Article(id=1322924788217414062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923490592043032, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339448264, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339448264, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339448264, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339448264, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322923490592043032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1746806400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339138887, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340572227, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929502539612595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923490592043032, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929502539612596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923490592043032, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=7, endPage=14, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322924789530231215, articleId=1322924788217414062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Role of Oxidative Stress in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment: A Review, columnId=1256183423710970242, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=New Opinion of Ph.D. Supervisor, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)is an important cause of female infertility worldwide. It is characterized by hyperandrogenism(HA),insulin resistance(IR),obesity,ovulation disorder and infertility,often accompanied by metabolic syndrome and chronic low-grade inflammation,which seriously affects women's physical and mental health. The disease is affected by a variety of factors,and its etiology and pathogenesis are not clear. Oxidative stress(OS)refers to the imbalance between the oxidative system and antioxidant system in the human body. Studies have found that OS is closely related to the occurrence and development of PCOS,and can drive other pathologicalmechanisms to promote the development of PCOS,such asmitochondrial dysfunction and inflammatory response. This article summarized the correlation between OSand themain clinical symptoms of PCOS,and summed up the traditional Chinese medicine monomer,traditional Chinese medicine compound,Chinese patentmedicine,acupuncture and moxibustion to reduce the status of OS in patients and improve the clinical symptoms of PCOS patients,in order to expand the application range of traditional Chinesemedicine in the treatmentof PCOSand provide reliable scientific theoretical basis.

, authors=Ruining LIANG1, 2, 3, Yafan WANG1, 2, Chengyi LIU1, 2, 3, authorsList=Ruining LIANG, Yafan WANG, Chengyi LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chengyi LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322924794001359282, articleId=1322924788217414062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=氧化应激在多囊卵巢综合征中的作用机理及中医药治疗研究进展, columnId=1256183426563096985, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=博士导师新论, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovarian syndrome,PCOS)是全球女性不孕的重要原因,以高雄激素血症(hyperandrogenism,HA)、胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)、肥胖、排卵障碍及不孕为主要临床特征,常伴有代谢综合征和慢性低度炎症状态,严重影响女性的身心健康。该病受多种因素的影响,病因不清,病机不明。氧化应激(oxidative stress,OS)是指人体内氧化系统与抗氧化系统之间的失衡,研究发现OS与PCOS的发生发展密切相关,并且能够驱动其他病理机制共同促进PCOS的发展,如参与线粒体功能障碍、炎症反应等。总结概括OS与PCOS主要临床症状的相关性,归纳中药单体、中药复方及中成药、针灸改善患者体内OS状态,改善PCOS患者临床症状的研究进展,以期扩大中医药治疗PCOS的应用范围,提供可靠的科学理论依据。

, authors=梁瑞宁1, 2, 3, 王雅凡1, 2, 刘城移1, 2, 3, authorsList=梁瑞宁, 王雅凡, 刘城移, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘城移, authorNote=

梁瑞宁(1963-),男,江西瑞金人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:生殖与内分泌。

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘城移(1994-),女,河南洛阳人,助教,硕士,研究方向:生殖与内分泌。E-mail:。
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梁瑞宁(1963-),男,江西瑞金人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:生殖与内分泌。

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梁瑞宁(1963-),男,江西瑞金人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:生殖与内分泌。

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氧化应激在多囊卵巢综合征中的作用机理及中医药治疗研究进展
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梁瑞宁 1, 2, 3 , 王雅凡 1, 2 , 刘城移 1, 2, 3
中华中医药学刊 | 博士导师新论 2025,43(5): 7-14
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中华中医药学刊 |博士导师新论 2025 , 43 (5) : 7 -14
氧化应激在多囊卵巢综合征中的作用机理及中医药治疗研究进展
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梁瑞宁(1963-),男,江西瑞金人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:生殖与内分泌。

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梁瑞宁(1963-),男,江西瑞金人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:生殖与内分泌。

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梁瑞宁1, 2, 3, 王雅凡1, 2, 刘城移1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.江西中医药大学,江西 南昌 330004
  • 2.江西中医药大学中医妇产科学研究所,江西 南昌 333006
  • 3.江西中医药大学第二附属医院,江西 南昌 330012
通讯作者:
刘城移(1994-),女,河南洛阳人,助教,硕士,研究方向:生殖与内分泌。E-mail:。
作者简介:

梁瑞宁(1963-),男,江西瑞金人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:生殖与内分泌。

Role of Oxidative Stress in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment: A Review
Ruining LIANG1, 2, 3, Yafan WANG1, 2, Chengyi LIU1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine,Nanchang 330004,Jiangxi,China
  • 2.Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine,Nanchang 330006,Jiangxi,China
  • 3.The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine,Nanchang 330012,Jiangxi,China
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.002
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多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovarian syndrome,PCOS)是全球女性不孕的重要原因,以高雄激素血症(hyperandrogenism,HA)、胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)、肥胖、排卵障碍及不孕为主要临床特征,常伴有代谢综合征和慢性低度炎症状态,严重影响女性的身心健康。该病受多种因素的影响,病因不清,病机不明。氧化应激(oxidative stress,OS)是指人体内氧化系统与抗氧化系统之间的失衡,研究发现OS与PCOS的发生发展密切相关,并且能够驱动其他病理机制共同促进PCOS的发展,如参与线粒体功能障碍、炎症反应等。总结概括OS与PCOS主要临床症状的相关性,归纳中药单体、中药复方及中成药、针灸改善患者体内OS状态,改善PCOS患者临床症状的研究进展,以期扩大中医药治疗PCOS的应用范围,提供可靠的科学理论依据。

多囊卵巢综合征  /  氧化应激  /  代谢异常  /  生殖健康  /  中医药治疗

Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)is an important cause of female infertility worldwide. It is characterized by hyperandrogenism(HA),insulin resistance(IR),obesity,ovulation disorder and infertility,often accompanied by metabolic syndrome and chronic low-grade inflammation,which seriously affects women's physical and mental health. The disease is affected by a variety of factors,and its etiology and pathogenesis are not clear. Oxidative stress(OS)refers to the imbalance between the oxidative system and antioxidant system in the human body. Studies have found that OS is closely related to the occurrence and development of PCOS,and can drive other pathologicalmechanisms to promote the development of PCOS,such asmitochondrial dysfunction and inflammatory response. This article summarized the correlation between OSand themain clinical symptoms of PCOS,and summed up the traditional Chinese medicine monomer,traditional Chinese medicine compound,Chinese patentmedicine,acupuncture and moxibustion to reduce the status of OS in patients and improve the clinical symptoms of PCOS patients,in order to expand the application range of traditional Chinesemedicine in the treatmentof PCOSand provide reliable scientific theoretical basis.

polycystic ovary syndrome  /  oxidative stress  /  metabolic disturbance  /  reproductive health  /  traditional Chinesemedicine therapy
梁瑞宁, 王雅凡, 刘城移. 氧化应激在多囊卵巢综合征中的作用机理及中医药治疗研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (5) : 7 -14 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.002
Ruining LIANG, Yafan WANG, Chengyi LIU. Role of Oxidative Stress in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment: A Review[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (5) : 7 -14 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.002
多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovarian syndrome,PCOS)是一种育龄期女性常见的内分泌代谢紊乱疾病,其患病率高达5%~20%,具有高度异质性[1-2]。PCOS患者临床上主要表现为高雄激素血症(hyperandrogenism,HA)、胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)、脂质代谢异常、肥胖、排卵障碍及不孕等,并伴随患子宫内膜癌、代谢综合征、心血管疾病及2型糖尿病等远期并发症的风险增加[3]。PCOS发病机制尚不明确,这极大限制了临床高效诊疗PCOS的发展,目前PCOS的治疗主要根据不同人群需求以对症治疗为主,尚无治愈方法。
许多研究证实了氧化应激(oxidative stress,OS)与PCOS的发病机制强相关[4-5]。OS是体内氧化与抗氧化作用失衡的一种状态,其产生活性物质如活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)、活性氮(reactive nitrogen species,RNS)等过多积累会导致细胞、组织和器官损伤[6-7]。与健康妇女相比,PCOS女性血清和卵泡液中的OS标志物丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MAD)、晚期糖基化终产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)、黄蝶呤氧化酶(xanthopterin oxidase,XO)水平升高,以及OS相关指标:总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,TAC)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPX)、还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)等水平降低[4,8-9],这系列研究结果提示PCOS患者体内存在OS。本文将从线粒体功能障碍、慢性低度炎症、代谢异常和生殖健康的角度来阐述OS与PCOS发病机制之间的相关性,以及对近年来中医药特色治疗调整PCOS患者体内OS状态,改善PCOS常见临床表现进行整理,以期为防治PCOS相关研究提供参考。
线粒体功能障碍可能在PCOS的病理生理学中发挥重要作用,PCOS中常见线粒体基因组突变体,研究发现与健康对照组相比,携带线粒体tRNA(mitochondrial tRNAs,mt-tRNA)突变的PCOS女性患者血浆OS标志物,如8-羟化脱氧鸟苷、MDA和ROS水平升高,而SOD水平、线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)拷贝数、线粒体膜电位(mitochondrialmembrane potential,MMP)水平则显著降低[10]。OS与线粒体功能障碍之间的关系尚未完全明确,但二者存在密切的联系,OS增加会导致线粒体功能障碍[11]。另外线粒体作为调节内分泌的关键细胞器其功能障碍会使细胞氧化能力受损,且作为ROS的主要来源会导致其过度积累[12],进而诱发OS。在PCOS中OS会破坏线粒体正常结构及功能,以及导致MMP下降[11,13];其中MMP的减少是线粒体功能障碍的主要特征,其缺失会导致线粒体电子传递链缺陷、代谢耗氧量降低、三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)耗竭,进而导致PCOS的一系列临床表现,如HA、IR、肥胖、卵泡发育异常和慢性炎症[13]。另外有研究指出OS、线粒体功能障碍与炎症之间的关系,认为OS通过增加mtROS的产生和线粒体渗漏,可以诱导促炎细胞因子的表达,增加细胞对炎症信号的反应性,诱导损伤相关的分子模式,并激活炎症小体[11]。
在PCOS中OS和慢性低度炎症往往同时存在[4,14-16],且二者是相互依赖的生理病理过程[17]。研究发现慢性低度炎症是PCOS的主要致病因素之一,并与HA、IR、高血糖、无排卵密切相关[18-19]。PCOS患者体内炎症标志物如:肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(interleukin-8,IL-8)等水平永久性升高[13]。在PCOS患者体内,活化的炎症细胞会产生许多氧化物质,包括超氧化物、过氧化氢、羟基自由基、次氯酸[20],这些活性氧化物质的过度积累会导致OS的发生[21],且研究发现PCOS患者炎症反应的初始激活与ROS产生增加有关[22]。在肥胖PCOS患者中观察到氧化低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low-density lipoprotein,ox-LDL)水平升高,其可激活核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)等多条细胞信号通路,上调促炎症因子的表达,进而促进单核细胞(mononuclear cell,MNCs)和炎症细胞聚集。这些炎症细胞又能够产生大量的ROS和RNS,进一步加重OS,形成恶性循环[23]。另外,巨噬细胞是协调炎症和相关病理的关键细胞[24],M1/M2巨噬细胞极化的稳态功能障碍会引起炎症,其中M1型巨噬细胞活化会导致促炎细胞因子和ROS的产生,是参与形成PCOS患者体内慢性低度炎症的关键细胞[25]。核因子E2相关因子/血红素氧合酶-1(E2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1,Nrf2/HO-1)信号通路是OS中重要的信号通路,其中HO-1属于巨噬细胞表达的抗氧化酶[26],同时也是Nrf2发挥氧化活性的重要媒介[27-28]。研究报道,HO-1不仅可以减少ROS产生,并且能够促使巨噬细胞向M2型转化发挥抗炎作用[26]。在临床上观察到PCOS患者中HO-1的表达降低,且与OS之间存在负相关[29-30]。可见,在PCOS中OS与慢性低度炎症之间存在密切联系,二者之间相互影响恶化,共同促进了PCOS的病理发生。
雄激素过量是PCOS的主要生理病理机制[13],不仅使患者产生多毛、黑棘皮等临床表现,而且会导致生殖、代谢的异常。据报道有80%以上的PCOS患者伴有HA[2,31],HA对PCOS相关的代谢稳态产生不利影响,包括IR、肥胖、OS和炎症[32]。在PCOS中,HA与OS的发生密切相关,是促进PCOS发生OS的重要因素。研究发现伴有HA表型的PCOS患者其抗氧化功能受损更加严重[14]。性激素结合球蛋白(sex hormone-binding globulin,SHBG)是性激素的转运体,与雄激素亲和力高,是评估PCOS患者HA严重程度的一个常用指标[33]。研究发现OS可能通过降低PCOS患者体内的SHBG水平来促进HA的发生。在PCOS中,SHBG水平与ox-LDL、TAC、总氧化状态(total oxidant status,TOS)负相关,另外ox-LDL和氧化高密度脂蛋白(oxidized high-density lipoprotein,ox-HDL)作为OS的产物抑制了肝细胞核因子4α(hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α,HNF-4α)的表达进而下调SHBG的水平。因此OS导致PCOS体内SHBG水平降低,进一步导致PCOS中HA的发生[23]。睾酮在体内和体外都具有促氧化作用,并且OS产生的ROS会导致雄激素本身的合成[5,34],是PCOS患者体内雄激素水平升高的另一种途径。PCOS患者伴有HA可以诱导卵巢醛糖还原酶的表达导致多元醇途径的通量增加,且会增加卵巢脂质过氧化,降低过氧化氢酶活性和GSH含量,进一步损害卵巢功能[35-36]。并且OS能够上调细胞色素单加氧酶(cytochrome monooxygenase,CYP17)的表达,进而导致雄激素的合成增加[37]。
IR是PCOS女性中最常见的代谢紊乱之一,常累及65%~70%的患者[32]。OS在PCOS患者的HA和IR中起重要作用,且在PCOS中HA和IR是相互影响的病理过程,HA可降低葡萄糖转运蛋白-4(glucose transporter-4,GLUT4)的敏感性和表达水平,抑制胰岛素的降解;IR可刺激卵巢中雄激素的产生,并且减少肝脏中SHBG的产生,上调PCOS体内雄激素水平[38]。在PCOS中发现OS与IR的发生之间存在着紧密联系,研究表明经葡萄糖刺激后的PCOS患者中ROS和NADPH氧化酶的关键蛋白成分p47phox表达增加。OS发生后多种蛋白激酶被激活,导致胰岛素受体底物(insulin substrate receptor,IRS)丝氨酸/苏氨酸磷酸化,抑制IRS正常酪氨酸磷酸化,导致胰岛素信号通路受到抑制,最终引发IR[39-40]。同时,TNF-α是由MNCs分泌的一种胰岛素抵抗介质[41-42],能够刺激体内产生雄激素的卵泡膜细胞增殖[43]。在OS发生后,MNCs中的TNF-α释放增加会抑制胰岛素信号传导并损害葡萄糖摄取[44],且HA又会增强MNCs对葡萄糖的敏感性[32]。MNCs产生ROS,激活NF-κB信号通路,促进TNF-α的转录,进一步恶化IR并导致HA[44-45]。胰岛素在PCOS中具有特殊作用,一项体外研究发现胰岛素刺激细胞增殖,增加黄体生成素(luteinizing Hormone,LH)介导的雄激素分泌,增加LH和胰岛素样生长因子1(insulin-like growth factor 1,IGF-1)受体的细胞色素p450表达。细胞色素p450可以增加机体内ROS含量,进而引发OS[46]。
AGEs是一种高度活性的分子,在PCOS病因病理学中逐渐受到重视,并且与OS之间存在着紧密联系。研究发现AGEs的沉积会导致PCOS的发生,AGEs与其膜受体的相互作用激活信号通路,导致OS、HA、IR和排卵功能障碍的发生;且在PCOS患者的血清和卵泡液中均出现AGEs水平升高。OS会促进晚期糖基化的最后一步,导致AGEs积累增加;另外AGEs与其受体结合能够激活NADPH氧化酶的活性,增加ROS的产生[47]。另有研究认为OS可能直接损伤胰岛β细胞,因为胰岛β细胞内抗氧化酶水平较低更容易受到ROS的损伤[48]。另外OS会减少体内肌肉和脂肪组织中的葡萄糖摄取[5],减少胰腺β细胞分泌胰岛素,进而导致胰岛素作用紊乱[5]。
在PCOS患者中多达70%的女性出现脂代谢异常的表型[49],研究表明OS的增加与PCOS患者抗氧化功能受损相关,在PCOS中发现高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein,HDL)的抗氧化和抗炎活性较正常女性显著降低。其中雌二醇(estradiol,E2)与HDL氧化水平呈正相关,能够通过提高载脂蛋白A1来增加HDL结合和氧化脂质的转运,进而增加PCOS患者循环OS的水平[14]。PCOS患者的脂质代谢紊乱,导致机体内抗氧化平衡失调,生物膜中的磷脂不饱和脂肪酸经自由基作用会产生大量脂质过氧化物(lipid peroxide,LPO)[50],产物包括MDA和羟自由基。其中PCOS患者LPO过程的变化是代偿性的,SOD活性降低,MDA水平升高[51],且PCOS患者卵泡液中ox-LDL水平升高[52]。另外7β-羟基胆固醇与PCOS诊断高度相关,其水平的改变可引起OS和脂肪酸代谢障碍,可能是PCOS潜在生物标志物。研究发现卵泡液中7β-羟基胆固醇水平的升高会阻碍PCOS患者卵母细胞的生长[53-54],进而影响排卵。
PCOS患者中至少有38% ~88%存在超重或肥胖,尤其是内脏型肥胖[32];OS可加重PCOS中代谢异常的表现,如HA、IR、肥胖等[55]。肥胖又会导致患者体内OS的发生,其主要原因是由于其脂肪细胞的增生和肥大,白色脂肪沉积大量增加[56],白色脂肪组织可以产生具有生物活性的脂肪因子,脂肪因子可诱导ROS的产生,促进了脂质的过氧化[57]。在肥胖中氧化损伤的反应性物质水平增加,抗氧化物酶的活性显著降低[57]。研究发现,肥胖PCOS组中血清平均MDA水平显著高于非肥胖组PCOS和健康对照组。另外,与皮下脂肪组织(subcutaneous fatty tissue,SAT)相比,内脏脂肪组织(visceral adipose tissue,VAT)与代谢性疾病有更直接的联系[58-59],发现PCOS与VAT中氧化应激水平的增加有关。且发现IR与OS在VAT水平的强相关性,VAT可能参与了PCOS中的OS和IR[59]的发生发展。
有学者提出PCOS是一种卵泡发育障碍性疾病,无排卵性不孕是PCOS的主要特征之一[3]。研究发现PCOS与对照组的健康女性相比,卵泡液中的OS标志物(MAD、GSH、SOD、TOC)水平更高、胚胎质量更差,其中TOC和MDA是影响胚胎质量的关键因素,表明卵泡液内环境的OS状态与胚胎质量呈负相关[60]。ROS是诱导卵泡生长、成熟及排卵的重要调节因子[61],卵巢中ROS的过度积累会减少卵泡中卵母细胞和颗粒细胞(granule cells,GCs)之间的交流,影响卵母细胞的成熟,导致卵母细胞质量降低及GCs凋亡,并加速黄体的退化[62-63]。研究发现PCOS患者颗粒细胞内存在线粒体氧化应激,其氧化应激损伤可能影响了线粒体转录因子A(mitochondrial transcription factor,TFAM)的表达水平[64],产生过量的ROS,直接影响线粒体氧化磷酸化(oxidative phosphorylation,OXPHOS)的效率,抑制卵母细胞成熟[65-66]。低氧诱导因子(hypoxia-inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)在卵巢细胞中特异性表达,在卵泡发育和排出过程中发挥重要调控作用。在PCOS大鼠的卵巢中同样检测到HIF-α基因表达升高[67],其高表达会引起OS,进而损伤为卵泡发育供应能量的GCs,最终导致卵泡闭锁[68],影响排卵。可见,OS会引起卵巢颗粒细胞过度损伤,导致卵泡发育和过度卵泡闭锁,从而导致不孕。
PCOS患者母体子宫内OS增加会引起胎盘血管功能障碍,导致胎盘滋养层分化异常、胎盘血流量减少,进而导致胎儿组织受损。研究发现PCOS患者的新生儿OS标志物、AGEs和晚期氧化糖蛋白产物(advanced oxidation protein products,AOPPS)与对照组相比均升高,并与母亲具有相似的高雄激素血症。这表明PCOS患者的新生儿暴露于OS增加的子宫内环境中,且胎儿体内胰岛素、OS水平与母体直接相关[69]。ZHANG Y H等[70]研究发现使用雄激素合并胰岛素诱导的妊娠大鼠表现出妊娠PCOS患者相似的内分泌代谢异常,还出现了流产率高、活产率低的情况;进一步研究发现胎盘中ROS的积累、线粒体-ROSSOD1/Nrf2轴的失调是妊娠大鼠流产的主要原因。表观遗传在PCOS的病因学中发挥重要作用,同时也是胎儿发育过程中细胞分化和器官形成的关键。其中OS与表观遗传密切相关。OS可改变染色质结构,导致核小体松弛,另外ROS可以直接调节从脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA)和组蛋白到组蛋白修饰剂的甲基组,导致表观遗传改变,进而对胎儿编程造成影响且造成不良妊娠结局[71-72]。
PCOS在中医古籍中无具体病名记载,根据PCOS患者的临床表现大致可概括为“不孕”“癥瘕”“闭经”“月经后期”“月经过少”等。目前PCOS的治疗方案主要是基于患者的症状和所需的临床效果,其治疗方案主要包括:改变生活方式、口服避孕药、诱导排卵、雄激素抑制和降胰岛素药物等。然而,疗效并不令人满意,需要长期的临床管理。研究发现,中医药治疗能够有效改善PCOS患者体内OS状态,降低氧化物水平或提高抗氧化物水平,从而进一步改善PCOS患者的HA、IR、肥胖、排卵障碍及不孕等常见临床表现。
许多中药单体在治疗OS中发挥着重要作用,中药活性成分属黄酮类、多酚类等都具有抗氧化作用。刘桂宇等[28]实验发现山楂叶黄总酮具有抗氧化损伤作用,能够活化PCOS大鼠卵巢组织Nrf2/HO-1信号通路发挥抗氧化作用,改善糖脂代谢异常及胰岛素敏感性,调节激素水平,减轻卵巢病理变化。ALAHMADIA A等[73]发现洋甘菊其主要活性成分包括酚类、类黄酮和植物雌激素,其提取物治疗PCOS大鼠后,血清MDA水平降低,GSH、CAT、GPx水平升高,显著改善了大鼠体内抗氧化状态。木犀草素、藏红花花瓣提取物及其活性成分花青素属于天然黄酮类化合物,HUANG Y等[74]和MOSHFEGH F等[75]研究发现在动物层面二者都能够显著增加PCOS大鼠体内SOD、GPx、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、GSH等抗氧化剂的活性,改善抗氧化反应,且木犀草素能够上调Nrf2信号通路。葛根素中活性物质能够阻断脂类的自动氧化过程,有效清除自由基,李文静等[76-77]发现葛根素能够加强肥胖PCOS患者中酶类GPX、非酶类VitE的抗氧化能力且瘦型患者服用葛根素其抗氧化能力更强,另外葛根素联合达英-35和二甲双胍可以有效上调SOD水平,改善OS状态。姜黄素是一种天然的酚类抗氧化剂,ABUELEZZ N Z等[78-79]发现纳米姜黄素能上调PCOS大鼠胰腺组织GSH、MDA和SOD等抗氧化因子水平,发挥抗氧化、抗炎的作用,同时缓解IR。小檗碱已被证明能改善PCOS患者IR、糖代谢异常和不孕,匡洪影等[80]发现小檗碱能通过激活沉默信息调节因子1(silence information modulation factor 1,SIRT1)和单磷酸腺苷激活的蛋白激酶[Adenosine 5’-monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase,AMPK]途径,诱导抗氧化酶的生成,中和过量ROS。另外能够激活SIRT1/转录因子FoxO1(forkhead box O1,FoxO1)或AMPK信号通路,降低NADPH氧化酶、MDA、氮氧化物(nitric oxide,NOX)水平,增加SOD、GSH和GPX的含量,改善PCOS的OS状态。
中药复方在疾病的治疗中极大程度上体现中医的整体观念与辨证论治,在临床上中药复方常与西药合用,在治疗各种疾病中更具优势。麒麟丸在抗OS和提高机体抗氧化能力方面具有重要作用,杨盼等[81]发现麒麟丸联合炔雌醇环丙孕酮可以有效提升PCOS患者子宫内膜容受性,改善PCOS患者氧化应激失衡状态。郗玉玲等[82]运用补肾调冲方联合炔雌醇环丙孕酮和来曲唑可以更加显著降低PCOS患者体内MDA水平,提高SOD、GSH水平,有效改善PCOS的OS状态。陶丽群等[83]运用苍附导痰丸加山腊梅叶联合达英-35和二甲双胍能够下调PCOS肥胖患者血清MDA和脂质过氧化氢(lipid hydrogen peroxide,LHP)水平,上调GPX水平,改善患者体内OS水平。张哲等[84]发现桂枝茯苓丸联合克罗米芬能提高PCOS患者体内TAC、SOD和GPX水平,降低CAT水平,缓解PCOS患者氧化和抗氧化失衡的状态。丁芳[85]发现疏肝补肾汤联合炔雌醇环丙孕酮片治疗PCOS患者后,患者体内GPX、脂联素水平升高,AOPPs水平降低,能够减轻机体OS反应程度,改善性激素,促进排卵。汤菊花等[86-87]研究发现妇科千金片联合克罗米芬治疗PCOS患者能够使机体内SOD、GPX水平上升,LPO水平下降,可有效改善子宫及卵巢情况,调节性激素水平,抑制OS。中药序贯疗法是根据月经周期各阶段的特点进行分期治疗,杨阳等[88]经此方法治疗后发现PCOS患者SOD水平高于采用克罗米芬治疗者,且MDA、8-异前列腺素F2a(8-iso-PGF2a)水平低于克罗米芬治疗者,表明中药序贯疗法可减轻OS损伤程度,能够更好地促进排卵和妊娠。
针灸是中医学的重要组成部分之一,并且在治疗PCOS中已被证实有显著治疗效果。甾醇调节元件结合蛋白-1(sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1,SREBP1)表达的增加参与了PCOS的进展,其过表达进一步加剧了线粒体功能障碍和OS。PENG Y等[89]在动物实验中经电针治疗后,PCOS大鼠体内SREBP1表达水平降低,SOD、CAT、GPX水平升高,有效缓解了线粒体功能障碍和OS状态。温针灸具有疏通经络、调节脏腑的作用,顾敏[90]运用温针灸疗法发现可有效提高PCOS患者体内SOD活性,降低MDA水平,且温针灸疗法改善肥胖型PCOS患者OS水平比非肥胖型PCOS患者疗效好。
由于PCOS的复杂异质性,其发病机制尚未完全明确。在本篇综述中,阐明OS在PCOS病因学中的作用。OS作为人体内氧化和抗氧化失衡的状态,与多种代谢性疾病密切相关,目前许多研究证实了OS与PCOS的发病和进展相关,主要表现在HA、IR、脂代谢异常、肥胖、生殖健康等方面。
查阅文献发现在PCOS中OS与线粒体功能障碍、慢性低度炎症密切相关。OS会导致线粒体功能障碍,导致MMP减少、ROS的过度积累,从而加剧OS。PCOS患者体内存在OS,其体内高水平的ROS会激活NF-κB等多种炎症通路,从而上调促炎基因的表达,加强炎症反应;同样在PCOS患者存在炎症状态,促炎症细胞会释放ROS等活性物质,加剧患者体内的OS。PCOS常见临床表现与OS之间存在密切联系:首先,OS能够下调SHBG表达、上调CYP17基因表达,是PCOS患者体内雄激素水平升高的主要原因。其次,OS会抑制胰岛素信号传导通路并会直接损伤胰岛β细胞,降低PCOS患者的胰岛素利用率。另外,OS会产生脂质过氧化物,加重PCOS患者的脂代谢异常,同时PCOS伴肥胖患者体内存在脂肪细胞异常和脂肪组织分泌的脂肪细胞因子失调是诱导OS发生的原因之一。最后,OS会导致卵母细胞发育障碍影响排卵,且会增加不良妊娠结局概率,同时HA、IR等代谢异常会遗传到子代(见图1)。
中药单体、中药复方、中成药、针灸等在改善PCOS患者的OS状态中发挥了很大优势,有效调整了患者体内氧化和抗氧化失衡的状态,进而改善OS导致的慢性低度炎症、代谢异常及生殖障碍等临床表现,但目前还缺乏具体的分子机制研究。近些年来关于OS的研究多数聚焦于炎症与线粒体功能障碍,希望在未来随着研究的不断深入,OS的其他分子靶点能够被发现,为中医药靶向调控OS进而治疗PCOS提供新的理论支持。
  • 江西省重点研发计划“揭榜挂帅”项目(20223BBG71012)
  • 江西省教育厅科技研究项目(GJJ2200919)
  • 江西省中医药管理局科技项目(2021A155)
  • 江西中医药大学校级科技创新团队发展计划项目(CXTD22013)
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2025年第43卷第5期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.002
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-05-10
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江西省重点研发计划“揭榜挂帅”项目(20223BBG71012)
江西省教育厅科技研究项目(GJJ2200919)
江西省中医药管理局科技项目(2021A155)
江西中医药大学校级科技创新团队发展计划项目(CXTD22013)
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    1.江西中医药大学,江西 南昌 330004
    2.江西中医药大学中医妇产科学研究所,江西 南昌 333006
    3.江西中医药大学第二附属医院,江西 南昌 330012

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刘城移(1994-),女,河南洛阳人,助教,硕士,研究方向:生殖与内分泌。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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