Article(id=1322923369737363514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923268038078806, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339110073, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1744214400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339110073, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339110072, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339110072, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322923268038078806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1744214400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339085826, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340586453, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929562572686061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923268038078806, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929562572686062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923268038078806, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=82, endPage=89, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322923370077102139, articleId=1322923369737363514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Exploring Regulatory Mechanism of Biejiajian Pill(鳖甲煎丸)on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Bioinformatics, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the occurrence and development of liver cancer based on bioinformaticsand to screen and validate the mechanisms and targets of Biejiajian Pill(鳖甲煎丸,BJJP)on liver cancer.

Methods

Single-cell data of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)was downloaded from the GEO database,processedand subjected to communication analysis,enrichment and metabolic analysis,and reanalysis of cellular subpopulations. Subsequently,the components and action targets of BJJP were collected,and in conjunction with transcriptomic results,the intersection targets between BJJP and HCC were identified and analyzed. Finally,protein and small molecule information was obtained from the PDB and PubChem databases to simulate drug-target molecular docking. A computational dynamics simulation environment was constructed to assess the interactions.

Results

Transcriptomic analysis revealed that intercellular communication was more active in the peritumoral group of HCC. The cells were predominantly enriched in pathways related to cell cycle checkpoints and immune responses. The hepatocyte metabolism was active,while immune cell metabolism was suppressed. The natural killer(NK)cells gradually evolved from possessing normal cytotoxic capabilities to lower capabilities,and hepatocytes gradually transformed from normal to cancerous cells. Network pharmacology results showed that BJJP potentially regulated 124 targets in HCC,mostly enriched in pathways such as immune response,inflammatory response,glycolysisand interleukin-17. Molecular docking was performed with key proteins and potential drug action targets,and the top three with the strongest binding affinity were subjected to dynamic simulation,which showed that these three receptor-ligand complexes were relatively stable.

Conclusion

HCCcells may promote malignant proliferation and immune escape by disrupting cell cycle and immune functions. BJJP may achieve antitumor effects by regulating pathways such as anti-inflammatory,immune responseand cell division. The key drug-target relationships were validated with good results in molecular docking and molecular dynamics,demonstrating their favorable binding affinity.

, authors=Xinping YU, Shiyao WANG, Qinggang MENG, authorsList=Xinping YU, Shiyao WANG, Qinggang MENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qinggang MENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322923375022186578, articleId=1322923369737363514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=基于生物信息学探究鳖甲煎丸对肝细胞癌的调控机制, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

基于生物信息学探究肝癌发生发展的潜在分子机制,筛选并验证鳖甲煎丸对肝癌起调控作用的机制和靶点。

方法

下载GEO数据库中的肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)单细胞数据,处理后进行通讯分析、富集与代谢分析、细胞亚群再分析。接下来,收集鳖甲煎丸药物成分及作用靶点,结合转录组学结果,确定鳖甲煎丸与HCC的交集靶点并分析。最后,从PDB数据库和PubChem数据库中获取蛋白和小分子信息,模拟药-靶分子对接;通过计算机构建动力学模拟环境,评估交互作用。收集鳖甲煎丸药物成分及作用靶点,分析其与HCC的交集靶点;从PDB数据库和PubChem数据库中获取蛋白和小分子信息,模拟药-靶分子对接;通过计算机构建动力学模拟环境,评估交互作用。

结果

转录组学结果显示,HCC癌旁组中细胞间通讯更为活跃;细胞大多富集在细胞周期检查点和免疫反应相关通路;肝细胞代谢活跃,免疫细胞代谢抑制;自然杀伤(natural killer cell,NK)细胞逐渐由具备正常杀伤能力向低杀伤能力演化、肝细胞逐渐由正常肝细胞向癌细胞演化。网络药理学结果显示,鳖甲煎丸调控HCC的潜在作用靶点有124个,大多富集在免疫反应、炎症反应、糖酵解、白介素-17等通路。选择关键蛋白与药物潜在作用靶点进行分子对接,对结合亲和力最强的前三者进行动力学模拟,结果显示这三种受体-配体复合物结合较稳定。

结论

HCC细胞可能通过扰乱细胞周期和免疫功能促进其恶性增殖和免疫逃逸;鳖甲煎丸可能通过调节抗炎、免疫反应、细胞分裂等通路达到抗肿瘤效果;关键的药-靶关系在分子对接与分子动力学验证中得到了较好结果,证明其具有较好的亲和力。

, authors=于欣萍, 王诗尧, 孟庆刚, authorsList=于欣萍, 王诗尧, 孟庆刚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孟庆刚, authorNote=

于欣萍(1997-),女,辽宁沈阳人,硕士,研究方向:中医诊疗信息处理。

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孟庆刚(1964-),男,辽宁海城人,教授、主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:基于系统复杂性的中医药信息处理。E-mail:。
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于欣萍(1997-),女,辽宁沈阳人,硕士,研究方向:中医诊疗信息处理。

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于欣萍(1997-),女,辽宁沈阳人,硕士,研究方向:中医诊疗信息处理。

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NK细胞N组T组
数量占比/(%)数量占比/(%)
Cluster 0442528.75135537.26
Cluster 1464930.2174020.35
Cluster 2360723.44110130.27
Cluster 3173611.282657.29
Cluster 49736.321764.84
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NK细胞五簇的细胞数量及占比

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NK细胞N组T组
数量占比/(%)数量占比/(%)
Cluster 0442528.75135537.26
Cluster 1464930.2174020.35
Cluster 2360723.44110130.27
Cluster 3173611.282657.29
Cluster 49736.321764.84
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肝细胞N组T组
数量占比/(%)数量占比/(%)
Cluster 0102358.66499233.86
Cluster 134319.67333822.64
Cluster 235020.07272818.50
Cluster 300254717.27
Cluster 4281.6111687.73
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肝细胞五簇的细胞数量及占比

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肝细胞N组T组
数量占比/(%)数量占比/(%)
Cluster 0102358.66499233.86
Cluster 134319.67333822.64
Cluster 235020.07272818.50
Cluster 300254717.27
Cluster 4281.6111687.73
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蛋白名称标识符
CXCL84XDX
HSP90AA13TOH
HSP90AB15Uc4
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分子对接的蛋白选择

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蛋白名称标识符
CXCL84XDX
HSP90AA13TOH
HSP90AB15Uc4
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结合能排名蛋白名称PubChem ID结合能/(kcal/mol)
1HSP90AB1338147-11.1
2HSP90AB13082381-10.9
3HSP90AB1442679-10.9
4HSP90AB1137699315-10.8
5HSP90AB144257541-10.8
6HSP90AB144576040-10.8
7HSP90AB1138991573-10.7
8CXCL8118701246-10.6
9HSP90AB1118701062-10.6
10HSP90AB1156621077-10.6
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对接结合能Top10

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结合能排名蛋白名称PubChem ID结合能/(kcal/mol)
1HSP90AB1338147-11.1
2HSP90AB13082381-10.9
3HSP90AB1442679-10.9
4HSP90AB1137699315-10.8
5HSP90AB144257541-10.8
6HSP90AB144576040-10.8
7HSP90AB1138991573-10.7
8CXCL8118701246-10.6
9HSP90AB1118701062-10.6
10HSP90AB1156621077-10.6
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受体-配体复合物范德华力静电势能极性溶剂化作用能量溶剂可及表面积能量结合自由能
HSP90AB1-Geraniin-349.098±1.314-121.863±2.226327.290±2.347-37.686±0.111-181.494±1.877
HSP90AB1-Osladin-92.060±2.177-256.728±2.863416.412±3.655-21.720±0.13045.867±2.553
HSP90AB1-Eugeniin-178.902±1.981-195.272±4.893408.793±5.046-26.879±0.1288.003±2.322
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对接结合能Top3的受体-配体复合物的结合自由能结果

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受体-配体复合物范德华力静电势能极性溶剂化作用能量溶剂可及表面积能量结合自由能
HSP90AB1-Geraniin-349.098±1.314-121.863±2.226327.290±2.347-37.686±0.111-181.494±1.877
HSP90AB1-Osladin-92.060±2.177-256.728±2.863416.412±3.655-21.720±0.13045.867±2.553
HSP90AB1-Eugeniin-178.902±1.981-195.272±4.893408.793±5.046-26.879±0.1288.003±2.322
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基于生物信息学探究鳖甲煎丸对肝细胞癌的调控机制
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于欣萍 , 王诗尧 , 孟庆刚
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(4): 82-89
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (4) : 82 -89
基于生物信息学探究鳖甲煎丸对肝细胞癌的调控机制
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于欣萍, 王诗尧, 孟庆刚
作者信息
  • 北京中医药大学,北京 100102
通讯作者:
孟庆刚(1964-),男,辽宁海城人,教授、主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:基于系统复杂性的中医药信息处理。E-mail:。
作者简介:

于欣萍(1997-),女,辽宁沈阳人,硕士,研究方向:中医诊疗信息处理。

Exploring Regulatory Mechanism of Biejiajian Pill(鳖甲煎丸)on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Bioinformatics
Xinping YU, Shiyao WANG, Qinggang MENG
Affiliations
  • Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
出版时间: 2025-04-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.015
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目的

基于生物信息学探究肝癌发生发展的潜在分子机制,筛选并验证鳖甲煎丸对肝癌起调控作用的机制和靶点。

方法

下载GEO数据库中的肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)单细胞数据,处理后进行通讯分析、富集与代谢分析、细胞亚群再分析。接下来,收集鳖甲煎丸药物成分及作用靶点,结合转录组学结果,确定鳖甲煎丸与HCC的交集靶点并分析。最后,从PDB数据库和PubChem数据库中获取蛋白和小分子信息,模拟药-靶分子对接;通过计算机构建动力学模拟环境,评估交互作用。收集鳖甲煎丸药物成分及作用靶点,分析其与HCC的交集靶点;从PDB数据库和PubChem数据库中获取蛋白和小分子信息,模拟药-靶分子对接;通过计算机构建动力学模拟环境,评估交互作用。

结果

转录组学结果显示,HCC癌旁组中细胞间通讯更为活跃;细胞大多富集在细胞周期检查点和免疫反应相关通路;肝细胞代谢活跃,免疫细胞代谢抑制;自然杀伤(natural killer cell,NK)细胞逐渐由具备正常杀伤能力向低杀伤能力演化、肝细胞逐渐由正常肝细胞向癌细胞演化。网络药理学结果显示,鳖甲煎丸调控HCC的潜在作用靶点有124个,大多富集在免疫反应、炎症反应、糖酵解、白介素-17等通路。选择关键蛋白与药物潜在作用靶点进行分子对接,对结合亲和力最强的前三者进行动力学模拟,结果显示这三种受体-配体复合物结合较稳定。

结论

HCC细胞可能通过扰乱细胞周期和免疫功能促进其恶性增殖和免疫逃逸;鳖甲煎丸可能通过调节抗炎、免疫反应、细胞分裂等通路达到抗肿瘤效果;关键的药-靶关系在分子对接与分子动力学验证中得到了较好结果,证明其具有较好的亲和力。

肝癌  /  鳖甲煎丸  /  scRNA-seq分析  /  分子动力学模拟  /  分子对接
Objective

To explore the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the occurrence and development of liver cancer based on bioinformaticsand to screen and validate the mechanisms and targets of Biejiajian Pill(鳖甲煎丸,BJJP)on liver cancer.

Methods

Single-cell data of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)was downloaded from the GEO database,processedand subjected to communication analysis,enrichment and metabolic analysis,and reanalysis of cellular subpopulations. Subsequently,the components and action targets of BJJP were collected,and in conjunction with transcriptomic results,the intersection targets between BJJP and HCC were identified and analyzed. Finally,protein and small molecule information was obtained from the PDB and PubChem databases to simulate drug-target molecular docking. A computational dynamics simulation environment was constructed to assess the interactions.

Results

Transcriptomic analysis revealed that intercellular communication was more active in the peritumoral group of HCC. The cells were predominantly enriched in pathways related to cell cycle checkpoints and immune responses. The hepatocyte metabolism was active,while immune cell metabolism was suppressed. The natural killer(NK)cells gradually evolved from possessing normal cytotoxic capabilities to lower capabilities,and hepatocytes gradually transformed from normal to cancerous cells. Network pharmacology results showed that BJJP potentially regulated 124 targets in HCC,mostly enriched in pathways such as immune response,inflammatory response,glycolysisand interleukin-17. Molecular docking was performed with key proteins and potential drug action targets,and the top three with the strongest binding affinity were subjected to dynamic simulation,which showed that these three receptor-ligand complexes were relatively stable.

Conclusion

HCCcells may promote malignant proliferation and immune escape by disrupting cell cycle and immune functions. BJJP may achieve antitumor effects by regulating pathways such as anti-inflammatory,immune responseand cell division. The key drug-target relationships were validated with good results in molecular docking and molecular dynamics,demonstrating their favorable binding affinity.

liver cancer  /  Biejiajian Pill(鳖甲煎丸)  /  scRNA-seq analysis  /  molecular dynamics simulation  /  molecular docking
于欣萍, 王诗尧, 孟庆刚. 基于生物信息学探究鳖甲煎丸对肝细胞癌的调控机制. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (4) : 82 -89 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.015
Xinping YU, Shiyao WANG, Qinggang MENG. Exploring Regulatory Mechanism of Biejiajian Pill(鳖甲煎丸)on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Bioinformatics[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (4) : 82 -89 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.015
肝癌(primary liver cancer,PLC)是一种高度致死性癌症,严重威胁人类健康。据国际癌症研究机构(International Agency for Research on Cancer,IARC)统计,2022年全球新发癌症1 996.5万人,肝癌占4.3%,位列第6;死亡数973.7万人,肝癌占7.8%,位列第3,上升趋势显著。全球均有罹患肝癌人群,亚洲尤其我国的发病率较高,是肝癌疾病负担的主要国家[1-2]。我国肝癌的发病率(18.2/10万)和病死率(17.2/10万)较高[3];5年生存率仅为12.1%(2018年统计)[4];男性发病率高于女性;60岁以上人群肝癌负担较重;发病和死亡主要归因于慢性HBV感染(发病归因比64.16%,死亡归因比62.33%),其他主要危险因素有慢性HCV感染、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎和饮酒,肥胖、糖尿病等代谢异常疾病也是促使肝癌负担增加的不可忽视因素[5-8]。
HCC占全球PLC的75%~85%,是PLC病理学分型中最主要、最常见的分支[9]。临床患者早期有面黄消瘦、肝区隐痛、腹部胀满等并非特异性消化道症状,起病隐匿、早期筛查不及时,不易引起患者注意而错失最佳干预时机,或治疗后效果不佳、预后较差。病理生理学研究认为,HCC发病过程十分复杂,涉及致癌、抑癌基因改变和表观遗传学修饰[10-11],持续性的炎症浸润[12]。这一过程中所分化的肿瘤细胞亚型具有高度异质性,使得单一治疗手段难以取得理想疗效,难以被广泛消除。目前,肝癌治疗方法有治愈性疗法(肝切除、肝移植、射频消融术等)和非治愈性疗法(分子靶向药物、动脉化疗栓塞、单克隆抗体等)[13],尽管现代医学在治疗肝癌方面已取得多方进展,但常存在靶点单一、不良反应大等问题,导致复发率高、患者耐受性差,难以满足临床治疗需求[14-15]。
在这种背景下,中医药治疗因其独特的治疗理念、丰富的临床经验和深厚的社会支持为HCC的治疗提供了新的思路和方法。“肝癌”这一现代病名的相关症状和体征散见于中医学的肝积、伏梁、鼓胀、虚劳等疾病[16]。以“积聚”为例,医家大多认为这一类疾病的病机本质是虚实夹杂,病在厥阴[17],病因与正气亏虚、情志不畅、饮食失调、外感六淫等有关。鳖甲煎丸是治疗肝系疾病的经典名方,以《金匮要略》方最广为流传,该方以活血化瘀、软坚散结为主要治疗原则,原为治疗疟母之方[18]。仲景取“虫蚁迅速飞走之灵性”、借“虫蚁搜剔之力以攻通邪结”之意,在方中使用炙鳖甲、鼠妇、炒虫、炙蜂房、炒蜣螂等大量虫类药。吴鞠通曾言:“以食血之虫,飞者走络中气血,走者走络中血分,可谓无微不入,无坚不破”,认为在辨证基础上灵活运用虫类药,能够提高疗效[19]。陈明[20]认为,鳖甲煎丸由小柴胡汤、桂枝汤及大承气汤等三方合以活血化瘀而成,具有气血同调、寒热并进、痰瘀共行、攻补兼施之性,因而具有理气活血、行瘀通滞、杀虫止疟、扶正抗邪之功,提示鳖甲煎丸的组方思路符合肿瘤综合治疗的复杂特性。
随着现代药理学发展,证明了鳖甲煎丸具有抗肝、肾纤维化,抗炎,抗氧化,抗肿瘤等重要作用,扩展了这一经方的治疗广度和深度。在现代肝病临床的探索中,发现鳖甲煎丸能够改善肝癌患者症状,提高生存率,并在一定程度上延长生存时间、改善生活质量。此外,鳖甲煎丸治疗慢性肝炎、肝硬化、黄疸、肝癌,及妇科、心脑血管疾病等也多有应用报道。
本研究通过GEO数据库(Gene Expression Omnibus,基因综合表达数据库,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/)下载GSE149614数据集[21-22],该数据集包含10例HCC患者,样本个数及类型包括10个原位肿瘤组织、8个癌旁组织、2个门静脉栓组织、1个淋巴结转移癌组织。本研究纳入原位肿瘤组织和癌旁组织,共18个样本数据。采用R语言(版本4.1.3)中的Seurat包对该数据集进行质量控制[23],筛选条件如下三点:被检测细胞的基因数量>200且<8000;被检测细胞匹配到的线粒体基因≤20%;被检基因至少在3个细胞中进行表达。
首先,基于Seurat的“SCTranform”函数[24]和正则化负二项回归方法,对基因计数进行标准化处理,并执行Seurat的标准步骤。由于样本源于不同研究,故应用harmony去除批次效应。而后,绘制PC图,选择合适的PC进行降维,同时设置不同的Resolution值。接下来,根据聚类情况选择较为合适的Resolution值,以确保细胞能够被有效地分类为数量适当的细胞簇。再通过t分布随机近邻域嵌入(t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding,t-SNE)和统一流形逼近与投影(Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection,UMAP)可视化降维和聚类结果。
据细胞聚类结果,采用自动化注释与人工校正相结合的策略对细胞类型进行注释。首先使用Single R进行细胞的自动注释,然后参照Cell Marker(http://biocc.hrbmu.edu.cn/Cell-Marker/)[25-26]与Panglao数据库(https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/databasecommons/database/id/6917)[27],对细胞进行二次注释,以修正自动注释所可能涉及的错误。
最后,采用Seurat中的“Find All Markers”函数,计算不同细胞类型的差异表达基因,将P<0.05作为cut-off值,用于识别有统计学意义的差异表达基因。
单个细胞与单个细胞之间需要建立通讯以协调行为,不同类型细胞组成的多细胞生物中细胞间信息传递方式极其复杂。细胞通讯是指一个细胞发出的信息通过介质传递到另一个细胞并产生反应,在协调发育、分化、炎症等生物过程中发挥重要作用。
应用Cell Chat进行细胞之间的配体-受体相互作用分析,系统地分析细胞之间的通讯网络,研究微环境内不同细胞类型之间的相互交流及通讯网络。最小相互作用细胞数设置为10。
本节研究通过使用相应R包,对上述筛选的各类细胞的差异基因进行GO(Gene ontology)富集分析与KEGG(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes)富集分析。此外,本研究还使用了一种来源于Metabolic landscape of the tumor microenvironment at single cell resolution[28]的方法,基于单细胞数据集的表达矩阵对单细胞水平的代谢情况进行分析。
根据前述研究结果,本研究将对重点细胞类型进行单独提取,为将每类重点细胞类型划分为不同类型的细胞亚群,对其进行二次降维和聚类;为进一步探究细胞亚群的具体功能和细胞内异质性对疾病的作用,对其进行基于IPA数据库的经典通路分析。IPA分析是基于Ingenuity Pathway Analysis(IPA)数据库,可以对蛋白质、基因、化合物、细胞、组织、药物和疾病之间最直接的相互作用关系信息进行分析。应用该数据库进行富集分析并制图,P<0.05被认为差异有统计学意义。为进一步描述细胞亚群在HCC中的特异性生物学功能,本研究通过使用拟时序工具Monocle2对细胞亚群进行了拟时序分析。
由于鳖甲煎丸中虫类药较多,且有效成分不稳定、记载量小且分散,故需通过多种途径收集有效成分和作用靶点。通过整理数据库所载信息、辅以文献整理的方法,收集鳖甲煎丸共23味中药的药物成分和潜在作用靶点。
基于前述研究结果选择疾病靶点。为分析鳖甲煎丸和肝细胞癌之间的潜在关联,解析鳖甲煎丸对肝细胞癌的调控作用,将肝细胞癌潜在作用靶点与鳖甲煎丸潜在作用靶点进行交叉对比,获得共有靶点。
为评估预测结果中的生物学意义和关联,接下来对靶点关系进行GO、KEGG富集分析和蛋白互作网络(Protein-protein interaction,PPI)分析,以确定药物-靶点之间是否存在显著的富集或关联,从而进一步验证预测的准确性和可信度。并对结果进行分析和可视化,并基于生物学意义,从PPI分析结果中选择重点蛋白以进行后续研究。
依据文献[29],确定了本研究分子对接的具体参数与方法流程。
依据文献[30-31],确定了本研究分析动力学模拟的具体参数与方法流程。
纳入数据集GSE149614中所包含的HCC肿瘤组织样本10个、癌旁组织样本8个,质控后肿瘤组(T组)细胞共34 414个,中位count数为7 320.5,中位feature数为1967;癌旁组(N组)共有细胞28 687个,中位count数为2660,中位feature数为1052。以检测到的基因数量(图中表示为nFeature_RNA)、检测到的转录本数(图中表示为nCount_RNA)、线粒体基因占比(图中表示为percent.mt)作为过滤指标,结果可视化见插页ⅩⅫ图1。
基于维度贡献度图结果(见插页ⅩⅫ图2a),我们选择PC=30来制作不同分辨率下的聚类树(见插页ⅩⅫ图2b),并设置Resolution为1.0,共获取54个细胞cluster。采用t-SNE(见插页ⅩⅫ图2c)与UMAP(见插页ⅩⅫ图2d),将算法进行数据可视化,在二维空间上展示了这54个cluster的细胞降维、聚类分布情况。结果显示,经过去批次处理后,样本间的批次效应得到了较好地消除。
根据数据库与文献记载的MARKER基因,本研究最终将细胞注释为九类,分别为巨噬细胞、成纤维细胞、NK细胞、肝细胞、内皮细胞、T细胞、B细胞、粒细胞与树突状细胞。插页ⅩⅩⅢ图3a展示了癌旁组织组与HCC组的每类细胞中Top10的上调基因与下调基因。其中细胞数量最多的为自然杀伤细胞(数量为19 027个),其次为肝细胞(数量为16 563个),其余细胞类型及对应数量为:巨噬细胞11 233个,内皮细胞3953个,T细胞3276个,B细胞3235个,粒细胞2990个,成纤维细胞1937个,树突状细胞887个。
观察细胞比例(见插页ⅩⅩⅢ图3b-3c)可知,相较于N组而言,T组内皮细胞(-22.56%)、树突状细胞(-49.74%)、T细胞(-27.21%)、自然杀伤细胞(-80.30%)的细胞比例下降,其余细胞的细胞比例上升。在上升者中,肝细胞(+606.90%)、成纤维细胞(+239.85%)、巨噬细胞(+44.72%)最为明显。括号中的数据为上升或下降的百分比。
在癌旁组中,共计算出1072对细胞通讯关系,肿瘤组中的细胞通讯关系数量则上升到1343对。在癌旁组中,从信号传出的数量来看,巨噬细胞有127次,成纤维细胞有201次,NK细胞有63次,T细胞有60次,B细胞有75次,DC细胞有121次,粒细胞有112次,肝细胞有107次,内皮细胞有146次;从信号接收的数量来看,巨噬细胞有203次,成纤维细胞有53次,NK细胞有103次,T细胞有54次,B细胞有45次,DC细胞有132次,粒细胞有188次,肝细胞有73次,内皮细胞有161次。而在肿瘤组中,从信号传出的数量来看,巨噬细胞有130次,成纤维细胞有313次,NK细胞有50次,T细胞有78次,B细胞有80次,DC细胞有112次,粒细胞有142次,肝细胞有150次,内皮细胞有288次;从信号接收的角度来看,巨噬细胞有236次,成纤维细胞有149次,NK细胞有93次,T细胞有86次,B细胞有88次,DC细胞有165次,粒细胞有130次,肝细胞有167次,内皮细胞有229次。相关结果见插页ⅩⅩⅣ图4。
总体来看,肿瘤组中的细胞通讯关系数量(1343对)高于癌旁组(1072对),这表明肿瘤微环境中的细胞间相互作用更为复杂和活跃。这可能是由于肿瘤发展过程中,细胞间为了适应和促进肿瘤生长而增强了通讯。尤其是巨噬细胞、粒细胞、内皮细胞、成纤维细胞与肝细胞,其细胞通讯数量发生显著改变。
在HCC的单细胞差异基因GO富集分析中(见插页ⅩⅩⅢ图5a),富集的GO术语揭示了不同细胞类型在肿瘤微环境中的潜在功能和相互作用。细胞主要参与MHCⅡ类蛋白复合体结合、酰胺融合、抗原结合、细胞外基质结构组成、酶抑制活性、免疫球蛋白受体结合、细胞分裂等生物过程。在HCC的单细胞差异基因KEGG富集分析中(见插页ⅩⅩⅢ图5b),肿瘤相关的主要通路有蛋白多糖在癌症中的作用(Proteoglycans in cancer)、癌症中的PD-L1表达和PD-1检查点通路(PD-L1 expression and PD-1 checkpoint pathway in cancer)、化学致癌作用-DNA加合物(Chemical carcinogenesis-DNA adducts)、化学致癌作用-活性氧(Chemical carcinogenesis-reactive oxygen species),细胞周期及检查点相关通路有细胞黏附分子(Cell adhesion molecules)、细胞凋亡(Apoptosis)、癌症中的PD-L1表达和PD-1检查点通路(PD-L1 expression and PD-1 checkpoint pathway in cancer)。
而在代谢分析中,代谢热图(见插页ⅩⅩⅢ图5c)共展示了68条通路,整理得到十大代谢途径:氨基酸代谢(Amino acid metabolism)、碳水化合物代谢(Carbohydrate metabolism)、能量代谢(Energy metabolism)、聚糖生物合成与代谢(Glycan biosynthesis and metabolism)、脂代谢(Lipid metabolism)、辅因子和维生素的代谢(Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins)、其他氨基酸的代谢(Metabolism of other amino acids)、萜类和聚酮化合物的代谢(Metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides)、核苷酸代谢(Nucleotide metabolism)、外源性生物降解与代谢。
根据前述研究结果,我们将重点细胞亚群放在NK细胞与肝细胞上,对二者进行亚群再分析。
(1)NK细胞再分析。首先,将NK细胞T组和N组的基因进行差异分析,获取NK细胞的组间差异基因,并以|log2FC|≥0.3的差异基因作为输入IPA经典通路富集分析的筛选条件,选取P<0.05且|Z|≥2的通路进行展示(插页ⅩⅩⅤ图6a),得到50条(上调:19/下调:31)显著富集通路。其中,在肿瘤组中激活、但在正常组中抑制的通路多与促进肿瘤发生发展相关,富集包含IL-10信号转导(IL-10 signaling)、糖酵解(Glycolysis)等通路;而在肿瘤组中抑制、但在正常组中激活的通路多与正常NK细胞的杀伤功能与免疫功能相关,富集包含T细胞受体信号转导(T cell receptor signaling)、自然杀伤细胞信号转导(Natural killer cell signaling)干扰素γ信号转导(Interferon gamma signaling)、淋巴细胞和非淋巴细胞之间的免疫调节相互作用(Immunoregulatory interactions between a lymphoid and a non-lymphoid cell)等通路。
其次,对NK细胞进行降维、重聚类分析,重聚类分辨率选择0.04;应用PCA算法对NK细胞进行降维、再聚类,并以UMAP图进行展示(插页ⅩⅩⅤ图6b),将其分为5个Cluster,各簇细胞的数量和占比见表1。基于此,进行GO和KEGG富集分析(见插页ⅩⅩⅤ图6c-6d)。根据5个Cluster富集得到的通路与功能,将其分为具有正常的杀伤能力(包含Cluster 1、3、4)和低杀伤能力(包含Cluster 0、2)两类,分别记为K+NK和KNK。将K-NK与K+NK进行差异分析,得到差异基因以再次进行IPA富集分析探究其通路变化,|log2 FC|≥0.3的差异基因作为输入IPA经典通路富集分析的筛选条件,选取P值<0.05且|Z|≥2的通路进行展示(插页ⅩⅩⅤ图6e),得到172条(上调:7/下调:165)显著富集通路,富集结果的上调通路与癌细胞逃避免疫监视相关,下调通路与TME中免疫反应下降相关。最后,对NK细胞进行N组和T组之间的拟时序分析(插页ⅩⅩⅤ图6f-6g),发现NK细胞的细胞类型逐渐由K+NK向K-NK演化。
(2)肝细胞再分析。首先,我们将肝细胞(Hepatocytes)T组和N组的基因进行差异分析,得到肝细胞的组间差异基因,并以|log2 FC|≥0.58的差异基因作为输入IPA经典通路富集分析的筛选条件,选取P<0.05且|Z|≥2的通路进行展示(插页ⅩⅩⅤ图7a),得到93条(上调:69/下调:24)显著富集通路。其中,在肿瘤组中激活、但在正常组中被抑制的通路多与细胞分裂和过度增殖相关,富集包含真核翻译启动(Eukaryotic translation initiation)、真核翻译终止(Eukaryotic translation termination)、真核翻译伸长率(Eukaryotic translation elongation)、有丝分裂G2-G2/M期(Mitotic G2-G2/M phases)、蛋白质折叠(Protein folding)、细胞周期检查点(Cell cycle checkpoints)、有丝分裂细胞周期的调节(Regulation of mitotic cell cycle)、RNA聚合酶Ⅱ转录(RNA polymerase Ⅱ transcription)等通路;而在肿瘤组中被抑制、但在正常组中激活的通路,多与肝细胞的正常生理功能与免疫状态较为相关的,如巨噬细胞中一氧化氮和活性氧的产生(Production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in macrophages)等通路。
其次,对肝细胞进行降维和重聚类分析,重聚类分辨率选择0.02;应用PCA算法对NK细胞进行降维、再聚类,并以UMAP图进行展示将其分为6个Cluster,由于Cluster 5细胞数量太少,为避免富集分析结果和差异结果受到影响,故去掉该群,最终得到Cluster 0、1、2、3、4(插页ⅩⅩⅤ图7b),各簇细胞的数量和占比见表2。基于此,进行GO和KEGG富集分析(插页ⅩⅩⅤ图7c-7d)。根据5个Cluster的富集得到的通路和功能,将其分为肿瘤细胞(包含Cluster 1、3、4)和非肿瘤细胞(包含Cluster 0、2)两类,分别记为T+Hepatocytes和T-Hepatocytes。将T+Hepatocytes与T-Hepatocytes进行差异分析,得到差异基因并再次进行IPA富集分析探究其通路变化,|log2FC|≥0.58的差异基因作为输入IPA经典通路富集分析的筛选条件,选取P<0.05且|Z|≥2的通路进行展示(插页ⅩⅩⅤ图7e),得到77条(上调:47/下调:30)显著富集通路,富集结果的上调通路与肝细胞的过度分裂与增殖相关,下调通路多与脂肪酸代谢相关的肝脏正常生理功能相关。最后,对肝细胞进行N组和T组之间的拟时序分析(插页ⅩⅩⅤ图7f-7g),发现肝细胞的细胞类型逐渐由T-Hepatocytes向T+Hepatocytes演化。
从数据库TCMBank(https://tcmbank.cn/)[32-33]、TCMSP(https://tcmsp-e.com/tcmsp.php)[34]、SymMap(http://www.symmap.org/)[35]、HERB(http://herb.ac.cn/)[36]、ETCM(http://www.tcmip.cn/ETCM2/front/#/)[37]中,分别检索鳖甲煎丸23味药物,并提取其对应的targets信息与药物成分,协同相关文献记载以尽可能全面地获取药物靶点与药物成分。去重后共得到6751个鳖甲煎丸潜在作用靶点,药物成分3779个。
基于前述研究,本项研究将重点聚焦在肝细胞与NK细胞。因此,将HCC的潜在作用靶点定为T+Hepatocytes与T-Hepatocytes的差异基因和K-NK与K+NK的差异基因,|log2FC|≥1的基因被认为是差异基因,可被认为是HCC的潜在致病基因。最终共筛选出241个HCC潜在致病基因。
将6751个药物待测靶标和241个HCC潜在致病基因取交集,并通过Venn图可视化(插页ⅩⅩⅥ图8a),得到的交集基因即为鳖甲煎丸作用于HCC的潜在治疗靶点,共124个。
对交集基因进行GO富集分析(插页ⅩⅩⅥ图8b)。GO富集分析结果包含粒细胞趋化、体液免疫反应、分泌颗粒腔、泛素蛋白连接酶结合等,表明鳖甲煎丸可能通过调节免疫反应,干预肿瘤微环境来发挥抗癌作用。KEGG富集分析结果显示(插页ⅩⅩⅥ图8c),交集基因富集了影响肿瘤细胞代谢、调节炎症和免疫反应、药物代谢等多个层面和机制的通路。糖酵解/糖异生(Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis)作用(Warburg效应)是癌症的常见特征,癌细胞通过这一代谢途径进行增殖和扩散,鳖甲煎丸可能通过调节这一途径来影响HCC细胞的能量代谢。IL-17是调节炎症和自身免疫反应的重要细胞因子,鳖甲煎丸可能通过影响IL-17通路来调节肝脏的炎症反应,从而对HCC产生抑制作用。考虑到部分HCC的发展与病毒感染(如HBV病毒或HCV病毒)有关,鳖甲煎丸可能通过病毒蛋白与细胞因子和细胞因子受体的相互作用来调节病毒感染和炎症过程,从而达到抗癌作用。
综合富集分析结果,可见鳖甲煎丸对HCC具有多通路协同作用、抗炎和免疫调节作用来影响肿瘤代谢,并减少药物毒性和药物耐受情况。鳖甲煎丸不是作用于单一靶点或通路,而是在多个层面上对HCC进行调控。
将交集基因输入STRING数据库(https://string-db.org/)[38]以构建PPI,共识别出123个对应蛋白,设置PPI分析置信度为0.9,并隐藏未连接的节点,可视化结果见插页ⅩⅩⅥ图8d。基于PPI结果并结合富集分析结果与生物学意义,最终选择HSP90ABA1、HSP90AB1、CXCL8这3个蛋白进行下一步的分子对接研究。
将3779个药物小分子(配体)与蛋白质(受体)分别进行对接,共形成7857种组合,最终对接成功7644种蛋白质受体-小分子配体组合。蛋白选择具体结果见表3。
结合能能够直接反映分子对接实践中受体和配体之间相互作用的强度,且包含多种分子间相互作用的贡献,如氢键、疏水作用、范德华力、静电力等,这些相互作用共同决定了受体和配体之间的整体亲和力。故,在分子本研究结果显示,结合能≤-7.0 kcal/mol的有3014个,表明大多数受体-配体之间均能较好结合并发挥作用。
将结合能前10的结果进行展示,结果见表4。在这10种受体-配体组合中,受体为HSP90AB1和CXCL8,且9种都是HSP90AB1,说明在鳖甲煎丸调控肝细胞癌细胞增殖和杀伤的过程中,HSP90AB1可能发挥主要作用。结合能排名前3位的受体-配体复合物为HSP90AB1-Geraniin、HSP90AB1-Osladin、HSP90AB1-Eugeniin,不仅对接结合能排名前3位的受体均为HSP90AB1,且结合能<-10.9 kcal/mol,说明HSP90AB1能够与小分子配体形成较为稳定的构象,从而发挥作用(见插页ⅩⅩⅥ图9)。
(1)均方根偏差分析结果。分析动力学模拟的均方根偏差(Root mean square deviation,RMSD)能够反映受体-配体复合物的运动过程,用于评估分子动力学模拟过程中分子结构的变化和稳定性。复合物的RMSD值越大,表示波动越剧烈,体系不稳定性越高,存在构象变化。反之表示复合物体系越稳定。3种复合物的均方根偏差随时间变化的结果见插页ⅩⅩⅥ图10a。综合变化表明,3种复合物体系的RMSD值在模拟前期均有较大波动,但在模拟中期(15~35 ns阶段)趋于稳定,可以认为复合物系统在模拟中期趋于平衡状态,结构稳定性较好,构象变化较小。尽管存在波动,但三者的RMSD值均没有超过0.8Å,可以认为三者的整体结构在模拟过程中保持了相对的稳定状态,即Geraniin、Osladin、Eugeniin与HSP90AB1结合均能够保持较为稳定的状态。然而,在模拟阶段后期(40~50 ns)RMSD值存在较强波动,这可能是由于模拟时,物质触碰到了系统边界,而从系统的另一端出现,从而产生了剧烈波动。
(2)结合自由能分析结果。结合自由能是分子动力学模拟中一个关键的热力学参数,它描述了分子间形成稳定复合物所需的能量变化。基于分子动力学模拟的轨迹,本研究使用MM/PBSA方法计算结合自由能,能够更准确地反映靶蛋白(受体)与小分子(配体)的结合方式。MM/PBSA计算时会将溶剂视为均匀的连续介质,并基于力场和隐式的连续介质模型,对蛋白质和配体复合物的动力学平衡轨迹进行采样,再分别计算复合物、蛋白质、配体的自由能。结合自由能负值表示小分子与靶蛋白具有结合亲和力,其绝对值越大表明结合力越强。根据计算结果,本次小分子与其相对应的蛋白质均具有一定强度的结合亲和力,根据经验值可判断结合亲和力非常强。其中,HSP90AB1-Geraniin的结合亲和力最强,为(-181.494±1.877)kJ/mol。相关参数见表5。
(3)氢键分析结果。受体-配体复合物通过不同方式稳定各种相互作用,比如氢键、亲水/疏水性化学键、静电和其他相互作用,其中氢键是最强的非共价结合相互作用之一。氢键在生物系统中起着关键作用,特别是在蛋白质结构的稳定、分子识别、酶活性以及蛋白质-配体相互作用中。
结果表明(插页ⅩⅩⅥ图10b),这3种药物小分子和蛋白质HSP90AB1的相互作用稳定性和动态性不同。氢键数量相对稳定,表明小分子与蛋白质的结合界面相互作用较为稳定;氢键数量波动较大,表明其与蛋白质的相互作用变更为动态;氢键数量多意味着分子间的相互作用更强,更多的氢键能够提高蛋白质与配体的结合亲和力,并有助于稳定蛋白质结构。受体-配体复合物体系的氢键平均数量由多到少依次是:HSP90AB1-Osladin、HSP90AB1-Geraniin、HSP90AB1-Eugeniin。由图中呈现出的氢键数量可推测,HSP90AB1-Geraniin的相互作用以氢键为主,在模拟过程中氢键数目随时间变化小,大多数时间(10~35 ns)稳定在7~9个,模拟后期稍有波动。Geraniin与HSP90AB1之间的氢键数目变化情况与RMSD分析结果大致相同。HSP90AB1-Osladin的氢键作用力弱于HSP90AB1-Geraniin这一体系,Osladin与HSP90AB1之间的氢键数目在前期(5~20 ns)稳定在3~4个、后期(30~50 ns)稳定在5~7个。而在HSP90AB1-Eugeniin的相互作用中,氢键数目随模拟时间的变化波动较大且数量较少,表明该体系中的分子和蛋白结合的主要途径可能不是通过氢键,可能也通过疏水作用或离子相互作用等其他配体-受体相互作用主导发生结合。
(4)目标蛋白在残基水平上的稳定性分析结果。为探索大分子蛋白在残基水平上的局部波动,引入均方根波动(Root mean square fluctuation,RMSF)这一概念。RMSF能够反映蛋白质在分子动力学模拟过程中的灵活性,用于量化模拟系统中每个原子或残基在一定时间范围内的运动幅度,从而提供关于分子结构稳定性和动态性的信息。通常情况下,药物与蛋白质结合后,蛋白质的柔性降低,从而达到稳定蛋白质的作用,发挥酶促作用。
结果见插页ⅩⅩⅥ图10c,反映了3种化合物(Geraniin、Osladin、Eugeniin)对蛋白质相互作用时的RMSF值。RMSF值沿着蛋白质残基序列计算得到,反映了在分子动力学模拟过程中,每个残基相对于其平均位置的波动大小,从而提供了关于蛋白质在残基水平上的稳定性和动态性的信息。
首先,观察整体波动趋势可知,对于所有3种化合物,大多数残基的RMSF值相对较低,这表明蛋白质的大部分区域在模拟过程中保持了一定的稳定性。然而,也有一些残基显示出较高的RMSF值,这可能意味着这些区域在模拟过程中表现出较大的柔性。第二,不同化合物对蛋白质残基的稳定性有不同的影响。例如,某些区域的RMSF值在特定化合物的作用下可能会增加,表明这些区域变得更加柔性;而在其他化合物的作用下,相同的区域可能会表现出较低的RMSF值,表明结构变得更加稳定。此外,Osladin和Eugeniin的波幅基本相似,表明这两种药物小分子与HSP90AB1蛋白的氨基酸结合位点基本近似,即这两种小分子可能通过类似的机制发挥药物功效;而Geraniin与HSP90AB1蛋白的氨基酸结合位点和上述两者略有不同,表示该小分子可能通过其他机制发挥药物功效。
据此可知,具有较低RMSF值的蛋白质残基可能对应于蛋白质结构核心或关键功能区域,这样的区域在模拟过程中保持结构相对稳定,对蛋白质功能的发挥至关重要;较高的RMSF值可能对应于蛋白质的柔性环(Flexible loop)或连接区域或未折叠的尾部,这些区域具有高度动态性,可能对蛋白质的配体结合、构象变化和其他分子的相互作用具有重要意义。此外,我们观察到不同化合物可能对蛋白的动态性产生不同的影响,这种影响可能与化合物的结合模式和相互作用强度相关,如化合物Geraniin能够增强蛋白质在残基编号150左右的柔性,而化合物Osladin和Eugeniin能够稳定这一区域的蛋白。
(5)回旋半径分析结果。回旋半径(Radius of gyration,Rg)是一个用来描述分子尺寸和形状的参数,它提供了一个能够反映分子链在三维空间中扩展程度的度量,即分子质心到所有原子位置向量的平均距离,可以用来量化分子的紧凑程度和整体尺寸,并且能够反映结合体系的约束程度。对于线性分子,回旋半径与分子的长度成正比;对于高度折叠或紧密缠绕的分子,回旋半径会相对较小。在分子动力学模拟中,计算半径分析能够了解分子在不同条件下的结构变化,及这些变化如何影响分子的物理和化学性质。
分析结果(插页ⅩⅩⅥ图10d)显示了3种分子的回旋半径随模拟时间的变化,提供了其分子结构稳定性和动态性的重要信息。3种化合物的回旋半径在大部分时间内保持稳定,尤其是0~40 ns,表明它们在模拟条件下具有较好的结构稳定性,分子结构较为紧凑,稳定的结构是药物活性和选择性的基础。40 ns之后三者回旋半径均发生了较为剧烈的变化,可能是由于分子自身独特的构象变化、计算机模拟算法的局限性质或存在外部扰动所导致。接下来,比较三者0~40 ns的Rg分析结果,对于小分子药物或生物活性分子来说,三者的Rg均处于中等大小(约3.5Å),表明其具有一定折叠结构,即结构相对紧凑,其中,Eugeniin的平均回旋半径在三者中最小,表明其结构更为紧凑。
(6)溶剂可及表面积分析结果。溶剂能够在不同条件下表现出不同的行为,溶剂可及表面积是一个描述分子表面被溶剂分子所接触的程度的参数,用以衡量分子表面那些可以被溶剂分子到达(或“触及”)的区域的总面积,即一个分子的表面有多少部分是可以被溶剂接触或包围的。溶剂可及表面积通常用于表征分子的溶剂暴露程度,对于理解分子的溶解性、亲水/疏水性特性、蛋白质的折叠和稳定性以及分子间的相互作用等方面具有重要意义,在分子动力学模拟中常和回旋半径一起描述分子的尺寸和形状,分析分子间的相互作用。
分析结果插页ⅩⅩⅥ图10e显示了3种化合物的溶剂可及表面积随模拟时间的变化。在模拟过程中,化合物的溶剂可及表面积值有显著波动,可能是由分子内部运动、构象变化或分子间相互作用引起的。整体来看,3种化合物的溶剂可及表面积值随时间变化的趋势大致相同,表明它们的分子动态特性和结构稳定性较为相似,其中,接触溶剂面积从大到小的分子依次为Osladin、Eugeniin、Geraniin。
肿瘤发生时常具有如下特征:免疫逃逸、细胞周期改变(无限增殖)、代谢失调与炎症促进等[39]。一方面,这些特性是肿瘤发生发展的原因;另一方面,这些特性也是肿瘤造成机体损伤的结局事件。在本研究中,我们首先基于Bulk RNAseq技术分析得出,在HCC中,细胞周期的改变与免疫逃逸可能是HCC发病的重要机制。然而,Bulk RNA-seq的测定基于组织本身,并不能从细胞层面探寻HCC的细胞异质性。接下来,为进行单个细胞层面的分析,我们搜寻了单细胞转录组的数据。
在scRNA-seq研究中,通过代谢相关的富集分析,我们有两点发现。第一,肝细胞的代谢水平显著上升。这可能是由于在HCC发生时,快速增殖带来了代谢水平改变。细胞迅速增殖需要大量能量,使得细胞产能增加,由于肿瘤细胞偏好通过糖酵解方式产能,故而产生了许多对肿瘤微环境的形成起到促进作用的额外代谢废物。其二,NK细胞、T细胞与B细胞等免疫细胞的代谢水平在HCC组显著下调。这可能是由于免疫细胞的活化在肿瘤微环境中被抑制或被耗竭,以方便肿瘤细胞进行免疫逃逸。而这些非正常免疫细胞由于未能被激活为具有正常的活化与杀伤功能的细胞,相较正常免疫细胞来说,其能量代谢水平较低。此外,基于细胞通讯分析我们发现,细胞通讯的数量与比例在HCC肿瘤组织与癌旁组织中存在显著改变,可以证明细胞与细胞间的信号转导在HCC的肿瘤微环境中发生了较大改变。
通过结合细胞比例变化与Bulk RNA-seq分析结果,我们将细胞类型的研究重点聚焦于NK细胞与肝细胞上,尝试从免疫杀伤和细胞周期失调两个角度对HCC的发生发展进行解释。通过应用富集分析、IPA数据库挖掘与拟时序分析,我们发现:在HCC发生后,NK细胞会向杀伤减弱的方向分化,而肝细胞则会向细胞周期失调(癌变)的方向分化。因此,可以认为,在HCC的发生发展过程中,NK细胞的杀伤功能减弱与肝细胞的无限增殖,在一定程度上对应了免疫逃逸和增殖失控这两个关键病理过程。基于这两类细胞的特定生物学特性,我们进行了深入的探讨和研究。
接下来,我们通过使用数据库整理与文献查询的方式,搜寻到了鳖甲煎丸中的药物成分及其作用靶点;疾病的靶点我们选取了上述获得的不同杀伤能力的NK细胞与不同增殖水平肝细胞的差异基因用于分析,获取药物作用靶点与疾病靶点的交集基因集。在对这些基因进行富集分析,并明确了鳖甲煎丸治疗HCC的潜在机制后,我们将这些基因进行了PPI分析,结合拓扑属性与生物学意义选出了HSP90AA1、HSP90AB1、CXCL8 3个靶点作为关键靶点,以进行后续分析。
为明确鳖甲煎丸中的哪些成分能够作用于这3个靶点,我们将鳖甲煎丸中的小分子进行整理,与这3个靶点进行批量分子对接。结合能水平显示,大部分小分子均能够与HSP90AA1、HSP90AB1、CXCL8产生良好的结合能构象,其中,HSP90AB1的亲和水平要高于HSP90AA1与CXCL8。
由于分子对接仅能从空间构象对结合亲和力进行判定,故而我们使用分子动力学对结合能排名前三的构象进行时间层面的分子动力学验证,最终我们得出HSP90AB1-Geraniin的配体受体关系较为稳定,可能是鳖甲煎丸治疗HCC的潜在作用药靶关系。
不过,本项研究仍存在一些局限性。本研究根据研究目的,选取GEO数据库中已有数据再进行分析,未直接采集临床HCC患者的组织样本再进行转录组学上机检测;此外,公开数据库中不包含鳖甲煎丸干预HCC的临床数据。未来工作可根据诊断标准纳入相似HCC亚型的临床患者,进一步探寻不同亚型下的疾病发生、发展机制。此外,本研究通过分子对接和分子动力学模拟,对药-靶关系的预测结果进行验证,这种计算机虚拟运算方法提供了便捷的技术手段,但由于缺少实验动物模型的直接验证,该方法的结论验证仍存在局限,真实生物体内的复杂环境和可能的代谢转化过程无法完全模拟,一定程度上限制了研究结果的全面性和深度。未来工作可考虑扩展计算资源,进行深度模拟完善验证。
本研究通过转录组学技术分析并揭示了鳖甲煎丸对HCC中肝细胞和NK细胞的影响,特别是通过差异表达基因的筛选和富集分析,识别了与细胞周期调控、免疫反应和代谢途径相关的关键分子通路。这些通路的调节可能解释了鳖甲煎丸如何影响HCC肿瘤细胞的增殖和免疫细胞的功能。这一发现与现有的HCC研究相契合,特别是在细胞周期失控和免疫逃逸机制方面。鳖甲煎丸中的成分可能通过这些通路来抑制肿瘤生长和增强免疫监视,这与当前对HCC分子治疗策略的理解一致。
本研究结合了网络药理学与转录组学数据,并予以分子对接和分子动力学模拟以完善研究。为鳖甲煎丸这一经典方剂的抗肝癌作用提供了分子层面的解释,丰富了对鳖甲煎丸作用机制的认识,也为中药现代化研究提供了新的视角。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82174530)
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2025年第43卷第4期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.015
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-04-10
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国家自然科学基金项目(82174530)
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    北京中医药大学,北京 100102

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孟庆刚(1964-),男,辽宁海城人,教授、主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:基于系统复杂性的中医药信息处理。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
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Percentage of
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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