Article(id=1322922919273312485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322922680609014711, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.02.036, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339002673, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339002673, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339002673, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339002673, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322922680609014711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1739116800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793338945772, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340618065, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929694785536732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322922680609014711, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929694785536733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322922680609014711, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=168, endPage=172, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322922921110417638, articleId=1322922919273312485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Status of Huangqi(Astragali Radix)and Its Active Ingredients in Treatment of Osteoarthritis, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Huangqi(Astragali Radix)is sweet,slightly warm and its meridian tropism is spleen and lung meridians. It is a common herbal medicine to replenish Qi and blood. In recent years,many experts have found that Huangqi(Astragali Radix)can not only be used for the treatment of medical diseases,but also has a good effect in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis(KOA). There are many effective main components in Huangqi(Astragali Radix),such as Astragalus saponins,Astragalus flavones and Astragalus polysaccharides. Modern experiments have confirmed that Huangqi(Astragali Radix)and these active ingredients play an important role in the treatment of KOA. These active ingredients reduce the contents of inflammatory factors in the body or joint fluid,and also can reduce the negative effects of oxidative stress reaction,and ultimately reduce the degradation of cartilage,bone remodeling and inflammatory lesions of synovial tissue or fibrosis of synovial tissue. Finally,it alleviates the morphological changes of the joint and plays a role in preventing and treating KOA. These active ingredients have been proven to regulate chondrocyte metabolism and reduce the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax,the key genes for apoptosis,under the action of Wnt/β-catenin,PI3K/AKT/mTOR,Hippo and other signaling pathways,thereby inhibiting the apoptosis of chondrocytes. It also can reduce the expressions of MMPs protein,protect typeⅡcollagen and agglutinoglycan in cartilage,and then prevent cartilage degeneration and delay the progression of KOA. This paper summarized the articles on Huangqi(Astragali Radix)and its active ingredients in the treatment of KOA in the past ten years,and described the role and mechanism of Huangqi(Astragali Radix)and its active ingredients in the treatment of KOA in detail,so as to provide direction and basis for the treatment of KOA.

, authors=Yuanhe FAN1, Yongju YANG2, Yu ZHANG1, Qu ZHENG1, Fanyu HE1, Xuefeng GUAN3, authorsList=Yuanhe FAN, Yongju YANG, Yu ZHANG, Qu ZHENG, Fanyu HE, Xuefeng GUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xuefeng GUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322922921550819559, articleId=1322922919273312485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=黄芪及其活性成分治疗骨关节炎的研究现状, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

黄芪性甘,微温,归脾肺经,是一种常见补气补血的中药材,近些年许多专家发现黄芪不单可以用于内科疾病的治疗,在治疗膝骨关节炎(Knee osteoarthritis,KOA)方面也有着良好的疗效。黄芪中多种主要有效成分如黄芪总皂苷、黄芪总黄酮、黄芪多糖等。经现代实验验证黄芪和这些有效成分在KOA的治疗中扮演着重要的角色,这些有效活性成分能降低体内或关节液中的炎性因子含量,也可减少氧化应激反应带来的消极作用,最终减轻软骨的降解,降低骨重塑和减轻滑膜的炎性病变或滑膜组织的纤维化,最终减轻了关节的形态学改变,起到了防治KOA的作用。这些有效成分经验证可以在Wnt/β-catenin、PI3K/AKT/mTOR、河马(Hippo)等信号通路的作用下,调节软骨细胞自身代谢,降低凋亡关键基因Bcl-2、Bax的表达,从而抑制软骨细胞凋亡;也可降低MMPs蛋白的表达,保护了软骨中的Ⅱ型胶原和聚集蛋白聚糖,进而预防了软骨的退变延缓了KOA的进展;通过搜集近10年关于黄芪及有效成分治疗KOA的文献进行总结,详细叙述黄芪及有效成分在治疗KOA中的作用及机制,为KOA治疗提供方向和依据。

, authors=范元赫1, 杨永菊2, 张宇1, 郑曲1, 何璠玙1, 关雪峰3, authorsList=范元赫, 杨永菊, 张宇, 郑曲, 何璠玙, 关雪峰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=关雪峰, authorNote=

范元赫(1994-),男,辽宁丹东人,博士在读,研究方向:中医药防治骨关节病。

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关雪峰(1972-),男(满族),辽宁辽阳人,教授、主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治骨关节病基础与临床。E-mail:。
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范元赫(1994-),男,辽宁丹东人,博士在读,研究方向:中医药防治骨关节病。

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范元赫(1994-),男,辽宁丹东人,博士在读,研究方向:中医药防治骨关节病。

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黄芪及其活性成分治疗骨关节炎的研究现状
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范元赫 1 , 杨永菊 2 , 张宇 1 , 郑曲 1 , 何璠玙 1 , 关雪峰 3
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(2): 168-172
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (2) : 168 -172
黄芪及其活性成分治疗骨关节炎的研究现状
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范元赫(1994-),男,辽宁丹东人,博士在读,研究方向:中医药防治骨关节病。

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范元赫1, 杨永菊2, 张宇1, 郑曲1, 何璠玙1, 关雪峰3
作者信息
  • 1.辽宁中医药大学,辽宁 沈阳 110847
  • 2.辽宁中医药大学附属医院,辽宁 沈阳 110032
  • 3.沈阳药科大学,辽宁 沈阳 110016
通讯作者:
关雪峰(1972-),男(满族),辽宁辽阳人,教授、主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治骨关节病基础与临床。E-mail:。
作者简介:

范元赫(1994-),男,辽宁丹东人,博士在读,研究方向:中医药防治骨关节病。

Research Status of Huangqi(Astragali Radix)and Its Active Ingredients in Treatment of Osteoarthritis
Yuanhe FAN1, Yongju YANG2, Yu ZHANG1, Qu ZHENG1, Fanyu HE1, Xuefeng GUAN3
Affiliations
  • 1.Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Shenyang 110847,Liaoning,China
  • 2.Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Shenyang 110032,Liaoning,China
  • 3.Shenyang Pharmaceutical University,Shenyang 110016,Liaoning,China
出版时间: 2025-02-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.02.036
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黄芪性甘,微温,归脾肺经,是一种常见补气补血的中药材,近些年许多专家发现黄芪不单可以用于内科疾病的治疗,在治疗膝骨关节炎(Knee osteoarthritis,KOA)方面也有着良好的疗效。黄芪中多种主要有效成分如黄芪总皂苷、黄芪总黄酮、黄芪多糖等。经现代实验验证黄芪和这些有效成分在KOA的治疗中扮演着重要的角色,这些有效活性成分能降低体内或关节液中的炎性因子含量,也可减少氧化应激反应带来的消极作用,最终减轻软骨的降解,降低骨重塑和减轻滑膜的炎性病变或滑膜组织的纤维化,最终减轻了关节的形态学改变,起到了防治KOA的作用。这些有效成分经验证可以在Wnt/β-catenin、PI3K/AKT/mTOR、河马(Hippo)等信号通路的作用下,调节软骨细胞自身代谢,降低凋亡关键基因Bcl-2、Bax的表达,从而抑制软骨细胞凋亡;也可降低MMPs蛋白的表达,保护了软骨中的Ⅱ型胶原和聚集蛋白聚糖,进而预防了软骨的退变延缓了KOA的进展;通过搜集近10年关于黄芪及有效成分治疗KOA的文献进行总结,详细叙述黄芪及有效成分在治疗KOA中的作用及机制,为KOA治疗提供方向和依据。

黄芪  /  活性成分  /  膝骨关节炎  /  作用机制

Huangqi(Astragali Radix)is sweet,slightly warm and its meridian tropism is spleen and lung meridians. It is a common herbal medicine to replenish Qi and blood. In recent years,many experts have found that Huangqi(Astragali Radix)can not only be used for the treatment of medical diseases,but also has a good effect in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis(KOA). There are many effective main components in Huangqi(Astragali Radix),such as Astragalus saponins,Astragalus flavones and Astragalus polysaccharides. Modern experiments have confirmed that Huangqi(Astragali Radix)and these active ingredients play an important role in the treatment of KOA. These active ingredients reduce the contents of inflammatory factors in the body or joint fluid,and also can reduce the negative effects of oxidative stress reaction,and ultimately reduce the degradation of cartilage,bone remodeling and inflammatory lesions of synovial tissue or fibrosis of synovial tissue. Finally,it alleviates the morphological changes of the joint and plays a role in preventing and treating KOA. These active ingredients have been proven to regulate chondrocyte metabolism and reduce the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax,the key genes for apoptosis,under the action of Wnt/β-catenin,PI3K/AKT/mTOR,Hippo and other signaling pathways,thereby inhibiting the apoptosis of chondrocytes. It also can reduce the expressions of MMPs protein,protect typeⅡcollagen and agglutinoglycan in cartilage,and then prevent cartilage degeneration and delay the progression of KOA. This paper summarized the articles on Huangqi(Astragali Radix)and its active ingredients in the treatment of KOA in the past ten years,and described the role and mechanism of Huangqi(Astragali Radix)and its active ingredients in the treatment of KOA in detail,so as to provide direction and basis for the treatment of KOA.

Huangqi(Astragali Radix)  /  active ingredient  /  knee osteoarthritis  /  mechanism of action
范元赫, 杨永菊, 张宇, 郑曲, 何璠玙, 关雪峰. 黄芪及其活性成分治疗骨关节炎的研究现状. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (2) : 168 -172 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.02.036
Yuanhe FAN, Yongju YANG, Yu ZHANG, Qu ZHENG, Fanyu HE, Xuefeng GUAN. Research Status of Huangqi(Astragali Radix)and Its Active Ingredients in Treatment of Osteoarthritis[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (2) : 168 -172 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.02.036
膝骨关节炎(Knee osteoarthritis,KOA)是一种常见于老年人的慢性关节疾病,由于其疼痛、僵硬等症状会导致老年人生活质量下降,也是老年人致残的主要原因[1]。KOA曾被认为是一种简单的“磨损与撕裂”的疾病,但随着研究的不断深入,KOA被认为是一种由炎症和代谢因子导致的更复杂的过程,关节软骨的退变是骨关节炎的标志[2]。根据指南及共识,西医对于KOA的治疗方式根据患者病情不同选择氨基葡萄糖改善病情;选择非甾体抗炎药或阿片类镇痛药物治疗中重度疼痛的患者;使用抗焦虑药治疗广泛全身疼痛且伴有抑郁的患者;对于上述无效的患者进行手术治疗,这些药物对人体造成不良反应明显[3-4]。KOA在中医被归属为“痹证”“痿证”的范畴,几千年的传承对KOA的临床治疗有着丰富的经验。中医理论肾主骨含义为:肾藏精,精能生髓,髓藏于骨腔中以营养骨骼,故认为治疗KOA多用具有补肝肾、强筋骨功效的药物。而随着实践和理论的不断深入,发现补脾益气中药对KOA治疗起到亦有良好的治疗效果,达到肌骨并治,这与中医理论“以后天补先天”高度吻合[5]。作为补气药代表之一的黄芪,归脾肺经,其性甘微温,具有补气升阳、行滞通痹、消肿生肌等功效[6]。本文通过对近10年的相关文献进行总结,对黄芪及其活性成分在治疗KOA中的作用及可能的机制进行论述,为KOA的新药及治疗提供新的方向。
KOA的主要症状是疼痛及膝关节功能障碍,而现代研究表明炎症的出现与患者的膝关节功能障碍及疼痛密切相关[7]。KOA的发病过程中很大程度上是由于促炎介质和抗炎介质分泌的失衡,诱导低级别炎症的发生,导致软骨的降解或变性,骨重塑(骨赘形成)或其他炎性改变(滑膜炎)最终导致了关节内的形态学改变[8-9]。而黄芪明确可以在软骨细胞有抗炎的作用。席菊兰等[10]在临床通过关节腔注射的方式对KOA患者进行治疗,使用黄芪注射液和透明质酸联合O3进行比较,结果显示经黄芪联合治疗后的KOA患者,效果明显优于使用O3单独治疗的患者,抽取黄芪联合治疗后的患者关节液,经分析显示其中的肿瘤坏死因子(Tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α、白介素(Interleukin,IL)-1β含量较对照组明显降低,且治疗后的Lysholm膝关节功能评分(LKSS)、关节活动度评分、关节肿胀评分等比治疗前大幅度下降且优于对照组。表明黄芪可以降低炎性因子的产生,减轻KOA患者的症状。有研究发现,黄芪中的主要活性成分黄芪多糖(Astragalus polysaccharide,APS)可以使凋亡的明星分子半胱氨酸天门冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶(Cysteinylaspartate-specific proteinase,Caspase-3)、抗凋亡蛋白B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2蛋白(B celllymphoma/lewkmia-2,Bcl-2)和与促凋亡单蛋白Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bcl-2 associated X protein,Bax)的表达降低,同时上调Bcl-2/Bax的比值,从而使软骨细胞的增殖,并抑制其凋亡的重要分子机制,进而延缓KOA的发展进程[11]。
氧化应激反应的定义是促氧化能力和抗氧化能力失调,所以通过添加某些抗氧化剂使这两种能力达到平衡,可以降低氧化应激反应带来的不良影响,近些年的研究发现KOA的进展与氧化应激有显著的相关性,而这种相关性不仅仅存在于软骨中,与滑膜细胞也是密切相关,由于其抗氧化能力的下降导致细胞死亡,从而导致了节软骨丢失、滑膜炎症、软骨下骨硬化和骨赘等异常改变[12-13]。有研究发现,将家兔的软骨细胞体外培养后,通过不同浓度的黄芪干预被过氧化氢损伤的软骨细胞,无论是从细胞活力检测、细胞蛋白含量检测和细胞凋亡率检测的实验结果来看都能表明经黄芪处理后的软骨细胞增殖能力和抗过氧化凋亡的能力明显增强[14]。廖鸿等[15]在观察黄芪对体外关节软骨细胞的氧化应激反应时,发现经黄芪注射液干预后的软骨细胞皱缩、脱壁或破碎的现象显著减少;而Bim(Bcl-2 interacting mediator of cell death)蛋白,是一种在一定凋亡刺激因素下,激活Bax蛋白引起线粒体途径细胞凋亡的重要蛋白,通过黄芪注射液的干预发现Bim的表达明显降低抑制了Bax的激活,从而使细胞凋亡显著减少,说明黄芪可以提高软骨细胞对抗过氧化能力,减少软骨细胞凋亡,保护软骨降低KOA的发生。
在OA发生过程中,ECM在滑膜关节内降解,特别是在膝关节内,并出现严重疼痛的症状表现[16]。在受到炎症介质刺激时会使ECM降解时会产生许多基质金属蛋白酶(Matrix metalloproteinase,MMPs),而作为构成软骨基质的Ⅱ型胶原(CollagenⅡ)和聚集蛋白聚糖(Aggrecan)则会被其破坏,其中MMP-1和MMP-13主要降解胶原和蛋白多糖分子聚集物,而MMP-3、MMP-9等降解关节的非胶原基质成分,起到双重破坏作用[17-18]。有研究表明,经过IL-1α干预的兔软骨细胞会使Ⅱ型胶原和Aggrecan蛋白表达降低,将一定浓度的黄芪标准化提取物在体外干预实验后MMP-1、MMP-9和MMP-13的表达降低,可以延缓ECM的分解,有效地保护软骨对KOA的治疗起到了作用;并且体内实验经灌胃后,家兔的MRI显示经黄芪标准液干预后,关节积液和骨赘等病理改变显著减少,说明其疗效显著[19]。
1982年经典Wnt/β-catenin信号通路第一次被人类所发现,Wnt信号通路已在多种疾病中得到深入研究,其中就与KOA的病理生理过程密切相关[20]。Wnt信号通路可以调控胚胎发育和疾病发病过程中多种细胞过程,如增殖、分化、凋亡等,目前认为Wnt信号通路的适度激活可以有助于软骨细胞保持活性[21]。据有关报道,过度激活Wnt信号通路可以促使软骨细胞肥大,使其变性死亡;过度抑制Wnt信号通路的活性,可以使软骨细胞加速凋亡,导致关节软骨破坏[22-23]。王德刚等[24]将软骨细胞和滑膜细胞在共培养体系中分为正常组、Wnt信号激活组、黄芪甲苷组,经过黄芪甲苷干预后的细胞,Wnt信号通路的激活被抑制,且软骨寡聚基质蛋白(Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein,comp)、MMP-7等蛋白表达降低,降低了滑膜炎症,调控了软骨-滑膜微环境,从而达到抑制软骨降解,降低了KOA的发生。
磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase,PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(ProteinkinaseB,AKT)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(Mammalian target of rapamycin,m TOR)是一种参与正常细胞生理的信号通路,其激活后可抑制细胞的自噬和细胞凋亡等[25]。而有研究表明,黄芪皂苷在KOA中的与软骨细胞自噬的激活密切相关,颜春鲁等[26]对IL-1β诱导的大鼠软骨细胞采用不同浓度的富硒黄芪皂苷治疗后发现,在100 mmol/L浓度的条件下,软骨细胞增殖能力最强,后续的实验在此浓度干预下,治疗组相对于模型组来比较,软骨细胞Ⅱ型胶原蛋白表达在治疗组明显增高,说明抑制了软骨基质的降解保护软骨,在蛋白表达方面PI3K、Akt、mTOR相对于模型组表达降低,而Beclin-1蛋白相对模型组则升高,则说明黄芪皂苷可以恢复自噬基因表达,从而降低了软骨细胞的凋亡,保护软骨退变,延缓KOA的发生。
Hippo/YAP是严格控制组织发育和内稳态的重要生化信号通路,该信号通路的改变对关节组织,尤其是软骨组织非常敏感[27]。其具体可能分为两个方面,一方面是由于各种因素刺激导致YAP/TAZ可以调节间充质干细胞的软骨分化,可以抑制软骨细胞衰老,减少软骨细胞肥大来减轻KOA的进展,另一方面可以通过影响软骨下骨的重建来减缓KOA的发展[28]。廖建钊等[29]在使用黄芪甲苷对受损大鼠软骨细胞进行治疗,发现经黄芪甲苷治疗后的软骨细胞,在YAP1 mRNA的表达上显著上调,而这种上调会使软骨细胞的活力显著增强,且可以促进Ⅱ型胶原分泌,并抑制软骨细胞外基质降解及细胞凋亡率,保护软骨。
黄芪作为临床上最常见的一味中药,被誉为“补药之长”,具有补气升阳、固表止汗、利水消肿、生津养血、行滞通痹、托毒排脓、敛疮生肌的功效[30]。《日华子本草》曰:“黄耆助气壮筋骨,长肉补血,血崩,带下……产前后一切病,月候不匀,消渴,痰嗽”。现代药理学发现,黄芪具有抗氧化、抗细胞凋亡、抗炎及免疫调节作用等[31]。很多实验也能证明其功效,如陈泽林等[32]在使用黄芪注射液(A组)、玻璃酸钠注射液(B组)、氯诺昔康注射液(C组)对患者进行关节腔内注射治疗,使用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)分别对治疗前后的关节液检测过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors,PPARγ)含量,发现AC两组比较治疗前后差异有统计学意义,且AC两组的PPAR-γ含量差异无统计学意义;AB两组比较治疗前后ISOA评分比较差异有统计学意义,AB两组的评分差异无统计学意义,但A组略优于B组,说明黄芪注射液对KOA有明显治疗作用。
黄芪多糖是从黄芪干根中提取的一种重要的活性成分,其拥有抗炎、调节免疫等多种药理作用[33]。史桂荣等[34]使用黄芪多糖进行了KOA相关的体内和体外实验,在体内实验中分组为假手术组、模型组以及黄芪多糖组,动物选取为C57BL/6,造模后小鼠经关节腔注射黄芪多糖后,膝关节组织中的蛋白聚糖和Ⅱ型胶原水平以及WWP2的蛋白水平明显升高,MMP3、MMP13以及Notch受体1的蛋白水平明显降低;而体外实验中使用IL-1β诱导的C28/12细胞,经黄芪多糖干预后促进了软骨细胞的增殖,抑制其凋亡,此种结果可能是由于黄芪多糖促进了WWP2介导Notch受体1的泛素化水平,抑制Notch信号通路,达到了对KOA的治疗。陈景涛等[35]在使用黄芪多糖对KOA模型大鼠进行灌胃治疗,将SD大鼠进行黄芪多糖干预后,实验结果显示经黄芪多糖干预的大鼠体内核因子κB p65、TLR4、MyD88蛋白水平均显著低于模型组,说明黄芪多糖可以有效阻碍TLR4/核因子κB p65/MyD88信号通路的激活,Elisa检测结果显示经黄芪多糖干预后的大鼠的IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α的表达均大幅降低,在滑膜组织中的炎症细胞浸润也有所改善,说明黄芪多糖可以有效降低KOA大鼠的炎症反应,减少软骨组织的降解程度;经黄芪多糖治疗后KOA大鼠滑膜组织中的NO含量明显降低,SOD水平明显升高说明黄芪多糖可以有效降低氧化应激的水平,从而减轻KOA的软骨损伤。
随着研究的深入发现黄芪皂苷具有调节免疫,对各组织细胞的抗炎以及抑制细胞凋亡的药理作用[36]。郑宇翔等[37]在采用关节腔注射单碘乙酸盐的方式对Wistar大鼠进行骨关节炎造模,并分别在1、5、10、20、28 d时处死,检测PKA/CREB信号通路相关蛋白以及和炎症的有关蛋白TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的表达情况,结果发现与对照组比较,经黄芪皂苷治疗的大鼠,会抑制其软骨中的PKA、p-PKA、CREB和p-CREB蛋白表达,具有比较意义,各实验组的炎性因子相关蛋白与对照组比较也都明显表达升高,说明PKA/CREB信号通路与炎症密切相关,而经黄芪皂苷治疗后发现,PKA/CREB信号通路激活,其通路上的相关蛋白表达与模型组相比表达均增高,抑制炎症相关蛋白表达,从而使其抗炎活性增加,保护软骨。夏鹏飞等[38]将大鼠软骨细胞使用浓度为10 ng/mL的IL-1β进行诱导48 h,从而获得KOA的细胞模型,并在前期实验中发现MTT法检测后发现黄芪中剂量在48 h增值作用最佳,并以此为最佳浓度作为后续的干预条件,在此浓度下干预的细胞与模型组细胞相比,明显下调凋亡关键基因Bcl-2、Bax和Caspase-3的表达,而Ⅱ型胶原的蛋白表达明显升高,甚至高于空白对照组,说明黄芪皂苷可以降低软骨细胞的凋亡,有效防治KOA的发生。
黄芪甲苷是黄芪皂苷的主要活性物质之一,又称黄芪皂苷Ⅳ(AstragalosideⅣ,AS-Ⅳ),具有其抗氧化、抗炎、抗凋亡以及增强免疫等多种药理特性[39]。对于黄芪甲苷治疗KOA的机制则是更多地在其抗炎能力上,从而降低了软骨细胞的凋亡。汤晓晨等[40]采用不同浓度的黄芪甲苷(A组:25 mmol/L、B组:50 mmol/L、C组:50 mmol/L、D组:75 mmol/L、E组:100 mmol/L、F组:500 mmol/L)治疗由人软骨组织提取的软骨细胞,结果显示A组~E组的IL-1βmRNA表达均降低,C组结果最优,但F组随着时间的增加其IL-1βmRNA表达逐渐升高,可能是由于浓度过高会对软骨细胞产生破坏,加速退变,从此结果说明黄芪甲苷可以对炎性因子起到明显抑制作用,进而保护软骨延缓退变。据报道作为一种非常重要的血管生长刺激因子VEGF蛋白,其表达与新生血管密切相关,可以对软骨产生保护作用[41]。汤晓晨等[42]同期也做了不同浓度黄芪甲苷对软骨细胞VEGF mRNA表达的影响,分组如上,结果发现经浓度为75 mmol/L的黄芪甲苷干预的表达最高,但500 mmol/L浓度的结果为最低。余素姣等[43]在探讨黄芪甲苷对软骨细胞炎症机制时使用脂多糖对软骨细胞进行诱导,促进NLRP3炎症小体活化,分别使用低剂量(25 mmol/L)、中剂量(50 mmol/L)、高剂量(100 mmol/L)进行干预观察,结果显示高中低剂量组在细胞形态、IL-1β、TNF-α以及NLRP3炎症小体的表达结果均优于模型组,且呈浓度依赖性,这说明黄芪甲苷可以有效抗炎对软骨细胞产生保护作用。由这几个实验也可以看出并不是越高的剂量治疗效果越好,所以在临床上要把控药量,不可一味地使用大药量以追求疗效。
黄芪总黄酮一种从黄芪中分离出来的主要活性成分,有调节免疫、抗炎等多种药理作用,据有关报道黄芪总黄酮对关节炎大鼠有明显抑制促炎细胞因子和介质的过度产生,具有良好的抗炎作用[44-45]。任伟亮等[46]将KOA的软骨细胞分为4组,分别以0、5、10、20 mg/L浓度的黄芪总黄酮干预,收集细胞培养上清液进行检测,结果发现上清液中的IL-6、IL-1β含量随着黄芪总黄酮的浓度增高而降低,说明黄芪总黄酮可以降低炎性因子的分泌,具有良好的抗炎作用,而SOD和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的含量随着黄芪的浓度升高也随之升高,SOD和GSH-Px是种抗氧化酶具有清除过量的氧自由基的能力,所以其结果升高也意味着黄芪总黄酮对KOA细胞具有抗氧化能力,WB检测细胞中MMP-13蛋白的表达也随之减少,也说明其可以降低细胞外基质的降解,从而达到了防治KOA的目的,由此可见黄芪总黄酮在抗炎、抑制软骨基质的降解,以及抗软骨细胞氧化效果良好,具有治疗价值。
医家多认为KOA是由于老年人肝肾亏虚为主,复感外邪导致的一种本虚标实的疾病,而忽略了脾脏在其中的重要性,《素问·太阴阳明论篇》云:脾病而四肢不用。而黄芪最早出现于《神农本草经》,入脾经,作为中药中最著名的补品之一,常见于临床以及生活中,由于中医整体观念,辨证论治的思维,所以黄芪更多是以复方的形式应用于临床。但是由于黄芪有效成分的多样性以及作用的多效应性,包括可能由于高剂量带来的负面效应,所以要明确黄芪中的有效活性成分以及相关的作用机制,可以对黄芪治疗KOA提供重要的理论依据显得尤为重要。因此本文通过查阅近10年国内外的相关文献,发现在治疗KOA的方面,更多的有效成分在黄芪多糖、黄芪皂苷、黄芪甲苷以及黄芪总黄酮这几类活性成分;而这几类有效成分主要通过Wnt/β-catenin、PI3K/AKT/mTOR、河马(Hippo)等信号通路来抑制炎性因子的产生、降低ECM降解、抗氧化应激等方面来保护软骨细胞,减少凋亡,从而延缓KOA的进展。但是笔者在查阅文献中发现,国内外更多的实验都集中在动物实验和细胞实验,且作用机制多元,但临床试验较少,随着近些年的网络药理学技术的兴起,可以以此为媒介筛选出更多可靠的有效成分,更深入地揭示黄芪治疗KOA的作用机制,以带来更多的创新并应用于临床。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC1712800)
  • 辽宁省科技厅创新能力提升联合基金项目(2022-NLTS-13-02)
  • 辽宁省中医药科学院平台建设项目-地方科研基础条件和能力建设项目(2019JH6/10100002)
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2025年第43卷第2期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.02.036
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC1712800)
辽宁省科技厅创新能力提升联合基金项目(2022-NLTS-13-02)
辽宁省中医药科学院平台建设项目-地方科研基础条件和能力建设项目(2019JH6/10100002)
作者信息
    1.辽宁中医药大学,辽宁 沈阳 110847
    2.辽宁中医药大学附属医院,辽宁 沈阳 110032
    3.沈阳药科大学,辽宁 沈阳 110016

通讯作者:

关雪峰(1972-),男(满族),辽宁辽阳人,教授、主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治骨关节病基础与临床。E-mail:。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zhzyyxk/CN/10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.02.036
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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