究的复杂性和多层次性,单一的组学研究很难解读中医“整体观”的治疗理念。整合了代谢组学、蛋白质组学和转录组学等实验数据的多组学研究,可以从宏观层面描绘药物作用靶点之间的联合和因果关系,有助于对疾病提出更好的预防或干预手段[14]。
因此,本研究用D-半乳糖建立衰老小鼠模型,不同浓度党参水提物进行干预后,采用生物化学、组织病理学和细胞学等方法研究党参水提物对衰老模型小鼠肠道结构和黏膜屏障的保护作用;再联合微生物组学和代谢组学发现党参水提物对肠道菌群组成及其代谢物的影响,构建衰老和衰老干预情况下的分子联系,从而揭示党参通过调节机体消化组织代谢干预衰老的机制,用现代生物学阐释“脾为后天之本,气血运化之源”的理论内涵和中医治未病的现实意义。
雄性无特定病原体(Specific pathogen free,SPF)C57BL/6小鼠50只,体质量为(20±2)g,8周龄,购自甘肃中医药大学科研实验动物中心[甘肃实验动物质量合格证许可证号:SCXK(甘)2020-0001]。饲养环境为SPF级实验室[甘肃实验动物设施使用证明许可证号:SYXK(甘)2020-0009]。本研究所有动物实验程序和方案均经甘肃中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会审核批准(伦理审查表编号:2020-309)。
党参(陇西保和堂药业有限责任公司,批号:20190627),取党参112.5 g,分2次煎煮,第1次加1200 mL水煎煮1 h,第2次加600 mL水煎煮1 h,合并2次提取液,过滤,加热浓缩至150 mL,置4℃冰箱保存。D-半乳糖(北京索莱宝科技有限公司,批号:1013I055)。苏木素-伊红染液(Haematoxylin Eosin,HE)、超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)试剂盒、丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)试剂盒、脂质过氧化物(Lipid peroxidation,LPO)试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所,批号:20210326、20220827、20220823、20201118)。Occludin抗体、Claudin 1抗体(武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司,批号:00099339、00093710)。
台式低温离心机5415D(德国Eppendorf公司);高分辨质谱仪QE plus(美国赛默飞世尔科技公司);高效液相色谱仪AB ExionLC(美国AB Sciex公司);PCR仪580BR10905(美国Bio-rad公司);荧光倒置显微镜IX73(日本奥林巴斯公司);透射电子显微镜HT7800(日本日立公司);多功能酶标仪SpectraMax®i3x(美国美谷公司)。
将50只C57BL/6小鼠适应性饲养1周后,随机数字表法随机分为5组,每组10只,分别为正常对照组,衰老模型组和党参低、中、高剂量组。衰老模型组及党参各剂量组采用每日腹腔注射D-半乳糖溶液的方法复制衰老模型小鼠[15],注射量为0.02 mL/g,正常对照组腹腔注射等量氯化钠注射液。以5、10和15 g/kg的不同剂量党参水提液进行灌胃干预,连续造模42 d[16]。
收集各组小鼠粪便样本,装入无菌冻存管,迅速将其置于-80℃冰箱备用。造模结束后,腹腔注射3%戊巴比妥钠麻醉小鼠,摘除眼球收集血液,置于1.5 mL含抗凝剂的离心管中,4℃下3000 r/min离心10 min,留存血清样本。颈椎脱臼法处死小鼠后,迅速分离小鼠小肠和大肠组织。
小鼠适应性喂养结束后,每两天测一次体质量,每三天测一次食物摄入量。根据试剂盒说明测定小鼠血清中的SOD、MDA、LPO的含量。
组织固定在4%多聚甲醛溶液中,完全变性后,用梯度乙醇脱水,二甲苯中透明,最后包埋在石蜡中。将石蜡块切片(厚度3μm),进行常规脱蜡处理,并将切片依次加入二甲苯、梯度乙醇和蒸馏水中。洗涤后,在苏木精染色液中染色5 min,蒸馏水漂洗,盐酸酒精溶液分化,用氨水溶液返蓝,蒸馏水洗涤,伊红染色液重染5 min,水漂洗后,梯度乙醇脱水,二甲苯透明。最后,中性树胶固定封片,光学显微镜观察拍照。
将石蜡切片(厚度5μm)常规脱蜡处理,抗原修复,冷却后用磷酸盐缓冲液(Phosphate buffered saline,PBS)冲洗,置于3%过氧化氢溶液中室温避光孵育30 min。滴加5% BSA封闭液,37℃孵育30 min;滴加3% BSA覆盖组织,室温封闭30 min。加入稀释好的一抗(小肠:Occludin,稀释1∶600,Claudin 1,稀释1∶50;大肠:Occludin,稀释1∶500,Claudin 1,稀释1∶50),4℃孵育过夜。PBS冲洗后,加二抗室温孵育1 h。用DAB显色试剂进行显色;切片透明后,中性树胶固定封片,荧光倒置显微镜观察拍照。使用Image J 1.8.0图像处理软件进行光密度(Optical density,OD)分析。
肠道组织在4℃2.5%戊二醛中固定过夜,PBS漂洗3次,每次15 min。1%锇酸4℃固定1 h,PBS漂洗3次。组织依次加入梯度乙醇脱水,再用100%丙酮置换2次,环氧树脂浸透包埋,超薄切片机切片,厚度为70 nm。醋酸双氧铀和柠檬酸铅染色,各染色15 min,双蒸水漂洗,切片室温干燥过夜,透射电子显微镜观察拍照。
提取粪便样本中的基因组DNA,分光光度计和琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA的浓度和纯度。以基因组DNA为模板,引物序列为338F(5′-TACGGRAGCAGCAG-3′)和806R(5′-AAGGTATCTAATCCT-3′);测序区域为16SV3-V4区;PCR热循环条件:95℃3 min,循环28次95℃30 s,55℃30 s和72℃45 s,72℃10 min。原始测序结果以FASTQ文件格式存储。使用Cutadapt软件剪切掉引物序列,进行质量过滤、降噪、拼接及去嵌合体等质控分析。基于R语言包,采用ANOVA/Kruskal Wallis统计算法,进行差异分析,对各组门和属水平上的群落组成进行统计比较。通过LEfSe(Linear discriminant analysis,LDA)对不同物种丰度谱进行分析评估,揭示3组生物群落差异物种的组成。
取粪便样本约60 mg,经过处理后用液相色谱-质谱法(Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,LC-MS)进行分析。LC-MS条件:ACQUITY UPLC HSST3色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm);柱温:45℃;流动相:水(含0.1%甲酸),乙腈(含0.1%甲酸);流速:0.35 mL/min;进样体积:2μL。质谱条件:电喷雾离子源;样品质谱信号采集分别采用正负离子扫描模式。质谱数据用软件Progenesis QI v2.3进行处理,对代谢物进行主成分分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)和正交偏最小二乘方-判别分析(Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)。以变量权重值(Variable important in projection,VIP)>1和Pvalue<0.05为筛选标准对差异代谢物进行筛选,对各组差异显著的前50个差异代谢物取交集。运用KEGG(https://www.kegg.jp)数据库对差异代谢物进行代谢通路富集分析,P-value<0.05表示通路显著性富集。
差异肠道微生物和其差异代谢物的关联分析用R软件进行Spearman相关性分析[17],P<0.05认为有显著性意义,结果以热图展示。
使用SPSS 26.0统计软件分析各组体质量、食物摄入、氧自由基水平和肠道紧密连接蛋白表达结果,以平均值±标准差()表示。两个独立实验组之间采用非配对t检验(两尾)分析差异显著性,P<0.05时,差异具有统计学意义。
如图1A、图1B所示,造模42 d结束后,与正常对照组比较,衰老模型组小鼠的平均体质量和摄食量降低(P<0.05);与衰老模型组比较,党参高剂量组的平均体质量和摄食量增加(P<0.05)。如图1C-图1E所示,与正常对照组比较,衰老模型组小鼠血清中SOD水平显著降低(P<0.001),MDA、LPO水平显著增加(P<0.001);与衰老模型组比较,党参高剂量组小鼠血清中SOD水平明显增加(P<0.01),MDA、LPO水平显著降低(P<0.001)。
如插页Ⅸ图2A所示,正常对照组小鼠大肠组织肠黏膜结构完整,肠绒毛无缺损、肥大现象,黏膜层未见淋巴滤泡增生及炎症细胞浸润,固有层肠腺排列紧密有序。与正常对照组比较,衰老模型组小鼠大肠组织病变与小肠组织相似,肠黏膜结构受损,肠绒毛肿胀肥大、萎缩、数量减少,黏膜层及上皮细胞有不同程度的脱落(插页Ⅸ图2B)。经党参提取物干预后(插页Ⅸ图2C-图2E),肠绒毛受损情况改善,水肿程度减轻,上皮细胞脱落现象较轻,炎性细胞浸润减少,党参高剂量组小鼠大肠组织结构基本恢复正常。
如插页Ⅸ图2F所示,正常对照组小鼠小肠绒毛排列整齐规则,边界清晰,肠绒毛均匀细长,呈指状排列,黏膜层未见明显水肿及炎性浸润,上皮细胞间排列紧密,组织形态结构完整,无明显损伤。与正常对照组比较,衰老模型组小鼠小肠绒毛数量明显减少,部分绒毛发生水肿、断裂并伴有萎缩,小肠组织细胞发生凋亡、坏死,细胞间紧密连接结构被破坏,提示小肠受到严重损害(插页Ⅸ图2G)。经党参提取物干预后(插页Ⅸ图2H-图2J),肠组织损伤情况逐渐改善,肠黏膜绒毛变得整齐,水肿有不同程度地减轻,其中党参高剂量组改善效果最好,小肠组织结构与形态基本接近正常对照组,无明显组织病理变化。
如插页Ⅹ图3A所示,正常对照组小鼠大肠组织中Claudin 1蛋白和Occludin蛋白主要沿大肠黏膜细胞膜分布,呈棕色或棕褐色,表达呈强阳性。衰老模型组大肠组织染色明显变淡,肠黏膜基本未见明显的棕褐色分布。党参提取物干预后,大肠组织棕褐色颗粒逐渐增多,阳性染色变深。对蛋白表达进行OD值分析后发现,与正常对照组比较,Claudin 1和Occludin的蛋白表达在衰老模型组降低(P<0.05);党参干预后,蛋白表达均增加,且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见插页Ⅹ图3B-图3C。
在正常对照组小肠组织中Claudin 1蛋白和Occludin蛋白主要在细胞膜外连续分布,呈棕色,表达呈强阳性(插页Ⅺ图4A);衰老模型组小肠组织染色明显变淡、棕色区域明显减少,表达呈弱阳性;党参水提物干预组的小肠组织中棕褐色颗粒明显增多。蛋白OD值分析显示,Claudin 1和Occludin蛋白表达在衰老模型组明显降低(P<0.05),党参高剂量组表达增加(P<0.05)。见插页Ⅺ图4B-图4C。
在小鼠大肠组织中正常对照组的黏膜上皮柱状细胞排列规则整齐,表面微绒毛数量丰富,细胞间连接结构完整,胞质中各类细胞器结构完好(插页Ⅻ图5A);衰老模型组的细胞微绒毛短而粗、排列紊乱,细胞间紧密连接结构的连续性和完整性被破坏,细胞内结构不完整,模糊肿胀,有少许轻微的自噬(插页Ⅻ图5B);党参各剂量组,黏膜上皮柱状细胞排列规则整齐,细胞间连接结构完整,胞质中各类细胞器结构完好,尤其在党参高剂量组中肠上皮细胞结构完整,胞质中各类细胞器结构完好,细胞微绒毛数量丰富,接近正常(插页Ⅻ图5C-图5E)。
在小肠组织中正常对照组的肠壁结构完整清晰,细胞微绒毛丰富、细长、排列整齐有序,细胞间连接紧密完好、结构正常(插页Ⅻ图5F);衰老模型组的细胞微绒毛分布不均匀,部分稀疏、倒伏并伴有缺失,排列紊乱,细胞间连接结构局部表现异常,胞质中线粒体轻度肿胀,部分空泡化,内质网有扩张现象(插页Ⅻ图5G);党参干预后,小肠微绒毛水肿程度改善、排列较整齐,缺失、倒伏程度减轻,胞质中线粒体肿胀及内质网扩张程度不明显,党参高剂量组细胞结构基本接近正常对照组(插页Ⅻ图5H-图5J)。
将各组小鼠粪便进行16sDNA测序,PCA分析显示各组区分良好(插页ⅩⅢ图6A)。3组样本肠道菌群相对丰度排序前30物种如插页ⅩⅢ图6B-图6C所示,在门水平下,一共鉴定出19个菌门,主要的优势菌门包括拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)。Bacteroidota的相对丰度在小鼠衰老后增加,Firmicutes的相对丰度在小鼠衰老后下降;而高剂量党参干预后,丰度变化反之。在属水平下,主要的优势菌属包括Muribaculaceae、Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group、Alloprevotella;其中,Muribaculaceae和Alloprevotella的相对丰度在小鼠衰老后增加,Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group则下降,高剂量党参干预后,丰度变化则反之。LEfSe分析显示,正常对照组c-Bacilli、o-Lactobacillales、f-Lactobacillaceae、g-Lactobacillus显著富集,衰老模型组o-Clostridia_UCG_014、g-Clostridia_UCG_014、f-Clostridia_UCG_014显著富集,党参高剂量组o-Lachnospirales、f-Lachnospiraceae、g-Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group显著富集(插页ⅩⅢ图6D-图6E)。
将各组小鼠粪便进行代谢组学分析,PLS-DA结果显示3组样本很好地分离(插页ⅩⅣ图7A)。与正常对照组比较,衰老模型组共有420种菌群代谢物发生显著变化。与衰老模型组比较,高剂量党参组共有418种菌群代谢物发生显著变化。将显著差异的前50个差异菌群代谢物取交集,得到共有的差异代谢物9个。各组比较差异最显著的前10个差异菌群代谢物见表1、表2。代谢物的富集通路显示(插页ⅩⅣ图7C-图7D),半乳糖代谢和甘油脂代谢是小鼠衰老过程中最显著富集通路(P<0.01)。药物代谢-细胞色素P450是党参干预后最显著通路(P<0.01)。
将小鼠衰老后的15个菌属与50种差异菌群代谢物进行联合分析,结果如插页ⅩⅤ图8A所示,有96对显著相关(P<0.05)。其中,45对呈正相关(46.9%),51对负相关(53.1%)。有相关性的主要为脂质及类脂分子,肠道菌群主要为Parabacteroides和Lactobacillus。将党参干预后的前15个菌属与50种差异菌群代谢物与进行联合分析,差异代谢产物与肠道菌群之间存在202对显著相关(P<0.05),其中97对正相关(48.0%),105对负相关(52.0%)。其中,代谢物的主要类型是脂质及类脂分子,肠道菌群成员主要是Lachnoclostridium(插页ⅩⅤ图8B)。
本研究以D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠为模型研究党参水提物对其肠道组织的保护作用,从而探讨其抗衰老的机制。该模型在抗衰老研究中被广泛应用,小鼠的衰老特征及机能下降与自然衰老非常相似[18]。LING Z等[1]报道体质量和摄食量下降是机体生理衰退的重要部分。SOD、MDA、LPO作为体内氧化还原的重要指标,其活性水平反映机体清除氧自由基的能力,与衰老密切相关[19-20]。本研究显示,党参水提取物可以干预衰老模型小鼠体质量和摄食减少,调节SOD、MDA、LPO的异常改变,对延缓机体衰老有明显作用。
通过病理学和透射电镜观察,本研究证实了党参水提物对小鼠肠道组织细胞结构的保护作用。肠道黏膜由上皮细胞组成,Occludin蛋白和Claudin蛋白作为肠上皮细胞屏障的核心组成部分,在维持肠道通透性、完整性和肠屏障功能中起着至关重要的作用[21-22]。通过免疫组化实验证明,党参水提物可显著增加由衰老引起的Occludin和Claudin蛋白减少,对肠道黏膜有保护作用,影响肠道菌群的微环境。肠道作为机体最大的免疫器官,中药对肠道屏障完整性的保护作用,可影响机体免疫,起到抗衰老作用[23]。研究报道,肠道上皮完整性与肠道菌群结构和代谢密切相关,有益菌会保护肠道屏障,增强黏膜免疫,预防与肠道有关的疾病发生[24]。
本研究分析肠道菌群结构发现,拟杆菌门的丰度在衰老后增加,在党参干预后减少,而厚壁菌门的丰度则相反。研究报道,厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门比值是反映粪便菌群总体定性组成的指标,厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门的比例从婴儿期到成年期增加,然后随着年龄的增长而逐渐降低[25]。而且,厚壁菌门在肠道微生物群中的优势也与代谢失衡有关[26]。党参干预提高衰老小鼠肠道中厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门的比例,可减缓衰老引起的细菌种群失衡。本研究还发现党参水提物还可以调节Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group在衰老小鼠肠道的丰度变化。MA L Y等[27]发现Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group的变化与小鼠的肠道屏障完整性密切相关,并且与肠道通透性呈负相关性。本研究发现党参水提物降低肠道中幽门螺杆菌、支原体和其他致病菌的相对丰度,并增加肠道中有益细菌(如Firmicutes、Lachnospiracea)的丰度。
代谢组学分析发现,粪便中差异代谢产物的主要类型为脂类和脂质分子。衰老和与年龄相关的疾病会导致脂质的代谢变化,脂质的代谢变化与人类健康和寿命之间存在密切关系[28]。有害的脂质储存和过氧化会导致衰老,脂质在调节寿命中起着积极的信号作用[29]。本研究发现衰老小鼠粪便差异代谢产物显著富集的通路有甘油代谢。有机酸代谢的变化与年龄相关的代谢紊乱有关[30],衰老会影响甘油酯代谢,诱发炎症,增加患代谢性疾病的风险。药物代谢-细胞色素P450是高剂量党参干预后差异代谢产物显著富集通路。细胞色素P450是一个酶家族,约占所有药物代谢反应的四分之三,主要在肝脏和胃肠道中表达[31]。
将微生物组学和代谢组学的结果进行关联发现,与代谢产物相关的微生物主要是Parabacteroides、Lactobacillus和Lachnoclostridium。其中,Parabacteroides属于拟杆菌门下的副杆菌属,一般认为是传染病的机会性病原体,能抵抗微生物药物[32]。Lactobacillus fermentum CQPC04可以发酵豆类产生大量的异黄酮和肽,延缓D-半乳糖诱导的衰老小鼠的衰老[33],因此,补充Lactobacillus可显著影响肠道微生物群,改善个人的整体健康状况,抵抗衰老[34]。HOR Y Y等[35]研究中所选的乳酸菌菌株在延缓衰老、预防代谢性疾病方面具有巨大潜力,是临床药物研发的重要靶点。Lachnochlosterium是一种革兰氏阳性菌,与胆汁酸诱导的基因簇相关。Lachnochlosterium在肠道中具有重要的代谢和免疫调节功能,在人类肠道微生物群中含量非常丰富和广泛[36]。LIANG J Q等[37]利用宏基因组学发现Lachnocholosterium可作为结直肠癌的早期诊断标志物。
综上所述,本研究证实了党参对衰老小鼠肠道组织细胞结构的保护作用,通过多组学关联分析发现,肠道菌群及其代谢物会在衰老过程中发生特征性变化,党参水提物可有效调节肠道菌群结构组成和脂质代谢,改善肠道微生态,保护肠道屏障功能,增强机体免疫力,延缓衰老。本研究为药食同源养生保健和老年病预防研究提供了实验依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82060829)
  • 甘肃省自然科学基金项目(23JRRA1720)
  • 甘肃中医药大学研究生创新创业基金项目(2023CX)
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2025年第43卷第7期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.07.007
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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国家自然科学基金项目(82060829)
甘肃省自然科学基金项目(23JRRA1720)
甘肃中医药大学研究生创新创业基金项目(2023CX)
作者信息
    1.甘肃中医药大学公共卫生学院,甘肃 兰州 730000
    2.兰州大学第一医院,甘肃 兰州 730000
    3.甘肃中医药大学教学实验实训中心,甘肃 兰州 730000
    4.宁夏医科大学中医学院,宁夏 银川 750000

通讯作者:

段永强(1974-),男,甘肃华亭人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医老年病、脾胃病和敦煌古医方。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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