Article(id=1322925222252380501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923490592043032, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.037, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339551747, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339551747, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339551747, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339551747, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322923490592043032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1746806400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339138887, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340572227, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929502539612595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923490592043032, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929502539612596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923490592043032, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=202, endPage=209, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322925222751502678, articleId=1322925222252380501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Processing History Evolution, Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Action of Banmao(Mylabris), columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Banmao(Mylabris)is a well-known animal Chinese medicine in China,which has the effect of breaking blood and eliminating blood stasis,dispersing knots and eliminating mass,and attacking toxin and eroding sores,and is widely used to disperse blood stasis and eliminate carbuncles. Because of its violent toxicity,it often needs to be processed to reduce toxicity and improve the safety of medication. As early as in the Eastern Jin Dynasty,the processing methods of Banmao(Mylabris),such as net preparation and firing method,were recorded,and later a variety of processing methods such as rice frying,stir-frying and vinegar boiling were gradually developed. Modern studies have found that the main components of Banmao(Mylabris)are terpenoids and their derivatives,metal elements,fatty acids,fatty compounds,amino acid compounds and so on,which have antitumor,anti-fibrotic,cardiotonic,antiviral,anticoagulant,immune enhancement and other pharmacological effects. In this paper,it reviewed Chinese medical books and related Chinese and foreign materials and literature,and discussed the historical evolution,chemical composition and pharmacological effects of Banmao(Mylabris),in order to provide reference for the related research of Banmao(Mylabris).

, authors=Yongkang LI, Zhi CHEN, authorsList=Yongkang LI, Zhi CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhi CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322925224492138841, articleId=1322925222252380501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=斑蝥的炮制历史沿革、化学成分及药理作用研究进展, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

斑蝥为我国著名的动物类中药,具有破血逐瘀、散结消癥、攻毒蚀疮的功效,广泛用于散瘀消痈。因其具有猛烈的毒性,故常需炮制来降低毒性,提高用药的安全性。早在东晋时期就记载了如净制、烧法等斑蝥的炮制方法,后来逐渐发展了米炒、清炒、醋煮等多种炮制方法。现代研究发现斑蝥的主要成分有萜类化合物及其衍生物、金属元素、脂肪酸类和脂肪类化合物、氨基酸类化合物等,具有抗肿瘤、抗纤维化、强心、抗病毒、抗凝血、免疫增强等多种药理作用。查阅中国医药书籍和中外相关资料及文献,从斑蝥的炮制历史沿革、化学成分及药理作用方面进行论述,以期为斑蝥的相关研究提供参考。

, authors=李永康, 陈智, authorsList=李永康, 陈智, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈智, authorNote=

李永康(2001-),男,山东青岛人,硕士在读,研究方向:中药新药与中药炮制原理。

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈智(1984-),男,山东济南人,副教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药新药与中药炮制原理。E-mail:。
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李永康(2001-),男,山东青岛人,硕士在读,研究方向:中药新药与中药炮制原理。

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李永康(2001-),男,山东青岛人,硕士在读,研究方向:中药新药与中药炮制原理。

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Cantharidin increases the force of contraction and protein phosphorylation in isolated human Atria[J]. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol,2023,396(10):2613-2625., articleTitle=Cantharidin increases the force of contraction and protein phosphorylation in isolated human Atria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322925249490190821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322925222252380501, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=20, issue=1, pageStart=70, pageEnd=75, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[91], rfOrder=90, authorNames=NIAZI S, BRABEC B, ANSCHUTZ L, journalName=JDrugs Dermatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NIAZI S,BRABEC B,ANSCHUTZ L,et al. A phase 2 open-label study to evaluate VP-102 for the treatment of molluscum contagiosum[J]. JDrugs Dermatol,2021,20(1):70-75., articleTitle=A phase 2 open-label study to evaluate VP-102 for the treatment of molluscum contagiosum, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322925249557299686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322925222252380501, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=12, issue=12, pageStart=2669, pageEnd=2678, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[92], rfOrder=91, authorNames=LACARRUBBA F, MICALI G, TRECARICHIA C, journalName=Dermatol Ther, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LACARRUBBA F,MICALI G,TRECARICHIA C,et al. New developing treatments for molluscum contagiosum[J]. Dermatol Ther,2022,12(12):2669-2678., articleTitle=New developing treatments for molluscum contagiosum, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322925249632797159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322925222252380501, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=39, issue=7, pageStart=1248, pageEnd=1255, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[93], rfOrder=92, authorNames=郭芳, 田晓云, 熊秀琴, journalName=中国药理学通报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭芳,田晓云,熊秀琴,等. 斑蝥素经PI3K/Akt/PKC通路对血小板功能的调控作用[J]. 中国药理学通报,2023,39(7):1248-1255., articleTitle=斑蝥素经PI3K/Akt/PKC通路对血小板功能的调控作用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322925249909621224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322925222252380501, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=16, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[94], rfOrder=93, authorNames=HEO K, BASU H, GUTNICK A, journalName=Front Cell Neurosci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HEO K,BASU H,GUTNICK A,et al. Serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A regulates the transport of axonal mitochondria[J]. 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序号朝代炮制方法文献相关记载文献来源
1晋炙、熬、烧、净制《肘后备急方》去足翅,炙;炙,去头足;烧令绝烟;去翅足;熬[5]
2南北朝米炒《雷公炮炙论》糯米、小麻子相拌,同炒,待米黄黑出,去麻子等,去两翅、足并头,用血余裹,悬于东墙角上一夜,至明取用[6]
3唐熬《千金翼方》去翅足,熬[7]
4宋醋煮、净制《苏沈良方》去翅足,少醋煮熟;去翅头足,研[8]
5宋米炒、醋炙《太平惠民和剂局方》斑蝥二十个,去头足翼,用糯米半升同炒,候米焦黄色为度,去米不用;去头足翅少醋炙熟;去足翼,用糯米同炒熟[9]
6宋醋煮、焙《三因极一病证方论》去头足并翅醋煮香熟焙干[10]
7宋米炒、麸炒、豆面炒《博济方》去翅足,以糯米炒令黄,去米用;去翅足,麸慢火炒令黄色,去麸后捣为末;去头翅,豆面炒焦黄为度[11]
8宋米炒、巴豆炒、净制《类编朱氏集验医方》去翅足,同糯米,同巴豆炒;同秫米同炒黑,去羽足;去头翅足;去足羽为末[12]
9宋蛤粉炒、醋炙、焙《保婴全方》蛤粉炒,去头足;去头足,醋炙干,再焙,蛤粉炒[13]
10元煨、米炒《瑞竹堂经验方》用红枣一个,去核,裹全斑蝥一个,用文武火煨毕,去斑蝥用枣;去翅足,糯米同炒;糯米炒,去皮足翅,不用米[14]
11明米炒《本草蒙筌》去翅足,同粳米炒熟[15]
12明麸炒、醋煮《本草通玄》麸炒醋煮[16]
13明米炒、牡蛎炒《医宗粹言》去头足同糯米炒令黄,有以牡蛎同炒之[17]
14明米炒、酒洗后米炒、麸炒、醋煮《先星斋医学广笔记》米炒去头足;去头足并翅,酒洗和湿糯米铜勺内炒米熟为度;除翼足,以糯米拌炒,米黄黑色;麸炒过,醋煮用[18]
15明清炒、净制、焙、麦炒《鲁府禁方》炒;去翅足;去头足;去翅足,微焙黄色;麦炒,去头足翅;去头足翅,糯米炒[19]
16明醋煮、焙、米炒、清炒、麦面炒《普济方》去头足,面炒过;去头足翅,醋煮香熟,焙干;去翅足,糯米炒透;去翅足,醋煮熟;以糯米炒令黑色,去米并翅不用;去头足翼,瓦上焙干;去头足,糯米炒令黑色,米黄为度,去米,就地隔纸出火毒,研为末;去头翅足,炒过令香;去嘴及足翼,只用肉,先以麦面炒熟;去嘴脚,用三个,为枯柴慢火与糯米一合和炒,至米黄为度[17]
17清清炒、蒸《本草述》去翅足,炒;蒸[17]
18清米炒、酒煎煮《本草备要》去头足翅,糯米炒黄,为末酒煎;去头足,糯米炒熟[20]
19清醋浸后炒《串雅外编》以苦酒浸半日晒干,铜器炒熟为末[17]
20清净制、米炒、米泔水制《良朋汇集经验神方》去头足翅;去头足翅,江米同炒;去翅足,用糯米同浸一宿,炒干;斑蝥七个,去头足翅,糯米四十九粒,同炒[21]
21清陈土炒、米炒、烧、净制《外科证治全书》斑蝥七个,陈土炒去头足,米一撮炒;烧至烟尽;去翅足[22]
), ArticleFig(id=1322925229772767607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322925222252380501, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

历代本草收载的斑蝥炮制方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号朝代炮制方法文献相关记载文献来源
1晋炙、熬、烧、净制《肘后备急方》去足翅,炙;炙,去头足;烧令绝烟;去翅足;熬[5]
2南北朝米炒《雷公炮炙论》糯米、小麻子相拌,同炒,待米黄黑出,去麻子等,去两翅、足并头,用血余裹,悬于东墙角上一夜,至明取用[6]
3唐熬《千金翼方》去翅足,熬[7]
4宋醋煮、净制《苏沈良方》去翅足,少醋煮熟;去翅头足,研[8]
5宋米炒、醋炙《太平惠民和剂局方》斑蝥二十个,去头足翼,用糯米半升同炒,候米焦黄色为度,去米不用;去头足翅少醋炙熟;去足翼,用糯米同炒熟[9]
6宋醋煮、焙《三因极一病证方论》去头足并翅醋煮香熟焙干[10]
7宋米炒、麸炒、豆面炒《博济方》去翅足,以糯米炒令黄,去米用;去翅足,麸慢火炒令黄色,去麸后捣为末;去头翅,豆面炒焦黄为度[11]
8宋米炒、巴豆炒、净制《类编朱氏集验医方》去翅足,同糯米,同巴豆炒;同秫米同炒黑,去羽足;去头翅足;去足羽为末[12]
9宋蛤粉炒、醋炙、焙《保婴全方》蛤粉炒,去头足;去头足,醋炙干,再焙,蛤粉炒[13]
10元煨、米炒《瑞竹堂经验方》用红枣一个,去核,裹全斑蝥一个,用文武火煨毕,去斑蝥用枣;去翅足,糯米同炒;糯米炒,去皮足翅,不用米[14]
11明米炒《本草蒙筌》去翅足,同粳米炒熟[15]
12明麸炒、醋煮《本草通玄》麸炒醋煮[16]
13明米炒、牡蛎炒《医宗粹言》去头足同糯米炒令黄,有以牡蛎同炒之[17]
14明米炒、酒洗后米炒、麸炒、醋煮《先星斋医学广笔记》米炒去头足;去头足并翅,酒洗和湿糯米铜勺内炒米熟为度;除翼足,以糯米拌炒,米黄黑色;麸炒过,醋煮用[18]
15明清炒、净制、焙、麦炒《鲁府禁方》炒;去翅足;去头足;去翅足,微焙黄色;麦炒,去头足翅;去头足翅,糯米炒[19]
16明醋煮、焙、米炒、清炒、麦面炒《普济方》去头足,面炒过;去头足翅,醋煮香熟,焙干;去翅足,糯米炒透;去翅足,醋煮熟;以糯米炒令黑色,去米并翅不用;去头足翼,瓦上焙干;去头足,糯米炒令黑色,米黄为度,去米,就地隔纸出火毒,研为末;去头翅足,炒过令香;去嘴及足翼,只用肉,先以麦面炒熟;去嘴脚,用三个,为枯柴慢火与糯米一合和炒,至米黄为度[17]
17清清炒、蒸《本草述》去翅足,炒;蒸[17]
18清米炒、酒煎煮《本草备要》去头足翅,糯米炒黄,为末酒煎;去头足,糯米炒熟[20]
19清醋浸后炒《串雅外编》以苦酒浸半日晒干,铜器炒熟为末[17]
20清净制、米炒、米泔水制《良朋汇集经验神方》去头足翅;去头足翅,江米同炒;去翅足,用糯米同浸一宿,炒干;斑蝥七个,去头足翅,糯米四十九粒,同炒[21]
21清陈土炒、米炒、烧、净制《外科证治全书》斑蝥七个,陈土炒去头足,米一撮炒;烧至烟尽;去翅足[22]
), ArticleFig(id=1322925230200586616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322925222252380501, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮制方法辅料具体方法参考文献
净制无拣去杂质,去足翅即得[23-24]
除去头、足、翅及杂质[25-28]
除去杂质[29]
除去杂质。取活斑蝥,闷死或烫死,晒干[30]
原品入药,不另加工[31]
米炒糯米、大米、小米或粳米将米置锅内加热,喷水少许至米粘贴锅上,待烟冒出时,加入斑蝥,轻轻翻炒,取出,去净米粒,除去足翅即得。每斑蝥10 kg,用米2 kg[23]
将米置锅内加热,喷水少许,至米贴锅上,待烟冒出时,加入净斑蝥,轻轻翻炒,至米呈黄棕色,取出,除去米粒,放凉。每斑蝥10 kg,用米2 kg[26]
取净斑蝥与米拌炒,至米呈黄棕色,取出,除去头、翅、足。每斑蝥10 kg,用米2 kg(或者每斑蝥100 kg,用米20 kg)[28]
取净斑蝥与米置锅内,用文火加热,拌炒至米呈黄棕色,取出,除去米粒,放凉。每斑蝥100 kg,用米20 kg[32]
将生斑蝥照米炒法(附录I)轻轻翻炒至米呈黄褐色。除去米及头足翅。每100 g生斑蝥,用粳米100g[29]
取糯米或大米平铺于铁锅内(1.5~2 cm厚),用文火加热,然后将已去净头、足、翅的斑蝥铺米上进行炒烫,至米黄药干为度,取出除去米[33]
取糯米置锅中加热,喷水少许至糯米粘贴锅上,待烟冒出时,加入净斑蝥轻轻翻炒,至米变黄色时,取出除净米粒。每100 kg斑蝥,用糯米50 kg[34]
取生斑蝥饮片,照米炒法炒至米呈黄棕色时,取出,筛去米粒,摊凉,除去头、翅、足。每生斑蝥10g,用米100 g[35]
取生斑蝥,除尽头、翅、足,与米拌炒,至米呈黄棕色,取出,筛去米。每100 kg斑蝥用米或糯米50 kg[36]
取净生斑蝥,照米炒法(附录—炮制通则)用文火拌炒至米呈深黄色、斑蝥显黄色。每100 kg净生斑蝥,用米100 kg[37]
将糯米放入锅内加热,洒水少许至米粘贴锅上,待冒出烟时,加入斑毛(处方名),轻轻翻炒,炒至米焦黄,取出,去净米粒,去净翅足。每0.5 kg斑蝥用糯米0.5 kg[24]
取湿米置锅内,待炒至冒烟时,加入净斑蝥,用文火拌炒至米呈焦黄色,取出。筛去米粒,放凉。每斑蝥100 kg,用米30 kg[38]
除去杂质及头、足、翅,与小米共置锅内同炒,待小米呈黄色时,出锅,筛去小米,晾凉。每斑蝥100 kg,用小米20 kg[39]
先将锅烧热,撒上浸湿的糯米,使其平贴锅上,待冒烟时投入净斑蝥,轻轻翻动,炒至米呈老黄色时,取出,筛去米。每斑蝥100 kg,用米400 kg[40]
去头、翅、足。取糯米或大米平铺于铁锅内,加热待温度升高时,投入斑蝥,轻轻拌炒至米呈黄色时,取出,筛去米。每100 kg斑蝥用米15 kg[41]
取湿米置锅内,待炒至冒烟时,加入净斑蝥,用文火拌炒至米呈焦黄色,取出,筛去米粒,放凉。每10 kg斑蝥,用米2 kg[42]
取生斑蝥,加糖米或大米拌匀,置热锅内,文火加热,拌炒至米呈棕黄色,取出,摊开,放凉,筛去大米。每100 kg生斑蝥,用大米20 kg[33]
取饮片斑蝥与米拌炒,至米呈黄棕色。每100 kg,用米20 kg[33]
烘法无取净斑蝥,置恒温干燥箱内,120℃加热35 min,取出,放凉[27]
甘草米制法糯米或大米、甘草取生斑蝥,除尽头、翅、足,用甘草水浸泡2 h,捞出晒干,与米拌炒,至米呈深黄色,取出,筛去米。每100 kg斑蝥用米或糯米50 kg,每100 kg斑蝥用甘草20 kg熬水[36]
取生斑蝥,用甘草煎水浸润,晒干,置热锅内,文火加热,再用大米拌炒至米呈棕黄色,取出,摊开,放凉,筛去大米。每100 kg生斑蝥,用甘草10 kg,大米20 kg[43]
清炒无除去杂质,清炒。用时去头、足、翅[40]
青稞童便制青稞、童便取原药材,除去内翅及六肢后,置炒熟的热青稞中,掩埋,放至冷却取出斑蝥。再置8岁健康男童小便中浸泡三昼夜,取出,冲洗干净,晾干即得[44]
青稞制青稞取斑蝥药材,除去杂质和膜质翅,装于丝绸袋中(约50 g为1袋),另将青稞炒至微黄色有香气为度(约120℃),移置砂锅中,立刻将装有斑蝥药材袋分隔埋于砂锅中,加盖,放置,待青稞凉后,取出斑蝥,即可。每100 kg斑蝥,用青稞1000 kg[45]
), ArticleFig(id=1322925230284472698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322925222252380501, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

《中华人民共和国药典》及各地方标准中收载的斑蝥炮制方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮制方法辅料具体方法参考文献
净制无拣去杂质,去足翅即得[23-24]
除去头、足、翅及杂质[25-28]
除去杂质[29]
除去杂质。取活斑蝥,闷死或烫死,晒干[30]
原品入药,不另加工[31]
米炒糯米、大米、小米或粳米将米置锅内加热,喷水少许至米粘贴锅上,待烟冒出时,加入斑蝥,轻轻翻炒,取出,去净米粒,除去足翅即得。每斑蝥10 kg,用米2 kg[23]
将米置锅内加热,喷水少许,至米贴锅上,待烟冒出时,加入净斑蝥,轻轻翻炒,至米呈黄棕色,取出,除去米粒,放凉。每斑蝥10 kg,用米2 kg[26]
取净斑蝥与米拌炒,至米呈黄棕色,取出,除去头、翅、足。每斑蝥10 kg,用米2 kg(或者每斑蝥100 kg,用米20 kg)[28]
取净斑蝥与米置锅内,用文火加热,拌炒至米呈黄棕色,取出,除去米粒,放凉。每斑蝥100 kg,用米20 kg[32]
将生斑蝥照米炒法(附录I)轻轻翻炒至米呈黄褐色。除去米及头足翅。每100 g生斑蝥,用粳米100g[29]
取糯米或大米平铺于铁锅内(1.5~2 cm厚),用文火加热,然后将已去净头、足、翅的斑蝥铺米上进行炒烫,至米黄药干为度,取出除去米[33]
取糯米置锅中加热,喷水少许至糯米粘贴锅上,待烟冒出时,加入净斑蝥轻轻翻炒,至米变黄色时,取出除净米粒。每100 kg斑蝥,用糯米50 kg[34]
取生斑蝥饮片,照米炒法炒至米呈黄棕色时,取出,筛去米粒,摊凉,除去头、翅、足。每生斑蝥10g,用米100 g[35]
取生斑蝥,除尽头、翅、足,与米拌炒,至米呈黄棕色,取出,筛去米。每100 kg斑蝥用米或糯米50 kg[36]
取净生斑蝥,照米炒法(附录—炮制通则)用文火拌炒至米呈深黄色、斑蝥显黄色。每100 kg净生斑蝥,用米100 kg[37]
将糯米放入锅内加热,洒水少许至米粘贴锅上,待冒出烟时,加入斑毛(处方名),轻轻翻炒,炒至米焦黄,取出,去净米粒,去净翅足。每0.5 kg斑蝥用糯米0.5 kg[24]
取湿米置锅内,待炒至冒烟时,加入净斑蝥,用文火拌炒至米呈焦黄色,取出。筛去米粒,放凉。每斑蝥100 kg,用米30 kg[38]
除去杂质及头、足、翅,与小米共置锅内同炒,待小米呈黄色时,出锅,筛去小米,晾凉。每斑蝥100 kg,用小米20 kg[39]
先将锅烧热,撒上浸湿的糯米,使其平贴锅上,待冒烟时投入净斑蝥,轻轻翻动,炒至米呈老黄色时,取出,筛去米。每斑蝥100 kg,用米400 kg[40]
去头、翅、足。取糯米或大米平铺于铁锅内,加热待温度升高时,投入斑蝥,轻轻拌炒至米呈黄色时,取出,筛去米。每100 kg斑蝥用米15 kg[41]
取湿米置锅内,待炒至冒烟时,加入净斑蝥,用文火拌炒至米呈焦黄色,取出,筛去米粒,放凉。每10 kg斑蝥,用米2 kg[42]
取生斑蝥,加糖米或大米拌匀,置热锅内,文火加热,拌炒至米呈棕黄色,取出,摊开,放凉,筛去大米。每100 kg生斑蝥,用大米20 kg[33]
取饮片斑蝥与米拌炒,至米呈黄棕色。每100 kg,用米20 kg[33]
烘法无取净斑蝥,置恒温干燥箱内,120℃加热35 min,取出,放凉[27]
甘草米制法糯米或大米、甘草取生斑蝥,除尽头、翅、足,用甘草水浸泡2 h,捞出晒干,与米拌炒,至米呈深黄色,取出,筛去米。每100 kg斑蝥用米或糯米50 kg,每100 kg斑蝥用甘草20 kg熬水[36]
取生斑蝥,用甘草煎水浸润,晒干,置热锅内,文火加热,再用大米拌炒至米呈棕黄色,取出,摊开,放凉,筛去大米。每100 kg生斑蝥,用甘草10 kg,大米20 kg[43]
清炒无除去杂质,清炒。用时去头、足、翅[40]
青稞童便制青稞、童便取原药材,除去内翅及六肢后,置炒熟的热青稞中,掩埋,放至冷却取出斑蝥。再置8岁健康男童小便中浸泡三昼夜,取出,冲洗干净,晾干即得[44]
青稞制青稞取斑蝥药材,除去杂质和膜质翅,装于丝绸袋中(约50 g为1袋),另将青稞炒至微黄色有香气为度(约120℃),移置砂锅中,立刻将装有斑蝥药材袋分隔埋于砂锅中,加盖,放置,待青稞凉后,取出斑蝥,即可。每100 kg斑蝥,用青稞1000 kg[45]
), ArticleFig(id=1322925230632599931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322925222252380501, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮制方法品名制剂数目/(种)
净制斑蝥酒、斑蝥丸、八圣散、宝珠丹、法制灵鸡弹、川槿散、春雪膏、绝疟膏、敷疮如圣散、柳光散、扶危散、鹅掌风浸剂、斑蝥醋浸剂等84
米炒斑蝥通经丸、阿魏雷丸散、备急散、凌霄花丸、秘传神仙消痞圆等31
酒炒斑蝥散1
焙大枣饼、提毒丹2
蛤粉炒斑蝥丸1
姜制夺命抽刀散1
青皮制敌金丸1
醋制海藻散坚丸、二仙丹、活络通经丸3
清炒斑玄丸、宝灵丹、琥珀散、六丁神散、金铃子丸等14
麦面炒巴附丸、拨云膏、发背膏3
熬大金牙散、鹳骨丸、还命千金丸、黄帝护命千金丸等5
麸炒川楝子丸1
陈土炒活命仙丹1
茴香制解钳丸1
青木香制宣胞丸1
黑豆制左经圆1
), ArticleFig(id=1322925231081390461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322925222252380501, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

药智网收录的成方制剂中斑蝥的使用情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮制方法品名制剂数目/(种)
净制斑蝥酒、斑蝥丸、八圣散、宝珠丹、法制灵鸡弹、川槿散、春雪膏、绝疟膏、敷疮如圣散、柳光散、扶危散、鹅掌风浸剂、斑蝥醋浸剂等84
米炒斑蝥通经丸、阿魏雷丸散、备急散、凌霄花丸、秘传神仙消痞圆等31
酒炒斑蝥散1
焙大枣饼、提毒丹2
蛤粉炒斑蝥丸1
姜制夺命抽刀散1
青皮制敌金丸1
醋制海藻散坚丸、二仙丹、活络通经丸3
清炒斑玄丸、宝灵丹、琥珀散、六丁神散、金铃子丸等14
麦面炒巴附丸、拨云膏、发背膏3
熬大金牙散、鹳骨丸、还命千金丸、黄帝护命千金丸等5
麸炒川楝子丸1
陈土炒活命仙丹1
茴香制解钳丸1
青木香制宣胞丸1
黑豆制左经圆1
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斑蝥的炮制历史沿革、化学成分及药理作用研究进展
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李永康 , 陈智
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(5): 202-209
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (5) : 202 -209
斑蝥的炮制历史沿革、化学成分及药理作用研究进展
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李永康, 陈智
作者信息
  • 山东中医药大学药学院,山东 济南 250355
通讯作者:
陈智(1984-),男,山东济南人,副教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药新药与中药炮制原理。E-mail:。
作者简介:

李永康(2001-),男,山东青岛人,硕士在读,研究方向:中药新药与中药炮制原理。

Research Progress on Processing History Evolution, Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Action of Banmao(Mylabris)
Yongkang LI, Zhi CHEN
Affiliations
  • College of Pharmacy,Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Jinan 250355,Shandong,China
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.037
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斑蝥为我国著名的动物类中药,具有破血逐瘀、散结消癥、攻毒蚀疮的功效,广泛用于散瘀消痈。因其具有猛烈的毒性,故常需炮制来降低毒性,提高用药的安全性。早在东晋时期就记载了如净制、烧法等斑蝥的炮制方法,后来逐渐发展了米炒、清炒、醋煮等多种炮制方法。现代研究发现斑蝥的主要成分有萜类化合物及其衍生物、金属元素、脂肪酸类和脂肪类化合物、氨基酸类化合物等,具有抗肿瘤、抗纤维化、强心、抗病毒、抗凝血、免疫增强等多种药理作用。查阅中国医药书籍和中外相关资料及文献,从斑蝥的炮制历史沿革、化学成分及药理作用方面进行论述,以期为斑蝥的相关研究提供参考。

斑蝥  /  炮制历史沿革  /  化学成分  /  药理作用

Banmao(Mylabris)is a well-known animal Chinese medicine in China,which has the effect of breaking blood and eliminating blood stasis,dispersing knots and eliminating mass,and attacking toxin and eroding sores,and is widely used to disperse blood stasis and eliminate carbuncles. Because of its violent toxicity,it often needs to be processed to reduce toxicity and improve the safety of medication. As early as in the Eastern Jin Dynasty,the processing methods of Banmao(Mylabris),such as net preparation and firing method,were recorded,and later a variety of processing methods such as rice frying,stir-frying and vinegar boiling were gradually developed. Modern studies have found that the main components of Banmao(Mylabris)are terpenoids and their derivatives,metal elements,fatty acids,fatty compounds,amino acid compounds and so on,which have antitumor,anti-fibrotic,cardiotonic,antiviral,anticoagulant,immune enhancement and other pharmacological effects. In this paper,it reviewed Chinese medical books and related Chinese and foreign materials and literature,and discussed the historical evolution,chemical composition and pharmacological effects of Banmao(Mylabris),in order to provide reference for the related research of Banmao(Mylabris).

Banmao(Mylabris)  /  historical evolution of processing  /  chemical constituent  /  pharmacological action
李永康, 陈智. 斑蝥的炮制历史沿革、化学成分及药理作用研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (5) : 202 -209 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.037
Yongkang LI, Zhi CHEN. Research Progress on Processing History Evolution, Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Action of Banmao(Mylabris)[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (5) : 202 -209 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.037
斑蝥,始载于汉代《神农本草经》,记载其“主寒热,鬼注,蛊毒,鼠瘘,恶创,疽蚀,死肌,破石癃”[1],《中华人民共和国药典》2020年版规定斑蝥为芫青科昆虫南方大斑蝥Mylabris phalerata Pallas或黄黑小斑蝥Mylabris cichorii Linnaeus的干燥体,辛、热,有大毒。归肝、胃、肾经,具有破血逐瘀、散结消癥、攻毒蚀疮的功效,临床常用于癥瘕、经闭、顽癣、瘰疬、赘疣、痈疽不溃、恶疮死肌等[2]。斑蝥药用历史悠久,临床疗效显著,记载于历代本草中,但因其毒性和刺激性强,须经炮制后方可内服。中国古代本草中记载了多种斑蝥的炮制方法,如净制、米炒、熬法等。在现代,历代《中华人民共和国药典》和地方炮制规范记载的炮制方法主要为净制和米炒,后经过改进和创新,发展了麸炒代米炒、以烘代炒、碱处理新法炮制斑蝥、面裹油炙斑蝥、酒制斑蝥等炮制方法[3]。斑蝥在多个少数民族中均有药用记载,如在藏族、蒙古族、维吾尔族等民族中用于利水、泻脉病、消炎、攻毒等[4]。现代研究发现斑蝥含有萜类化合物及其衍生物、金属元素、脂肪酸类和脂肪类化合物、氨基酸类化合物等化学成分,抗肿瘤、抗纤维化、抗病毒、抗凝血等药理作用显著。本文就斑蝥的炮制历史沿革、化学成分、药理作用以及炮制对成分的影响等文献进行综述,以期为斑蝥炮制方法创新、药理作用开发等领域提供参考和依据。
东晋医家葛洪所著《肘后备急方》首次记载了斑蝥的炮制方法,书中“烧令绝烟”为烧法炮制斑蝥的首次记载,“去翅足”为斑蝥净制法的初次记载,并一直沿用至今。南北朝的《雷公炮炙论》载:“修事斑猫,用糯米、小麻子相拌,同炒,待米黄黑出,去麻子等,去两翅、足并头,用血余裹,悬于东墙角上一夜,至明取用”,初次提到了用米炒斑蝥,并用辅料米颜色的变化来反映斑蝥炮制的程度。唐朝主要用熬法炮制斑蝥,《千金翼方》载:“去翅足,熬”。在宋代,《博济方》曰:“斑蝥去翅足,麸慢火炒令黄色,去麸后,捣为末”,首次描述了麸炒斑蝥,明清时期都有沿用。醋制斑蝥始见于《苏沈良方》,曰:“斑蝥去翅足,少醋煮熟”。后世对醋制法进行了创新,发展了如醋炙法、麸炒后醋煮等炮制方法。焙法炮制斑蝥最早见于《三因极一病证方论》,曰:“去头足并翅醋煮香熟焙干”。并且自宋代开始,人们对斑蝥和辅料之间的比例做出规定。元代的《瑞竹堂经验方》中记载有:“用红枣一个,去核,裹全斑蝥一个,用文武火煨毕,去斑蝥用枣”,为后世煨法炮制斑蝥之原始。牡蛎炒斑蝥仅见于明代《医宗粹言》,曰:“以牡蛎炒之”。清代增加了米泔水制、陈土炒等炮制方法,如《良朋汇集》中记载:“去翅足,用糯米同浸一宿,炒干,去米不用,此米倒沟中”,首次提到了米泔水制斑蝥。而在《外科证治全书》则有:“陈土炒去头足”,为陈土炒斑蝥的初次记载。历代本草典籍收载的斑蝥炮制方法见表1。
综上,历代本草中收载的斑蝥的炮制方法有净制、米炒、炙、熬、烧、清炒、醋煮、醋炙、焙、麸炒、豆面炒、巴豆炒、蛤粉炒、牡蛎炒、酒洗后米炒、麦炒、麦面炒、煨、蒸、陈土炒、酒煎煮、醋浸后炒、米泔水制等多种,归纳总结后发现以上方法主要是采用不同加热途径对斑蝥进行炮制。
在现代,药典及地方炮制规范记载的炮制方法主要为净制法和米炒法。除此之外,现代继承和创新的炮制工艺还有麸炒代米炒,以烘代炒,甘草米制法,碱处理新法炮制斑蝥,面裹油炙斑蝥,酒制斑蝥等,各省市亦保留了烘法、甘草米制法等地方特有的炮制方法。《中华人民共和国药典》及地方炮制规范记载的斑蝥炮制方法概况见表2。
综上可知,斑蝥的现代炮制方法多为净制法和米炒法,但山东、广西及甘肃等地依然保留了其特色炮制方法,而醋煮、醋炙、蛤粉炒等多种传统炮制方法几乎不再被使用。同时,随着中医药的不断进步,创新并发展了如碱处理新法炮制斑蝥等新的炮制方法,将现代科学技术应用于斑蝥的炮制,为斑蝥的炮制提供了新的方向。
目前,《中华人民共和国药典》2020年版中收载含斑蝥的成方制剂有2种,为癣湿药水和庆余辟瘟丹,制剂中的斑蝥均以净制品入药。药智网中收载含斑蝥的成方制剂共151种,斑蝥多以净制品入药(占56%),其次是米炒(占21%),另外还有清炒(占9%)等。主治功能包括瘀血凝滞、瘰疬瘘、流注痈疽、发背疔疮等,与斑蝥的破血逐瘀、散结消癥、攻毒蚀疮的功效相吻合。药智网收载的含斑蝥制剂结果见表3。
斑蝥化学成分复杂,主要含有萜类化合物及其衍生物、金属元素、脂肪酸、脂肪、氨基酸、肽类化合物、蛋白质、核苷类化合物、芳香族化合物、蜡质及色素等成分。
萜类化合物作为中药药效成分,在抗癌、抗心血管疾病、抗炎等领域都有治疗效果[46]。斑蝥中的主要有效成分为萜类化合物斑蝥素,具有广泛的药理活性,在抗肿瘤领域一直是研究的热点。目前从斑蝥中发现了cichormide A、cichormide B、cichormide C、cichormide D、10-hydroxy-cantharidin等5种新的萜类化合物[47],以及斑蝥素(cantharidin)、帕拉索宁(palasonin)、6-dimethy1-4,10-dioxa-3-oxo-tricyclo[5..1.0,.6]decane[47]、5'-[(1R,2R,3S,6R)-1-甲醇羟基-2-甲基-,6-环氧环己烷-1,2-二甲酰亚胺]-2'-甲基-2'-丁烯酸乙酯[48]、斑蝥胺[49]及芳樟醇[50]等6种已知萜类化合物。研究发现,化合物cichormide B、cichormide D、palasonin能够通过抑制TGF-β1(免疫细胞表达转化生长因子)诱导的大鼠肾细胞(NRK-52e)中纤连蛋白和胶原Ⅰ的表达来抑制肾纤维化[47]。代表性萜类化合物成分化学结构见图1。
结合态斑蝥素(萜类化合物的衍生物)是斑蝥素在斑蝥体内的主要储存形式,也是斑蝥中水溶性成分的重要组成部分[51]。结合斑蝥素包括斑蝥酸镁、斑蝥酸钙[51]、斑蝥酸钾、斑蝥酸钠[52]、斑蝥酸锌[53]等,研究发现斑蝥酸镁、斑蝥酸钙、斑蝥酸钾、斑蝥酸钠具有一定的抗肿瘤作用,其中斑蝥酸镁抗肝癌细胞QGY-7703及肝癌细胞HepG2的活性明显优于其他3种物质,研究前景广阔[5,54]。
结合斑蝥素的合成,需要斑蝥体内的金属元素作为原料。所以斑蝥中金属元素的含量与结合斑蝥素的相关性不仅可以反映结合斑蝥素的类型和含量,来作为斑蝥质量评价的标准,还可以通过各类金属元素在不同产地及不同品种斑蝥中的含量差异来鉴别斑蝥的种类[55]。研究发现,斑蝥中含有Mg[56]、Ca、K[57]以及Na等合成结合斑蝥素的金属元素,Mn、Zn、Cu[58]等抗癌元素,Ni,Cr等含量较低的致癌元素以及Hg,Pb等少量有害元素[56]。并且,斑蝥在净制后,Cu、Zn、Mn等有抗肿瘤作用的元素含量要比净制前高,故病人若因缺乏这些元素而患癌,使用净制后的斑蝥可以起到双重抗癌效果[59]。
脂肪酸是斑蝥中的重要成分,林晓彤[60]等通过分子对接实验推测斑蝥中含有的油酸[(Z)-9-十八(碳)烯酸]、亚油酸(顺,顺-9,12-十八碳二烯酸)和十八碳七烯酸可能是斑蝥治疗肝癌的有效成分。斑蝥中含有的棕榈酸(十六烷酸)[61],可抑制哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白mTOR和信号转导和转录激活子STAT3的表达,具有抑制肝癌细胞增殖和迁移的作用,还能够使肝癌细胞膜流动性降低,影响其葡萄糖代谢[62]。斑蝥中含量较高的脂肪酸还有硬脂酸(十八烷酸)[50]、棕榈油酸(9-十六碳烯酸)、亚麻酸(顺-9,顺-1,顺-15-十八碳三烯酸)、花生酸(二十烷酸)[63]、6-十八碳烯酸[64]等。
裴显等[65]研究5个产地的黄黑小斑蝥的挥发性成分后发现,共有的脂肪成分为环己甲醇、十三烷、环己醇和1,13-十四碳二烯,其中1,13-十四碳二烯的含量较高。斑蝥中含量较高的脂肪类成分还有香叶基丙酮、十八醛、2-十七烷酮、5-十六炔等[50]。
除上述主要化学成分外,斑蝥中还存在氨基酸类、多肽类、核苷类、芳香族化合物等成分。研究发现斑蝥中含有多种氨基酸,其中天冬氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸[66]、谷氨酸、甘氨酸[58]等含量较高,附着在斑蝥素衍生物氮原子上的侧链可能是甘氨酸、丙氨酸和赖氨酸等氨基酸的残基[47],增加了此类化合物的多样性。曾瑶波[48]等研究发现斑蝥中含有环-(L-脯氨酸-L-丙氨酸)、环-(R-脯氨酸-R-亮氨酸)、环-(S-脯氨酸-R-亮氨酸)、环-(D-脯氨酸-L-酪氨酸)4种肽类化合物。有关斑蝥中核苷类化合物的报道较少,报道的核苷类化合物有尿嘧啶、尿嘧啶核苷和次黄嘌呤[67]。斑蝥中还含有一些芳香族化合物如吲哚-3-醛、吲哚乙酸、戊内酰胺、4-Hydroxyphthalid[48]、3-苯基-4-氮杂芴[60]、苯乙醛[50]、对羟基苯甲酸[49]等。其中3-苯基-4-氮杂芴与白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶MAPK3的分子对接表现出的结合力最好,推测其与斑蝥抗肿瘤作用的发挥有关[60]。
斑蝥的药用历史悠久,具有破血逐瘀、散结消癥、攻毒蚀疮的功效。现代医学研究发现,斑蝥最主要的药理作用为抗肿瘤,此外还有抗纤维化、强心、抗病毒、抗凝血、抗炎、免疫增强等多种药理作用,目前其有效成分斑蝥素及其衍生物已广泛应用于肝癌、乳腺癌、肺癌、白血病、结直肠癌、传染性软疣等疾病的治疗。
近年来,大量的研究发现斑蝥素能够诱导多种癌细胞系的细胞凋亡[68]。YANG T F[69]等研究发现斑蝥素能够下调新型调节因子miR-607介导的表皮生长因子受体EGFR,进而抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR和ERK/MAPK信号通路,最终下调B细胞淋巴瘤2蛋白(Bcl-2),抑制三阴性乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231的生长并诱导细胞凋亡。斑蝥素还能够抑制酪氨酸激酶受体EphB4,来阻碍JAK2/STAT3通路和PI3K/AKT通路,致使肝癌细胞HCC凋亡[70]。YUZ Y[71]等将不同浓度的斑蝥素加入人早幼粒白血病细胞HL-60中,发现与对照组相比,4μmol·L-1和6μmol·L-1的斑蝥素显著抑制了HL-60细胞形成的集落数(P<0.001)及菌落大小,这是由于斑蝥素促进了神经生长因子诱导的基因B(Nur77)从细胞核转移到线粒体,Nur77和Bcl-2之间相互作用,导致Bcl-2的BH3结构域暴露,使Bcl-2从抗凋亡蛋白转化为促凋亡蛋白,引发了HL-60细胞凋亡。此外,斑蝥中的斑蝥酸钠能够下调蛋白磷酸酶5(PP5)来增加肿瘤抑制基因p53的活性,引发乳腺癌细胞凋亡[72]。NAZIM U M等[73]研究发现,斑蝥素和细胞凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)在联合治疗TRAIL耐药的人前列腺癌细胞DU145中产生了协同效果,使TRAIL介导的细胞凋亡敏感,其原因可能与斑蝥素使抗凋亡蛋白(c-FLIP)下调、死亡受体5(DR-5)上调并提高了自噬通量有关。在肝癌细胞系中,浓度为1 mg/kg的高剂量斑蝥素杀死癌细胞的效果良好,抑制率为38.96%,斑蝥素抑癌的机制为通过阻碍缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)信号通路,使癌细胞配体-1(PD-L1)与死亡受体-1(PD-1)的表达减弱,同时抑制PI3K/AKT通路,从而促进肿瘤细胞的凋亡[74]。
LU S[75]等基于网络药理学和ceRNA(竞争性内源性RNA)理论,研究艾迪注射液抑制肝癌细胞HCC的机制后发现,艾迪注射液中有效成分斑蝥素通过抑制抗凋亡蛋白BIRC5,阻止其与有丝分裂纺锤体的相互作用来调控癌细胞的周期,使肿瘤生长受到抑制。斑蝥素能通过抑制肝癌细胞H22的EZH2/H3K27me3(调味增强子同源物/组蛋白H3第27位赖氨酸的三甲基化修饰)细胞周期通路,达到减少肿瘤发生、生长和转移的目的[76]。YU Z Y[71]等研究发现,用4μmol·L-1的斑蝥素处理人早幼粒白血病细胞HL-60引起的G2/M期阻滞率最高,为28.26%,其作用与斑蝥素上调HL-60细胞中细胞周期负调节因子p53和p27的表达水平,下调细胞周期蛋白B1、细胞周期蛋白E和细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶CDK2的表达水平有关。斑蝥中的化学成分斑蝥酸镁能够阻碍细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK1和ERK2)通路,来下调蛋白磷酸酶Cdc25C,使人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721阻滞在G2/M期[77]。
SCHÖPE P C等[78]研究斑蝥素及其人工合成衍生物去甲斑蝥素抗结直肠癌的作用后发现,二者能抑制结直肠癌细胞HCT116细胞、SW620细胞侵袭转移相关基因MACC1和S100A4的mRNA表达,用10μmol/L斑蝥素处理后发现,HCT116细胞的迁移抑制率为34%,SW620细胞的迁移抑制率为32%。此外,斑蝥素可以下调miR-214-3p(miRNA模拟物),上调Wnt/β-catenin信号通路拮抗剂DKK,进而抑制p-GSK-3(参与肝糖代谢的关键酶)的表达、β-连环蛋白核易位和淋巴增强结合因子LEF1的翻译,最终抑制人骨肉瘤细胞(U-2OS和143B)的活力、迁移和侵袭,同时促进细胞周期的阻滞和凋亡[79]。SONG M Y[80]等研究发现,斑蝥素阻碍胃癌细胞迁移和侵袭的机制,与抑制CCAT1(长链非编码RNA),进而阻碍PI3K/AKT信号转导表达有关。
斑蝥素能够上调组蛋白H3第9位赖氨酸三甲基化(H3K9me3)脱甲基酶KDM4A使组蛋白去甲基,从而引发肝癌细胞HCC的DNA损伤,不仅可以抑制肿瘤细胞的生长和增殖,还能够增强肝癌化疗的敏感性[81]。WANG CH[82]等研究发现,斑蝥素抑制了髓样锌指蛋白1(MZF1)引起的胶质母细胞瘤细胞的增殖、活化原癌基因CMYC的过度表达,从而阻碍了肿瘤的发展。此外,该研究还证明了斑蝥素抑制胶质母细胞瘤细胞增殖的作用优于其衍生物去甲斑蝥素。结合斑蝥素斑蝥酸镁还可以通过阻碍PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路,进而抑制葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT1)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDHA),使肿瘤细胞为自身供能的糖酵解作用减弱,使人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721生长增殖受到抑制[83]。另外,基于生物信息学和系统药理学研究发现,斑蝥可能通过作用于p53信号通路,触发DNA损伤、诱导细胞凋亡,以及通过调节TP53和PTEN两个抑癌基因靶点,抑制肿瘤细胞的生长和增殖,对白血病产生治疗作用[84]。
斑蝥中的斑蝥酸钠能够阻碍PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路,还可以下调自噬相关连接蛋白p62的水平,上调自噬相关基因Beclin1的表达和自噬体膜型LC3(LC3-Ⅱ)的水平,来促进乳腺癌细胞的自噬。实验表明,斑蝥酸钠诱导乳腺癌细胞自噬呈剂量依赖性,在用64μmol·L-1斑蝥酸钠处理72 h后,乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7及MDAMB-231)的活性几乎为0[85]。LI H C等[86]研究发现,斑蝥素能够阻碍人乳腺癌细胞(MDA-MB-231和MDA-MB-468)中Beclin1的表达来抑制胞浆型LC3(LC3-Ⅰ)向自噬体膜型LC3(LC3-Ⅱ)转化,最终抑制促生存自噬。斑蝥素诱导人肺腺癌细胞A549自噬的机制为下调细胞内p62的水平及上调Beclin1的表达和自噬标志物LC3B的水平[87]。
LI K M[47]等对从斑蝥中分离出的8种萜类化合物均进行了抗肾纤维化的测试,其中cichormide B、cichormide D、palasonin在40μmol·L-1浓度时能够抑制大鼠近端肾小管上皮细胞NRK-52e中纤连蛋白和Ⅰ型胶原的表达来抗肾纤维化。在抑制肺纤维化方面,斑蝥素通过下调Bcl-2相关的BAG3(多功能热休克蛋白70伴侣蛋白和抗凋亡蛋白)来恢复特发性肺纤维化成纤维细胞的自噬通量,减少成纤维细胞的增殖和胶原蛋白沉积,使细胞稳态得到了重建。并且,斑蝥素与抗纤维化药物吡非尼酮联合使用,可对特发性肺纤维化成纤维细胞增殖产生进一步的抑制作用,这可以作为一种新的治疗方法,最大限度地提高此疾病治疗的疗效[88]。
邱立强[89]等研究发现,斑蝥素可以显著降低脂多糖引起的血管平滑肌细胞迁移的迁移率,这是由于斑蝥素可以抑制NF-κB通路相关的炎症反应来抑制大鼠颈动脉球囊损伤后新生内膜增生。此外,基于斑蝥素是蛋白磷酸酶1(PP1)和蛋白磷酸酶2A(PP2A)的抑制剂,能够增加人心室收缩力的原理,实验后发现斑蝥素累积施用(从10μmol·L-1至30 μmol·L-1),在右心耳(RAA)制剂、孤立性电刺激左心房(LA)制剂和孤立性自发性右心房跳动(RA)制剂中发挥了正浓度依赖性正性肌力作用,并在300μmol·L-1处趋于稳定,不同浓度的斑蝥素还能够提高人心房中肌钙蛋白(Tnl)和肌球蛋白轻链20(MLC20)的抑制亚基phospholamban(PLB)的磷酸化状态,证明了斑蝥素有提高蛋白质磷酸化及增加人心房收缩力的作用[90]。
近年来,用斑蝥素治疗传染性软疣的热度非常高且治疗效果显著[91],外用斑蝥素标准化制剂VP-102含有纯度超过99%的斑蝥素,治疗传染性软疣的作用机制包括角质形成细胞桥粒的降解、感染的角质形成细胞在数小时内局部形成水疱脱落以及病毒清除[92]。在抗凝血方面,郭芳[93]等研究发现,斑蝥素有显著的抗血小板凝聚的作用,其抗凝机制为抑制PI3K/AKT/PKC通路。斑蝥素还能够通过抑制蛋白磷酸酶2A(PP2A)来调节轴突线粒体的转运[94]。在免疫增强方面,斑蝥素能够上调CD4+/CD8+T细胞和B细胞的比例,抑制炎症因子和免疫检查点基因PD-1/PD-L1的表达,通过激活抗肿瘤免疫来治疗癌症[76]。
斑蝥为我国著名的动物类中药,因其具有毒性,故需炮制入药,东晋医家葛洪所著《肘后备急方》首次记载了斑蝥的炮制方法。后续陆续发展了米炒、醋煮、焙、麸炒、蛤粉炒、蒸、酒煎煮、米泔水制等多种炮制方法。结合历代医药典籍,斑蝥古代炮制方法繁荣发展的高峰期出现在宋朝,主流的炮制方法基本在该时期发展成型,明、清时期略有补充。在现代,创新并发展了以烘代炒,碱处理新法炮制斑蝥,面裹油炙斑蝥等炮制方法,而历代典籍中所记录的炮制方法基本不再使用。
斑蝥中的斑蝥素及其衍生物有着显著的药理活性,但存在肝毒性、肾毒性等不良反应,影响其临床应用的安全性。目前可通过合成方法以及开发靶向纳米递送系统方式等来控制斑蝥素的毒性。在中医药理论中,生斑蝥有大毒,使用米炒等加热炮制的方法可以降低毒性,使其利于临床应用。现代医学研究发现,斑蝥中的有毒有效成分为斑蝥素,通过加热炮制可以使斑蝥素部分升华来达到减毒的目的。而少数地方依然保留的甘草米制、青稞制、青稞童便制的炮制机理仍需进一步研究。此外,现代主流的米炒法炮制斑蝥所用的辅料米的种类不尽相同,有糯米、大米、小米及粳米,用不同种类的米作为辅料对炮制效果的影响仍有待深入研究。在今后工作中,需要对古代斑蝥的炮制方法进行归纳思考,运用现代的理论和技术加以创新,全面研究各种炮制方法对斑蝥化学成分和临床疗效等产生的影响,明确不同炮制方法的目的和意义,并对已有的炮制方法进行取舍,使斑蝥的炮制方法科学化、规范化,从而保证和指导斑蝥的中医临床合理用药。
  • 国家中医药管理局中药炮制技术传承基地项目(国中医药科技中药〔2022〕59号)
  • 山东省自然科学基金面上项目(ZR2021MH009)
  • 山东省中医药科技项目(2021M143)
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2025年第43卷第5期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.037
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-05-10
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国家中医药管理局中药炮制技术传承基地项目(国中医药科技中药〔2022〕59号)
山东省自然科学基金面上项目(ZR2021MH009)
山东省中医药科技项目(2021M143)
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    山东中医药大学药学院,山东 济南 250355

通讯作者:

陈智(1984-),男,山东济南人,副教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药新药与中药炮制原理。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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