Article(id=1322923304415277681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923268038078806, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339094499, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1744214400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339094499, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339094499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339094499, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322923268038078806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1744214400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339085826, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340586453, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929562572686061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923268038078806, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929562572686062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923268038078806, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=52, endPage=58, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322923304608215666, articleId=1322923304415277681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Ferroptosis Related LncRNA in Prevention and Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ferroptosis,a pattern of cell apoptosis driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation,plays an important role in the complex pathological process of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. This type of injury usually occurs during the recovery of blood flowing after cerebral ischemia,when the brain tissue undergoes a more severe secondary injury. In a series of complex physiological reactions,multiple mechanisms such as oxidative stress,excessive intracellular calcium concentration and inflammation work together,ferroptosis is a part of them which cannot be ignored. Recent studies have shown that certain LncRNAs can significantly affect the process of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by influencing the expressions of ferroptosis-related genes. Some LncRNAs play a role in the process of apoptosis after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating the expression of genes related to autophagy. The research on how LncRNA affects ferroptosis in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury is still in its initial stage,but the research value and application potential in this field have already emerged. In the future,we can further explore the mechanisms by which LncRNAs regulate ferroptosis and strive to discover more LncRNAs related to ferroptosis,in order to find new methods and ways for treating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

, authors=Chengcheng FAN, Xinyu ZHANG, Ao WANG, Shengpeng WANG, Mengyue SUN, Zhe WANG, Jidong LIU, authorsList=Chengcheng FAN, Xinyu ZHANG, Ao WANG, Shengpeng WANG, Mengyue SUN, Zhe WANG, Jidong LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhe WANG, Jidong LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322923305031840371, articleId=1322923304415277681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=铁死亡相关LncRNA在中医药防治脑缺血再灌注损伤中的研究进展, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

铁死亡,一种由铁依赖性脂质过氧化所驱动的细胞凋亡模式,在脑缺血再灌注损伤的复杂病理过程中占据重要位置。此类损伤通常发生在脑部缺血后血流恢复阶段,此时脑组织会经历更为严重的二次伤害。在一连串的复杂生理反应中,包括氧化应激、细胞内钙浓度超标以及炎症反应等多种机制共同作用,铁死亡为其中不可忽视的一环。近期研究显示,某些LncRNA能够通过影响铁死亡相关基因的表达,进而对脑缺血再灌注损伤过程产生显著影响。某些LncRNA通过调控与细胞自噬有关的基因表达,从而在脑缺血再灌注损伤后的细胞凋亡过程中发挥作用。关于LncRNA在脑缺血再灌注损伤中如何影响铁死亡的研究尚处于初始阶段,但这一领域的研究价值和应用潜力已经显现。未来,可以更深入地探索LncRNA调控铁死亡的相关作用机制,并努力发现更多与铁死亡相关的LncRNA,以期找到治疗脑缺血再灌注损伤的新方法和新途径。

, authors=樊程程, 张新宇, 王奡, 王圣澎, 孙梦月, 王哲, 刘继东, authorsList=樊程程, 张新宇, 王奡, 王圣澎, 孙梦月, 王哲, 刘继东, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王哲, 刘继东, authorNote=

樊程程(1987-),女(满族),辽宁海城人,讲师,硕士,研究方向:眼针防治脑中风病疗效机制。

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王哲(1971-),女,辽宁海城人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:眼针防治脑中风病疗效机制。E-mail:。
刘继东(1976-),男(锡伯族),辽宁沈阳人,教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:针刺治疗脾胃病现代作用机理。Email:。
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樊程程(1987-),女(满族),辽宁海城人,讲师,硕士,研究方向:眼针防治脑中风病疗效机制。

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樊程程(1987-),女(满族),辽宁海城人,讲师,硕士,研究方向:眼针防治脑中风病疗效机制。

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铁死亡相关LncRNA在中医药防治脑缺血再灌注损伤中的研究进展
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樊程程 , 张新宇 , 王奡 , 王圣澎 , 孙梦月 , 王哲 , 刘继东
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(4): 52-58
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (4) : 52 -58
铁死亡相关LncRNA在中医药防治脑缺血再灌注损伤中的研究进展
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樊程程(1987-),女(满族),辽宁海城人,讲师,硕士,研究方向:眼针防治脑中风病疗效机制。

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樊程程(1987-),女(满族),辽宁海城人,讲师,硕士,研究方向:眼针防治脑中风病疗效机制。

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樊程程, 张新宇, 王奡, 王圣澎, 孙梦月, 王哲 , 刘继东
作者信息
  • 辽宁中医药大学,辽宁 沈阳 110847
通讯作者:
王哲(1971-),女,辽宁海城人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:眼针防治脑中风病疗效机制。E-mail:。
刘继东(1976-),男(锡伯族),辽宁沈阳人,教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:针刺治疗脾胃病现代作用机理。Email:。
作者简介:

樊程程(1987-),女(满族),辽宁海城人,讲师,硕士,研究方向:眼针防治脑中风病疗效机制。

Research Progress of Ferroptosis Related LncRNA in Prevention and Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Traditional Chinese Medicine
Chengcheng FAN, Xinyu ZHANG, Ao WANG, Shengpeng WANG, Mengyue SUN, Zhe WANG , Jidong LIU
Affiliations
  • Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, Liaoning, China
出版时间: 2025-04-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.010
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铁死亡,一种由铁依赖性脂质过氧化所驱动的细胞凋亡模式,在脑缺血再灌注损伤的复杂病理过程中占据重要位置。此类损伤通常发生在脑部缺血后血流恢复阶段,此时脑组织会经历更为严重的二次伤害。在一连串的复杂生理反应中,包括氧化应激、细胞内钙浓度超标以及炎症反应等多种机制共同作用,铁死亡为其中不可忽视的一环。近期研究显示,某些LncRNA能够通过影响铁死亡相关基因的表达,进而对脑缺血再灌注损伤过程产生显著影响。某些LncRNA通过调控与细胞自噬有关的基因表达,从而在脑缺血再灌注损伤后的细胞凋亡过程中发挥作用。关于LncRNA在脑缺血再灌注损伤中如何影响铁死亡的研究尚处于初始阶段,但这一领域的研究价值和应用潜力已经显现。未来,可以更深入地探索LncRNA调控铁死亡的相关作用机制,并努力发现更多与铁死亡相关的LncRNA,以期找到治疗脑缺血再灌注损伤的新方法和新途径。

缺血性脑卒中  /  脑缺血再灌注损伤  /  中风  /  铁死亡  /  LncRNA  /  中医药疗法

Ferroptosis,a pattern of cell apoptosis driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation,plays an important role in the complex pathological process of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. This type of injury usually occurs during the recovery of blood flowing after cerebral ischemia,when the brain tissue undergoes a more severe secondary injury. In a series of complex physiological reactions,multiple mechanisms such as oxidative stress,excessive intracellular calcium concentration and inflammation work together,ferroptosis is a part of them which cannot be ignored. Recent studies have shown that certain LncRNAs can significantly affect the process of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by influencing the expressions of ferroptosis-related genes. Some LncRNAs play a role in the process of apoptosis after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating the expression of genes related to autophagy. The research on how LncRNA affects ferroptosis in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury is still in its initial stage,but the research value and application potential in this field have already emerged. In the future,we can further explore the mechanisms by which LncRNAs regulate ferroptosis and strive to discover more LncRNAs related to ferroptosis,in order to find new methods and ways for treating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

ischemic stroke  /  cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury  /  stroke  /  ferroptosis  /  LncRNA  /  therapy of traditional Chinese medicine
樊程程, 张新宇, 王奡, 王圣澎, 孙梦月, 王哲, 刘继东. 铁死亡相关LncRNA在中医药防治脑缺血再灌注损伤中的研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (4) : 52 -58 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.010
Chengcheng FAN, Xinyu ZHANG, Ao WANG, Shengpeng WANG, Mengyue SUN, Zhe WANG, Jidong LIU. Research Progress of Ferroptosis Related LncRNA in Prevention and Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Traditional Chinese Medicine[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (4) : 52 -58 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.010
脑卒中(stroke)是一种常见的脑血管疾病,具有高发病率、高致死率、高致残率、高复发率等特点[1]。本病发病率随着年龄的增长而逐渐升高,且男性发病率高于女性,不同地区和国家之间脑卒中发病率存在差异,其中亚洲地区发病率较高。既往全球疾病负担研究显示,我国脑卒中发病率呈上升趋势,是导致死亡的首位病因[2],全球疾病负担2016卒中终生发病风险研究显示,我国卒中终生发病风险居全球首位,达39.3%。脑卒中分为缺血性脑卒中(ischemic stroke,IS)和出血性脑卒中(hemorrhagic apoplexy),其中IS占卒中总体的85%。
IS是由于脑动脉狭窄或闭塞导致脑部血液供应障碍,导致局部脑组织缺血、缺氧性坏死或脑软化的一种脑血管疾病[3],其发病原因主要涉及动脉粥样硬化性闭塞、栓塞性梗死、腔隙性梗死及因血流动力学改变引发的分水岭区梗死[4]。美国食品药品监督管理局(food and drug administration,FDA)仅认证了两种脑梗死治疗手段:静脉内组织纤溶酶原激活剂施用与血管内血栓切除术。然而,这两种疗法的应用窗口极为有限,分别需在脑卒中发作后的4.5 h及12 h内实施,方能获得较佳康复效果。然而,对于多数患者来说,及时获此治疗实属不易。尽管类似于溶栓技术的紧急治疗已开展多年,但实际仅有11%的患者可从中获益[5-6]。由于脑组织受缺血缺氧因素影响,神经元正常血液供应被破坏,细胞进行无氧代谢,无法满足脑细胞能量代谢所需,进而导致神经元死亡[7]。IS患者的大量研究证实减轻脑缺血临床症状的最有效的治疗策略为梗死组织周边缺血半暗带血流的恢复再通[8],然而IS发生一段时间后重新恢复血液供应时,缺血性损伤有可能不会逆转反而进一步加重,出现更严重的脑组织损伤现象包括神经细胞死亡等,即脑缺血再灌注损伤(cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury,CIRI)[9]。CIRI的发生发展是一种复杂的病理生理过程,涉及多种机制多个因素。其中氧化应激、细胞内Ca2+超载、兴奋性氨基酸毒性、细胞凋亡、铁死亡等因素相互作用、叠加累积、恶性循环,最终造成脑组织的不可逆损伤[10]。这些病理生理事件在CIRI中相互影响,并在不同阶段发挥不同的作用,为IS的药物治疗带来了极大挑战。关于CIRI的疗效机制一直是近年研究的热点和难点。
IS隶属于中医学中风范畴,最早见于《黄帝内经》。中医药治疗中风病具有丰富的理论基础和实践经验,CIRI中医学认为与“中风”“偏枯”相似,如《黄帝内经》云:“血之与气,并走于上,则为大厥。厥则暴死。”又如《妇人良方大全》曰:“由血气衰损,为风所客,令血气不相周荣于肌,故令偏枯也。”其病因与虚、风、痰、火关系密切,错综复杂;其病机主要为本虚标实,以肝肾阴虚为本,肢体经络痹阻为标。中风后出现的肢体震颤、麻木、痉挛等表现均是由肝肾阴虚、水不涵木、气血运行不畅、经络痹阻引发。
铁死亡是近年来提出的一种新型的调节性细胞死亡(programmed cell death,PCD)方式,其概念于2012年被正式确立提出[11],它区别于自噬、凋亡、焦亡等其他细胞死亡形式,主要特征为细胞内铁离子及其依赖性脂质过氧化物及活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)等有关代谢产物过量沉积,出现的脂质过氧化反应[12],最终触发细胞死亡。基于此,两大关键环节可作为治疗策略的着眼点:一是铁离子的转运与代谢调控,二是脂质过氧化物及自由基的清除机制。研究显示,铁死亡与许多疾病联系密切[13],在心血管疾病、缺血再灌注损伤、神经退行性疾病、肿瘤等疾病的发生发展进程中发挥了重要作用[14],抑制细胞铁死亡有助于减轻机体损害,具有较大的治疗潜力。研究表明,采取铁死亡抑制剂等有效手段降低神经元铁离子水平,可有效减轻CIRI神经元损伤,改善梗死症状[15-16];而在肿瘤治疗方面,通过针对性诱导铁死亡,能够缩减肿瘤大小,从而有效控制病情发展。本文旨在通过全面审视铁死亡的各个环节、调控其进程的细胞通路及其在CIRI中的效应,深化对铁死亡发生发展机制的理解,进而为探索以CIRI期间神经元细胞铁死亡为靶点的脑神经保护策略开辟新视角。
铁是人体内维持正常生理功能的一种必需的微量金属元素,主要包括吸收、转运、储存、利用和排泄5个方面,它在体内的重要作用之一就是参与红细胞的生成,对运输氧气、调节细胞呼吸等生理过程至关重要[17]。铁的吸收部位主要在人的十二指肠及空肠上段。食物中的铁主要以三价铁形式存在,只有被还原为二价铁才能被人体吸收,吸收入血的二价铁被铜蓝蛋白氧化为三价铁。铁元素具有较强的化学活性,为确保其在体内稳定性,限制其潜在的生物学毒性,通常血液中Fe3+与转铁蛋白(transferrin,TF)结合,形成复合物,再被转运到体内各组织[18]。生理状态下,人体内有三分之一的饱和状态转铁蛋白,其余三分之二的非饱和转铁蛋白,作为储备铁以抵御氧化还原反应[19-20]。
脑缺血发生后,细胞外铁浓度上升,促进了细胞膜表面的转铁蛋白受体1(transferrin receptor 1,TFR1)对Fe3+的吸收,前列腺六跨膜上皮抗原3(STEAP3)作为一种还原酶,将Fe3+从转铁受体复合体中解离并转化为Fe2+,随后,Fe2+通过二价金属转运蛋白1(divalent metal transporter 1,DMT1)被转运至细胞质[21]。同时,TAU蛋白介导的APP转运及膜铁转运蛋白1(ferroportin 1,FPN1)活性减弱,限制了铁的排出,导致Fe2+释放到细胞质中的不稳定铁池(labile iron pool,LIP)中[4]。过量的Fe2+是铁死亡的基础,通过芬顿反应(fenton reaction,Fenton)生成大量细胞内脂质ROS,导致ROS的生成与降解失衡,加速细胞铁死亡。因此,从铁代谢途径来说,限制铁元素的输入,对细胞内LIP容量的调控是调控铁死亡的关键步骤[4]。
铁死亡是一种因细胞内铁过量蓄积而引发的程序性细胞死亡,其根本原因在于脂质过氧化物的过度积累。广泛的多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFAs)为铁死亡中磷脂/脂质过氧化的主要底物,经过氧化还原反应后形成脂质过氧化物,因此磷脂中的PUFAs充足是铁死亡插手细胞命运的关键因素。
磷脂的多样性从结构上说,来源于其两条脂肪酸酰基链sn1和sn,其中sn1主要连接饱和脂肪酸(saturated fatty acids,SFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(monounsaturated fatty acids,MUFA),而sn2则能进一步结合多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFA)[22]。细胞膜磷脂与PUFA的结合虽赋予了细胞多种功能,但同时也提升了细胞对铁死亡的易感性[22]。PUFA的双烯丙基结构,相较于MUFA的烯丙基及SFA的无双键亚甲基,因其位于两个碳-碳双键之间而导致键能降低,使得该亚甲基极易发生过氧化反应,自由基攻击PUFA的双烯丙基,抽离氢离子,从而产生磷脂自由基(PLOO·)[23]。随后,这一自由基会继续从另一个PUFA分子中抽取氢离子,进而生成磷脂氢过氧化物(PLOOH)[23]。
System Xc-作为一种胱氨酸/谷氨酸逆向转运体,其编码的xCT蛋白在细胞内发挥着重要作用,帮助细胞维持氧化还原平衡,并在多种应激条件下提升细胞存活率[24]。在细胞内,胱氨酸(cystine)转运蛋白SLC7A11介导胱氨酸摄入,胱氨酸随后在细胞内被还原为半胱氨酸(cysteine),与谷氨酸、甘氨酸结合形成谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)[25]。谷胱甘肽过氧化酶4(recombinant glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4)作为一种公认的铁死亡抑制蛋白,可通过GSH依赖的方式特异性催化脂质过氧化物来清除自由基,进而保护细胞免受铁死亡威胁[26]。System Xc-/GSH/GPX4信号通路被认为是调节铁死亡的机制,抑制胱氨酸-谷氨酸逆向转运或GSH的生成、降低GPX4表达水平或活性均可直接影响铁死亡的发生发展。近年来随着对肿瘤发病机制的深入研究,发现针对性干预System Xc-/GSH/GPX4系统上游信号通路,降低GPX4表达水平,可有效诱导肿瘤细胞发生铁死亡而杀伤肿瘤细胞[27]。研究证实,氨基酸转运蛋白SLC1A5在多种癌症中高表达,在铁死亡中发挥调节作用,而通过上调GPX4表达能够抑制肿瘤细胞的铁死亡过程[28]。
铁死亡抑制蛋白1(ferroptosis suppressor protein 1,FSP1)是一种GPX4非依赖性铁死亡抑制因子,亦称为线粒体相关凋亡诱导因子2(apoptosis-inducing factor mitochondrial,AIFM2)[29],是一种NADP依赖性的辅酶Q10(coenzyme Q10,CoQ10)氧化还原酶。FSP1通过N-豆蔻酰化修饰后赋予其灵活可变的质膜结合能力,并积极刺激下游信号传导,促进CoQ10还原为泛醇(ubiquinol)。CoQ10作为细胞线粒体呼吸链的重要组成部分,是有效的抗氧化剂和自由基清除剂,抑制CoQ10的表达会诱导细胞铁死亡的发生[30]。
核因子E2相关因子(nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor,NRF2)是一种转录因子,可与细胞核内小MAF蛋白结合形成二聚体,进而识别结合抗氧化反应元件上的相关序列,启动下游基因转录[31],例如醌氧化还原酶-1(quinone oxidoreductase1,NQO1)、血红素加氧酶-1(heme oxygenase1,HO-1)以及铁蛋白重链-1(ferritin heavy chain 1,FTH1)等[31]。HO-1是一种抗炎、抗氧化和具有神经保护作用的酶,其表达可以在受到氧化应激和细胞损伤后上调,而Nrf2也可以直接调节HO-1启动子活性[32]。在HO-1催化血红素分解的过程中,血红素基团的降解有利于增强抗氧化能力,同时副产物也具有清除ROS的作用,以抵御过氧化物、过氧亚硝酸盐、羟基和超氧化物自由基对细胞的损伤[33]。
二氢乳清酸脱氢酶(dihydroorotate dehydrogenase,DHODH)位于线粒体内膜,是一种含铁的黄素依赖的线粒体酶,它能催化氧化二氢乳清酸(dihydroorotate,DHO),使其脱氢转变为乳清酸,黄素单核苷酸(flavin mononucleotide,FMN)接受其转移电子生成FMNH2[4],进而促进乳清酸向尿嘧啶核苷酸(urid ylic acid,UMP)的转化,这是核糖体RNA核苷酸生物合成的关键步骤。与此同时内膜中的泛醌(CoQ)接收电子被还原成为二氢泛醌(CoQH2)。研究显示[33],利用氯化亚锰(MnCl2)处理肿瘤细胞能诱发铁死亡,并伴随DHODH表达的下调,这导致线粒体内ROS及脂质过氧化水平上升。而恢复DHODH的表达可以通过产生线粒体内膜中CoQH2从而逆转铁死亡,阻止脂质过氧化,进而证实DHODH/CoQ信号通路是铁死亡防御体系。
三磷酸鸟苷环化水解酶1(GTPcyclohydrolase 1,GCH1)催化底物GTP生成具有生物活性的四氢生物蝶呤(tetrahydrobiopterin,BH4),能对多种铁死亡诱导因素(如铁死亡诱导剂及GPX4基因敲除等)作出响应[34]。KRAFT V等[35]通过基因编辑器激活筛选,发现GCH1及其代谢产物四氢生物蝶呤/二氢生物蝶呤(BH4/BH2)都是能抑制铁死亡的基因。GCH1抑制铁死亡机制在于:一是GCH1生成的BH4,作为一种亲脂性抗氧化剂,能有效抑制脂质过氧化;二是表达GCH1的细胞合成BH4/BH2引起脂质重塑,同时消耗铁死亡的诱导因素PUFA-PLs[35],GCH1-BH4-磷脂轴可作为抗铁死亡的主要调控因子。
铁死亡是缺血后再灌注损伤的重要机制之一,其发生往往伴随着ROS的过度产生和铁离子的累积[36]。游离的Fe2+通过芬顿反应催生羟基自由基[36],进而产生细胞毒性。这一过程中,脑微血管内皮细胞功能受损,ROS过度积累导致巨噬细胞增殖,血脑屏障破坏,引发脑梗死后出血性转化、脑水肿[37]及早期神经功能衰退。在大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)大鼠模型中,降低色素框同源物7(chromobox homolog7,CBX-7)的表达能减少铁离子浓度及TFR1的蛋白表达,同时激活SLC7A11/GPX4、NRF2/HO-1信号通路来抑制铁死亡的发生发展,从而减轻CIRI、改善认知障碍[38]。研究指出[39],线粒体铁蛋白(mitochondrial ferritin,MtFt)具有减轻神经元铁死亡的作用,其机制在于抑制由炎症介导的铁沉积。进一步的研究发现,MtFt的过表达能够缓解缺血再灌注导致的血脑屏障损伤。另一方面,CISD2(一种含CDGSH铁硫簇结构域蛋白2)作为神经元早期分化的标志,其高表达水平可以保护细胞免受铁过度积累的影响。研究显示,过表达CISD2能显著抑制脑缺血再灌注损伤小鼠的铁死亡,且这一作用可能与激活NRF2/HO-1信号通路有关;同时,过表达CISD,可以下调TFR1的表达,进而限制铁的转运,减少芬顿反应,进而减少脂质过氧化物的生成[39]。众多研究已证实,NRF2基因是调控铁死亡的关键基因。miR-27家族在肿瘤、代谢等诸多疾病中都具有显著的调控作用。应用MCAO模型研究[40],miR-27a能引起脑室细胞NRF2表达降低而加剧铁死亡,而使用miR-27a拮抗剂则呈相反趋势,提示miR-27a可能通过靶向抑制NRF2活性从而引发CIRI。
螯合作用是指金属等中心元素形成螯合物的过程,螯合物具有增加稳定性的效应。铁螯合作用能够有效减少铁过载,减轻CIRI[41-42],去铁胺(deferoxamine,DFO)是一种经FDA批准的铁螯合剂,能与游离或蛋白结合的Fe3+形成功能稳定的水溶性铁胺复合物。为提高DFO穿透血脑屏障的能力,改善其单独用药时生物利用度低、不良反应大的缺点,研究人员采取纳米脂质体(liposome)对DFO进行包封,形成去铁胺纳米脂质体(DFO-Lip)。实验发现,这种纳米颗粒能有效清除体内多余的铁,逆转卒中后大脑神经功能损伤[43]。
酰基辅酶A合成酶长链家族的第4号成员(recombinant acyl coenzyme a synthetase long chain family member 4,ACSL4),是多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)代谢的重要同工酶,在脂质代谢过程中发挥着重要的作用。它激活相应的脂肪酸,将游离长链脂肪酸转化为其酰基辅酶A(CoA)形式,过表达ACSL4能够增强脂质过氧化诱导铁死亡[44]。在对MCAO导致的脑组织损伤研究中[45],缺氧诱导因子1α(hypoxia inducible factor-1,HIF-1α)通过调控脂质代谢来抑制ACSL4的表达。此外,研究还发现ACSL4能够促进小胶质细胞炎症因子的产生,进一步证实了ACSL4是神经炎症的调节因素。敲除或抑制ACSL4基因的表达,能从减轻炎症反应、控制脂质过氧化两个角度有效防止细胞发生铁死亡,进而降低神经细胞损害程度[45]。
有研究表明,缺血缺氧状态下,脑组织中的三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)水平的下降会引发NA+/K+泵电化学梯度的失衡,进而导致谷氨酸转运蛋白的逆向运作,导致细胞外谷氨酸浓度上升,通过兴奋谷氨酸受体介导神经毒性[45-46]。研究还指出,氧糖剥夺/再灌注(oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation,OGD/R)条件下,HIF-1α能直接与System Xc-启动子结合来调节System Xc-的转录活动,这一过程会加剧谷氨酸的转运,从而增强氧化应激的毒性作用[46]。
哺乳动物的中枢神经系统中富含多种非编码RNA(ncRNA),包括微小RNA(miRNA)、长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)及环状RNA(circRNA)等,它们呈现出组织和细胞的特异性表达。在神经退行性病变中,ncRNA作为基因表达的关键调控因子,其活化或抑制可能通过影响GSH对铁死亡抑制剂1(ferrostatin-1,Fer-1)的合成及代谢,进而改变大脑中的氧化应激状态[47]。长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,LncRNA)是一类长度在200~100 000 nt的RNA分子,虽不直接编码蛋白质,但广泛参与细胞内多种过程调控,成为近十年来生命科学研究热点[48]。研究表明,LncRNA可以作为一种竞争性内源RNA(ceRNA)与特定的miRNA相互作用,参与靶基因的表达调控,在疾病发生发展过程中发挥重要作用[49]。研究表明,在CIRI过程中,浆细胞瘤多样异位基因1(plasmacytoma variant translocation 1,PVT1)介导的铁死亡在疾病的发生和发展中扮演着重要角色。同时,生长抑制特异性基因5(growth arrest-specific transcripts5,GAS5)、染色体失活特异转录本(xinactive specific transcript,Xist)和ZFAS1(zinc finger antisense 1)等LncRNA也可能参与调控铁死亡过程。
近年来有研究指出,SLC7A11基因是p53介导的转录抑制的靶标,LncRNA能够调控p53进而抑制SLC7A11的表达来增强铁死亡[50],进一步验证了LncRNA调控铁死亡发生发展的重要作用。在小鼠CIRI过程中,miR-214通过与TFR1的3'非翻译区(3'UTR)结合,调控铁离子进入细胞,从而加剧脂质过氧化物和铁在脑组织中的积累,促进铁死亡的发生[51]。此外,降低PVT1的表达或提高miR-214的表达会显著下调p53的表达水平;相反,过表达PVT1或抑制miR-214的表达则能显著减弱Fer-1对铁死亡的抑制作用。另一项研究揭示,神经元在经历OGD/R处理后,转录因子Yin-Yang1(YY1)的表达会下调,YY1通过与GAS5的启动子结合,负向调节GAS5的表达。同时,YY1和GAS5还能与6-磷酸果糖激酶-2/果糖-,6-二磷酸酶3(phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-,6-bisphosphatase,PFKFB3)启动子的相同区域结合,促进PFKFB3的表达和神经元的糖酵解过程,进而加剧OGD/R诱导的神经元凋亡。值得注意的是,上调YY1或抑制GAS5的表达能够逆转缺血再灌注诱导的脑损伤,并改善神经功能[52]。XIST通过调控miR-27a-3p/FOXO3轴来加重CIRI,而沉默转录因子FOXO3则能抑制N2a细胞的凋亡和ROS的产生,从而减轻脑损伤[53]。在CIRI过程中,ZFAS1的表达显著下调。上调ZFAS1或下调miR-582-3p的表达都能抑制炎症、氧化应激和细胞凋亡,并提高经OGD/R处理的PC12细胞中的一氧化氮(NO)水平[54]。
还有研究发现,作为新发现的调节因子,LncRNA在缺血性脑卒中及脑血管内皮损伤中扮演着重要角色[55],作为治疗CIRI进展的新靶点,展现出巨大的应用潜力。例如,通过抑制CHRF来调节miR-126/SOX6轴,可以有效减轻缺血性损伤[56];降低AK038897的表达,并通过死亡关联蛋白激酶1(DAPK1)的miR-26a-5p靶向,能够预防CIRI的发生[57];OGD/R发生时,敲减MALAT1能够抑制细胞凋亡,而过表达MALAT1可抑制凋亡蛋白BAX的表达,增加抗凋亡蛋白BCL2的表达[58];此外还有研究报道,在OGD/R诱导的小胶质细胞中,SNHG8通过海绵化miR-449c-5p并调节SIRT1/FOXO1通路减轻血脑屏障损伤,抑制小胶质细胞活化,减弱小胶质细胞炎症反应,进而保护脑细胞活力和完整性[59]。
近年来,随着LncRNA领域研究的不断进步,LncRNA在基因表达调控及细胞命运决定中的核心作用日益凸显。在CIRI的研究框架下,LncRNA与铁死亡之间的关联正逐渐成为科研焦点。最新研究指出,特定LncRNA能够通过调节铁代谢和脂质过氧化等核心环节,对铁死亡进程施加影响。例如,它们可能通过调整铁转运蛋白的表达水平,改变细胞内铁离子的浓度,进而控制铁死亡的发生。此外,还有研究揭示LncRNA能够调控抗氧化酶的表达,从而影响细胞内ROS的含量,这也是触发铁死亡的关键因素。在CIRI的复杂病理过程中,LncRNA可能通过调节铁死亡相关基因的表达,对脑细胞的存活和命运产生重大影响。这一新发现不仅为我们深入理解CIRI的病理机制提供了新颖视角,同时也为开发新型治疗策略提供了潜在的干预靶点。
诸多研究显示,单味中药及中药有效成分、中药复方、针刺治疗等传统中医药疗法对CIRI具有明显的改善作用,保护神经元免受缺血缺氧的损伤。
黄芪能够通过下调凋亡基因JUN蛋白抑制神经细胞凋亡,还能降低炎细胞浸润减轻炎症反应,进而发挥脑保护作用[60];银杏叶能够促进轴突生长,增加突触数量,减少神经细胞凋亡,重建和修复缺血半暗带组织[61];茯苓[62]能够下调促使神经元凋亡的半胱天冬蛋白酶表达,保护神经元;绞股蓝[63-64]能够明显提升脑组织的总抗氧化能力,促进超氧化物歧化酶的表达,显著降低丙二醛的水平,明显缩小脑梗死面积,明显改善脑组织受损程度。
某些中药有效成分,例如:川芎嗪、丹参素、丹参酮ⅡA、灯盏花素、葛根素、雷公藤多糖苷、三七总皂苷、天麻素等均对CIRI具有良好的保护作用;通过相应的动物实验模型研究证实,川芎嗪[65]、丹参素[66]、丹参酮ⅡA[67]能够改善血流动力学变化,降低血小板集聚,提高存活神经元密度,进而起到对CIRI的保护作用;灯盏花素[68]能够降低血脑屏障通透性,又通过抑制神经元炎症因子、钙超载、细胞凋亡等,进而提高脑组织抗氧化作用;葛根素[69]、雷公藤多糖苷[70]能够降低炎症因子的表达抑制炎症反应,保持神经元结构和功能的完整;三七总皂苷[71]能够上调抗凋亡蛋白的表达,进而抑制神经元细胞凋亡;天麻素[72]能提高脑组织Na+-K+-ATP酶活性,清除过载的ROS,改善脑组织能量代谢,缩小脑梗死面积,进而起到保护脑组织神经功能的作用。
研究显示,天麻钩藤饮[73]、桃红四物汤[74]均可通过激活NRF2/HO-1信号通路,促使NRF2发生核易位,促进抗氧化酶HO-1表达水平上调,进而保护CIRI免受氧化应激损伤。补阳还五汤为治疗脑中风经典方剂,研究发现,补阳还五汤[75]、瓜蒌桂枝汤[76]能够保护血脑屏障,拮抗炎性介质产生,进而减轻CIRI脑损伤。化浊解毒活血通络方[77]能够降低CIRI大鼠脂多糖及二胺氧化酶,减轻炎症损伤,促进细胞修复。桃红四物汤[78]、失荅剌知丸[79]干预CIRI大鼠都能促进微血管再生,促进脑缺血半暗带组织血管内皮生长因子的表达,作用机制与分别激活PI3K/AKT、Notch/Delta信号通路有关。动物实验表明地黄饮子[80]、通脉活血汤[81]可通过调控Notch信号通路,促进神经干细胞增殖与分化,促进损伤细胞的修复。
针刺治疗缺血性脑卒中已广泛应用于临床治疗,其疗效在动物实验方面也得到了有效证实。针刺作为中医药传统疗法,具有调达气血、通络止痛的功效,对改善中风后症状疗效显著。
醒脑开窍针刺法[82]能够改善神经功能缺损,改善大脑微循环,拮抗自由基对神经元的损伤,减轻神经细胞凋亡,对CIRI具有明显改善作用。电针针刺百会穴[83]能够上调抗凋亡基因的表达,拮抗神经细胞凋亡,改善线粒体形态,从而改善神经功能。针刺太冲、水沟、丰曲池、足三里[84]等穴位能够促进脑血管再生,降低血液黏稠度,改变血流动力学,进而对CIRI产生明显的保护作用;眼针疗法采用“八区十三穴”取穴[85],通过动物实验研究,验证眼针能够促使脑组织血液循环改善明显,缺血灶血供明显增加;此外,研究证实眼针可显著改善关节功能、恢复肌张力,进而提高日常生活能力。
十多年来,铁死亡发病机制一直占据着研究热点,多项研究表明,铁死亡在包括IS在内的多种疾病的发病机制中扮演着重要角色,铁死亡的研究为这些疾病治疗提供了新的靶点和策略。IS导致的神经细胞缺血缺氧再灌注损伤,已成为全球医务工作者及科学研究者致力攻克的难题。随着对细胞铁死亡通路及影响因素研究的不断深入,我们将能够更全面地揭示CIRI中细胞组织病变的奥秘。例如,通过调节铁代谢通路、脂质代谢通路和氧化应激通路,可以为临床减轻患者痛苦、提高治疗效果提供新的策略。
近年来中医药防治CIRI的机制研究已经取得了重大进展,中医药注重从整体观念、辨证论治来看待疾病,中医药讲究君臣佐使协同作用,常作用于多靶点,从而发挥其生理效应。广泛的动物实验研究证实了中医药疗法可能干预酶促级联反应的多条信号通路,多层面、多维度、多环节发挥保护脑组织的作用。
但本文的局限性在于,中医药治疗CIRI的作用机制,缺乏运用现代科技手段在微观和基因分子水平上全面揭示作用发挥的确切途径;铁死亡的细胞通路盘根错节,涉及多个相互作用和调节的靶点和信号通路,本文仅能概述部分LncRNA对铁死亡的调节作用,未能深层次阐述信号通路和分子网络的相互作用关系。随着对铁死亡研究的不断深入,我们将能够更全面地揭示铁死亡的发生发展机制,为CIRI的有效诊治提供更精准的理论依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82274422)
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2025年第43卷第4期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.04.010
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-04-10
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(82274422)
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    辽宁中医药大学,辽宁 沈阳 110847

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王哲(1971-),女,辽宁海城人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:眼针防治脑中风病疗效机制。E-mail:。
刘继东(1976-),男(锡伯族),辽宁沈阳人,教授,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:针刺治疗脾胃病现代作用机理。Email:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
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属
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species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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