Article(id=1322923098181349532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923011518628427, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.03.026, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339045328, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1741536000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339045328, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339045328, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339045328, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322923011518628427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1741536000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793339024666, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340602374, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929628976906432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923011518628427, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929628981100737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322923011518628427, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=143, endPage=149, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322923100072980637, articleId=1322923098181349532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Zuogui Pill(左归丸)in Treatment of Premature Ovarian Failure, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Zuogui Pill(左归丸),from Jingyue Quanshu,has been used clinically for more than 400 years. It is a classic prescription for the treatment of kidney Yin deficiency. It has the effect of nourishing Yin and tonifying kidney,supplementing essence and replenishing marrow,and is widely used in the treatment of osteoporosis,knee osteoarthritis and other diseases. In recent years,more and more studies have shown its efficacy in the treatment of premature ovarian failure(POF). This article summarized the mechanism of the treatment of POF and the literature in recent years from the aspects of inhibiting cell apoptosis and autophagy,improving sex hormone levels,regulating the expressions of growth differentiation factor 9(GDF-9)and bone morphogenetic protein-15(BMP-15),up-regulating the expressions of connexin37(Cx37)and Connexin43(Cx43),regulating the hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis(HPOA),improving ovarian angiogenesis and anti osteoporosis. And it participated in regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and GDF-9/Smad2 signaling pathways,confirming the therapeutic effect of Zuogui Pill on POF from a molecular mechanism perspective. And through the summary of Zuogui Pill,it is found that whether it is a single treatment,or combined with western medicine or acupuncture and moxibustion treatment,it can significantly improve the symptoms of patients,reduce adverse reactions,and has definite clinical efficacy and high safety,which is worthy of clinical promotion and application. This article comprehensively analyzed the current status of Zuogui Pill in the treatment of POF through basic and clinical research,and proposed shortcomings and improvements in current basic and clinical research,providing relevant basis for future in-depth research and clinical application of the formula,as well as the development of new drugs for the treatment of POF

, authors=Yue WANG1, Qianwen ZHANG2, Keying PAN1, Shuai ZHAO1, authorsList=Yue WANG, Qianwen ZHANG, Keying PAN, Shuai ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shuai ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322923100542742686, articleId=1322923098181349532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=左归丸治疗卵巢早衰的研究进展, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

左归丸出自《景岳全书》,临床应用400余年,是治疗肾阴不足的经典用方,具有滋阴补肾,填精益髓的功效,广泛应用于骨质疏松症、膝骨关节炎等疾病的治疗。近年来,越来越多研究表明左归丸在卵巢早衰(Premature ovarian failure,POF)的治疗中有一定疗效。归纳整理近几年文献,从抑制细胞凋亡与自噬、改善性激素水平、调控生长分化因子-9(Growth differentiation factor 9,GDF-9)和骨形态发生蛋白-15(Bonemorphogenetic protein-15,BMP-15)的表达、上调连接蛋白37(Connexin37,Cx37)和连接蛋白43(Connexin43,Cx43)的表达、调节下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴(hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarianaxis,HPOA)、改善卵巢血管生成、抗骨质疏松等方面总结左归丸治疗POF的作用机制,并参与调控PI3K/AKT/mTOR、GDF-9/Smad2信号通路,从分子机制上证实了左归丸具有治疗POF的作用;并通过对左归丸治疗用药进行总结,发现无论是单方治疗,还是联合西药或针灸治疗,均可明显改善患者症状,减轻不良反应,临床疗效确切,安全性较高,值得临床推广应用。通过基础研究及临床研究全面分析了左归丸治疗POF的现状,并对当今基础实验及临床研究提出了不足与改进,为今后本方的深入研究和临床应用以及治疗POF新型药物的研发提供相关依据。

, authors=王月1, 张骞文2, 潘可盈1, 赵帅1, authorsList=王月, 张骞文, 潘可盈, 赵帅, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵帅, authorNote=

王月(2000-),女,河北衡水人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药治疗不孕症的临床与基础。

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赵帅(1985-),女,山东济南人,副教授、副主任医师,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药治疗不孕症的临床与基础。E-mail:。
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王月(2000-),女,河北衡水人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药治疗不孕症的临床与基础。

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王月(2000-),女,河北衡水人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药治疗不孕症的临床与基础。

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成分来源作用机制文献
梓醇熟地黄下调Caspase-3、Caspase-9蛋白表达量,缓解细胞凋亡[81]
地黄多糖地黄促进卵巢GC的表达[82]
尿囊素山药、紫草通过HO-1/Nrf2信号通路,升高血清中的E2水平,降低LH、FSH表达,缓解氧化应激,发挥对POF卵巢的保护作用[83]
枸杞多糖枸杞通过促进AMPK/Sirt自噬途径活化,缓解POF[84]
通过抑制CRP78、CHOP的表达水平,活化Bcl-2、抑制Bax[85]
上调Cx37、Cx43蛋白表达,维持细胞间的间隙连接,保护卵巢组织[86]
芝麻素菟丝子通过抑制PKCα/NF-κB信号通路,下调Caspase-3、Caspase-12蛋白表达,从而抑制细胞凋亡[87]
山柰酚菟丝子通过调控AMPK/mTOR信号通路,下调Caspase-3、Bax蛋白表达,上调Bcl-2蛋白表达,达到抑制细胞凋亡的作用[88]
菟丝子总黄酮菟丝子降低FSH表达水平及卵泡闭锁的数量,从而促进卵泡发育[89]
β-谷甾醇菟丝子、枸杞子通过PI3K/AKT信号通路,抑制GC凋亡,下调Caspase-3蛋白表达[90]
异鼠李素菟丝子抑制Caspase-3蛋白表达,调节激素紊乱,缓解细胞凋亡[91]
槲皮素菟丝子、紫花地丁、车前子通过调控PI3K/AKT/FoxO3a信号通路,提高血清AMH、E2的表达水平,恢复卵巢功能[92-93]
莫诺苷山茱萸通过调控PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路,抑制卵巢GC的凋亡与自噬[94]
), ArticleFig(id=1322923105705930949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322923098181349532, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

左归丸单味药有效成分及其治疗POF的作用机制

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分来源作用机制文献
梓醇熟地黄下调Caspase-3、Caspase-9蛋白表达量,缓解细胞凋亡[81]
地黄多糖地黄促进卵巢GC的表达[82]
尿囊素山药、紫草通过HO-1/Nrf2信号通路,升高血清中的E2水平,降低LH、FSH表达,缓解氧化应激,发挥对POF卵巢的保护作用[83]
枸杞多糖枸杞通过促进AMPK/Sirt自噬途径活化,缓解POF[84]
通过抑制CRP78、CHOP的表达水平,活化Bcl-2、抑制Bax[85]
上调Cx37、Cx43蛋白表达,维持细胞间的间隙连接,保护卵巢组织[86]
芝麻素菟丝子通过抑制PKCα/NF-κB信号通路,下调Caspase-3、Caspase-12蛋白表达,从而抑制细胞凋亡[87]
山柰酚菟丝子通过调控AMPK/mTOR信号通路,下调Caspase-3、Bax蛋白表达,上调Bcl-2蛋白表达,达到抑制细胞凋亡的作用[88]
菟丝子总黄酮菟丝子降低FSH表达水平及卵泡闭锁的数量,从而促进卵泡发育[89]
β-谷甾醇菟丝子、枸杞子通过PI3K/AKT信号通路,抑制GC凋亡,下调Caspase-3蛋白表达[90]
异鼠李素菟丝子抑制Caspase-3蛋白表达,调节激素紊乱,缓解细胞凋亡[91]
槲皮素菟丝子、紫花地丁、车前子通过调控PI3K/AKT/FoxO3a信号通路,提高血清AMH、E2的表达水平,恢复卵巢功能[92-93]
莫诺苷山茱萸通过调控PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路,抑制卵巢GC的凋亡与自噬[94]
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左归丸治疗卵巢早衰的研究进展
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王月 1 , 张骞文 2 , 潘可盈 1 , 赵帅 1
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(3): 143-149
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (3) : 143 -149
左归丸治疗卵巢早衰的研究进展
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王月1, 张骞文2, 潘可盈1, 赵帅1
作者信息
  • 1.山东中医药大学第一临床医学院,山东 济南 250014
  • 2.山东中医药大学针灸推拿学院,山东 济南 250014
通讯作者:
赵帅(1985-),女,山东济南人,副教授、副主任医师,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药治疗不孕症的临床与基础。E-mail:。
作者简介:

王月(2000-),女,河北衡水人,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药治疗不孕症的临床与基础。

Research Progress of Zuogui Pill(左归丸)in Treatment of Premature Ovarian Failure
Yue WANG1, Qianwen ZHANG2, Keying PAN1, Shuai ZHAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.First Clinical Medical College,Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Jinan 250014,Shandong,China
  • 2.School of Acupuncture and Tuina,Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Jinan 250014,Shandong,China
出版时间: 2025-03-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.03.026
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左归丸出自《景岳全书》,临床应用400余年,是治疗肾阴不足的经典用方,具有滋阴补肾,填精益髓的功效,广泛应用于骨质疏松症、膝骨关节炎等疾病的治疗。近年来,越来越多研究表明左归丸在卵巢早衰(Premature ovarian failure,POF)的治疗中有一定疗效。归纳整理近几年文献,从抑制细胞凋亡与自噬、改善性激素水平、调控生长分化因子-9(Growth differentiation factor 9,GDF-9)和骨形态发生蛋白-15(Bonemorphogenetic protein-15,BMP-15)的表达、上调连接蛋白37(Connexin37,Cx37)和连接蛋白43(Connexin43,Cx43)的表达、调节下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴(hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarianaxis,HPOA)、改善卵巢血管生成、抗骨质疏松等方面总结左归丸治疗POF的作用机制,并参与调控PI3K/AKT/mTOR、GDF-9/Smad2信号通路,从分子机制上证实了左归丸具有治疗POF的作用;并通过对左归丸治疗用药进行总结,发现无论是单方治疗,还是联合西药或针灸治疗,均可明显改善患者症状,减轻不良反应,临床疗效确切,安全性较高,值得临床推广应用。通过基础研究及临床研究全面分析了左归丸治疗POF的现状,并对当今基础实验及临床研究提出了不足与改进,为今后本方的深入研究和临床应用以及治疗POF新型药物的研发提供相关依据。

左归丸  /  卵巢早衰  /  作用机制  /  有效成分  /  临床应用

Zuogui Pill(左归丸),from Jingyue Quanshu,has been used clinically for more than 400 years. It is a classic prescription for the treatment of kidney Yin deficiency. It has the effect of nourishing Yin and tonifying kidney,supplementing essence and replenishing marrow,and is widely used in the treatment of osteoporosis,knee osteoarthritis and other diseases. In recent years,more and more studies have shown its efficacy in the treatment of premature ovarian failure(POF). This article summarized the mechanism of the treatment of POF and the literature in recent years from the aspects of inhibiting cell apoptosis and autophagy,improving sex hormone levels,regulating the expressions of growth differentiation factor 9(GDF-9)and bone morphogenetic protein-15(BMP-15),up-regulating the expressions of connexin37(Cx37)and Connexin43(Cx43),regulating the hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis(HPOA),improving ovarian angiogenesis and anti osteoporosis. And it participated in regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and GDF-9/Smad2 signaling pathways,confirming the therapeutic effect of Zuogui Pill on POF from a molecular mechanism perspective. And through the summary of Zuogui Pill,it is found that whether it is a single treatment,or combined with western medicine or acupuncture and moxibustion treatment,it can significantly improve the symptoms of patients,reduce adverse reactions,and has definite clinical efficacy and high safety,which is worthy of clinical promotion and application. This article comprehensively analyzed the current status of Zuogui Pill in the treatment of POF through basic and clinical research,and proposed shortcomings and improvements in current basic and clinical research,providing relevant basis for future in-depth research and clinical application of the formula,as well as the development of new drugs for the treatment of POF

Zuogui Pill(左归丸)  /  premature ovarian failure  /  mechanism of action  /  active ingredient  /  clinical application
王月, 张骞文, 潘可盈, 赵帅. 左归丸治疗卵巢早衰的研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (3) : 143 -149 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.03.026
Yue WANG, Qianwen ZHANG, Keying PAN, Shuai ZHAO. Research Progress of Zuogui Pill(左归丸)in Treatment of Premature Ovarian Failure[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (3) : 143 -149 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.03.026
卵巢早衰(Premature ovarian failure,POF)是指女性在40岁之前出现性腺功能的减退,主要表现为原、继发性闭经、不孕、血清中卵泡刺激素升高(Follicle stimulating hormone,FSH>40 IU/L)、雌激素水平下降(Estrogen,E2<100 pmol/L),常伴有夜间盗汗、失眠、记忆力减退等围绝经期症状,严重损害育龄女性的生殖和内分泌功能[1]。而妇女的平均绝经年龄为50~52岁,虽因地域或种族存在一定差异,但绝对值相差不大[2]。POF可使患者发生骨质疏松以及心血管疾病等并发症的风险增加[3]。目前对于POF的治疗多采用雌孕激素替代治疗(Hormone replacement treatment,HRT),虽然有临床症状和激素水平的改善,但因为其明确的禁忌证和慎用证,长期使用会导致乳腺和妇科肿瘤的发生率成倍增加[4]。近年来,中医药治疗POF取得了一些成果,像中药的单体、复方、中成药、经方、古方层出不穷,因此联合治疗将成为治疗POF的主要方向。
左归丸出自明代张景岳的《景岳全书》卷五十一新方八阵之补阵,原文记载:“左归丸,治真阴肾水不足,不能滋养营卫,渐至衰弱,或虚热往来,自汗盗汗,或神不守舍,血不归原,或虚损伤阴,或遗淋不禁,或气虚昏运,或眼花耳聋,或口燥舌干,或腰酸腿软,凡精髓内亏,津液枯涸等证,俱速宜壮水之主,以培左肾治元阴,而精血自充矣。宜此方主之。”全方由大熟地黄、山茱萸肉、山药、枸杞、鹿胶、龟胶、菟丝子、牛膝八味药物组成,补阴为主,补阳为运,壮水之主,培左肾之元阴。研究表明,左归丸在治疗POF以及围绝经期综合征疾病方面有明确的治疗作用[5],并对衰老的小鼠具有明显的保护作用[6]。本文检索并整理近几年的文献,对左归丸治疗POF的机制、单味药的活性成分及临床治疗POF的应用进行归纳总结,意在为本方进一步研究、应用以及为治疗POF新型药物的开发提供理论依据和思路。
细胞凋亡(Aoptosis)指为维持内环境稳定,由基因控制的细胞自主有序的死亡[7]。在卵巢中,卵泡闭锁是一种由激素调节的凋亡过程,主要取决于颗粒细胞(Granular cell,GC)的凋亡[8]。研究表明,GC凋亡被广泛认为是卵泡闭锁的潜在机能,也是卵泡闭锁发生的核心环节[9]。卵巢功能受损将加速GC凋亡,使分泌的雌激素减少,导致POF,严重影响妇女的健康[10]。Fas是肿瘤坏死因子受体(TNFR)和神经生长因子受体家庭的细胞表面因子,与自身免疫性疾病密切相关,Fas配体(Fas Ligand,FasL)是TNF超家族的细胞表面分子[11],Fas与FasL相互作用是引起细胞凋亡的主要途径之一[12]。Fas与FasL参与免疫反应的下调及T细胞的细胞毒作用,临床上常将两者的比值作为机体免疫调节的一项指标,当比值减小时,常提示机体免疫系统受损[13]。Bcl-2、Bax均是Bcl-2基因家族的成员,是参与卵巢GC凋亡的主要基因,两者起相反作用[14]。Bcl-2主要作用是抑制细胞凋亡、Bax主要作用是促进细胞凋亡[15]。当Bax水平升高时,Bax可以相互结合形成同源二聚体,诱导GC凋亡;当Bcl-2蛋白表达水平降低时,Bcl-2无法与形成Bax的异源二聚体连接以调节细胞凋亡,导致Bcl-2/Bax比值失衡,加速GC的凋亡[16]。
吴倩等[17]应用左归丸联合干细胞治疗化疗后的POF大鼠,结果表明两者联合治疗大鼠卵巢组织中E2水平升高,黄体生成素(Luteinizing hormone,LH)、FSH水平降低,且能抑制GC的凋亡,提示联合应用治疗POF的效果更佳,但作用机制仍需进一步研究;高珊等[18]通过动物实验发现,左归丸能使POF小鼠卵巢组织中Bcl-2蛋白的表达量明显升高,Bax蛋白的表达量明显下调,且Bcl-2/Bax>1,证明左归丸能通过抑制卵巢GC的凋亡,进而改善POF卵巢功能;PENG等[19]应用左归丸治疗POF大鼠后,血清中的FSH浓度显著降低,E2浓度升高,Bcl-2蛋白上调,Bax蛋白显著下调,从而抑制细胞凋亡;胡青莲等[20]研究显示左归丸能明显上调Bcl-2蛋白的表达,显著降低FasL蛋白的表达及NK细胞数量,证明左归丸可以通过抑制小鼠NK细胞活性及提高Bcl-2表达、降低FasL表达,抑制细胞凋亡,从而达到治疗POF的目的。
自噬(Autophagy)是通过吞噬自身的细胞质或细胞器并将其包被进入到囊胚,通过自噬溶酶体降解其所包裹内容物的过程[21]。现有实验证明自噬参与GC的凋亡,并在加速卵泡闭锁中起关键作用[22]。当凋亡与自噬相互作用时给予过量的刺激,细胞的过激反应会导致过度自噬,过度的自噬会改变卵母细胞的质量和数量,最终影响女性的生殖健康[23]。在疾病的治疗中,自噬既可以提高细胞生存的适应性,也可以使细胞死亡和POF的发病率升高[24]。研究表明减少GC过度自噬可以改善POF的卵巢功能[25]。Beclin-1是自噬的关键调节因子,上调Beclin-1会激活自噬产生[26];LC3B参与自噬体的形成,具有LC3BⅠ和LC3BⅡ两种分子形式[27];P62是一种选择性自噬蛋白,其含量与自噬水平成反比[28]。
黄欣怡等[29]制备POF大鼠模型,并应用左归丸进行干预,治疗后POF小鼠卵巢组织中的Beclin-1、LC3B蛋白表达下降,P62表达增加,证明了左归丸可以通过抑制卵巢过度自噬起到恢复小鼠卵巢储备功能的作用。
目前,临床上对于卵巢储备功能的判断主要通过抗勒苗激素(Anti-Mullerian hormone,AMH)结合窦卵泡计数(Antral follicle count,AFC)及FSH的检测结果来完成[30]。AMH是卵泡发育过程中由卵巢GC分泌的激素,属于β-转化生长因子(Transforming growth factors-β,TGF-β)家族成员,而且是临床上发现的唯一的抑制始基卵泡生长的因子[31]。由于AMH几乎完全通过在FSH依赖性选择之前生长的卵泡表达[32],且在闭锁卵泡或者卵泡处于黄体期时不表达,因此可以作为卵巢储备功能的评价指标。已有研究表明在POF患者中会检测到非常低的AMH水平,值为(0.09±0.25)ng/mL[33]或几乎检测不到AMH水平。但在临床实际应用中,AMH<1 ng/mL即可诊断为POF。AFC即月经期经阴道超声检查双侧卵巢的卵泡数量,临床试验表明,窦卵泡数量与生殖年龄存在密切关系[34]。FSH是由垂体前叶嗜酸性细胞分泌的一种促性腺激素,已广泛应用于辅助生殖技术(Assisted reproductive technology,ART)促排卵治疗[35]。FSH水平的高低是对卵巢功能的直接反映。基础FSH值水平越高,说明卵巢储备功能越差。临床上FSH>40 IU/L,提示患者存在POF的情况,即FSH的异常数值可为早期诊断POF提供依据[36]。
焦存等[37]使用左归丸治疗POF大鼠,结果表明左归丸可以明显降低大鼠血清中FSH水平、升高AMH水平,并推测其可能通过调控类固醇激素合成相关信号通路及基因发挥治疗POF的作用;赵粉琴等[38]在体内试验中发现,经左归丸治疗后POF大鼠相关激素水平及卵泡发育程度得到明显改善,达到缓解POF的作用。
生长分化因子-9(Growth differentiation factor 9,GDF-9)是始基卵泡生长促进因子,属于TGF-β家族成员,存在于除原始卵泡外所有卵泡的卵母细胞中[39]。GDF-9在卵泡的发育成熟过程中起重要作用,GDF-9既可以刺激GC的增殖又可以抑制FSH介导的GC分化,所以GDF-9与FSH均可以调节卵泡的发育以及卵巢激素的分泌[40]。在正常妇女中GDF-9从始基卵泡开始到排卵前的卵母细胞均维持较高水平[41]。如果GDF-9降低,则会导致卵泡生长发育障碍并加速GC的凋亡,从而发生卵泡闭锁,进而导致POF的发生[42]。骨形态发生蛋白-15(Bonemorphogenetic protein-15,BMP-15)属于TGFβ家族成员,已经被证实可以刺激GC生长,在初级卵泡向次级卵泡的发育中起着不可替代的作用[40]。
李红梅等[43]研究发现,左归丸可以增加POF小鼠卵巢中GDF-9蛋白表达,表明左归丸对卵巢有保护作用,可以促进卵泡的生长发育,但是对于与GDF-9起协同调节GC增殖的BMP-15在各组表达间无明显影响,其机制仍需要进一步研究;朱玲等[44]证实在应用左归丸治疗后,卵巢生长卵泡率、卵巢GDF-9蛋白及Smad2蛋白水平明显升高,其机制可能与通过GDF-9/Smad2信号传导对卵泡的生长发育进行调节来达到治疗POF的作用有关。
细胞之间的通讯方式分为间接通讯和缝隙连接(Gap junction,GJ),其中缝隙连接又称缝隙连接细胞通讯(Gap junctional intercellular communication,GJIC),卵泡与周围体细胞进行信号传递与物质交换的主要方式[45]。连接蛋白37(Connexin37,Cx37)与连接蛋白43(Connexin43,Cx43)是与卵泡及GC生理功能关系密切的两种连接蛋白(Connexin,Cx),研究显示Cx37是卵母细胞与GC间不可缺少的连接蛋白,起到提供卵母细胞营养和传递成熟分化信号分子的作用;Cx43在体内发育各阶段的卵巢GC内部表达,尤其在初级卵泡向次级卵泡的发育中起到必不可少的作用[46]。
张文静[47]经动物实验发现,Cx37在POF小鼠中低表达,经中药左归丸干预后,其表达量明显上调且与剂量呈正相关,提示左归丸具有促进卵泡早期发育的作用;阳松威等[48]研究表明左归丸可以增强POF小鼠组织中Cx37mRNA的表达,上调Cx37蛋白的表达,使POF小鼠卵巢组织的缝隙连接通信增强,从而促进卵巢功能的恢复;孙晓峰等[49]研究表明左归丸可以通过上调Cx43mRNA及Cx43蛋白表达,改善缝隙连接功能,发挥增强卵母细胞营养供给及与GC间联系的作用,进而达到治疗POF的目的。
有研究表明磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/丝氨酸激酶(AKT)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶标蛋白(mTOR)信号通路是一条既与细胞凋亡有关,同时也与自噬有关的信号通路[50]。PI3K可分为三类,其中最常研究的是I类,这是一种异源二聚体,由两个亚基组成,其需要募集到活化的受体,启动多种PI中间的磷酸化才能影响下游因子[51]。AKT是PI3K下游蛋白的关键分子,PI3K可使AKT磷酸化[52],磷酸化的AKT可促进子宫内膜癌细胞的增殖并抑制癌细胞的凋亡[53],AKT还可以与磷酸化的Bax结合,以防止同型二聚体的形成并阻断Bax的促凋亡作用[20]。哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶标(mTOR)是一种进化保守的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶,可以通过调节AKT下游信号通路,调节卵泡的发育,mTOR活化水平下降,会阻碍卵泡的生长发育[54]。
刘小莉等[55]研究显示,经左归丸干预后POF大鼠卵巢中的闭锁卵泡的数量减少、次级卵泡的数量增加,且卵巢组织中的激素水平有明显改善,推测其可能通过调节PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路抑制POF大鼠GC自噬,发挥促进卵泡的发育成熟、恢复POF功能的作用;赵粉琴等[56]研究发现左归丸通过活化PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路,使POF大鼠卵巢内卵泡数量增加,GC的凋亡率降低,从而起到缓解POF的作用。
转化生长因子β(TGF-β)/Smads信号转导是调控卵泡发育的重要通路,通路的任一过程的异常都可能引起信号转导的紊乱,加速卵泡闭锁,导致POF的发生[57]。GDF-9是TGF-β的家族成员,Smads蛋白是迄今为止唯一被证明的TGF-β受体作用的底物,对调节细胞的生长发育具有重要的作用,GDF-9与信号转导蛋白Smad-2共同调控卵泡的发育成熟[58]。
左归丸可以通过调节GDF-9/Smad2信号转导,上调POF小鼠GDF-9与Smad2蛋白表达水平,进而促进POF小鼠卵泡的发育,抑制卵泡闭锁[44],这与彭艳丽[59]的研究结果一致;CEN S等[60]用左归丸干预POF大鼠后,大鼠卵巢组织中E2水平、GDF-9及Smad2蛋白表达量升高、FSH的表达量降低,且成熟卵泡的数量增加,表明左归丸可以通过调节GDF-9/Smad2信号通路,达到治疗POF的作用。
下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴(hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarianaxis,HPOA)是一个完整而协调的神经内分泌系统。卵泡的发育成熟和排卵受HPOA的精准调控,HPOA的功能异常会影响女性体内的激素变化,进而诱发排卵障碍[61]。既往研究表明,调节下丘脑结合垂体组织中的雌激素受体(Estrogen receptor,ER)表达,重建E2的部分正反馈作用,能改善HPOA功能紊乱[62]。ER是一种糖蛋白,E2通过与ER结合才能发挥效应[63],ER在HPOA和子宫中高度表达,而在POF及自然衰老的患者中,不仅E2的水平会下降,ER蛋白的表达也明显降低[64]。
赵粉琴等[38]构建POF大鼠模型,结果证明经过左归丸治疗后,大鼠血清中FSH水平明显降低,E2及ER表达水平明显升高,证明左归丸可能通过提高ER表达水平及增加E2浓度,调节HPOA的平衡,从而达到缓解POF的作用。
卵巢的生理功能离不开丰富的血液供应,在卵巢血管生成受损或卵巢内部血液发生循环障碍的情况下,卵巢会缺氧,这可能会加速卵巢细胞凋亡和卵泡闭锁,甚至最终导致POF[65]。因此可以从促进血管生成方面来治疗POF。既往研究证明,人类卵泡液中存在血管内皮生长因子(Vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF),其是卵巢微循环的主要调节因子,与卵巢内血管和血供的形成密切相关[66]。VEGF的主要功能是促进内皮细胞增殖,增加血管通透性以及促进血管生成[67],其中VEGFR-2被认为是介导VEGF通透性增强和促生长、抗凋亡的主要受体[68]。
吴笛[69]结果表明,经左归丸干预后POF大鼠生殖器官中E2、VEGF表达水平较空白组明显升高,证明左归丸可能通过提高血清中的VEGF、E2含量来促进内皮细胞的增殖以及血管生成,起到治疗POF的作用;苏燕等[70]证实左归丸可上调POF大鼠卵巢中VEGF-mRNA表达,从而促进卵巢血管新生,改善微循环,达到防治POF的目的。
骨质疏松症是POF常见的并发症之一,是一种以骨量降低、骨组织微结构被损害导致骨脆性增加,容易发生骨折的代谢性疾病[71]。绝经后骨质疏松(Postmenopausal osteoporosis,PMOP)是骨质疏松的常见类型,发生的主要原因是雌激素缺乏,与POF发病原因中的雌激素缺乏一致[72]。现代基础研究表明左归丸在防治PMOP中起着重要作用[73],左归丸可以通过AMPK/mTOR、Wnt/β-catenin等信号通路,促进骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖分化,并调控成骨细胞(Osteoblast,OB)与破骨细胞(Osteoclast,OC)的平衡[74]。
张文达等[75]研究发现在PMOP中AMPKα基因升高、mTOR基因下降,进一步体外试验表明左归丸通过降低AMPKα基因和磷酸化的p-AMPKα蛋白表达,升高mTOR基因和磷酸化的p-mTOR蛋白表达,达到防治PMOP的作用;李耀洋等[76]用左归丸干预PMOP大鼠模型,推测其机制可能是通过激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,上调Wnt2和LRP5蛋白表达,减少β-catenin降解,从而纠正骨代谢紊乱。
综上所述,左归丸从抑制细胞凋亡和自噬、改善性激素水平、调控因子和相关蛋白表达、调控相关信号通路、调节HPOA、改善卵巢血管生成、调控PMOP相关信号通路等多种机制发挥治疗POF的作用,其分子机制明确且已经通过实验证实。
中医学认为,肾在“肾气-天癸-冲任-胞宫”的机制中起主要作用,肾气亏虚,精血衰少是POF的主要病机[77]。中医并无POF的病名,但根据其临床表现可将其归于“血枯”“经闭不孕”“经断前后诸症”等范畴。左归丸在六味地黄丸的基础上化裁而来,减去了茯苓、泽泻、牡丹皮、加入了枸杞、川牛膝、龟胶以滋补肝肾,更加入了鹿胶、菟丝子温补之品补阳益阴。本方纯补无泻,补肾填精的力量明显强于六味地黄丸和附桂地黄丸。左归丸八味药含有多种有效成分,李锦英等[78]拟借网络药理学的方法明确菟丝子-枸杞的活性成分及疾病靶点,共获得药对活性靶点与POF靶点的交集基因149个;黄胜男等[79]通过 TCMSP(http://nwu.edu.cn/tcmsp.php)、BATMAN-TCN(http://bionet.ncpsb.org/batman-tcm/)数据库发现,左归丸复方中包含73个化合物537个靶点;卢博文等[80]通过TCMSP数据平台,根据药物口服利用率≥30%且药物相似度≥0.18的标准筛选得到各植物药活性成分并进行靶点预测,得到对应的活性成分共62个,其主要活性成分包括谷甾醇、芝麻素、槲皮素、β-谷甾醇等;这些活性成分可以通过HO-1/Nrf2、AMPK/Sirt、PKCα/NF-κB、PIK/AKT/FoxO3a、PI3K/AKT、PI3K/AKT/mTOR等信号通路及Caspase-3、Caspase-9、Caspase-12、Bcl-2、Cx37、Cx43、CRP78、CHOP等蛋白的水平发挥抗炎、抗衰老和抑制细胞凋亡等作用。八味药治疗POF的主要成分和作用机制见表1。
中医药治疗可判断患者病机,临床上可根据患者的具体情况,判断证型,予以对症治疗,从根本上帮助改善患者症状[95]。林雪娥等[96]应用左归丸联合葛根黑苏汤治疗240例肾虚血瘀的POF患者,结果表明雌、孕激素水平明显升高,子宫内膜的容受性和子宫内膜血供水平显著改善,两者起协同作用,共同促进POF患者的卵巢功能恢复;雷美华[97]纳入105例POF患者,观察组给予左归丸联合桃红四物汤治疗,治疗总有效率为90.63%,且血清中FSH水平降低,E2水平升高,证明两者联合应用效果更显著,使患者卵巢功能得到更有效改善。
在辨证论治思想指导下中医药治疗具有明显改善临床症状,减少不良反应的优势,同时联合西药,可降低西药的使用量,减少西药带来的并发症[98]。胡菊等[95]纳入92例肾阴虚POF的患者,联合组使用HRT联合左归丸加减治疗,治疗3个疗程后,联合组患者的总有效率为88.24%明显高于单纯使用HRT的对照组,且患者的卵巢功能和性激素水平得到一定恢复;梁艳[99]应用加味左归丸联合地屈孕酮治疗78例POF患者,与对照组相比,试验组E2水平明显升高,FSH水平明显降低,不良妊娠率下降,患者在症状得到有效治疗的同时,不良反应发生率也进一步降低;韩颖等[100]应用左归丸联合倍美力+醋酸甲羟孕酮序贯疗法治疗50例POF患者,治疗后可降低患者血清中FSH及LH含量,升高E2和AMH含量,增加子宫内膜厚度,发挥促进卵巢功能恢复的作用。
针灸治疗具有简单、方便、效率高、成本低等优点,临床治疗效果明显,且不良反应小,所以中药联合针灸在临床上的应用范围越来越广[101]。边庆华等[102]纳入40例POF患者,与口服黄体酮胶囊联合雌二醇片的对照组相比,试验组口服左归丸联合针灸关元、中极、子宫、卵巢、足三里、三阴交、血海、肾俞、肝俞治疗,治疗后患者血清中LH、FSH水平低于对照组,E2水平高于对照组,且不良反应率较低;黄俐华等[103]在应用雌孕激素序贯疗法治疗的基础上加用左归丸加减方联合温针灸治疗,结果显示患者免疫功能提升,血清中FSH、LH水平降低,E2水平升高,且治疗总有效率升高,提示左归丸临床应用安全可靠,值得推广。
本文对左归丸治疗POF的作用机制及临床应用进行了归纳总结,发现无论是加减方治疗、联合西药、还是联合针灸治疗,左归丸都有明确的治疗POF的作用。但目前的研究仍存在不足之处,如下所述:①左归丸作用的信号通路颇多,POF相关的信号通路也很多,但是既与左归丸又与POF相关的信号通路仅有PI3K/AKT/mTOR、GDF-9/Smad2两个,目前研究多集中于单一通路,要加强对通路多样性的研究,以及加强各通路之间的相互联系,且其中是否通过中间递质的参与?②目前随着对左归丸单味药活性成分及作用机制的研究,一些药物对POF的活性成分逐渐被认识到,但像牛膝、鹿胶、龟胶对治疗POF的作用靶点及分子机制尚不明确,还需进一步增加相关活性成分的基础研究,从而为阐明左归丸的作用机制提供更多理论支撑;③目前随着ART广泛应用,许多POF的患者会采取ART进行治疗,那么左归丸是否可作为POF患者试管前期促排方案中的联合用药选择,其剂量如何?是否能有规范性用药剂量?④目前表明在把人脐带间充质干细胞(Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells,hUC-MSCs)移植到POF大鼠模型后,卵巢功能得到一定改善,并且可以通过纠正内分泌紊乱、促进卵泡生成和减少GC的凋亡来恢复卵巢功能[104-106],最新研究显示左归丸能通过上调C-X-C趋化因子受体4(CX-Cchonmekine receptor4,CXCR4)表达,增强hUC-MSCs的增殖活力,还可以促进hUC-MSC定向迁移与归巢,未来要增强左归丸联合hUC-MSCs的机制研究及临床研究;⑤目前多为单中心、小样本的临床研究,尚未开展多中心大样本的随机对照试验,后续应积极开展相关临床工作,从而为临床应用提供更多的理论依据。综上所述,左归丸的一系列实验研究已证实其明确的治疗POF作用,临床联合用药也收到了满意疗效,因此可以将左归丸更好地普及到临床上,惠及广大患者。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(82104914)
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.03.026
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-10
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国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(82104914)
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    1.山东中医药大学第一临床医学院,山东 济南 250014
    2.山东中医药大学针灸推拿学院,山东 济南 250014

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赵帅(1985-),女,山东济南人,副教授、副主任医师,硕士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药治疗不孕症的临床与基础。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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