Article(id=1322924077517775681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923782029062261, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.06.032, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339278820, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1749484800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339278820, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339278820, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339278820, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322923782029062261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749484800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339208371, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340556755, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929437859258468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923782029062261, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929437859258469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923782029062261, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=159, endPage=164, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322924077723296578, articleId=1322924077517775681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Mechanism of Active Ingredients of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regulating Immune Cells Against Breast Cancer, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The incidence and mortality rate of breast cancer have ranked first among female malignant tumors in China,and its prevention and treatment have become a major scientific problem urgently needed to be solved.Immune cells play an important role in the immune microenvironment of breast cancer and always affect the occurrence and development of breast cancer.In recent years,traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been effective in the comprehensive treatment of breast cancer patients,improving the quality of life and prolonging the survival period.Studies have shown that a variety of traditional Chinese medicine active ingredients can improve the immune microenvironment of breast tumors and enhance the immune response by regulating immune cells such as macrophages,natural killer cells,dendritic cells,myeloid-derived suppressor cells,T lymphocytes,regulatory T cells and B lymphocytes in the immune microenvironment of breast tumors,thus playing a role in anti-breast cancer.In this paper,it collected the relevant research on the anti-breast cancer treatment of the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine in recent years,and discussed the mechanism of the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine in regulating immune cells against breast cancer,in order to provide a new theoretical basis for the treatment of breast cancer with traditional Chinese medicine and lay a solid theoretical foundation for the development of related clinical research in the later stage.

, authors=Mingqi HUANG1, Chengzhi WANG1, Yumeng CAI1, Dongdong LI2, Qingqing WANG1, Yuping WANG2, authorsList=Mingqi HUANG, Chengzhi WANG, Yumeng CAI, Dongdong LI, Qingqing WANG, Yuping WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuping WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322924080973882191, articleId=1322924077517775681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=中药活性成分调控免疫细胞抗乳腺癌作用机制研究进展, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

乳腺癌发病率和病死率已位居中国女性恶性肿瘤首位,其防治工作已成为急需解决的重大科学问题。免疫细胞在乳腺肿瘤免疫微环境中发挥重要作用,始终影响着乳腺癌的发生发展。近年来,中医药在乳腺癌患者综合治疗、提高生活质量、延长生存期等方面效果显著。研究表明,多种中药活性成分可以通过调节乳腺肿瘤免疫微环境中巨噬细胞、自然杀伤细胞、树突状细胞、髓源性抑制细胞、T淋巴细胞、调节性T细胞以及B淋巴细胞等免疫细胞,改善乳腺肿瘤免疫微环境,增强免疫应答能力,从而发挥抗乳腺癌作用。通过搜集近年来中药活性成分抗乳腺癌治疗的相关研究,从中药活性成分调节免疫细胞抗乳腺癌作用机制角度进行论述,以期为中医药治疗乳腺癌提供新的理论依据,为后期开展相关临床研究打下坚实的理论基础。

, authors=黄鸣麒1, 王成志1, 蔡雨萌1, 李东东2, 王青青1, 王玉萍2, authorsList=黄鸣麒, 王成志, 蔡雨萌, 李东东, 王青青, 王玉萍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王玉萍, authorNote=

黄鸣麒(1996-),女,河南郑州人,硕士在读,研究方向:中西医结合防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。

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王玉萍(1978-),女,河南开封人,副主任医师,硕士,研究方向:恶性肿瘤的中西医结合治疗。E-mail:。
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黄鸣麒(1996-),女,河南郑州人,硕士在读,研究方向:中西医结合防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。

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免疫细胞中药活性成分来源调节免疫具体作用机制参考文献
巨噬细胞黄芩素黄芩抑制PI3kγ,激活NF-κB信号通路,诱导M1-TAMs极化[14]
穿心莲内酯穿心莲上调CD11b、CD68表达,降低CD206、CD163表达,抑制M2极化,增强M1极化[15]
蒲公英提取物蒲公英提高IL-8、TNF-α、iNOS表达,降低IL-10、CD206、Arg-1、TGF-β表达,促进M2—M1极化[17]
甘草根茎总黄酮甘草抑制Arg-1、FIZZ1、YM1、CD206、IL-4、IL-3表达,上调iNOS表达,调节M1/M2极化[19]
枸杞多糖枸杞诱导TAM复极化,M2转至M1[20]
黄芪多糖黄芪上调iNOS、IL-6、TNF-a、CXCL10表达,上调Notch信号通路,促进M1极化[22]
白黎芦醇虎杖提高iNOS、CXCL1表达,降低M2中Arg-1、CD163、MRC1表达,改善M1/M2巨噬细胞极化[24]
自然杀伤细胞丹参素丹参逆转TGF-β1表达,改善NK细胞免疫抑制状态[28]
穿心莲内酯穿心莲促进T细胞、NK细胞增殖,增强IL-2、IFN-γ分泌[29]
人参皂苷Rh2人参与Erp5结合,调节NKG2D-MICA信号轴,增强NK细胞杀伤活性[31]
树突状细胞苦参碱苦参联合DC-CIK细胞下调JAK2/STAT3通路表达[35]
车前草多糖车前草促进IL-12p70、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6等Th1型分泌、上调CD86、CD80和MHCⅡ,促进DC表型、功能成熟[37]
髓源性抑制细胞洛罗兰糖苷盘龙参下调Bcl-2信号通路表达,促进MDSCs凋亡[39]
桦木酸白桦树抑制STAT3/FAK信号通路,降低MMPs表达,减少MDSCs浸润[41]
T细胞丹参总酚酸丹参与PD-L1联合,增加数量,改善T细胞比例[46]
柴胡皂苷A柴胡增加细胞浸润、促进Th1分化、激活IL-12/STAT4通路[47]
调节性T细胞青蒿素黄花蒿升高T-bet、IFN-γ、TNF-α,降低TGF-β,促进T细胞活化,抑制Tregs[49]
三叶青多糖三叶青降低比例,上调比例,减少Tregs数目[50]
冬凌草甲素冬凌草调节TGF-β分布,减少Tregs在肿瘤中的浸润[52]
柚皮素蒲黄、枳实上调活化T细胞、INF-γ,抑制PKC活性,阻断TGF-β1分泌,降低Tregs、MDSCs[54]
B细胞铁皮石斛水提取物铁皮石斛下调PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路,提高比例,促进B细胞增殖[56]
), ArticleFig(id=1322924086472614784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322924077517775681, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中药活性成分调节免疫细胞及其作用机制总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
免疫细胞中药活性成分来源调节免疫具体作用机制参考文献
巨噬细胞黄芩素黄芩抑制PI3kγ,激活NF-κB信号通路,诱导M1-TAMs极化[14]
穿心莲内酯穿心莲上调CD11b、CD68表达,降低CD206、CD163表达,抑制M2极化,增强M1极化[15]
蒲公英提取物蒲公英提高IL-8、TNF-α、iNOS表达,降低IL-10、CD206、Arg-1、TGF-β表达,促进M2—M1极化[17]
甘草根茎总黄酮甘草抑制Arg-1、FIZZ1、YM1、CD206、IL-4、IL-3表达,上调iNOS表达,调节M1/M2极化[19]
枸杞多糖枸杞诱导TAM复极化,M2转至M1[20]
黄芪多糖黄芪上调iNOS、IL-6、TNF-a、CXCL10表达,上调Notch信号通路,促进M1极化[22]
白黎芦醇虎杖提高iNOS、CXCL1表达,降低M2中Arg-1、CD163、MRC1表达,改善M1/M2巨噬细胞极化[24]
自然杀伤细胞丹参素丹参逆转TGF-β1表达,改善NK细胞免疫抑制状态[28]
穿心莲内酯穿心莲促进T细胞、NK细胞增殖,增强IL-2、IFN-γ分泌[29]
人参皂苷Rh2人参与Erp5结合,调节NKG2D-MICA信号轴,增强NK细胞杀伤活性[31]
树突状细胞苦参碱苦参联合DC-CIK细胞下调JAK2/STAT3通路表达[35]
车前草多糖车前草促进IL-12p70、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6等Th1型分泌、上调CD86、CD80和MHCⅡ,促进DC表型、功能成熟[37]
髓源性抑制细胞洛罗兰糖苷盘龙参下调Bcl-2信号通路表达,促进MDSCs凋亡[39]
桦木酸白桦树抑制STAT3/FAK信号通路,降低MMPs表达,减少MDSCs浸润[41]
T细胞丹参总酚酸丹参与PD-L1联合,增加数量,改善T细胞比例[46]
柴胡皂苷A柴胡增加细胞浸润、促进Th1分化、激活IL-12/STAT4通路[47]
调节性T细胞青蒿素黄花蒿升高T-bet、IFN-γ、TNF-α,降低TGF-β,促进T细胞活化,抑制Tregs[49]
三叶青多糖三叶青降低比例,上调比例,减少Tregs数目[50]
冬凌草甲素冬凌草调节TGF-β分布,减少Tregs在肿瘤中的浸润[52]
柚皮素蒲黄、枳实上调活化T细胞、INF-γ,抑制PKC活性,阻断TGF-β1分泌,降低Tregs、MDSCs[54]
B细胞铁皮石斛水提取物铁皮石斛下调PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路,提高比例,促进B细胞增殖[56]
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中药活性成分调控免疫细胞抗乳腺癌作用机制研究进展
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黄鸣麒 1 , 王成志 1 , 蔡雨萌 1 , 李东东 2 , 王青青 1 , 王玉萍 2
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(6): 159-164
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (6) : 159 -164
中药活性成分调控免疫细胞抗乳腺癌作用机制研究进展
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黄鸣麒(1996-),女,河南郑州人,硕士在读,研究方向:中西医结合防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。

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黄鸣麒1, 王成志1, 蔡雨萌1, 李东东2, 王青青1, 王玉萍2
作者信息
  • 1.河南中医药大学,河南 郑州 450053
  • 2.河南中医药大学第二附属医院,河南 郑州 450002
通讯作者:
王玉萍(1978-),女,河南开封人,副主任医师,硕士,研究方向:恶性肿瘤的中西医结合治疗。E-mail:。
作者简介:

黄鸣麒(1996-),女,河南郑州人,硕士在读,研究方向:中西医结合防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。

Research Progress on Mechanism of Active Ingredients of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regulating Immune Cells Against Breast Cancer
Mingqi HUANG1, Chengzhi WANG1, Yumeng CAI1, Dongdong LI2, Qingqing WANG1, Yuping WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Henan University of Chinese Medicine,Zhengzhou 450053,Henan,China
  • 2.The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine,Zhengzhou 450002,Henan,China
出版时间: 2025-06-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.06.032
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乳腺癌发病率和病死率已位居中国女性恶性肿瘤首位,其防治工作已成为急需解决的重大科学问题。免疫细胞在乳腺肿瘤免疫微环境中发挥重要作用,始终影响着乳腺癌的发生发展。近年来,中医药在乳腺癌患者综合治疗、提高生活质量、延长生存期等方面效果显著。研究表明,多种中药活性成分可以通过调节乳腺肿瘤免疫微环境中巨噬细胞、自然杀伤细胞、树突状细胞、髓源性抑制细胞、T淋巴细胞、调节性T细胞以及B淋巴细胞等免疫细胞,改善乳腺肿瘤免疫微环境,增强免疫应答能力,从而发挥抗乳腺癌作用。通过搜集近年来中药活性成分抗乳腺癌治疗的相关研究,从中药活性成分调节免疫细胞抗乳腺癌作用机制角度进行论述,以期为中医药治疗乳腺癌提供新的理论依据,为后期开展相关临床研究打下坚实的理论基础。

中药活性成分  /  免疫细胞  /  乳腺癌  /  机制研究

The incidence and mortality rate of breast cancer have ranked first among female malignant tumors in China,and its prevention and treatment have become a major scientific problem urgently needed to be solved.Immune cells play an important role in the immune microenvironment of breast cancer and always affect the occurrence and development of breast cancer.In recent years,traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been effective in the comprehensive treatment of breast cancer patients,improving the quality of life and prolonging the survival period.Studies have shown that a variety of traditional Chinese medicine active ingredients can improve the immune microenvironment of breast tumors and enhance the immune response by regulating immune cells such as macrophages,natural killer cells,dendritic cells,myeloid-derived suppressor cells,T lymphocytes,regulatory T cells and B lymphocytes in the immune microenvironment of breast tumors,thus playing a role in anti-breast cancer.In this paper,it collected the relevant research on the anti-breast cancer treatment of the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine in recent years,and discussed the mechanism of the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine in regulating immune cells against breast cancer,in order to provide a new theoretical basis for the treatment of breast cancer with traditional Chinese medicine and lay a solid theoretical foundation for the development of related clinical research in the later stage.

active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine  /  immune cells  /  breast cancer  /  mechanism research
黄鸣麒, 王成志, 蔡雨萌, 李东东, 王青青, 王玉萍. 中药活性成分调控免疫细胞抗乳腺癌作用机制研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (6) : 159 -164 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.06.032
Mingqi HUANG, Chengzhi WANG, Yumeng CAI, Dongdong LI, Qingqing WANG, Yuping WANG. Research Progress on Mechanism of Active Ingredients of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regulating Immune Cells Against Breast Cancer[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (6) : 159 -164 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.06.032
据统计,2020年全球乳腺癌(breast cancer,BC)新发病例 约226万人,已超越肺癌居全球癌症新发病例的首位[1]。在中国,BC也严重威胁着女性的身心健康。仅2022年,中国BC新发患者约为34万例,发病率呈逐年上升趋势[2]。免疫系统是人体重要的防御系统,但肿瘤细胞为了生存,表达大量细胞程序性死亡配体1(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)蛋白,与免疫细胞表面的细胞程序性死亡受体1(programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)结合,形成免疫逃逸后无限增殖而成。肿瘤免疫治疗(tumor immunotherapy)是通过激活机体自身免疫系统,增强抗肿瘤免疫应答,利用机体产生的免疫活性物质和免疫细胞,特异性地清除肿瘤病灶、打破免疫耐受、抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的治疗手段。虽然免疫治疗等新兴治疗手段的出现为BC患者延长了总生存期,但由于肿瘤异质性、耐药性等原因还是拥有较高的复发转移率[3]。
中医与免疫的关系由来已久,“疫”一般是古人对传染性疾病的称谓。中医学“免疫”一词,最早见于19世纪李氏所著的《免疫类方》,是“免除疾病的危害”之意。《素问·遗篇·刺法论篇》曰:“正气存内,邪不可干”。《素问·评热病论篇》言“邪之所凑,其气必虚”。说明疾病是人体正气与邪气相互抗争的产物,正邪动态平衡,则机体“阴平阳秘,精神乃治”“内外调和,邪气不能害”。中医免疫体系中的核心即“正气”,有祛邪、调节机体阴阳平衡的作用,而现代医学免疫是指人体自身的防御机制,具有防御、自稳、监视的功能。这两种观点实质上大同小异。目前公认癌症病机为本虚标实,以“正气不足”为本质。现代医家指出“扶正治癌”,并揭示一些中药有效成分通过“顾护正气,协调阴阳”调节机体免疫细胞,抑制肿瘤细胞增殖甚至诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡抗肿瘤。根据相关数据表明,免疫细胞及其作用机制在肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)中会影响BC的进展及转移[4]。综上,本文将TME中的免疫细胞分为固有免疫细胞、适应性免疫细胞,并综合论述中药活性成分调控免疫细胞抗BC的作用机制及最新研究进展。
免疫应答是宿主身体免疫系统如何对体内有害外来粒子或病原体就抗原做出反应的机制,它通过识别抗原并激发机制来防御外来病原体。可分为固有性免疫(innate immunity)和适应性免疫(adaptive immunity)两大类。固有免疫又叫作先天性免疫或非特异性免疫,当外界病原体入侵时,固有免疫系统首先发挥作用,它不依赖于抗原,通过不同的免疫细胞屏障来发挥作用。研究表明,中药活性成分对固有免疫细胞如巨噬细胞(macrophages,M)、自然杀伤细胞(natural killer cell,NK)、树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)、髓源性抑制细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells,MDSCs)具有显著的调节作用,对于调节免疫相关因子表达,增强机体固有免疫应答反应,优化BC肿瘤免疫微环境(tumor immune microenvironment,TIME)具有不可替代的作用。具体作用机制见插页ⅩⅩⅢ图1。
巨噬细胞广泛存在于各种组织中,能够吞噬和杀灭病原体,清除衰老或死亡细胞,参与调节和维持机体稳态,还能够处理和呈递抗原,介导特异性免疫[5]。浸润肿瘤组织或聚集在TME中的巨噬细胞,称为肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophages,TAMs),TAMs在不同的组织环境可特异性分为两种不同的极化激活状态:经典激活的M1型巨噬细胞、替代激活的M2型巨噬细胞。M1型巨噬细胞在白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β、干扰素-γ(interferon,IFN-γ)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)等激活下,介导辅助性T细胞1(T helper cell,Th1)型免疫反应,分泌IL-12、IL-23、TNF-α、IL-6等免疫性细胞因子,通过吞噬、细胞毒性、血管损伤、肿瘤坏死抑制肿瘤生长[6-7]。相反,M2型巨噬细胞主要由IL-3、IL-4、巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(macrophage colonystimulating factor,M-CSF)等激活,表达大量清道夫受体CD163和CD200R,释放IL-10、转化生长因子β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)、精氨酸酶1(arginase 1,Arg-1)等促瘤因子,增强癌细胞存活、血管生成、免疫抑制来促进肿瘤生长和进展[8]。TAMs是BC免疫微环境中的主要组成部分,甚至能够达到BC组织的30%~60%[9-10]。M2表型在BC中占有一定的比例,其可能产生的机制是BC细胞分泌的化学物质将这些巨噬细胞转变为M2型[11]。乳腺肿瘤的发展过程中,M2型巨噬细胞通过促进肿瘤细胞增殖、转移及血管生成、支持癌症干性、调节能量代谢、诱导免疫系统逃逸等来支持BC的进展[12]。而HONKANEN T J等[13]研究表明,在接受曲妥珠单抗的40例HER2+BC患者队列中,体内大量M1型巨噬细胞的存在与生存率提高显著相关,而M2型巨噬细胞(CD163+)高表达则与较差的预后相关。综上,促进M1-TAM极化,抑制T2-TAM的招募、促进其衰竭或重编程M2-TAM,使其逆转为M1-TAM是治疗BC的潜在治疗靶点。
黄芩素是从黄芩中分离出的主要生物活性化合物之一,是黄芩中含量最高的黄酮类化合物,具有抗肿瘤作用。HE S等[14]研究发现,黄芩素可以通过抑制磷酸肌醇3-激酶(Phosphoinositide 3-kinaseγ,PI3kγ)的蛋白活性,从而诱导NF-κB信号通路激活,最终诱导TME中TAMs向M1-TAMs倾斜,延缓BC的生长和转移。穿心莲内酯是中药穿心莲的主要活性成分。LI L等[15]发现穿心莲内酯可以上调CD11b、CD68的表达,降低CD206、CD163的表达,抑制M2型巨噬细胞极化,增强M1型巨噬细胞极化,抑制BC的增殖。蒲公英是中药菊科属的一种,具有清热解毒、消肿散结等功效。现代临床及药理学研究表明,蒲公英提取物具有突出的抗肿瘤活性[16]。DENG X X等[17]研究发现蒲公英提取物显著提高IL-8、TNF-α、iNOS的表达,降低IL-10、CD206、Arg-1、TGF-β的表达,促使巨噬细胞从M2到M1表型的极化,进而抑制三阴性BC的生长和转移。甘草根茎的总黄酮是中药甘草中的主要活性成分,具有抗肿瘤作用[18]。JIANG Y X等[19]通过对BC小鼠注射来自甘草根茎的总黄酮类化合物观察到:甘草根茎总黄酮可以在mRNA和蛋白水平上抑制M2型标志物Arg-1、FIZZ1、YM1、CD206的表达,下调细胞因子IL-4和IL-13的表达;上调M1型标志物iNOS表达、阻断STAT6信号通路、增加miR-155水平,调节M1/M2极化比,降低BC细胞的生长和迁移能力。枸杞多糖(lyciuml Barbarum Polysaccharides,LBP)是中草药枸杞的主要活性成分,其在调节免疫方面具有较大潜力。LIU M Q等[20]研究发现分子范围为50~100 kDa的LBP可诱导BC荷瘤小鼠体内巨噬细胞产生强大复极化效应,将它们从M2型转变为M1型,起到显著的缩瘤作用。黄芪多糖(astraalus Polysacharin,APS)是中药黄芪的主要活性成分,在调节肿瘤特异性、非特异性免疫方面成果显著[21]。WEI W 等[22]研究发现APS可上调M1型标志物和细胞因子iNOS、IL-6、TNF-α和CXCL10的基因高表达、诱导Notch信号通路上调并促进M1型巨噬细胞极化,进而抑制乳腺肿瘤细胞的增殖和侵袭。白藜芦醇是从中草药虎杖的根茎中提取出来的一种多酚化合物,具有较高的抗肿瘤等药理活性[23]。CHEUK I W 等[24]研究发现白黎芦醇可以提高M1型巨噬细胞中iNOS和CXCL10的基因表达,降低M2型巨噬细胞中Arg-1、CD163、MRC1的基因表达,抑制IL-6/STAT3活化,改善M1/M2巨噬细胞极化比,抑制BC细胞增殖。综上所述,黄芩素、穿心莲内酯、蒲公英提取物等中药活性成分可以通过调节M1、M2巨噬细胞相关细胞因子和标记物的表达,来诱导M1巨噬细胞极化,抑制M2巨噬细胞极化,优化M1/M2巨噬细胞极化比例,从而增强巨噬细胞对乳腺肿瘤细胞的吞噬和杀灭能力,发挥显著的抗乳腺癌治疗作用。
NK细胞是强大的细胞毒性淋巴细胞,可消除异常细胞且不依赖特异性抗原,在先天性免疫应答中起着至关重要的作用,是介导肿瘤免疫监视的肿瘤拮抗细胞的重要亚群[25]。NK细胞主要产生IFN-γ并激活T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞。据研究IFN-γ能抑制BC肿瘤细胞生长[26]。越来越多的研究表明,一些中药活性成分在调节NK细胞功能、激活机体非适应性免疫力杀伤肿瘤方面具有很广阔的前景。
丹参素是中药丹参重要的水溶性成分之一,在抗肿瘤方面有显著药理活性[27]。张婷婷[28]对丹参素体外干预人源高转移BC细胞,发现丹参素可逆转肿瘤细胞外周血中免疫抑制因子TGF-β的表达,改善TGF-β介导的NK细胞免疫杀伤抑制状态,发挥抗肿瘤效应。ISLAM M T等[29]研究发现,穿心莲内酯通过促进T淋巴细胞和NK细胞的增殖增强IL-2和IFN-γ的分泌,抑制乳腺肿瘤的生长。人参皂苷Rh2(ginsenoside,Rh2)是一种在人参中发现的三萜皂苷,作为人参的主要活性成分之一,因其抗癌活性而得到认可[30]。YANG C M等[31]通过建立原位和血源性小鼠模型发现,人参皂苷Rh2可以直接与内质网蛋白5(endoplasmic reticulumprotein 5,ERp5)结合,调节NKG2D-MICA信号轴,增强NK细胞的杀伤活性,抑制BC的生长和转移。综上,中药活性成分丹参素、穿心莲内酯、人参皂苷Rh2通过上调免疫抑制因子的表达、提高免疫细胞因子及干扰素的分泌或直接与蛋白相结合,调节信号轴,增强NK细胞增殖能力及杀伤活性,发挥抗BC的作用。
DC起源于骨髓造血干细胞,是功能最强的抗原呈递细胞(antigen-presenting cells,APC),在适应性免疫应答的启动和调节中发挥重要作用[32]。在TME中,受肿瘤免疫抑制微环境等影响,DC细胞表面的共刺激分子被抑制或下调,无法表达MHC-I/MHC-Ⅱ类分子,DC细胞提呈抗原能力减弱等因素,导致DC相关的肿瘤免疫逃逸。研究表明,BC细胞产生的外泌体阻断了骨髓前体细胞向CD11c+DCs的分化过程,导致DCs数目减少[33]。ALDAHLAWI A M等[34]研究发现,TME能够使Tregs产生的TGF-β过表达,并抑制肿瘤细胞对未成熟DC的刺激,提高IL-10和CD+4 等细胞因子的分泌,减少肿瘤诱导的小鼠体内IFN-γ和IL-12的分泌,阻止DC成熟。因此,增加体内DC数目、促进DC细胞发育成熟、激活特异性T细胞,产生特异性抗肿瘤免疫反应是治疗BC的关键。
苦参碱是从中药植物苦参中提取的有效活性成分,王绪麟等[35]将DC细胞和细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(cytokine-induced killer cells,CIK)共同培养,将DC-CIK细胞联合苦参碱作用于BC细胞,发现苦参碱与DC-CIK细胞联合可有效降低BC细胞活力、下调JAK2/STAT3通路蛋白浓度表达,发挥对BC细胞的杀伤作用。车前草多糖(polysaccharide of Plantago asiatica,PLP)是从车前草中提取的多糖类活性成分,其具有显著的抗肿瘤活性[36]。GAO J F等[37]从体内和体外途径发现,PLP可促进DCs的IL-12p70、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6等Th1细胞因子的分泌、上调CD86、CD80和MHC-Ⅱ表达,诱导DC体内外成熟、增强DC刺激淋巴细胞的增殖能力、加快细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T cells,CTL)的分化,发挥抑制BC生长的作用。由此,苦参碱、车前草多糖这两种中药活性成分可通过下调致癌蛋白的浓度表达、促进抗炎细胞因子分泌、上调分子表达诱导DC细胞成熟,增强其增殖能力,加快CTL分化直接杀伤乳腺肿瘤细胞。
MDSCs细胞由一群未成熟的异质性细胞构成,能通过抑制T细胞功能发挥强大的免疫抑制作用,同时可促进肿瘤血管生成、肿瘤细胞侵袭、建立肿瘤转移前微环境直接促进肿瘤进展。因此,MDSCs免疫抑制功能与肿瘤免疫治疗的疗效密切相关。在BC中,MDSCs能加强BC细胞侵袭与迁移能力、影响上皮间质转化、诱导血管生成,促进癌细胞快速转移[38]。目前,中药活性成分抑制MDSCs以发挥抗肿瘤作用已逐渐被证实,为肿瘤免疫治疗提供了新思路。
洛罗兰糖苷是从民族药盘龙参中分离提取的一种活性成分,现代药理研究证实,盘龙参对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞具有毒性作用。秦越等[39]通过细胞实验研究发现洛罗兰糖苷通过下调Bcl-2信号通路的表达,诱导MDSCs细胞系凋亡,增强抗肿瘤作用。桦木酸是一种来自桦树皮的五环三萜类天然活性成分,可显著抑制BC细胞的增殖和转移[40]。ZENGA Q等[41]通过动物实验发现,桦木酸可以通过抑制STAT3/FAK信号通路激活,降低基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)表达,使金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-2(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2,TIMP-2)表达增加,进而减少肿瘤组织中MDSCs浸润。因此,中药活性成分洛罗兰糖苷、桦木酸能激活抗肿瘤蛋白信号通路、抑制免疫逃逸通路表达,加速肿瘤中MDSCs凋亡、减少MDSCs浸润、降低其数量并抑制其活性使机体发挥正常免疫功能,进而改善TIME,发挥抗癌作用。
适应性免疫系统是我们体内防御系统的第二道防线,又称特异性免疫,是淋巴细胞在抗原的刺激下作出的特异性反应,同时能产生免疫记忆效应,在彻底消灭病原体以及防止二次感染方面起着关键作用。适应性免疫的关键特征是通过基因片段的体细胞重组,产生大量T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞受体特异性[42]。研究表明,一些中药活性成分可以通过调节T细胞、B细胞以及调节T细胞起到抗BC的作用[43]。
T淋巴细胞是TME中的重要组成部分,在细胞水平上识别、杀伤、清除癌细胞等方面效果显著。T细胞根据分子表达分为CD+4 T细胞和CD+8 T细胞,CD+4 作为辅助性T细胞,最常见的亚型包括1型辅助性T细胞(Th1)和2型辅助性T细胞(Th2),Th1分泌IFN-γ、TNF-β和IL-2等细胞因子改变TME,直接杀伤肿瘤细胞或间接激活巨噬细胞、NK细胞等免疫细胞以增强对肿瘤细胞的杀伤力;而Th2则可以分泌IL-4、IL-10等免疫抑制因子,当机体Th2细胞占优势状态,可能导致肿瘤的免疫逃逸,促进肿瘤细胞增殖。CD+8 T细胞被称为细胞毒性T细胞(CTL),可以通过分泌颗粒酶A(granzyme A,GzmA)、颗粒酶B(granzyme B,GzmB)和穿孔素(Perforin),产生IFN-γ和TNF-α等细胞毒性因子,直接杀死癌细胞。在BC中,CD+8 T细胞的肿瘤浸润通常与预后良好有关[44]。综上,维持CD+4 T细胞内Th1/Th2动态平衡、增加体内CD+8 T细胞数量,在提高T细胞特异性识别抗肿瘤方面有显著优势。
丹参总酚酸是丹参中主要的药效成分,其具有显著的抗癌作用[45]。宋梦瑶等[46]研究得出丹参总酚酸与PD-L1联合应用可以增加脾脏淋巴结内CD+4 T细胞、CD+8 T细胞数量,改善T淋巴细胞亚群比例,减缓BC荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长进程。柴胡皂苷A(saikosaponin A,SSA)是从中药柴胡中提取的一类皂苷类活性成分。ZHAO X等[47]研究显示柴胡皂苷A(SSA)增加肿瘤中CD+8 T细胞和CD+4 T细胞的浸润、诱导Th1/Th2转变为Th1细胞、激活IL-12/STAT4通路,抑制乳腺肿瘤细胞增殖。综上,中药活性成分中丹参总酚酸、柴胡皂苷A通过增加CD+4、CD+8 T细胞亚群的比例、恢复Th1/Th2平衡,增强T淋巴细胞诱导的特应性免疫应答反应,抑制乳腺癌的生长转移。
Tregs是CD+4 T细胞的一个亚群,可以预防自身免疫、控制过度炎症、维持免疫耐受,对免疫稳态至关重要。Tregs在肿瘤组织中高表达,能介导肿瘤产生免疫耐受并促进TME的产生。在BC中,Tregs亚群表现为高度免疫抑制效应表型,在肿瘤发生、进展、免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的耐药等方面发挥作用。研究表明,中药活性成分可以降低Tregs的数量、抑制其功能,改善TME,发挥抗肿瘤优势。
青蒿素(artemisinin,ART)是来源于中草药植物黄花蒿中的倍半萜内酯类化合物,在抗肿瘤方面具有药理活性[48]。CAO Y等[49]通过实验发现经ART处理后的BC荷瘤小鼠肿瘤内T-bet、IFN-γ、TNF-α水平均升高,TGF-β水平降低,总结得出ART通过促进T细胞活化、抑制肿瘤中Tregs和MDSCs的免疫抑制阻碍乳腺肿瘤生长的结论。郭菁菁等[50]通过随机对照实验发现三叶青多糖通过降低CD+4 CD+25 Foxp3+Treg细胞比例,上调胸腺组织CD+4、CD+8 T细胞比例,提高脾脏组织CD+4/CD+8 比值,抑制Tregs细胞数目及功能,抑制乳腺肿瘤的生长及远端肺转移。冬凌草的主要活性成分冬凌草甲素是一种环二萜类化合物,因其具有良好的抗肿瘤活性而成为研究热点[51]。GUO JF等 [52]通过体内外实验发现冬凌草甲素可以通过调节TGF-β受体分布,减少Tregs细胞在肿瘤组织中的浸润,抑制4T1乳腺肿瘤的进展。柚皮素属二氢黄酮类化合物,是从中药蒲黄、枳实等提取的有效活性成分,具有抗肿瘤药理作用[53]。ZHANG F Y等[54]通过动物实验发现,柚皮素不仅可以降低Tregs、MDSCs细胞比例,上调活化T细胞、INF-γ的表达比例;还能抑制蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C,PKC)的活性,在体内外阻断TGF-β1分泌,从而减少乳腺癌细胞分泌的TGF-β1并抑制肺转移。综上,青蒿素、三叶青多糖、冬凌草甲素等中药活性成分通过调节T细胞比例、受体分布、抑制分子活性,减少BC细胞分泌促肿瘤细胞因子,抑制Tregs数目、降低其比例,恢复T细胞正常免疫功能,抑制乳腺肿瘤细胞的增殖。
B细胞是一种在适应性免疫反应中起关键作用的淋巴细胞,可以生成高亲和力抗体、免疫记忆、充当抗原呈递细胞,并分泌细胞因子,还可以产生免疫球蛋白如IgG、IgA、IgM、IgD、IgE等来发挥体液免疫作用。在肿瘤中,B细胞可以分泌抗肿瘤抗体,参与淋巴结转移,释放细胞因子抑制肿瘤免疫反应。有研究表明[55],在三阴性乳腺癌中,被免疫检查点抑制剂激活的滤泡辅助性T细胞(follicular helper T cell,Tfh),可调节B细胞产生抗体,在肿瘤免疫应答中起关键作用。
铁皮石斛是一种珍贵的中药材,研究表明铁皮石斛对T细胞、B细胞、NK细胞、巨噬细胞等免疫细胞有正向调节作用。牛壮伟等[56]发现铁皮石斛水提取物在BC荷瘤模型小鼠中下调肿瘤组织中PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路相关蛋白的表达,抑制荷瘤小鼠肿瘤的生长与转移,同时提高外周血中CD+3、CD+4/CD+8 T细胞比例,增强脾脏中T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞的增殖能力,提高荷瘤小鼠免疫功能。综上所述,中药活性成分铁皮石斛水提取物可以通过下调相关蛋白表达,增强B细胞增殖能力,诱导细胞凋亡,抑制肿瘤细胞增殖。见表1。
综上所述,多种中药活性成分通过调节乳腺TME中巨噬细胞、NK细胞、DC细胞、MDSCs细胞、Tregs细胞、T淋巴细胞以及B淋巴细胞,改善BC肿瘤免疫微环境、抑制肿瘤免疫逃逸、增强免疫细胞对乳腺肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用,从而发挥抗BC作用。但目前中药活性成分调节免疫细胞发挥抗BC作用的研究空间还存在以下问题:①部分中药活性成分提纯技术及生物利用度仍有所欠缺,其发挥抗癌药理作用的机制重复且并非单独作用,需要进一步明确精准靶点及作用通路,优化化学结构;②中药活性成分调节免疫细胞以发挥抗BC治疗的临床研究仍然较少,大多数相关研究仅涉及动物实验,缺乏大量准确的临床数据验证和支撑;③肿瘤免疫微环境不只有免疫细胞,中药活性成分调节免疫细胞以发挥抗BC作用可能不是中心环节,其抗癌作用的具体机制仍需进一步研究并详细阐述。因此,未来关于中药活性成分调节免疫细胞抗BC作用的相关研究应以提高提纯技术及生物利用度,以临床需求为导向,开展临床研究提供大量数据支持,深入探究并阐述中药活性成分与肿瘤免疫微环境的相互作用关系,更好促进临床抗BC新药研发,扩大中医药在抗BC临床治疗上的影响力,助力推进中医药现代化之路。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82204981)
  • 河南省中医药科学研究专项(2021JDZX2002)
  • 河南省中医院博士科研基金项目(2022BSJJ07)
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2025年第43卷第6期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.06.032
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-06-10
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国家自然科学基金项目(82204981)
河南省中医药科学研究专项(2021JDZX2002)
河南省中医院博士科研基金项目(2022BSJJ07)
作者信息
    1.河南中医药大学,河南 郑州 450053
    2.河南中医药大学第二附属医院,河南 郑州 450002

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王玉萍(1978-),女,河南开封人,副主任医师,硕士,研究方向:恶性肿瘤的中西医结合治疗。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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