Article(id=1322923456349745940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923268038078806, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.030, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339130722, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1744214400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339130722, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339130722, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339130722, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322923268038078806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1744214400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339085826, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340586453, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929562572686061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923268038078806, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929562572686062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923268038078806, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=187, endPage=192, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322923456655930133, articleId=1322923456349745940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Anti-tumour Mechanism of Astragaloside Ⅳ and Its Research Progress in Lung Cancer, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide,and lung cancer is one of the malignant tumours with the fastest growing morbidity and mortalit and the greatest threat to people's health and lives. In recent years,the research on active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine to prevent and treat tumours has become more and more in-depth. Huangqi(Astragali Radix)is one of the commonly used anti-tumour Chinese medicines,which has been used in medicine for more than 2000 years,and has been regarded as“the most important medicine for replenishing Qi and spleen”. Astragaloside Ⅳ(AS-Ⅳ)is one of the main active ingredients of Huangqi(Astragali Radix),and modern pharmacological studies have shown that AS-Ⅳ has anticancer,anti-inflammatory,antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. This paper reviewed the research progress of AS-Ⅳ in lung cancer by collecting and summarizing the mechanisms of AS-Ⅳ in inhibiting tumor cell proliferation,inducing tumor cell apoptosis,inhibiting tumor cell migration and invasion,suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT),regulating autophagy,modulating immune response,alleviating toxic side effects during tumor treatment and enhancing sensitivity to antitumor drugs. The aim was to provide a reference for further research,development and application of AS-Ⅳ in order to support its clinical use.

, authors=Zhenyao YANG1, Xiaoqing ZHANG2, Chengzhi WANG1, Shan ZAHNG1, Gelei ZHAO1, Peimin LIU1, Dongdong LI1, authorsList=Zhenyao YANG, Xiaoqing ZHANG, Chengzhi WANG, Shan ZAHNG, Gelei ZHAO, Peimin LIU, Dongdong LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Peimin LIU, Dongdong LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322923458140713762, articleId=1322923456349745940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=黄芪甲苷抗肿瘤机制及其在肺癌中的研究进展, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

癌症是全球第二大死亡原因,而肺癌是发病率和病死率增长最快、对人们健康和生命威胁最大的恶性肿瘤之一。近年来,中药活性成分防治肿瘤的研究越来越深入。黄芪是常用的抗肿瘤中药之一,入药已有2000多年历史,被誉为“补气补脾诸药之最”。黄芪甲苷(Astragaloside Ⅳ,AS-Ⅳ)是黄芪主要活性成分之一,现代药理研究表明AS-Ⅳ具有抗癌、抗炎、抗氧化和免疫调节等作用。通过收集近年来国内外AS-Ⅳ抗肿瘤机制,梳理其抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡、抑制肿瘤细胞迁移与侵袭、抑制上皮细胞-间充质转化(Epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)、调节自噬、调节免疫反应应答、减轻肿瘤治疗过程中不良反应、增强抗肿瘤药物敏感性等作用,综述其在肺癌中的研究进展,以期支持AS-Ⅳ进一步研究、开发及应用,为其投入临床使用提供参考依据。

, authors=杨振耀1, 张晓青2, 王成志1, 张山1, 赵戈蕾1, 刘培民1, 李东东1, authorsList=杨振耀, 张晓青, 王成志, 张山, 赵戈蕾, 刘培民, 李东东, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘培民, 李东东, authorNote=

杨振耀(2000-),男,河南安阳人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘培民(1973-),男,山东枣庄人,教授,博士,研究方向:中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。E-mail:。
李东东(1989-),男,河南开封人,主治医师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。E-mail:。
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杨振耀(2000-),男,河南安阳人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。

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杨振耀(2000-),男,河南安阳人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。

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pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=53, authorNames=GU X, ZHU L Y, XU Z Y, journalName=Front Oncol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GU X,ZHU L Y,XU Z Y,et al.Astragaloside Ⅳ and saponins of rhizoma polygonati cure cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression in lung adenocarcinoma via down-regulating miR-142-3p[J].Front Oncol,2021,11:630921., articleTitle=Astragaloside Ⅳ and saponins of rhizoma polygonati cure cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression in lung adenocarcinoma via down-regulating miR-142-3p, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322923471587652504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923456349745940, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=39, issue=4, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=54, authorNames=DAI P C, LIU D L, ZHANG L, journalName=Tumour Biol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DAI P C,LIU D L,ZHANG L,et al.Astragaloside Ⅳ sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer cells to gefitinib potentially via regulation of SIRT6[J].Tumour Biol,2017,39(4):1010428317697555., articleTitle=Astragaloside Ⅳ sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer cells to gefitinib potentially via regulation of SIRT6, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322923471679927193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923456349745940, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=151, issue=6, pageStart=1185, pageEnd=1199, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=55, authorNames=SEBASTIÁN C, ZWAANSB M, SILBERMAN D M, journalName=Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SEBASTIÁN C,ZWAANSB M,SILBERMAN D M,et al.The histone deacetylase SIRT6 is a tumor suppressor that controls cancer metabolism[J].Cell,2012,151(6):1185-1199., articleTitle=The histone deacetylase SIRT6 is a tumor suppressor that controls cancer metabolism, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322923471742841754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923456349745940, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=389, issue=10066, pageStart=299, pageEnd=311, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=56, authorNames=HIRSCH F R, SCAGLIOTTI G V, MULSHINE J L, journalName=Lancet, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HIRSCH F R,SCAGLIOTTI G V,MULSHINE J L,et al.Lung cancer:current therapies and new targeted treatments[J].Lancet,2017,389(10066):299-311., articleTitle=Lung cancer:current therapies and new targeted treatments, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322923471826727835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923456349745940, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=46, issue=null, pageStart=14, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=57, authorNames=SUKUMAR M, KISHTON R J, RESTIFO N P, journalName=Curr Opin Immunol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUKUMAR M,KISHTON R J,RESTIFO N P.Metabolic reprograming of anti-tumor immunity[J].Curr Opin Immunol,2017,46:14-22., articleTitle=Metabolic reprograming of anti-tumor immunity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322923471881253788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923456349745940, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[59], rfOrder=58, authorNames=MENG Y, WANG W, CHEN M, journalName=Front Immunol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MENG Y,WANG W,CHEN M,et al.GBP1 facilitates indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase extracellular secretion to promote the malignant progression of lung cancer[J].Front Immunol,2020,11:622467., articleTitle=GBP1 facilitates indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase extracellular secretion to promote the malignant progression of lung cancer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322923471960945565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923456349745940, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=123, issue=1, pageStart=93, pageEnd=98, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[60], rfOrder=59, authorNames=BERNCHOU U, CHRISTIANSEN R L, ASMUSSEN J T, journalName=Radiother Oncol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BERNCHOU U,CHRISTIANSEN R L,ASMUSSEN J T,et al.Extent and computed tomography appearance of early radiation induced lung injury for non-small cell lung cancer[J].Radiother Oncol,2017,123(1):93-98., articleTitle=Extent and computed tomography appearance of early radiation induced lung injury for non-small cell lung cancer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322923472040637342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923456349745940, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[61], rfOrder=60, authorNames=武振华, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=武振华.黄芪甲苷(AST-Ⅳ)对小鼠肺12C6+辐照损伤的防护效应及作用机理[D].兰州:兰州大学,2019., 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药理作用细胞(动物)模型作用机制参考文献
抑制增殖,促进凋亡A549细胞抑制p-JAK1、p-STAT3蛋白表达,调节JAK/STAT3信号通路[23]
A549、SPC-A1细胞降低Ki67、PCNA表达,升高Caspase-3和Caspasse-9,抑制Akt信号通路[24]
A549细胞抑制细胞克隆、增殖、迁移,促进凋亡[25]
SPC-A-1细胞增强GSH-Px、SOD活性,抑制Bcl-2表达,增强Bax表达,促进凋亡[26]
A549、NCIH1299、HCC827细胞抑制Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin信号通路,抑制Bcl-2表达,增强Bax表达,促进凋亡[27]
抑制肺癌细胞迁移和侵袭A549细胞抑制PKC-α-ERK 1/2-NF-κB信号通路[28]
抑制EMTA549、H1975、SK-LU-1细胞阻断HDAC1和MCM5之间的相互作用,恢复E-cadherin表达[32]
调节巨噬细胞RAW264.7、LLC细胞促进STAT1磷酸化,诱导M1巨噬细胞极化[34]
A549、H1299、THP-1、LLC细胞抑制AMPK信号通路,阻止M2巨噬细胞极化[35]
调节T细胞C57BL/6小鼠、LLC细胞提升CD4+T细胞、CD4+/CD8+水平,降低B7-H3mRNA表达[40]
A549细胞抑制ILT4-PI3K/Akt-B7-H3通路[41]
A549细胞抑制ILT4-PI3K/Akt-B7-H3通路[42]
C57BL/6小鼠、Lewis细胞下调mCTLA-4及sCTLA-4表达,提升CD8+T细胞表达[43]
C57BL/6小鼠、3LL-luc细胞降低CD4+或CD4+Foxp3+Tregs的频率,增强CD8+CTLs的活性[44]
调控自噬A/J小鼠促进p53表达,抑制Bcl-2的磷酸化,增强mTOR表达[46]
A549细胞抑制Bcl-2表达,增加Bax、Cleaved caspase-3、mTOR表达[47]
A549、H1299细胞抑制GRP78和Beclin1的表达[48]
BEAS2B、A549、H1299细胞抑制LC3、Beclin1和ATG5、p-ERK/ERK水平[50]
协同作用BALB/c小鼠、LLC细胞抑制MRP2、OCT2蛋白表达[51]
A549/DDP细胞降低beclin1、LC3Ⅱ、PI3K蛋白表达,降低P-Akt/Akt、P-mTOR/TOR[52]
A549、HCC827、H1299细胞抑制B7-H3mRNA表达[53]
BALB/c小鼠、BMHSC细胞抑制miR-142-3p表达[54]
H1299、HCC827和A549细胞提高SIRT6mRNA表达[55]
H460、A549、H345、H1299、H146、H1341细胞阻断IDO1和GBP1的结合,减少T细胞耗竭[59]
昆明小鼠降低MMP-2、MMP-9、ATR基因表达,上调Nrf-2、Bcl-2/Bax、APE-1表达[61]
), ArticleFig(id=1322923465157784409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923456349745940, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

AS-Ⅳ抗肺癌作用机制总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药理作用细胞(动物)模型作用机制参考文献
抑制增殖,促进凋亡A549细胞抑制p-JAK1、p-STAT3蛋白表达,调节JAK/STAT3信号通路[23]
A549、SPC-A1细胞降低Ki67、PCNA表达,升高Caspase-3和Caspasse-9,抑制Akt信号通路[24]
A549细胞抑制细胞克隆、增殖、迁移,促进凋亡[25]
SPC-A-1细胞增强GSH-Px、SOD活性,抑制Bcl-2表达,增强Bax表达,促进凋亡[26]
A549、NCIH1299、HCC827细胞抑制Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin信号通路,抑制Bcl-2表达,增强Bax表达,促进凋亡[27]
抑制肺癌细胞迁移和侵袭A549细胞抑制PKC-α-ERK 1/2-NF-κB信号通路[28]
抑制EMTA549、H1975、SK-LU-1细胞阻断HDAC1和MCM5之间的相互作用,恢复E-cadherin表达[32]
调节巨噬细胞RAW264.7、LLC细胞促进STAT1磷酸化,诱导M1巨噬细胞极化[34]
A549、H1299、THP-1、LLC细胞抑制AMPK信号通路,阻止M2巨噬细胞极化[35]
调节T细胞C57BL/6小鼠、LLC细胞提升CD4+T细胞、CD4+/CD8+水平,降低B7-H3mRNA表达[40]
A549细胞抑制ILT4-PI3K/Akt-B7-H3通路[41]
A549细胞抑制ILT4-PI3K/Akt-B7-H3通路[42]
C57BL/6小鼠、Lewis细胞下调mCTLA-4及sCTLA-4表达,提升CD8+T细胞表达[43]
C57BL/6小鼠、3LL-luc细胞降低CD4+或CD4+Foxp3+Tregs的频率,增强CD8+CTLs的活性[44]
调控自噬A/J小鼠促进p53表达,抑制Bcl-2的磷酸化,增强mTOR表达[46]
A549细胞抑制Bcl-2表达,增加Bax、Cleaved caspase-3、mTOR表达[47]
A549、H1299细胞抑制GRP78和Beclin1的表达[48]
BEAS2B、A549、H1299细胞抑制LC3、Beclin1和ATG5、p-ERK/ERK水平[50]
协同作用BALB/c小鼠、LLC细胞抑制MRP2、OCT2蛋白表达[51]
A549/DDP细胞降低beclin1、LC3Ⅱ、PI3K蛋白表达,降低P-Akt/Akt、P-mTOR/TOR[52]
A549、HCC827、H1299细胞抑制B7-H3mRNA表达[53]
BALB/c小鼠、BMHSC细胞抑制miR-142-3p表达[54]
H1299、HCC827和A549细胞提高SIRT6mRNA表达[55]
H460、A549、H345、H1299、H146、H1341细胞阻断IDO1和GBP1的结合,减少T细胞耗竭[59]
昆明小鼠降低MMP-2、MMP-9、ATR基因表达,上调Nrf-2、Bcl-2/Bax、APE-1表达[61]
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黄芪甲苷抗肿瘤机制及其在肺癌中的研究进展
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杨振耀 1 , 张晓青 2 , 王成志 1 , 张山 1 , 赵戈蕾 1 , 刘培民 1 , 李东东 1
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(4): 187-192
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (4) : 187 -192
黄芪甲苷抗肿瘤机制及其在肺癌中的研究进展
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杨振耀(2000-),男,河南安阳人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。

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杨振耀(2000-),男,河南安阳人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。

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杨振耀1, 张晓青2, 王成志1, 张山1, 赵戈蕾1, 刘培民1 , 李东东1
作者信息
  • 1.河南中医药大学第二附属医院,河南 郑州 450002
  • 2.郑州大学第一附属医院,河南 郑州 450052
通讯作者:
刘培民(1973-),男,山东枣庄人,教授,博士,研究方向:中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。E-mail:。
李东东(1989-),男,河南开封人,主治医师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。E-mail:。
作者简介:

杨振耀(2000-),男,河南安阳人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。

Anti-tumour Mechanism of Astragaloside Ⅳ and Its Research Progress in Lung Cancer
Zhenyao YANG1, Xiaoqing ZHANG2, Chengzhi WANG1, Shan ZAHNG1, Gelei ZHAO1, Peimin LIU1 , Dongdong LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
  • 2.The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
出版时间: 2025-04-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.030
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癌症是全球第二大死亡原因,而肺癌是发病率和病死率增长最快、对人们健康和生命威胁最大的恶性肿瘤之一。近年来,中药活性成分防治肿瘤的研究越来越深入。黄芪是常用的抗肿瘤中药之一,入药已有2000多年历史,被誉为“补气补脾诸药之最”。黄芪甲苷(Astragaloside Ⅳ,AS-Ⅳ)是黄芪主要活性成分之一,现代药理研究表明AS-Ⅳ具有抗癌、抗炎、抗氧化和免疫调节等作用。通过收集近年来国内外AS-Ⅳ抗肿瘤机制,梳理其抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡、抑制肿瘤细胞迁移与侵袭、抑制上皮细胞-间充质转化(Epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)、调节自噬、调节免疫反应应答、减轻肿瘤治疗过程中不良反应、增强抗肿瘤药物敏感性等作用,综述其在肺癌中的研究进展,以期支持AS-Ⅳ进一步研究、开发及应用,为其投入临床使用提供参考依据。

黄芪甲苷  /  肺癌  /  机制研究

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide,and lung cancer is one of the malignant tumours with the fastest growing morbidity and mortalit and the greatest threat to people's health and lives. In recent years,the research on active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine to prevent and treat tumours has become more and more in-depth. Huangqi(Astragali Radix)is one of the commonly used anti-tumour Chinese medicines,which has been used in medicine for more than 2000 years,and has been regarded as“the most important medicine for replenishing Qi and spleen”. Astragaloside Ⅳ(AS-Ⅳ)is one of the main active ingredients of Huangqi(Astragali Radix),and modern pharmacological studies have shown that AS-Ⅳ has anticancer,anti-inflammatory,antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. This paper reviewed the research progress of AS-Ⅳ in lung cancer by collecting and summarizing the mechanisms of AS-Ⅳ in inhibiting tumor cell proliferation,inducing tumor cell apoptosis,inhibiting tumor cell migration and invasion,suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT),regulating autophagy,modulating immune response,alleviating toxic side effects during tumor treatment and enhancing sensitivity to antitumor drugs. The aim was to provide a reference for further research,development and application of AS-Ⅳ in order to support its clinical use.

astragalosideⅣ  /  lung cancer  /  mechanism of action
杨振耀, 张晓青, 王成志, 张山, 赵戈蕾, 刘培民, 李东东. 黄芪甲苷抗肿瘤机制及其在肺癌中的研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (4) : 187 -192 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.030
Zhenyao YANG, Xiaoqing ZHANG, Chengzhi WANG, Shan ZAHNG, Gelei ZHAO, Peimin LIU, Dongdong LI. Anti-tumour Mechanism of Astragaloside Ⅳ and Its Research Progress in Lung Cancer[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (4) : 187 -192 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.030
2022年,中国有约482万例新发癌症病例,癌症死亡人数为321万例[1]。肺癌是全球最常见的癌症,也是导致癌症相关死亡的主要原因。2020年,全球估计有220万新发肺癌病例,分别占男性和女性所有新诊断癌症的14.3%和8.4%[2]。肺癌的主要治疗手段包括放疗、化疗、免疫治疗、靶向治疗等,但在治疗过程中,患者往往受到不良反应以及耐药性的困扰。因此,寻找低毒性、耐受性好的药物显得尤为迫切。近年来,中药以其不良反应小、多靶点等优点越来越受到世界各国的认可。中医治疗癌症突出“扶正”原则,《素问·五脏生成篇》言:“诸气者,皆属于肺。”强调肺为气之主,肺病则多伴气虚,而黄芪是最具代表性的补气药物,是治疗癌症常用的补益中药之一,《本草纲目》中称黄芪为“补药之长”,可补肺气而扶助正气抗癌。研究表明,黄芪的主要活性成分之一黄芪甲苷(Astragaloside Ⅳ,AS-Ⅳ)不仅对肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭和迁移有抑制作用,也可通过调节多个信号通路缓解放化疗所带来的不良反应,调节免疫微环境,增强抗肿瘤药物敏感性,对肿瘤的治疗具有重要意义。
黄芪,又名黄耆,为常用大宗药材,现多以蒙古黄芪的干燥根入药[3]。首载于《神农本草经》,曰:“味甘微温,主痈疽久败创,排脓止痛,大风,痢疾,五痔,鼠瘘,补虚,小儿百病。一名戴糁,生山谷”。具备补气升阳、利水、固表等功效,经典名方如玉屏风散[4]、防己黄芪汤[5]等以黄芪为君用治于肺病。AS-Ⅳ是从黄芪中提取的天然皂苷,具有抗癌、抗炎、抗氧化和免疫调节作用[6-8]。目前许多研究证实AS-Ⅳ可在多种癌症的治疗中发挥作用,如肝癌、结直肠癌、胃癌、前列腺癌等[9-12]。笔者查阅近年来国内外与AS-Ⅳ对肺癌作用相关的体内外研究,总结其研究进展,以期为进一步研究、开发和临床应用提供理论参考。黄芪化学成分主要有黄酮类、皂苷类、多糖类、氨基酸类等,黄芪甲苷即黄芪皂苷Ⅳ,是黄芪主要单体活性物质,是评价黄芪合格与否的主要指标之一。AS-Ⅳ作用于多个靶点,可抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭、迁移;诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡;增强抗肿瘤药物敏感性;增强免疫功能[13]。AS-Ⅳ化学结构见插页ⅩⅩⅩⅦ图1。
许多学者发现,AS-Ⅳ可抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭及迁移,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。SUN P等[14]研究表明,AS-Ⅳ可剂量依赖性地增加CRC细胞中细胞周期抑制蛋白p21的表达,诱导细胞周期停滞;增加聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶(Poly ADP-ribose polymerase,PARP)、裂解的半胱天冬酶(Cleaved-Caspase)-3和Cleaved-Caspase-9的表达;增加CRC细胞中Bax/Bcl-2的比率。从而促进CRC细胞凋亡,抑制CRC细胞增殖。HU S等[15]经过体内外实验证明AS-Ⅳ可促进乳腺癌细胞中促甲状腺激素释放激素降解酶反义RNA 1(Thyrotropin releasing hormone degrading enzyme antisense RNA 1,TRHDEAS1)的表达,从而抑制乳腺癌细胞增殖与迁移。QIN C D等[16]研究表明,AS-Ⅳ可抑制蛋白激酶B(Protein kinase B,Akt)和糖原合成酶激酶-3β(Glycogen synthase kinase 3β,GSK-3β)的磷酸化,调节Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin信号通路显著增强HCC细胞中E-cadherin的表达,显著降低间充质标志物N-cadherin、vimentin、α-SMA和Slug的表达;增加Ecadherin的蛋白水平,促进其在细胞膜上的积累,使细胞间的连接变得更加紧密,肿瘤细胞不易扩散,从而抑制HCC细胞迁移和侵袭。综上所述,AS-Ⅳ可通过多个通路发挥其诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭及迁移的作用。
白介素-12(Interleukin-12,IL-12)被认为是树突状细胞(Dendritic cells,DC)介导的抗肝癌治疗中使用的天然免疫增强剂,GUO H等[17]研究表明,AS-Ⅳ可以通过促进DC成熟和抗原呈递功能以及增加功能性细胞因子IL-12的释放来增强DC诱导的针对肝癌细胞SMMC-7721的特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(Cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL)细胞毒性。LIU F等[18]研究发现,AS-Ⅳ可使M2巨噬细胞相关基因精氨酸酶1(Arginase1,Arg1)、甘露糖受体1(Mannose receptor1,Mrc1)及相应蛋白的表达水平显著下调,而M1巨噬细胞相关基因IL-12、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(Inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)及相应蛋白的表达水平显著上调,从而明显降低M2巨噬细胞表面标志物CD206的表达,增加M1巨噬细胞表面标志物MHCⅡ的表达,使巨噬细胞向M1亚型复极化;也可降低转化生长因子β(Transforming growth factor β,TGF-β)、白介素-10(Interleukin-10,IL-10)和血管内皮生长因子-A(Vascular endothelial growth factor-A,VEGF-A)的抗炎因子水平,增加肿瘤组织中γ干扰素(Interferon-γ,IFN-γ)、IL-12和肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)的促炎因子水平。因此,AS-Ⅳ可调节M2巨噬细胞极化和炎症微环境以发挥抗肿瘤作用。综上,AS-Ⅳ可通过调节肿瘤免疫相关细胞发挥抗肿瘤作用。
ZHENG Y等[19]研究发现,AS-Ⅳ可降低紫杉醇引起的,除p38外的丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号传导、细胞外信号调节激酶(Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase,ERK)和c-Jun N末端激酶(C-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)的磷酸化,抑制小窝蛋白1(Caveolin-1,CAV-1)表达,增加紫杉醇对乳腺癌的化疗敏感性。XIE T等[20]研究表明,AS-Ⅳ可使NOTCH3的mRNA和蛋白表达显著降低,增加结直肠癌细胞对顺铂(Cisplatin,DDP)的化学敏感性。QU X Y等研究表明[21],AS-Ⅳ不仅可增加肿瘤细胞凋亡、减缓肿瘤生长,也可抑制DDP诱导的多药耐药相关蛋白2(Multidrug resistance-associated protein2,MRP2)表达,从而增强DDP的抗肿瘤作用。且可显著降低由DDP引起的肌酐和尿素氮水平升高,有助于维持正常的肾功能,减轻DDP引起的肾损伤。综上所述,AS-Ⅳ可增强肿瘤细胞对抗肿瘤药物的敏感性,协同抗肿瘤药物发挥作用。
WANG Z等[22]基于网络药理学对AS-Ⅳ抗肺癌作用机制进行分析,得出结果:AGE-Rage信号通路、TNF信号通路、PI3K-Akt信号通路等通路得到高度富集,提示AS-Ⅳ可能调节机体免疫系统,减轻炎症反应,通过抵抗和清除入侵的病原体和感染细胞,发挥干预肺癌进展的作用,表明AS-Ⅳ可通过多靶点、多通路发挥抗肺癌作用。
研究发现,AS-Ⅳ可以通过抑制肺癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭,抑制上皮细胞-间充质转化,调节巨噬细胞、T细胞以改善免疫微环境,调节自噬以及协同化疗放疗免疫抑制剂减毒增效等途径发挥抗肺癌治疗作用。本文对AS-Ⅳ发挥抗肺癌作用具体机制作一综述。见插页ⅩⅩⅩⅦ图2。
张志宏等[23]研究表明,AS-Ⅳ在没有明显细胞毒性的情况下,以剂量依赖性方式抑制转录激活因子3(Signal transducer and activator of transcription3,STAT3)转录活性,抑制p-JAK1、p-STAT3蛋白表达,从而通过调节JAK/STAT3信号通路抑制肺癌细胞增殖和迁移。吴安妮等[24]研究表明,AS-Ⅳ可降低Ki67和增殖细胞核抗原(Proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)的表达水平,升高Caspase-3和Caspasse-9的表达水平,降低p-Akt的表达水平,从而通过调控Akt信号通路抑制A549、SPC-A1细胞的增殖活性,降低A549细胞存活率,促进A549、SPC-A1细胞凋亡。刘雨晴[25]研究表明,AS-Ⅳ呈时间、浓度依赖性抑制A549细胞生长、迁移,呈浓度依赖性抑制A549细胞克隆,促进细胞凋亡。杨晶源等[26]研究表明,AS-Ⅳ可增加超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)的活性,从而调节氧化与抗氧化平衡,降低B细胞淋巴瘤基因-2(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)蛋白表达,提升B细胞淋巴瘤基因伴随蛋白x(Bcl-associated x protein,Bax)蛋白表达,抑制SPCA-1细胞增殖,促进其凋亡,且呈时间、浓度依赖性依赖。JIA L W等[27]研究表明,AS-Ⅳ可显著抑制A549、NCIH1299和HCC827细胞的增殖,抑制Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin信号通路,从而抑制非小细胞肺癌(Non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)细胞中Bcl-2的表达,增强Bax表达,导致Caspase-3的裂解,诱导A549细胞凋亡,抑制NSCLC的发展。
CHENGXD等[28]研究表明,AS-Ⅳ可抑制人肺癌A549细胞迁移和侵袭。①用浓度超过20 μm的AS-Ⅳ处理24h,A549细胞的活力显著下降,且AS-Ⅳ可以抑制A549细胞与基质胶的黏附。②AS-Ⅳ可浓度依赖性地抑制炎症因子TGF-β1、TNF-α和IL-6的水平,表明AS-Ⅳ可抑制A549细胞炎症反应,从而抑制A549细胞的侵袭。③蛋白激酶C(ProteinkinaseC,PKC)/细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(Extracellularsignal-regulatedkinase1/2,ERK1/2)通路在癌细胞生存发展中发挥重要作用[29];核因子κB(Nuclearfactor-κB,NFκB)的活化促进了癌细胞的侵袭,导致肿瘤转移。而E-cadherin、integrinβ1、基质金属蛋白酶2(Matrixmetalloproteinase-2,MMP-2)和MMP-9的蛋白酶激活受包括PKC-α信号通路在内的多条信号通路调节,可通过下调PKC-α通路抑制A549细胞的侵袭。PKC-α的表达通过触发下游信号通路如ERK1/2,随后是NF-κB依赖性MMP-2和MMP-9的激活来影响A549细胞的迁移和侵袭[30]。AS-Ⅳ与PKC-α通路抑制剂AEB071、ERK抑制剂U0126、NF-κB抑制剂PDTC相比,均能降低MMP-2、MMP-9和integrinβ1的表达水平,增加E-cadherin水平。AS-Ⅳ可抑制A549细胞膜上PKC-α的活性,抑制ERK1/2磷酸化,抑制A549细胞中NF-κB的活化。因此,AS-Ⅳ可通过抑制PKC-α-ERK1/2-NF-κB信号通路抑制A549细胞的侵袭和迁移。
EMT可使肿瘤细胞获得高度侵袭性,从而促进癌症进展[31]。ZHANGLL等[32]研究表明,A549和H1975细胞中微型染色体维持复合物成分5(Minichromosomemaintenanceprotein5,MCM5)和组蛋白脱乙酰酶1(Histonedeacetylase1,HDAC1)之间的相互作用加剧了肺癌的EMT依赖性恶性进展,促进肿瘤细胞增殖和侵袭,因此MCM5、HDAC1高表达的肺腺癌患者生存时间较差。而AS-Ⅳ可以阻断HDAC1和MCM5之间的相互作用,从而抑制肺癌的恶性进展。研究也通过体内实验验证了AS-Ⅳ可以抑制肺癌肿瘤的生长,也可恢复E-cadherin表达,抑制SK-LU-1细胞的迁移和侵袭能力。
肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(Tumor-associated macrophages,TAMs)具有异质性,其表型和功能受到周围微环境的调节。巨噬细胞通常存在于两个不同的亚群中:M1巨噬细胞,可产生促炎性细胞因子,例如IL-1β、IL-6、IL-12和TNF-α等。M2巨噬细胞,具有抗炎和免疫调节作用,可产生抗炎细胞因子,例如IL-10和TGF-β[33]。王莉新等[34]研究表明,在AS-Ⅳ不影响巨噬细胞存活的情况下,可促进M1巨噬细胞表面标志CD16/32表达增高,促进巨噬细胞相关极化因子IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-12、IL-10mRNA表达增高,促进STAT1磷酸化,从而诱导M1型巨噬细胞极化,增强相关免疫应答。XUF等[35]研究表明,①AS-Ⅳ对骨髓功能或肝肾功能没有毒性。②AS-Ⅳ作用于肺癌细胞,并没有明显的杀肿瘤活性;虽然T细胞在癌症监测的先天免疫中也发挥着至关重要的作用,但T细胞不受AS-Ⅳ的影响。③炎症是癌症的致病因素,而巨噬细胞极化是进入炎症微环境的切入点[36]。M2巨噬细胞支持A549和H1299肿瘤细胞的侵袭和迁移以及血管重塑。AS-Ⅳ明显改善了癌症相关炎症,降低了TGF-β和IL-10等炎症因子的表达,并抑制了M2巨噬细胞极化,降低了M2巨噬细胞的数量。④活性氧(Reactiveoxygenspecies,ROS)在巨噬细胞分化中发挥作用[37]。而AS-Ⅳ对ROS产生具有抑制作用[38],证明AS-Ⅳ可影响单核细胞分化为M2巨噬细胞。⑤AS-Ⅳ直接作用于巨噬细胞,显著抑制IL-13和IL-4诱导的巨噬细胞极化为M2表型,表现为CD206和M2相关基因的表达降低,通过调节AMP依赖的蛋白激酶(AMPactivatedproteinkinase,AMPK)信号通路部分阻断巨噬细胞的M2极化以抑制肺癌的发展。
T细胞是细胞免疫治疗的核心,可分为调节性T细胞(Regulatory T cells,Tregs)、T辅助细胞(Helper T Cells,Th细胞)、CTL等,与肺癌发生、进展、转移关系密切[39]。王爱帅等[40]研究表明,AS-Ⅳ可抑制肿瘤瘤体生长,提升荷瘤小鼠脾脏指数、胸腺指数,从而减轻肿瘤导致的胸腺、脾脏萎缩,免疫功能低下;提升CD4+T细胞、CD4+/CD8+水平,提升T细胞抗肿瘤免疫应答反应;降低B7-H3(CD276)mRNA表达以减轻其抑制抗肿瘤免疫应答反应,降低叉状头转录因子P3(ForkheadboxproteinP3,FoxP3)表达,减轻Tregs抑制抗肿瘤免疫应答反应。刘玉霞等[41]、蒋珊等[42]研究表明,AS-Ⅳ不仅可以抑制肺癌细胞增殖,也可降低免疫球样蛋白转录子4(Immunoglobulintranscript4,ILT4)、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(Phosphatidylinositol3-kinase,PI3K)、Akt、B7-H3蛋白表达,从而调节ILT4-PI3K/Akt-B7-H3通路抑制免疫逃逸,抑制非NSCLC进展。姜怡等[43]研究表明,AS-Ⅳ可抑制mCTLA-4、sCTLA-4表达,提升CD8+T细胞的表达,从而逆转CTLA-4介导的免疫逃逸。ZHANGA等[44]研究表明,AS-Ⅳ具有体内抗癌活性,可在体内治疗抑制肿瘤的生长,也可以在体内和体外下调Tregs并上调CTL表达。AS-Ⅳ处理3LL-luc-IDO细胞时,吲哚胺2,3双加氧酶(Indoleamine2,3-dioxygenase,IDO)蛋白水平降低,呈时间、剂量依赖性;小鼠组织中用AS-Ⅳ或IDO抑制剂1-甲基-D-色氨酸(1-Methyl-D-tryptophan,1-MT)处理时,IDOmRNA和蛋白水平降低,从而可以在体内、体外降低CD4+或CD4+Foxp3+Tregs的频率并损害其免疫抑制功能;同时增强CD8+CTLs的活性来增强免疫反应。且AS-Ⅳ相对1-MT具有更优异的抗肿瘤活性,可以延长生存期并提高CTL。
自噬在癌症治疗中是一把双刃剑,既可抑制肿瘤的发生,也可能增强肿瘤细胞存活[45]。YANGB等[46]研究表明,胱硫醚γ裂解酶(Cystathionine-γ-lyase,CSE)可诱导人正常支气管上皮细胞(Normal human bronchial epithelial cells,NHBE细胞)细胞质中出现大量自噬空泡从而发生自噬,经过黄芪主要有效成分AS-Ⅳ、毛蕊异黄酮等处理后,细胞内自噬体和自溶酶体的数量显著减少,细胞结构完整性增加。从自噬的角度探讨AS-Ⅳ治疗肺癌的机制,AS-Ⅳ可以逆转肺癌小鼠中p53和p-Bcl-2的表达,促进p53表达,降低Bcl-2的磷酸化水平,增加自噬抑制因子哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(Mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)表达并调节细胞自噬从而保护细胞,通过调控p53/AMPK/mTOR信号通路抑制肺癌的发展。
LIL等[47]研究表明,AS-Ⅳ不仅可以抑制A549细胞的活力,抑制Bcl-2表达,增加Bax和Cleavedcaspase-3表达,促进细胞凋亡,与维布妥昔单抗(Brentuximabvedotin,BV)起到协同作用,也可逆转BV对自噬蛋白、Akt和mTOR磷酸化水平的影响,逆转BV诱导的Akt/mTOR通路抑制作用,破坏溶酶体的功能抑制自噬,提高A549细胞对BV的敏感性。LAIST等[48]研究表明,DDP严重诱导内质网应激相关蛋白葡萄糖调节蛋白78(Glucose regulated protein 78,GRP78)和蛋白激酶R样内质网激酶(Proteinkinase R-like ERkinase,p-ERK)的表达水平增加,并增强了自噬相关蛋白Beclin1和LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ。AS-Ⅳ以剂量依赖性方式使GRP78和Beclin1的表达均显著下调,从而抑制内质网应激和自噬而提高NSCLC细胞对DDP的敏感性,增强DDP的抗肿瘤作用。异丙酚可以降低NSCLC细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭[49],LIU J等研究表明[50],AS-Ⅳ可以增强异丙酚对NSCLC细胞的细胞毒性作用、诱导NSCLC细胞凋亡、抑制NSCLC细胞的增殖与迁移的能力;AS-Ⅳ显著抑制NSCLC细胞自噬,异丙酚轻微抑制NSCLC细胞自噬,而两者联合作用,可明显下调NSCLC细胞中的微管相关蛋白1A/1B轻链3(Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3,LC3)、Beclin 1、ATG5和p-ERK/ERK水平。且二者联合自噬抑制剂3-MA时,对NSCLC细胞的促凋亡作用进一步增强,致使Bcl-2水平降低和Cleaved caspase 3水平升高。因此,AS-Ⅳ可通过抑制自噬增强异丙酚对NSCLC细胞的抗肿瘤作用。
尽管免疫治疗、靶向治疗在近些年的肺癌治疗中大放异彩,但化疗仍是肺癌不可或缺的治疗手段。曲晓宇等[51]研究表明,AS-Ⅳ能使DDP靶向性更强,增加肿瘤组织中DDP蓄积量,减少肾组织中DDP蓄积量,从而减轻对肾脏的损害;增强DDP的诱导细胞凋亡能力,降低MRP2表达,使DDP抗肿瘤作用更强;抑制有机阳离子转运体2(Organic cation transporter 2,OCT2)蛋白的表达,从而减轻DDP肾毒性。李紫瑞等[52]研究表明,在AS-Ⅳ对A549/DDP细胞无细胞毒性的条件下,AS-Ⅳ联合DDP可以明显降低A549/DDP细胞活力,且可以增强DDP诱导细胞凋亡的能力,降低PI3K蛋白表达,降低p-Akt/Akt、p-mTOR/TOR,从而增强对DDP的敏感性,降低beclin1、LC3Ⅱ的表达,从而抑制DDP诱导的A549/DDP细胞自噬。HE C S等[53]研究表明,低浓度的AS-Ⅳ对A549、HCC827和NCI-H1299细胞活力没有明显的细胞毒性,而高剂量的AS-Ⅳ可抑制NSCLC细胞生长。且低剂量DDP单独处理A549、HCC827和NCI-H1299细胞未见明显凋亡,联合低剂量AS-Ⅳ处理后,凋亡细胞明显增多。进一步研究发现,AS-Ⅳ可下调A549细胞中B7-H3的mRNA表达,而B7-H3的异位表达又可减弱AS-Ⅳ在细胞对DDP的反应中的敏化作用,表明AS-Ⅳ通过调节NSCLC细胞中的B7-H3表达以增强DDP的细胞毒性。GU X等[54]研究表明,AS-Ⅳ在体内能抑制环磷酰胺(Cyclophosphamide,CTX)诱导的细胞活力降低、增殖衰减和凋亡,且不影响CTX对A549细胞的杀伤作用;显著逆转CTX诱导的白细胞、骨髓细胞和胸腺指数的下降,致使Bcl-2升高、Bax以及切割的Caspase-3下降,抑制骨髓间充质干细胞(Mesenchymal stem cells,BMHSCs)中miR-142-3p的表达,逆转miR-142-3p诱导的BMHSCs凋亡,从而改善骨髓抑制肺癌小鼠的造血功能,且不影响肺癌的化疗效果。此外,研究表明[55],AS-Ⅳ可以抑制NCIH1299、HCC827和A549细胞的细胞活力及其增殖。吉非替尼与AS-Ⅳ联合治疗显著增强了3种NSCLC细胞对吉非替尼的化疗敏感性,且SIRT6mRNA表达显著增加。而SIRT6-siRNA转染的NSCLC细胞中SIRT6的mRNA表达显著降低,SIRT6的蛋白水平受到抑制,从而减弱AS-Ⅳ对NSCLC细胞中吉非替尼的化疗增敏作用。研究发现,SIRT6可以调节肿瘤行为,被认为是抑癌基因[56]。因此,AS-Ⅳ可通过SIRT6的调节使NSCLC细胞对吉非替尼敏感。
程序性细胞死亡受体-1(Programmed death 1,PD-1)/PD-1配体1(Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1,PD-L1)检查点抑制剂的开发在NSCLC的治疗中取得了一定的效果[57]。但成功的PD-1/PD-L1免疫治疗需要肿瘤微环境(Tumor microenvironment,TME)中有足够数量的特异性T细胞,以及T细胞获得充足营养的能力[58]。MENG Y等[59]研究表明,AS-Ⅳ与PD1联合具有协同抗肿瘤作用。IDO1可以与鸟苷酸结合蛋白1(GTP binding protein,GBP1)结合,增加IDO1的细胞外分泌,体内外实验表明IDO1和GBP1同时过表达可以促进肺癌细胞的迁移和侵袭。但AS-Ⅳ在二者相互作用区域具有更强的结合力,可以阻止IDO1的细胞外定位,阻断IDO1和GBP1的结合,减少细胞外IDO1的分泌,从而减少T细胞耗竭,抑制肿瘤进展,同时增强PD-1抑制剂对肿瘤生长的抑制作用。
放疗是肺癌治疗的主要手段之一,但大多数患者在接受放疗后都会出现一定程度的肺损伤[60]。武振华等[61]研究表明AS-Ⅳ降低MMP-2、MMP-9表达,缓解放疗导致的肺间质损伤及其纤维化修复;上调核因子红细胞2相关因子2(Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf-2)表达,增强抗氧化能力;降低丙二醛,提升抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶的含量,减轻放疗导致的肺组织氧化应激状态;减少TGF-β、TNF-α的表达,从而减轻炎症与纤维化程度;降低Bax表达,提升Bcl-2表达,从而降低细胞凋亡率;降低ATR基因表达,提升人脱嘌呤脱嘧啶核酸内切酶(Human depurine depyrimidine nucleic acid endonuclease,APE-1)表达,从而使放疗损伤的DNA加速修复;也可降低放疗导致的羟脯氨酸增高。
AS-Ⅳ抗肿瘤作用机制详见表1。
黄芪是中医学经典的补气药物之一,无论是单独使用还是与其他中药相配伍,都以其补益作用为切入点。中医中药治疗癌症的思路十分明确,即“扶正祛邪”,而黄芪扶正作用突出,是扶正抗癌用药中不可或缺的一味中药。AS-Ⅳ是黄芪主要的皂苷类成分,可通过调节多个信号通路发挥抗肿瘤作用,调节免疫反应,协同抗肿瘤药物增效增敏,减轻放化疗带来的损伤,应用前景十分广泛。但研究虽然逐渐深入,却仍有继续探讨的空间,笔者浅显提出以下几点:①目前还未研究开发出AS-Ⅳ单体成分药物制剂,如由莪术提取物榄香烯制作的榄香烯注射液,问世后用于多种肿瘤的治疗;因此,可结合先进的制药技术,制作AS-Ⅳ单体成分药物制剂,从而提高肿瘤患者的生命周期和生存质量。②目前尚无研究探索AS-Ⅳ对于人体的不良反应,应进一步研究以确定AS-Ⅳ的安全药量、有效剂量,保证其在临床使用中的安全性。③中药不仅可以单独使用,也可与他药合用。黄芪入药已有2000多年历史,应用至今有许多经典的药对,如黄芪/人参,黄芪/白术等。探索AS-Ⅳ与他药有效成分之间的相互作用,可以更好地指导AS-Ⅳ的应用与开发。总之,更加深入地探讨AS-Ⅳ,对于相关药物开发、临床运用及中医药在治疗恶性肿瘤的临床应用方面具有重要意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82204981)
  • 国家中医临床研究基地科研专项(2021JDZX2002)
  • 河南省特色骨干学科中医学学科建设项目(STG-ZYX06-202145)
  • 河南省中医药科学研究专项(20-21ZY2115)
  • 河南省中医院博士科研基金项目(2022BSJJ08; 2023BSJJ02)
  • 河南中医药大学研究生科研创新能力提升计划项目(2022KYCX057; 2023KYCX043)
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.030
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-04-10
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基金
国家自然科学基金项目(82204981)
国家中医临床研究基地科研专项(2021JDZX2002)
河南省特色骨干学科中医学学科建设项目(STG-ZYX06-202145)
河南省中医药科学研究专项(20-21ZY2115)
河南省中医院博士科研基金项目(2022BSJJ08; 2023BSJJ02)
河南中医药大学研究生科研创新能力提升计划项目(2022KYCX057; 2023KYCX043)
作者信息
    1.河南中医药大学第二附属医院,河南 郑州 450002
    2.郑州大学第一附属医院,河南 郑州 450052

通讯作者:

刘培民(1973-),男,山东枣庄人,教授,博士,研究方向:中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。E-mail:。
李东东(1989-),男,河南开封人,主治医师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。E-mail:。
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