Article(id=1322923764777889802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923490592043032, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339204257, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339204257, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339204257, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339204257, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322923490592043032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1746806400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339138887, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340572227, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929502539612595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923490592043032, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929502539612596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923490592043032, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=124, endPage=128, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322923764995993611, articleId=1322923764777889802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Mass Spectrometry Imaging Technology in Quality Identification and Biosynthesis Pathway of Chinese Medicinal Materials, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Mass spectrometry imaging technology is a combination of mass spectrometry and imaging technology,which converts mass spectrometry signals into visualized images with spatial distribution characteristics through imaging software. In recent years,mass spectrometry imaging technology has been widely used for the analysis of plant tissue metabolites,providing new ideas and methods for the research of traditional Chinese medicinal plants. This article provided a review in three parts. Firstly,it reviewed matrix assisted laser ionization desorption mass spectrometry imaging(MADLI)technology,secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging(SIMS)technology,Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging(DESI)technology and the principle of nanostructure induced mass spectrometry imaging technology were summarized. Secondly,the application examples of mass spectrometry imaging technology in the visualization analysis and identification of metabolites in traditional Chinese medicinal plants as well as the biosynthesis pathways of active ingredients were reviewed. Finally,the advantages and limitations of mass spectrometry imaging technology were summarized,and further prospects were made for the application of mass spectrometry imaging technology in traditional Chinese medicinal plants.

, authors=Yanchang HUANG, Che BIAN, Yanyun YANG, Tingguo KANG, Liang XU, authorsList=Yanchang HUANG, Che BIAN, Yanyun YANG, Tingguo KANG, Liang XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Liang XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322923765461561358, articleId=1322923764777889802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=质谱成像技术在中药材质量鉴定和生物合成途径研究进展, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

质谱成像技术是质谱法与成像技术的结合,一种将质谱信号通过成像软件转化为具有空间分布特征可视化图像的技术。近年来,质谱成像技术广泛用于植物组织代谢物分析,为中药药用植物研究提供新思路、新方法。从3个部分进行综述,首先对基质辅助激光解吸电离质谱成像(Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging,MADLI)技术、二次离子质谱成像(Secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging,SIMS)技术、解吸电喷雾电离质谱成像(Desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging,DESI)技术和纳米结构引发质谱成像(Nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry imaging,NIMS)技术原理进行概述;其次,综述质谱成像技术在中药药用植物代谢物可视化分析、鉴定及有效成分生物合成路径等方面应用实例;最后,总结质谱成像技术的优势和局限,并进一步展望质谱成像技术在药用植物方面的应用。

, authors=黄彦昌, 边澈, 杨燕云, 康廷国, 许亮, authorsList=黄彦昌, 边澈, 杨燕云, 康廷国, 许亮, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=许亮, authorNote=

黄彦昌(1999-),男,贵州贵阳人,硕士在读,研究方向:中药资源与鉴定。

, correspAuthorsNote=
许亮(1978-),男,辽宁大连人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药资源。E-mail:。
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黄彦昌(1999-),男,贵州贵阳人,硕士在读,研究方向:中药资源与鉴定。

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黄彦昌(1999-),男,贵州贵阳人,硕士在读,研究方向:中药资源与鉴定。

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Anal Chem,2014,86(20):10071-10077., articleTitle=“Afterlife experiment”:use of MALDI-MS and SIMS imaging for the study of the nitrogen cycle within plants, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322923773720145977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923764777889802, awardId=82373999, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(82373999), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322923773795643450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923764777889802, awardId=2021921039, language=CN, fundingSource=辽宁省“百千万人才工程”项目(2021921039), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322923773866946619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923764777889802, awardId=JYTMS20231834, language=CN, fundingSource=辽宁省教育厅面上项目(JYTMS20231834), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322923765700636687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923764777889802, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322923765709025296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923764777889802, companyId=1322923765700636687, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Pharmacy,Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Dalian 116600,Liaoning,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322923765717413905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923764777889802, companyId=1322923765700636687, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=辽宁中医药大学药学院,辽宁 大连 116600)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322923773204246581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923764777889802, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=d58l3/R/mzvIHcGA+YN1Jw==, figureFileBig=u5iSLKYQG3ciV4Ns7EszSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322923773300715574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923764777889802, language=CN, label=图1, caption=MSI基本原理示意图, figureFileSmall=d58l3/R/mzvIHcGA+YN1Jw==, figureFileBig=u5iSLKYQG3ciV4Ns7EszSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322923773514625079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923764777889802, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
质谱成像技术MALDISIMSDESINIMS
质谱类型真空真空普通大气压普通大气压
空间分辨率一般10~100 μm一般1~100 μm一般40~200 μm可达到10 μm
样品要求冷冻切片,基质喷涂冷冻切片冷冻切片“引发剂”或“包合物”
检测对象不受生物样本与分子量限制无机元素分析,分子量小于1000 Da的有机小分子分子量小于2000 Da的代谢物适用于复杂混合液体、小分子物质
主要优势高空间分辨率、高质量分辨率高空间分辨率、免标记、高灵敏、多组分分析高通量、正常大气压操作条件、最小样本量以及快速出结果定位完整生物分子、灵敏度高、操作简单
自身局限额外基质准备、真空条件化合物需具疏水性空间分辨率与灵敏度较低对大分子物质灵敏度低
), ArticleFig(id=1322923773606899768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923764777889802, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

4种质谱成像技术方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
质谱成像技术MALDISIMSDESINIMS
质谱类型真空真空普通大气压普通大气压
空间分辨率一般10~100 μm一般1~100 μm一般40~200 μm可达到10 μm
样品要求冷冻切片,基质喷涂冷冻切片冷冻切片“引发剂”或“包合物”
检测对象不受生物样本与分子量限制无机元素分析,分子量小于1000 Da的有机小分子分子量小于2000 Da的代谢物适用于复杂混合液体、小分子物质
主要优势高空间分辨率、高质量分辨率高空间分辨率、免标记、高灵敏、多组分分析高通量、正常大气压操作条件、最小样本量以及快速出结果定位完整生物分子、灵敏度高、操作简单
自身局限额外基质准备、真空条件化合物需具疏水性空间分辨率与灵敏度较低对大分子物质灵敏度低
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质谱成像技术在中药材质量鉴定和生物合成途径研究进展
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黄彦昌 , 边澈 , 杨燕云 , 康廷国 , 许亮
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(5): 124-128
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (5) : 124 -128
质谱成像技术在中药材质量鉴定和生物合成途径研究进展
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黄彦昌, 边澈, 杨燕云, 康廷国, 许亮
作者信息
  • 辽宁中医药大学药学院,辽宁 大连 116600
通讯作者:
许亮(1978-),男,辽宁大连人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药资源。E-mail:。
作者简介:

黄彦昌(1999-),男,贵州贵阳人,硕士在读,研究方向:中药资源与鉴定。

Research Progress of Mass Spectrometry Imaging Technology in Quality Identification and Biosynthesis Pathway of Chinese Medicinal Materials
Yanchang HUANG, Che BIAN, Yanyun YANG, Tingguo KANG, Liang XU
Affiliations
  • College of Pharmacy,Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Dalian 116600,Liaoning,China
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.025
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质谱成像技术是质谱法与成像技术的结合,一种将质谱信号通过成像软件转化为具有空间分布特征可视化图像的技术。近年来,质谱成像技术广泛用于植物组织代谢物分析,为中药药用植物研究提供新思路、新方法。从3个部分进行综述,首先对基质辅助激光解吸电离质谱成像(Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging,MADLI)技术、二次离子质谱成像(Secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging,SIMS)技术、解吸电喷雾电离质谱成像(Desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging,DESI)技术和纳米结构引发质谱成像(Nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry imaging,NIMS)技术原理进行概述;其次,综述质谱成像技术在中药药用植物代谢物可视化分析、鉴定及有效成分生物合成路径等方面应用实例;最后,总结质谱成像技术的优势和局限,并进一步展望质谱成像技术在药用植物方面的应用。

质谱成像  /  基质辅助激光解吸电离  /  药用植物  /  质量鉴定  /  生物合成途径

Mass spectrometry imaging technology is a combination of mass spectrometry and imaging technology,which converts mass spectrometry signals into visualized images with spatial distribution characteristics through imaging software. In recent years,mass spectrometry imaging technology has been widely used for the analysis of plant tissue metabolites,providing new ideas and methods for the research of traditional Chinese medicinal plants. This article provided a review in three parts. Firstly,it reviewed matrix assisted laser ionization desorption mass spectrometry imaging(MADLI)technology,secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging(SIMS)technology,Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging(DESI)technology and the principle of nanostructure induced mass spectrometry imaging technology were summarized. Secondly,the application examples of mass spectrometry imaging technology in the visualization analysis and identification of metabolites in traditional Chinese medicinal plants as well as the biosynthesis pathways of active ingredients were reviewed. Finally,the advantages and limitations of mass spectrometry imaging technology were summarized,and further prospects were made for the application of mass spectrometry imaging technology in traditional Chinese medicinal plants.

mass spectrometry imaging  /  matrix assisted laser ionization desorption adsorption  /  medicinal plants  /  quality determination  /  niosynthetic pathways
黄彦昌, 边澈, 杨燕云, 康廷国, 许亮. 质谱成像技术在中药材质量鉴定和生物合成途径研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (5) : 124 -128 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.025
Yanchang HUANG, Che BIAN, Yanyun YANG, Tingguo KANG, Liang XU. Research Progress of Mass Spectrometry Imaging Technology in Quality Identification and Biosynthesis Pathway of Chinese Medicinal Materials[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (5) : 124 -128 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.025
中药作为中医药的重要组成部分,其质量优劣直接影响中医临床用药安全性及有效性[1]。目前,大多中药质量的优劣都能以量化的方式呈现,这与现代技术的发展有着必然联系。就中药鉴定而言,鉴定方法从传统性状鉴别[2]如肉眼观察、用手触摸、闻药材气味和口尝药材等,到如今分子鉴定[3]如DNA条形码技术、随机扩增多肽DNA标记和限制性内切酶片段长度多态性等,都与现代技术发展息息相关。质谱联用技术,基因数据库等现代技术的应用分别加速了中药化合物分离,鉴定及代谢组学领域等研究[4-5],但缺乏一种直观的可视化技术。
质谱成像是一门将质谱数据转化为二维图像的技术[6],基本原理是利用质谱法将组织切片上的生物信息转化为质谱数据,再通过配套的成像软件将质谱数据转化为图像(插页ⅩⅩⅧ图1)。本综述对常见的质谱成像技术进行分类,重点介绍质谱成像技术基本原理并对常见4种质谱成像技术进行比较。其次,通过对质谱成像技术在中药领域中的应用进行举例,阐述质谱成像技术在中药领域研究中的意义。最后对常用的质谱成像技术进行优势总结,对中药领域不同研究方向提供技术参考。
将组织切片装在样板上,喷涂基质、不喷涂或“引发剂”覆盖。用激光[基质辅助激光解吸电离质谱成像(Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging,MADLI)和纳米结构引发质谱成像(Nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry imaging,NIMS)]、离子束[二次离子质谱成像(Secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging,SIMS)]或带电溶剂液滴[解吸电喷雾电离质谱成像(Desorption electrospray ionizationmass spectrometry imaging,DESI)],使组织切片上的分子转化为质谱仪可检测的离子。离子通过质谱仪获得质谱信息,将这些信息编译,通过成像软件转化为二维离子图谱。见插页ⅩⅩⅧ图1。
MALDI-MSI质谱成像技术于1997年由CAPRIOLI[7]等应用于生物组织,是目前应用最为广泛的技术[8]。应用范围包括但不限于药物评价[9]、环境分析[10]、食品安全检测[11]以及整个生命科学领域[12]。质谱成像检测的范围较广,可从小分子量代谢物的脂质、核苷酸到大分子量的神经肽、聚合糖以及完整的蛋白质等[13-15]。MALDI成像技术的基本检测步骤可分为组织样品的制备(一般包括包埋、冷冻、切片)、基质覆盖(基质选择、喷涂方法选择)、质谱图像的获得以及质谱图像处理4个部分[6]。其中在组织样品制备时需注意,拿到新鲜样品后需立即将样品低温冷却,这是为了保证鲜组织样品中化合物分布位置及含量不变,得到更加准确的数据,若不立即实验也需要立即放入-80℃冰箱中冷冻,以防代谢物质降解。基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间[16](Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry,MALDI-TOP)质谱技术是最常用的一种方法之一,但分辨率相对较低且需要在真空条件下分析;由KOMPAUER M[17]等改进的AP-MALDI(Atmospheric pressure MALDI mass spectrometry imaging)成像技术,不但横向分辨率达到了1.4μm,质量分辨率可达到105,精确度低于2 ppm,同时也克服了真空条件下分析的限制。
SIMS技术源头可追溯到1910年,由物理学家THOMSON在进行金属板碰撞实验中首次发现“次级射线”现象[18]。1930年左右ARONT等对二次离子理论进行了进一步的研究,1949年HERZOG和VIEHBÖCK在此前的基础上共同研发出了第一台二次离子质谱仪[19]。其基本原理是由高能离子束轰击样品表面,穿过一定深度的样品表面且溅射出二次离子,二次离子经过质量分析器按质荷比的不同,得到质谱数据;同时,利用计算机及专业软件记录不同质荷比的离子信号,再处理生成离子二级图谱[20]。SIMS技术出现时期较早,最初用于材料学,主要用于半导体行业[21],在医学、植物学方面也用于同位素标记追踪感兴趣的物质[22]。SIMS技术早在2011年就提出3D成像的可能性[23],目前成功地在小鼠心脏上实现3D成像[24]。
DESI质谱成像技术于2004年由COOKS'小组引入,在2006年与MSI技术合并[25]。基本原理为带电液滴指向研究对象,从表面摄取,使其电离,将其输送到质谱仪中进行检测[26]。DESI与MALDI不同,主要体现在以下几个方面:第一,DESI质谱成像技术不需要在真空条件下使用,是一种可以在常压环境下使用的MSI技术;第二,DESI的组织切片虽然与MALDI同样需要冷冻,但不需要基质覆盖,由此DESI克服了在MALDI中由于基质引起的空间位移现象[27],使检测对象的空间分布更加精确;第三,但DESI成像检测对象的分子量一般不能超过1000道尔顿,且对疏水性化合物灵敏度与分辨率更高,因此较为局限,而MALDI成像的检测范围更广,不受限于检测对象的分子量影响,适用于各类生物样本;第四,对于检测对象的空间分辨率来说,DESI的空间分辨率低于MALDI,这是由于仪器的受限,主要是受到溶剂组成、毛细管尺寸以及气体流速等因素影响[28]。随着DESIMSI技术的出现,它的应用范围同样很广泛,同样适用于各个生命学科,COOKSR G小组认为DESI可作为MALDI的补充,因为脂质等物质更容易被DESI检测到,而蛋白质与多肽等分子更容易被MALDI检测到[26]。大气压快速分析介质阻挡放电电离技术(Air flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization,AFADESI),由ABLIZ[29]团队开发的创新技术,在继承了DESI成像技术优势的基础上扩大了对检测物的覆盖率,使其在非靶向的实验中可以同时检测到数千个分子,也可做到全身切片成像。
NIMS技术即纳米结构引发质谱技术,由斯克里普斯质谱中心的GARY SIUZDAK博士发明的一种新质谱技术[30],该技术由DIOS-MS[31]技术发展而来,类似于MALDI-MS技术但不需要基质,可将样品直接放在硅板上进行解析/电离。NIMS与DIOS技术均不需要真空条件,无需基质的优势也让其具有高灵敏度及低化学干扰的特点;NIMS使用吸附在纳米结构表面的液体“引发剂[30]”或“包合物”中的分子来释放和电离吸附在表面上的完整分子,这使得NIMS技术拥有更加优于DIOS技术的成像条件。NIMS硅基表面的制备[32]只有简单的清洁、蚀刻以及引发剂的应用;清洁可以降低化学干扰,30 min左右蚀刻的硅基板具有最佳性能,引发剂通常不会电离从而引起化学干扰。因此该技术对低质量物质分析有更好的优势,检测样品分子量一般由引发剂的性质决定,分子量越大对引发剂的要求越高。
中药天然成分在植物体内的分布非常复杂,单味药中不同部位的各种化学成分含量大小不同,组成成分不同,这对中药成分分析带来考验。在人参、西洋参和三七[33]药用植物的根中天然化合物的可视化采用MALDI-MSI技术,分析了皂苷类化合物的分布和含量;该技术还应用于甘草[34]根茎中黄酮、黄酮苷和三萜皂苷以及白木香[35]茎中色酮的分布。薄荷叶[36]与银杏叶[37]中黄酮类成分的可视化分别使用DESI与MALDI技术;这两个技术同样应用于贯叶金丝桃花[38]和女贞果实[39]中天然化合物的可视化研究。槟榔[40]种子中天然化合物生物碱类槟榔碱,使用DESI技术发现成熟槟榔中槟榔碱主要累积在棕色部分。
药用植物化合物成分多样,对其药用成分、采收期以及一些野生药材年龄的鉴定难度较大。传统中药鉴定方法对鉴定人员专业要求较高[41],对中药材性状特征进行鉴别,需眼、耳、口、鼻、手并用,操作简便,但主观能动性较强[42];现代主流鉴定技术为分子技术鉴定、指纹图谱鉴定、仿生识别技术鉴定等,客观性更强,数据呈现更明确。
MSI技术近几年来成为了一种快速鉴定的新方法,且取得了较好的成果。白航睿[43]在对人参的研究中建立了MALDITOPMSI技术对2年生、4年生以及6年生人参的鉴定方法,利用MALDI技术对西洋参、三七和人参三种人参属植物中主要皂苷含量及分布进行测定,将成像数据进行PCA测定,皂苷丰富区域的数据明显将3种植物区分开。在混合药材中寻找大麻[44],为了方便寻找使用胶带将粉末黏住,用镊子采集测定时高离子强度碎片,制片后放在显微镜下观察,寻找大麻特有的囊状毛与毛状体进行鉴定。除物种鉴定外,DUAN SY等[45]将MALDI技术用于薤白与藠头鳞茎中甾体皂苷可视化鉴定分析,发现甾体皂苷主要分布在薤白外叶鳞片和叶鞘中,藠头则是整个鳞茎叶片中均有甾体皂苷分布;质谱信息为其后续寻找哪种甾体皂苷对血小板集聚作用关系缩小范围。目前MSI技术在中药鉴定方面的应用还需要继续开发,药材种源与药材年限鉴定还有很大潜力。
在药用植物中大部分有效成分都属于植物次生代谢物质,关于次生代谢物质的生物合成研究本草基因组学[46]在对中草药基因方面的研究提供了一个平台,为药用植物次生代谢物质合成途径提供了技术支撑。人参皂苷的合成途径基因检测[47]在DESI技术的帮助下,完成了对人参皂苷Rc1、Ra1/Ra2、Rd/Re等定位及分布数据,通过转录组数据检测及聚类分析,结果,当人参总皂苷含量被视为加权因子时,其中3个模块与人参总皂苷呈正相关,最相关的模块包含15 762个基因,表明人参皂苷合成和调节的复杂机制。在丹参和大叶鼠尾草的二萜化合物研究中[48],在DESI-MSI技术检测结果中发现,丹参酮的生物合成途径在大叶鼠尾草中主要含有上游途径的中间代谢产物,在丹参中主要含有下游途径的中间代谢产物,主要分支点在于呋喃-D环的合成。HESKESA M等[49]采用MALDI技术在穗花牡荆果实和叶片表面的毛状体上定位到了二萜化合物,结合数据库分析确定了7个候选基因参与二萜类化合物合成。贯叶金丝桃[50]中氧杂蒽酮(Xanthones)利用APMALDI技术定位在其根的外皮层及内皮层,主要集中在成熟区的外皮层,内皮层含量较低,经过多方面的研究结合,得出结论氧杂蒽酮是由内而外合成的,累积在根外皮层作为贯叶连翘的一道防线。在KUSARI S[38]等研究中,金丝桃属中金丝桃素在MALDI技术的可视化下可观察到在黑色腺体中大量累积,金丝桃素前体物质大黄素同样在腺体中大量累积,从而为金丝桃素的合成途径提供了间接证据。
MSI技术除了用于中药药用植物代谢产物可视化分析、鉴定及有效成分生物合成途径以外还应用于中药药用植物许多方面研究,例如,在芍药甘草汤质量控制研究中DESI-MSI技术与超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器检测法(UHPLC-DAD)相比,取样量少,操作简单,分析时间短,分析结果数据多,可通过单味药的单煎、阴性对照等方法确定单味药在复方中的指标性成分,从而在不需要对照品的情况下完成对复方制剂的质量控制[51]。SOARES M S[52]采用MALDI-MSI技术对甜橙被叶缘焦枯病菌感染后叶片成像分析,与健康的叶片相比发现感染病菌后的叶片特定橙皮苷增加且能储存在叶片海绵组织和栏栅组织中(一般储存在液泡中)作为整体防御的一部分。在中药药用植物药用安全性研究中槟榔生物碱在槟榔未成熟时没有棕色区域与白色区域之分,没有大理石状花纹特征,其毒性比成熟槟榔更大,且主要四种生物碱槟榔碱、槟榔次碱、去甲基槟榔碱和去甲基槟榔次碱组成[40],在槟榔成熟过程中,棕色区域与白色区域逐渐分开,生物碱成分主要集中在棕色区域,白色区域较少,若能将其分开毒性会大大降低,可提高药用安全性。中药药用植物有效成分在动物体内代谢分布对药物代谢动力学有重要意义,YANG S H等[53]使用MALDI TOP MS对小鼠体内(心脏、肝脏、肾脏和脾脏)玛咖提取物咪唑生物碱的作用分布进行探讨,发现该生物碱在肝皮质和肾髓质均匀分布,在心脏组织血管区域并没有发现该物质,该结果不仅可用于咪唑生物碱在生物体内代谢机制研究,也可用于新药研发。
质谱成像技术分类有利于各个学科在自身领域的研究,4种质谱成像方法无论在检测对象上还是空间分辨率都有自身的优势与局限。如表1所示。
综上所述质谱成像技术作为一种能原位定量定性且二维甚至三维成像的工具,具有高稳定性、高通量、无标记等特点。上述几种MSI技术都有各自的特点,MALDI适用于各种大小分子物质检测,在各个领域中也是应用最多的技术,但制备过程相对复杂;SIMS是四种MSI技术中唯一一个有过三维成像案例的技术;DESI对于组织切片中小分子原位定位更为准确,但空间分辨率相对其他几种技术较低,可在常温下进行检测;NISM不同于以上3种,不需要基质制备,正常大气压下使得检测过程更简便,且化学干扰更低结果更精确,也是4种技术中唯一一个能将所检测生物分子空间分布信息完整定位的技术,缺点也更为明显,相对更适用于复杂的液体化合物(血液、尿液或含水量高的组织等)检测,对大分子物质检测灵敏度较低。
MSI技术在中药领域中无疑是一门具有极强潜力的新工具。其功能不局限于中药代谢物质的定位、鉴定以及生物合成途径分析,在毒性物质追踪[54],植物防御机制研究和中药方剂质量控制等其他中药学方面研究也有一定的成果。与传统技术相比,MSI技术在药用植物研究中优势更明显,体现在数据多、准确度高、覆盖面广等方面。在中药鉴定方面,药材质量的优劣不仅与药用植物种原鉴定有关,更与药用植物生长年限,次生代谢物质,有效药用成分积累有关,MSI技术在药用植物生长年限、次生代谢物质及有效成分积累方面能提供更有力的数据分析,也为中药研究提供了新视野。
MSI技术最大的局限在于成本,主要集中于仪器和耗材两部分,尽管有报道在开发低成本MSI软件及技术,但其分辨率远低于常用MSI技术,灵敏度较低且没有突破性的进展。若低成本MSI技术开发成功,其应用范围会变得更加广泛。随着目前质谱仪的改进与相关技术的完善,更好的电离方式、更新的软件及算法使得质谱成像技术可实现高特异性、三维立体质谱成像及结构信息确认等,将成为新兴技术开发领域。在药用植物研究中能更好地成像出次生代谢物质合成途径、方式,能提供更有力的证据证明药用植物中有效成分合成部位及路径,为代谢组学提供更新颖,更简便,更准确的技术。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82373999)
  • 辽宁省“百千万人才工程”项目(2021921039)
  • 辽宁省教育厅面上项目(JYTMS20231834)
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2025年第43卷第5期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.025
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-05-10
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国家自然科学基金项目(82373999)
辽宁省“百千万人才工程”项目(2021921039)
辽宁省教育厅面上项目(JYTMS20231834)
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    辽宁中医药大学药学院,辽宁 大连 116600

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许亮(1978-),男,辽宁大连人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药资源。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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