Article(id=1322923516328289193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923268038078806, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339145022, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1744214400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339145022, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339145022, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339145022, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322923268038078806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1744214400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339085826, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340586453, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929562572686061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923268038078806, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929562572686062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923268038078806, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=149, endPage=154, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322923516575753130, articleId=1322923516328289193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Mechanism of Chinese Traditional Medicine Polysaccharide Regulating Immune Cells against Lung Cancer, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world,its morbidity and mortality rank first,and has become the number one killer threatening human life and health in the world. Traditional Chinese medicine is widely used in the comprehensive treatment of anti-lung cancer,and its curative effect is exact. As the most common active component of traditional Chinese medicine,traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharide has a prominent anti-tumor immune effect. A large number of studies have found that traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides,such as Astragalus polysaccharides,Ginseng polysaccharide,Epimedium polysaccharides,Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide,Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides and Dendrobium polysaccharide,can improve the immune microenvironment of lung cancer tumors by regulating immune cells such as macrophages,dendritic cells,natural killer cells,myeloid suppressor cells,T cells and regulatory T cells to improve the function and activity of immune cells and enhance the body's immune response,so as to better play the role of anti-lung cancer. By collecting literatures on the anti-lung cancer effect of traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides at home and abroad in recent years,this paper discussed the regulation of immune cells by traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides and the specific mechanism of its anti-lung cancer effect,with a view to providing new ideas for the anti-lung cancer treatment of TCM as well as a new theoretical basis for the research and development of clinically related new drugs,and promoting the extensive clinical application of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine in the treatment of lung cancer.

, authors=Chengzhi WANG1, Yifan LIU1, Xiaoqing ZHANG2, Gelei ZHAO1, Shan ZHANG1, Peimin LIU1, Dongdong LI1, authorsList=Chengzhi WANG, Yifan LIU, Xiaoqing ZHANG, Gelei ZHAO, Shan ZHANG, Peimin LIU, Dongdong LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Peimin LIU, Dongdong LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322923519113307059, articleId=1322923516328289193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=中药多糖调节免疫细胞抗肺癌作用机制研究进展, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

肺癌是世界范围内最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其发病率和病死率均居于首位,已成为威胁全球人类生命健康的头号杀手。中医药在抗肺癌综合治疗中应用广泛,疗效确切,中药多糖作为最常见的中药活性成分,具有较突出的抗肿瘤免疫作用。大量研究发现,中药多糖如黄芪多糖、人参多糖、淫羊藿多糖、灵芝多糖、牛膝多糖以及石斛多糖等可以通过调节肺癌肿瘤免疫微环境中的巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、自然杀伤细胞、髓系抑制细胞、T细胞以及调节性T细胞等免疫细胞,改善肺癌肿瘤免疫微环境,提高免疫细胞功能和活性,增强机体免疫应答反应,从而更好地发挥抗肺癌作用。通过收集近年来国内外中药多糖发挥抗肺癌治疗作用的相关文献,从中药多糖调节免疫细胞及其抗肺癌作用具体机制方面进行论述,以期为中医药在抗肺癌治疗方面提供新思路,为临床相关新药研发提供新的理论依据,促进中西医结合治疗肺癌在临床中的广泛应用。

, authors=王成志1, 刘一帆1, 张晓青2, 赵戈蕾1, 张山1, 刘培民1, 李东东1, authorsList=王成志, 刘一帆, 张晓青, 赵戈蕾, 张山, 刘培民, 李东东, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘培民, 李东东, authorNote=

王成志(1998-),男,河南驻马店人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。

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刘培民(1973-),男,山东枣庄人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。E-mail:。
李东东(1989-),男,河南开封人,主治医师,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。E-mail:。
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王成志(1998-),男,河南驻马店人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。

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免疫细胞中药多糖来源调节免疫细胞具体作用机制参考文献
巨噬细胞黄芪多糖黄芪诱导M1/M2巨噬细胞极化,调节M1/M2巨噬细胞比例
促使M1巨噬细胞相关因子产生和分泌,增强MHC-Ⅱ分子表达
[13]
黄精多糖黄精调控AMPK/PDH轴,抑制M2巨噬细胞极化,促进巨噬细胞极化为M1型[14]
淫羊藿多糖淫羊藿增加INF-γ、IL-6、TNF-α分泌[15]
提高IL-2、INF-γ分泌,调整M1/M2巨噬细胞比例[16]
香菇多糖香菇增加M1型巨噬细胞比例,降低M2型巨噬细胞的数量
增加IL-12、INF-γ表达,降低TGF-β表达
[17]
魔芋葡甘露聚糖蛇六谷降低Lewis肺癌小鼠血清内TGF-β、IL-10表达[18]
茯苓多糖茯苓提高化疗后的肺癌小鼠体内IL-2、TNF-α表达[19]
刺五加多糖刺五加上调TLR4信号通路,提高肺癌小鼠体内IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α表达[20]
白花蛇舌草多糖白花蛇舌草提高IL-2、TNF-α和IFN-γ表达,降低IL-10表达[21]
莪术多糖莪术提高IL-2、TNF-α和IFN-γ表达,增强巨噬细胞的吞噬活性[22]
灵芝多糖灵芝诱导IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-2、IFN-γ及TNF-α分泌和高表达[23]
树突状细胞车前子多糖车前子促进DC细胞成熟,增强DC细胞抗原处理和呈递能力,诱导IL-12分泌[28]
激活MAPK和NF-κB信号通路,诱导DC细胞成熟[29]
熟地黄多糖脂质体熟地黄提高MHCⅡ分子表达,促进DC细胞成熟[30]
川牛膝多糖川牛膝诱导DC细胞抗原呈递到CD8+T细胞,激活细胞毒性T淋巴细胞免疫应答
诱导CD4+T淋巴细胞启动体液免疫
[31]
霍山石斛多糖石斛增加DC细胞数量,提高脾淋巴细胞增殖能力[32]
自然杀伤细胞山药多糖山药增加Lewis肺癌小鼠NK细胞数量[36]
霍山石斛多糖石斛增加NK细胞数量[37]
灵芝多糖灵芝增加TLR4缺陷小鼠NK细胞数量和杀伤活性[38]
红花多糖红花增强NK细胞毒性作用[39]
人参多糖人参上调NKp30、NKp44表达,诱导NK细胞活化
通过上调杀伤介质表达来提高NK细胞杀伤活性
[40]
髓系抑制细胞黄芪多糖黄芪降低MDSCs比例,促进MDSCs分化成熟[44]
人参多糖人参降低Arg-1、TGF-β、IL-10表达,提高IFN-γ、TNF-α表达,减少MDSCs数量[45]
芦笋多糖芦笋抑制MDSCs增殖和活化[46]
促进Caspase-9表达,抑制Bcl2表达,诱导MDSCs凋亡
T细胞灵芝多糖灵芝增加CD4+/CD8+T细胞比例,促进INF-γ、IL-12分泌[49]
黄芪多糖黄芪抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路活化,提高CD3+、CD4+、CD8+比例
增加IL-2、IFN-γ表达,降低IL-4、IL-10表达,逆转Th1/Th2漂移
[50]
联合细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞,上调机体CD3+、CD4+T淋巴细胞水平[51]
人参多糖人参增加INF-γ、IL-2分泌,减少IL-4、IL-5分泌,维持Th1/Th2平衡[52]
纠正Th1/Th2漂移现象[53]
白花蛇舌草多糖白花蛇舌草提高CD3+T细胞、CD4+T细胞比例、降低CD8+T细胞比例,改善Th1/Th2漂移[54]
芡茎多糖芡茎增加CD3+T细胞、CD4+T细胞比例,调节CD4+/CD8+T细胞比值[55]
山豆根多糖山豆根提高CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞表达、CD4+/CD8+T细胞比值[56]
调节性T细胞人参多糖人参下调Arg-1、TGF-β、VEGF表达,上调INF-γ、TNF-α表达,减少Treg数量[45]
灵芝多糖灵芝增加Teff/Treg细胞比例,降低Treg细胞对Teff增殖的抑制[60]
香菇多糖香菇抑制Treg细胞增殖,降低CD4+Treg细胞比例[61]
), ArticleFig(id=1322923523785761768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923516328289193, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中药多糖调节免疫细胞抗肺癌作用具体机制总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
免疫细胞中药多糖来源调节免疫细胞具体作用机制参考文献
巨噬细胞黄芪多糖黄芪诱导M1/M2巨噬细胞极化,调节M1/M2巨噬细胞比例
促使M1巨噬细胞相关因子产生和分泌,增强MHC-Ⅱ分子表达
[13]
黄精多糖黄精调控AMPK/PDH轴,抑制M2巨噬细胞极化,促进巨噬细胞极化为M1型[14]
淫羊藿多糖淫羊藿增加INF-γ、IL-6、TNF-α分泌[15]
提高IL-2、INF-γ分泌,调整M1/M2巨噬细胞比例[16]
香菇多糖香菇增加M1型巨噬细胞比例,降低M2型巨噬细胞的数量
增加IL-12、INF-γ表达,降低TGF-β表达
[17]
魔芋葡甘露聚糖蛇六谷降低Lewis肺癌小鼠血清内TGF-β、IL-10表达[18]
茯苓多糖茯苓提高化疗后的肺癌小鼠体内IL-2、TNF-α表达[19]
刺五加多糖刺五加上调TLR4信号通路,提高肺癌小鼠体内IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α表达[20]
白花蛇舌草多糖白花蛇舌草提高IL-2、TNF-α和IFN-γ表达,降低IL-10表达[21]
莪术多糖莪术提高IL-2、TNF-α和IFN-γ表达,增强巨噬细胞的吞噬活性[22]
灵芝多糖灵芝诱导IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-2、IFN-γ及TNF-α分泌和高表达[23]
树突状细胞车前子多糖车前子促进DC细胞成熟,增强DC细胞抗原处理和呈递能力,诱导IL-12分泌[28]
激活MAPK和NF-κB信号通路,诱导DC细胞成熟[29]
熟地黄多糖脂质体熟地黄提高MHCⅡ分子表达,促进DC细胞成熟[30]
川牛膝多糖川牛膝诱导DC细胞抗原呈递到CD8+T细胞,激活细胞毒性T淋巴细胞免疫应答
诱导CD4+T淋巴细胞启动体液免疫
[31]
霍山石斛多糖石斛增加DC细胞数量,提高脾淋巴细胞增殖能力[32]
自然杀伤细胞山药多糖山药增加Lewis肺癌小鼠NK细胞数量[36]
霍山石斛多糖石斛增加NK细胞数量[37]
灵芝多糖灵芝增加TLR4缺陷小鼠NK细胞数量和杀伤活性[38]
红花多糖红花增强NK细胞毒性作用[39]
人参多糖人参上调NKp30、NKp44表达,诱导NK细胞活化
通过上调杀伤介质表达来提高NK细胞杀伤活性
[40]
髓系抑制细胞黄芪多糖黄芪降低MDSCs比例,促进MDSCs分化成熟[44]
人参多糖人参降低Arg-1、TGF-β、IL-10表达,提高IFN-γ、TNF-α表达,减少MDSCs数量[45]
芦笋多糖芦笋抑制MDSCs增殖和活化[46]
促进Caspase-9表达,抑制Bcl2表达,诱导MDSCs凋亡
T细胞灵芝多糖灵芝增加CD4+/CD8+T细胞比例,促进INF-γ、IL-12分泌[49]
黄芪多糖黄芪抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路活化,提高CD3+、CD4+、CD8+比例
增加IL-2、IFN-γ表达,降低IL-4、IL-10表达,逆转Th1/Th2漂移
[50]
联合细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞,上调机体CD3+、CD4+T淋巴细胞水平[51]
人参多糖人参增加INF-γ、IL-2分泌,减少IL-4、IL-5分泌,维持Th1/Th2平衡[52]
纠正Th1/Th2漂移现象[53]
白花蛇舌草多糖白花蛇舌草提高CD3+T细胞、CD4+T细胞比例、降低CD8+T细胞比例,改善Th1/Th2漂移[54]
芡茎多糖芡茎增加CD3+T细胞、CD4+T细胞比例,调节CD4+/CD8+T细胞比值[55]
山豆根多糖山豆根提高CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞表达、CD4+/CD8+T细胞比值[56]
调节性T细胞人参多糖人参下调Arg-1、TGF-β、VEGF表达,上调INF-γ、TNF-α表达,减少Treg数量[45]
灵芝多糖灵芝增加Teff/Treg细胞比例,降低Treg细胞对Teff增殖的抑制[60]
香菇多糖香菇抑制Treg细胞增殖,降低CD4+Treg细胞比例[61]
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中药多糖调节免疫细胞抗肺癌作用机制研究进展
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王成志 1 , 刘一帆 1 , 张晓青 2 , 赵戈蕾 1 , 张山 1 , 刘培民 1 , 李东东 1
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(4): 149-154
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (4) : 149 -154
中药多糖调节免疫细胞抗肺癌作用机制研究进展
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王成志(1998-),男,河南驻马店人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。

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王成志(1998-),男,河南驻马店人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。

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王成志1, 刘一帆1, 张晓青2, 赵戈蕾1, 张山1, 刘培民1 , 李东东1
作者信息
  • 1.河南中医药大学第二附属医院,河南 郑州 450002
  • 2.郑州大学第一附属医院,河南 郑州 450052
通讯作者:
刘培民(1973-),男,山东枣庄人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。E-mail:。
李东东(1989-),男,河南开封人,主治医师,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。E-mail:。
作者简介:

王成志(1998-),男,河南驻马店人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。

Research Progress on Mechanism of Chinese Traditional Medicine Polysaccharide Regulating Immune Cells against Lung Cancer
Chengzhi WANG1, Yifan LIU1, Xiaoqing ZHANG2, Gelei ZHAO1, Shan ZHANG1, Peimin LIU1 , Dongdong LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
  • 2.The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
出版时间: 2025-04-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.024
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肺癌是世界范围内最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其发病率和病死率均居于首位,已成为威胁全球人类生命健康的头号杀手。中医药在抗肺癌综合治疗中应用广泛,疗效确切,中药多糖作为最常见的中药活性成分,具有较突出的抗肿瘤免疫作用。大量研究发现,中药多糖如黄芪多糖、人参多糖、淫羊藿多糖、灵芝多糖、牛膝多糖以及石斛多糖等可以通过调节肺癌肿瘤免疫微环境中的巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、自然杀伤细胞、髓系抑制细胞、T细胞以及调节性T细胞等免疫细胞,改善肺癌肿瘤免疫微环境,提高免疫细胞功能和活性,增强机体免疫应答反应,从而更好地发挥抗肺癌作用。通过收集近年来国内外中药多糖发挥抗肺癌治疗作用的相关文献,从中药多糖调节免疫细胞及其抗肺癌作用具体机制方面进行论述,以期为中医药在抗肺癌治疗方面提供新思路,为临床相关新药研发提供新的理论依据,促进中西医结合治疗肺癌在临床中的广泛应用。

中药多糖  /  免疫细胞  /  肺癌  /  机制研究

Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world,its morbidity and mortality rank first,and has become the number one killer threatening human life and health in the world. Traditional Chinese medicine is widely used in the comprehensive treatment of anti-lung cancer,and its curative effect is exact. As the most common active component of traditional Chinese medicine,traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharide has a prominent anti-tumor immune effect. A large number of studies have found that traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides,such as Astragalus polysaccharides,Ginseng polysaccharide,Epimedium polysaccharides,Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide,Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides and Dendrobium polysaccharide,can improve the immune microenvironment of lung cancer tumors by regulating immune cells such as macrophages,dendritic cells,natural killer cells,myeloid suppressor cells,T cells and regulatory T cells to improve the function and activity of immune cells and enhance the body's immune response,so as to better play the role of anti-lung cancer. By collecting literatures on the anti-lung cancer effect of traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides at home and abroad in recent years,this paper discussed the regulation of immune cells by traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides and the specific mechanism of its anti-lung cancer effect,with a view to providing new ideas for the anti-lung cancer treatment of TCM as well as a new theoretical basis for the research and development of clinically related new drugs,and promoting the extensive clinical application of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine in the treatment of lung cancer.

polysaccharide  /  immune cells  /  lung cancer  /  mechanism study
王成志, 刘一帆, 张晓青, 赵戈蕾, 张山, 刘培民, 李东东. 中药多糖调节免疫细胞抗肺癌作用机制研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (4) : 149 -154 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.024
Chengzhi WANG, Yifan LIU, Xiaoqing ZHANG, Gelei ZHAO, Shan ZHANG, Peimin LIU, Dongdong LI. Research Progress on Mechanism of Chinese Traditional Medicine Polysaccharide Regulating Immune Cells against Lung Cancer[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (4) : 149 -154 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.024
2020年全球癌症统计报告显示,肺癌是全球病死率和发病率最高的恶性肿瘤,其发病率约占全球癌症的11.6%,病死率约18.4%,已成为困扰全球各国的重大公共卫生问题[1]。而在我国,肺癌的发病率和病死率居于所有恶性肿瘤的首位,并有逐年增加的趋势[2]。研究表明,肺癌的发生发展与肿瘤微环境(Tumor microenvironment,TME)关系密切,TME主要由肿瘤细胞、免疫细胞、血管内皮细胞、间质细胞以及相关细胞因子等组成,其在肿瘤的发生发展中发挥着重要作用[3]。临床上肺癌的治疗主要以手术、放疗、化疗、靶向治疗为主,然而这些治疗手段存在较大的不良反应和易耐药问题。作为新型抗肺癌治疗手段,免疫治疗主要是通过特定的方式,诱导TME中的免疫细胞产生特异性抗肿瘤免疫应答,从而杀灭肿瘤细胞,抑制肿瘤的生长和转移。中医学强调“扶正祛邪”的治疗原则,认为在肿瘤发生发展的过程中,多应用具有扶助正气、培植本元功用的中药,提高人体自身免疫力,从而提高抗肿瘤治疗的有效性,这与现代医学的肿瘤免疫治疗思路不谋而合。中医药在肺癌综合治疗中应用广泛,疗效确切,可从多环节、多靶点、多通路对肺癌的发生、发展和转移等不同阶段发挥作用,尤其在提高患者免疫功能方面具有不可替代的作用[4]。而中药多糖来源广泛,活性最强,在调控免疫细胞,改善肺癌TME,提高免疫应答能力方面发挥着尤其重要的作用。
中医学中并无“肺癌”之病名,根据其症状可将其归于“肺积”“息贲”“咳嗽”“咯血”等范畴[5]。正如古籍记载,《杂病源流犀烛》云:“邪积胸中,阻塞气道,气不宣通,为痰为食为血,皆得与正相搏,邪既胜,正不得而制之,遂结成形而有块”。《难经·五十六难》云:“肺之积,名曰息贲,在右胁下,覆大如杯。久不已,令人洒淅寒热,喘咳,发肺壅”。国医大师洪广祥强调正虚邪实是晚期肺癌的主要病机特点,提出“以补助攻,留人治病”的治疗原则[6]。国医大师周仲瑛认为肺癌的基本病机为热毒痰瘀互结,气阴两虚,强调本病为本虚标实,标实以痰、瘀、热、毒为主,本虚则以气阴两虚为主[7]。国医大师熊继柏认为肺癌的主要病机以正虚为本,病因主要有气滞、痰饮和瘀血等,因此治疗肺癌应坚持扶正固本、行气散结、化痰逐饮、活血化瘀之法[8]。笔者认为,肺癌的发生发展离不开痰、瘀、热、毒四个方面,而正虚则贯穿始终,正如《医宗必读》所言:“积之成也,正气不足,而后邪气踞之。”因此中医药治疗肺癌的应坚持“扶正固本”的基本大法,在辨证论治的前提下,选用扶助正气、培植本元的中药,来调节人体气血阴阳的平衡,从而提高机体自身免疫力,抑制肺癌进展。
研究发现,大量中药多糖具有调节免疫、抗肺癌等药理作用,它们可以通过调节肺癌TME中巨噬细胞(Macrophages,M)、树突状细胞(Dendritic cells,DC)、自然杀伤细胞(Natural killer cell,NK)、髓系抑制细胞(Myeloid-derived suppressor cells,MDSCs)、T淋巴细胞以及调节T细胞(Regulatory T cell,Tregs)等免疫细胞,影响相关细胞因子的分泌和表达,从而改善肺癌TME,扭转免疫抑制状态,增强机体免疫功能,提高免疫系统杀伤作用,从而发挥抑制肺癌生长转移的作用。见插页Ⅲ图1。本文将从中药多糖调控免疫细胞发挥抗肺癌治疗作用的具体机制方面作一综述。
巨噬细胞主要是从骨髓造血祖细胞发育而来的单核细胞[9],它们是机体固有免疫系统最重要的组成部分之一,具有极强的吞噬和杀灭肿瘤细胞的作用,在机体免疫防御系统中发挥着重要作用。在不同的刺激条件下,巨噬细胞可极化为M1型巨噬细胞和M2型巨噬细胞。M1巨噬细胞主要由γ-干扰素(Interferon-γ,IFN-γ)、白细胞介素1β(Interleukin 1β,IL-1β)及脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharides,LPS)诱导而发生极化,可产生IL-6、IL-12、IL-23及肿瘤坏死因子α(Tumor necrosis factorα,TNF-α)等细胞因子,并诱导T细胞免疫应答,发挥抗肿瘤作用[10]。M2型巨噬细胞由IL-4、IL-10和IL-13诱导而极化,可分泌精氨酸酶1(Arginase 1,Arg-1)、转化生长因子β(Transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)及CD206等细胞因子,具有促进肿瘤细胞生长和侵袭的作用[11]。研究发现,M1/M2巨噬细胞的极化表型影响着免疫相关细胞因子、炎症介质和蛋白水解酶等的释放和分泌,这对于肺肿瘤血管生成、肿瘤细胞侵袭和迁移等意义重大。因此,诱导M细胞向M1表型极化,改善M1/M2巨噬细胞比例是抑制肺癌生长和侵袭的重要靶点[12]。中药多糖可以通过调节巨噬细胞的数量、功能及活性,促使巨噬细胞向M1型巨噬细胞极化,从而提高机体免疫应答能力,抑制肺癌的生长和转移。
BAMODU O A等[13]研究发现,黄芪多糖(Astragalus polysaccharide,APS)可以诱导M1/M2巨噬细胞极化,调节M1/M2巨噬细胞比例,促使M1巨噬细胞相关因子分泌,增强主要组织相容性复合物Ⅱ分子(Major histocompatibility complex,MHC-Ⅱ)分子表达,从而提高对NSCLC细胞的杀伤和吞噬能力。侯亚琴等[14]发现黄精多糖通过调控AMPK/PDH轴,减少M2巨噬细胞线粒体氧化与磷酸化,从而抑制M2巨噬细胞极化,促进巨噬细胞极化为M1型。WANG C C等[15]研究发现,淫羊藿多糖(Epimedium polysaccharide,EPS)可以增加Lewis肺癌小鼠体内INF-γ、IL-6、TNF-α的分泌,从而诱导M1巨噬细胞极化,抑制肺癌的生长和转移。王程成[16]证实,EPS可以提高IL-2、INF-γ表达,优化M1/M2巨噬细胞比例,并有效阻止肺癌小鼠免疫器官的萎缩和免疫功能的下降。WANG W J等[17]研究发现,香菇多糖(Lentinan,LNT)可以增加Lewis肺癌小鼠M1型巨噬细胞比例,降低M2型巨噬细胞比例,并增加IL-12、INF-γ表达,降低TGF-β表达,改善肺癌小鼠免疫抑制状态。刘贝贝等[18]研究发现,魔芋葡甘露聚糖可以降低Lewis肺癌小鼠血清内TGF-β、IL-10的表达,改善免疫抑制作用,从而恢复机体免疫应答反应,抑制肺癌的生长和转移。魏科等[19]研究发现,茯苓多糖可以促进经长春瑞滨和顺铂化疗后的肺癌小鼠体内IL-2、TNF-α的分泌和表达,提高肺癌小鼠免疫功能,从而增强对肺癌的治疗效果。周丽菁等[20]研究发现,刺五加多糖(Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharide,ASPS)通过上调TLR4信号通路,提高肺癌小鼠体内IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的分泌和表达,抑制Lewis细胞的增殖和侵袭。贾羲等[21]研究发现,白花蛇舌草多糖(Polysaccharides extracts from hedyotis diffusa,PEHD)可以提高Lewis肺癌小鼠IL-2、TNF-α和IFN-γ表达,降低IL-10表达,增强小鼠免疫功能,抑制肺肿瘤细胞的增殖和侵袭。陈志强等[22]研究发现,莪术多糖(Curcuma zedoary polysaccharides,CZP)可以提高Lewis肺癌小鼠血清内IL-2、TNF-α和IFN-γ表达,从而增强巨噬细胞吞噬活性,发挥抗肺癌的作用。YOO S M等[23]研究发现,灵芝多糖(Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide,GLP)可以通过激活蛋白激酶C(Protein kinase C,PKC)和蛋白激酶A(Protein kinase A,PKA),提高IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-2、IFN-γ及TNF-α表达,从而增强巨噬细胞免疫杀伤作用。综上所述,笔者认为,中药单多糖如黄芪多糖、淫羊藿多糖、莪术多糖、刺五加多糖、白花蛇舌草多糖、黄精多糖以及魔芋葡甘露聚糖等可以通过调节M1、M2巨噬细胞相关细胞因子的分泌和表达,诱导巨噬细胞向M1表型极化,抑制其向M2表型极化,最终抑制肺癌的生长和转移。
DC细胞广泛分布于血液、淋巴器官和机体组织中,是体内功能最强的抗原呈递细胞,其识别摄取抗原后直接提呈给T淋巴细胞,从而诱导T细胞产生特异性免疫应答[24]。DC细胞在调控机体固有免疫与适应性免疫方面均发挥重要的作用,是连接二者的重要桥梁[25]。研究表明,Lewis肺癌患者体内DC细胞的成熟、活化和迁移会受到一定的抑制作用[26]。研究发现,中药多糖在促进DC细胞成熟、增强DC细胞处理和递呈抗原信息作用、提高T细胞诱导的免疫应答能力方面发挥重要作用[27]。HUANG D F等[28]研究表明,车前子多糖(Polysaccharides from semen plantaginis,PSP)可以促进DC细胞成熟,增强DC细胞抗原处理和呈递能力,并诱导IL-12分泌,激发T细胞主导的免疫应答反应。同样,JIANG L等[29]研究发现PSP可以通过激活MAPK和NF-κB信号通路,诱导DC细胞表型和功能成熟,从而增强机体免疫应答能力。HUANG Y E等[30]研究表明,熟地黄多糖脂质体(Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide liposome,RGPL)可以提高MHC-Ⅱ分子表达,促进DC细胞成熟。FENG H B等[31]研究发现,川牛膝多糖(Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides,ABP)可以诱导DC细胞将抗原呈递到CD8+ T淋巴细胞,激活细胞毒性T细胞(Cytotoxic T cell,CTL)特异性免疫应答,同时诱导CD4+ T淋巴细胞启动体液免疫,发挥抗肺癌作用。张金萍等[32]发现,霍山石斛多糖(Dendrobium huoshanense polysaccharide,DHP)可以增加Lewis肺癌荷瘤小鼠DC细胞的数量,提高脾淋巴细胞增殖能力,激活免疫应答反应。综上,笔者认为,中药多糖如车前子多糖、熟地黄多糖脂质体、川牛膝多糖以及霍山石斛多糖等可以通过增加DC细胞数量、提高DC细胞抗原处理和递呈能力、诱导DC细胞表型成熟等途径,来激活T淋巴细胞主导的免疫应答反应,从而发挥抗肺癌作用。
NK细胞在体内分布广泛,主要在骨髓中生长发育成熟,其具有直接杀伤肿瘤细胞的作用,约占循环淋巴细胞的15%[33]。NK细胞是机体阻止肿瘤发生发展的第一道防线,其功能和活性对增强免疫功能、改善TME具有重要意义[34]。有学者认为,在肺癌的中晚期,会出现NK细胞的功能障碍,从而导致抗肿瘤免疫能力的下降[35]。因此,提高肺癌患者NK细胞的数量、功能及活性,诱导其成熟,是提高肺癌患者免疫功能的关键。许远征等[36]研究发现,山药多糖(Yam polysaccharide,YP)可以增加Lewis肺癌小鼠NK细胞的数量和活性,从而增强免疫功能,抑制肺肿瘤细胞的生长。LIN J等[37]研究表明DHP可以增加NK细胞的数量。YU Q等[38]发现,GLP可以增加TLR4缺陷小鼠NK细胞的数量和杀伤活性,发挥抗肺癌作用。SHI X K等[39]研究证实,红花多糖(Safflower polysaccharide,SPS)可以直接增强NK细胞的毒性作用,抑制肺癌的生长和转移。王欢等[40]研究发现,人参多糖(Ginseng polysaccharides,GPS)通过上调活化受体NKp30、NKp44的表达,从而诱导NK细胞活化,并通过上调杀伤介质表达来提高NK细胞的杀伤活性。综上所述,中药多糖如山药多糖、人参多糖、红花多糖以及霍山石斛多糖等可以通过提高NK细胞的数量和活性,增强NK细胞的杀伤作用,发挥抗肺癌作用。
MDSCs起源于骨髓的异质细胞,是DC细胞、M细胞或粒细胞的前体,具有显著抑制免疫应答的能力[41]。研究显示,肺癌肿瘤细胞通过分泌大量趋化因子,诱导MDSCs产生IL-10、NO、ROS、TGF-β等细胞因子,抑制CD4+ T淋巴细胞和CD8+ T淋巴细胞的增殖和活化,从而降低固有免疫应答能力,最终促进肺癌的快速发展[42]。研究发现,中药多糖可以抑制MDSCs的增殖和活化,调节其数量及功能,增强肺癌患者免疫应答能力,改善肺癌免疫抑制状态[43]。刘素霞[44]研究发现,APS可以显著降低MDSCs的比例,并促进MDSCs快速分化成熟,增强机体免疫功能。张孝钦等[45]研究发现,GPS可以通过降低Arg-1、TGF-β、IL-10表达,提高IFN-γ、TNF-α表达,来减少MDSCs的数量,从而增强晚期肺癌化疗患者的临床疗效,减轻不良反应。ZHANG W S等[46]研究发现,芦笋多糖(Asparagus polysaccharide,ASP)可以抑制MDSCs的增殖和活化,并通过促进Caspase-9表达,抑制Bcl-2表达,从而诱导MDSCs凋亡,恢复肺癌患者免疫应答能力。综上所述,中药多糖如黄芪多糖、人参多糖和芦笋多糖可以通过降低MDSCs的数量、抑制其增殖和活化、诱导其发生凋亡等途径,从而提高肺癌患者免疫应答能力,抑制肺癌的生长。
T淋巴细胞来源自骨髓多能干细胞,在胸腺激素的诱导下进一步分化成熟,成熟的T细胞可分为CD4+ T淋巴细胞和CD8+ T淋巴细胞,前者又可分化为辅助性T细胞1(Thelper cell,Th1)细胞和Th2细胞,Th1细胞主要分泌IL-2、IFN-γ和TNF-α等细胞因子,诱导正常的免疫应答反应;而Th2细胞主要分泌IL-4、IL-6和IL-10等细胞因子,具有显著的免疫抑制作用[47]。研究发现,肺癌患者体内存在Th1/Th2漂移现象,当Th2型细胞因子数量增多、活性加强时,由T细胞介导的免疫应答反应就会受到抑制,最终会导致肺癌肿瘤细胞生长和迁移[48]。研究发现,中药多糖可以调节T淋巴细胞亚群的比例,促进相关细胞因子的分泌和表达,扭转Th1/Th2漂移,从而增强T淋巴细胞的免疫能力,抑制肺癌生长和迁移。
WANG Y等[49]研究发现,GLP可显著降低Lewis肺癌小鼠肿瘤组织的质量和体积,下调增殖细胞核抗原标记物,并增加CD4+/CD8+ T细胞比例,促进INF-γ、IL-12分泌,抑制肺肿瘤细胞的生长。刘艳玲等[50]研究发现,APS可以通过抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路活化,提高肺癌小鼠CD3+、CD4+、CD8+比例,增加Th1型细胞因子IL-2、IFN-γ表达,降低Th2型细胞因子IL-4、IL-10表达,从而逆转Th1/Th2漂移,增强T淋巴细胞免疫功能。同样,张莹等[51]研究发现,APS联合细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(Cytokine-induced killer cells,CIK)可以通过上调机体CD3+、CD4+ T淋巴细胞水平,增强NSCLC免疫应答能力。王敏等[52]发现GPS注射液可以增加TP方案化疗患者INF-γ、IL-2分泌,减少IL-4、IL-5分泌,维持Th1/Th2平衡,改善NSCLC患者的临床疗效及生活质量。另外,MA J等[53]也证实,给予人参多糖(GPS)注射液后,患者体内Th1/Th2漂移被有效纠正,进而增强T淋巴细胞免疫作用。李燕华等[54]研究发现,白花蛇舌草多糖(PEHD)可以提高Lewis肺癌荷瘤小鼠CD3+ T细胞、CD4+ T细胞比例,降低CD8+ T细胞比例,从而扭转Th1/Th2漂移现象,增强肺癌小鼠的免疫功能。闵翼等[55]研究发现,芡茎多糖可以增加CD3+ T细胞、CD4+ T细胞比例,调节CD4+/CD8+ T细胞比值,从而提高T淋巴细胞免疫功能,发挥抗肺癌作用。路海滨等[56]研究发现,山豆根多糖(Sarcophaga polysaccharide,SRP)可以提高Lewis肺癌小鼠血清内CD4+ T细胞、CD8+ T细胞表达及CD4+/CD8+ T细胞比例,增强T淋巴细胞免疫应答。综上所述,中药多糖如灵芝多糖、黄芪多糖、人参多糖、白花蛇舌草多糖、山豆根多糖以及芡茎多糖等通过调节CD3+ T细胞、CD4+ T细胞和CD8+ T细胞的表达水平、CD4+/CD8+ T细胞比例,促进相关细胞因子分泌和表达,纠正Th1/Th2漂移现象等途径,增强机体T淋巴细胞亚群的免疫能力,最终发挥抑肺癌作用。
Treg是一群具有免疫抑制作用的T细胞亚群,其主要通过高表达CD4+细胞、细胞以及高分泌TGF-β、IL-10、IL-35等免疫抑制因子来抑制机体正常的免疫应答反应,在促进肺癌生长和转移方面发挥着重要作用[57]。而Treg又可分为天然Treg和体外诱导Treg,其中体外诱导Treg在TME中主要发挥免疫抑制作用[58]。在肺癌患者血液、局部TME和转移淋巴结处Treg比例显著升高,体内Treg比例的高低,能够直接影响肺癌患者免疫治疗预期效果[59]。研究证实,中药多糖具有降低Treg数量、抑制其功能和活性的作用。张孝钦等[45]研究发现,GPS可通过降低Arg-1、TGFβ、IL-10、VEGF分泌,上调INF-γ、TNF-α表达,来减少Treg数量,从而提高晚期肺癌化疗患者的临床疗效。LI A M等[60]发现,GLP可以增加Teff/Treg细胞的比例,降低Treg细胞对Teff增殖的抑制,从而增强T细胞的免疫能力。WANG X E等[61]研究发现,LNT可以抑制NSCLC患者Treg细胞增殖,降低CD4+Treg细胞比例,恢复机体免疫应答反应,改善免疫抑制作用。因此,中药多糖如人参多糖、灵芝多糖和香菇多糖等通过下调Treg细胞的数量、降低Treg细胞功能和活性,提高机体免疫能力,改善机体免疫抑制状态,发挥抑制肺癌生长的作用。
中药多糖调节免疫细胞抗肿瘤作用机制详见表1。
我国肺癌的发病率和病死率居于世界首位,西医治疗手段虽然具有一定效果,但同时也伴随着价格昂贵、不良反应大等诸多缺点,影响肺癌患者的生存质量及长期治疗。目前中医药已成为抗肺癌治疗临床上不可或缺的手段,其应用广泛,疗效肯定,优势明显。本文归纳总结了中药多糖调节免疫细胞发挥抗肺癌治疗作用具体机制等方面的研究成果,然而还面临一些问题:①中药多糖具有多靶点、多途径、多通路的优势,但其结构复杂,提取难度较大,纯度化水平较低,有待进一步提升和解决;②中药多糖对TME中的免疫细胞具有调节作用,而TME组分众多,并不一定是其发挥抗肺癌作用的中心环节,其具体机制仍有待进一步深入研究;③关于中药多糖调控免疫细胞的研究仍以动物实验研究为主,缺乏大量临床数据的支持和验证,今后的研究应逐步从科研向临床转化。笔者认为,未来针对中药多糖调节免疫细胞发挥抗肺癌治疗作用的研究应该以临床疗效为导向,加大对具有抗肺癌免疫作用的中药多糖进行分子结构改造,增强中药多糖调节免疫的精准度,以更好地促进临床相关抗肺癌新药的研发与应用。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82204981)
  • 河南省特色骨干学科中医学学科建设项目(STG-ZYX06-202145)
  • 河南省中医药科学研究专项(2021JDZX2002; 20-21ZY2115)
  • 河南省中医院博士科研基金(2022BSJJ07; 2023BSJJ02)
  • 河南中医药大学研究生科研创新能力提升计划项目(2022KYCX057; 2023KYCX043; 2023KYCX051)
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2025年第43卷第4期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.024
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-04-10
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基金
国家自然科学基金项目(82204981)
河南省特色骨干学科中医学学科建设项目(STG-ZYX06-202145)
河南省中医药科学研究专项(2021JDZX2002; 20-21ZY2115)
河南省中医院博士科研基金(2022BSJJ07; 2023BSJJ02)
河南中医药大学研究生科研创新能力提升计划项目(2022KYCX057; 2023KYCX043; 2023KYCX051)
作者信息
    1.河南中医药大学第二附属医院,河南 郑州 450002
    2.郑州大学第一附属医院,河南 郑州 450052

通讯作者:

刘培民(1973-),男,山东枣庄人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。E-mail:。
李东东(1989-),男,河南开封人,主治医师,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治恶性肿瘤的临床及基础。E-mail:。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zhzyyxk/CN/10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.024
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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