Article(id=1322922818781979306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322922680609014711, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.02.032, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793338978715, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793338978715, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793338978715, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793338978715, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322922680609014711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1739116800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793338945772, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340618065, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929694785536732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322922680609014711, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929694785536733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322922680609014711, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=146, endPage=152, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322922818970722987, articleId=1322922818781979306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Intervention of Flavonoids in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome(PCOS)with HPO Axis Disorder, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)is a reproductive endocrine metabolic disease characterized by endocrine abnormalities,with menstrual disorders,infertility and hirsutism as the main clinical manifestations,seriously affecting the reproductive health of patients. The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis(HPO axis)has secretion abnormalities in PCOS,such as abnormal pulse frequency of gonadotropin releasing hormone(GnRH),the increased ration of luteinizing hormone(LH)/folliclestimulating hormone(FSH),adrenal and ovarian androgen overproduction. In recent years,traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been widely used in the prevention and treatment of PCOSand has shown positive therapeutic effects. Flavonoids,one of the common active ingredients in Chinese medicine,can improve the hormone disorders in the HPO axis of PCOSthrough anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,autophagy and apoptosis pathways,and modulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway,the TGF-β1/Smad pathway,the MAPK/ERK pathway and so on. This article reviewed and analyzed the mechanisms of flavonoids in the treatment of HPO axis secretion disorders in PCOSin recent years,and provided theoretical references for their further development and treatment of PCOS.

, authors=Quanyang LI1, Guotai WU1, 2, Ruiqiong Wang1, 2, authorsList=Quanyang LI, Guotai WU, Ruiqiong Wang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guotai WU, Ruiqiong Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322922820036076210, articleId=1322922818781979306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=中药黄酮类成分干预多囊卵巢综合征下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴分泌紊乱的研究进展, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

多囊卵巢综合征(Polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)是一种以内分泌异常为主要特征,以月经紊乱、不孕、多毛等为主要临床表现的生殖内分泌代谢疾病,严重影响患者的生育健康。下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴(Hypothalamicpituitary-ovarian axis,HPO轴)在PCOS中存在分泌异常,如促性腺激素释放激素(Gonadotropin releasing hormone,GnRH)脉冲频率异常、黄体生成素(Luteinizing hormone,LH)/卵泡刺激素(Follicle-stimulating hormone,FSH)比率升高、肾上腺源与卵巢源的雄激素过分泌等。近年来中药在防治PCOS中应用广泛并取得积极的疗效。黄酮类成分是中药常见的活性成分之一,其通过抗炎、抗氧化、影响自噬与凋亡等途径及调控PI3K/AKT通路、TGF-β1/Smad通路、MAPK/ERK通路等对多囊卵巢综合征HPO轴激素紊乱具有改善作用。对近年来黄酮类成分治疗多囊卵巢综合征HPO轴分泌紊乱作用机制进行综述及分析,为其进一步开发和治疗PCOS提供理论参考。

, authors=李泉洋1, 吴国泰1, 2, 王瑞琼1, 2, authorsList=李泉洋, 吴国泰, 王瑞琼, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴国泰, 王瑞琼, authorNote=

李泉洋(1999-),男,甘肃永昌人,硕士在读,研究方向:中药药理、毒理与安全性评价。

, correspAuthorsNote=
吴国泰(1978-),男,甘肃天水人,副教授,博士,研究方向:中药药理、毒理与安全性评价。E-mail:。
王瑞琼(1981-),女,河南洛阳人,副教授,博士,研究方向:中药药理、毒理与安全性评价。E-mail:。
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李泉洋(1999-),男,甘肃永昌人,硕士在读,研究方向:中药药理、毒理与安全性评价。

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李泉洋(1999-),男,甘肃永昌人,硕士在读,研究方向:中药药理、毒理与安全性评价。

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单体半衰期口服生物利用度类药性剂量/
(mg/kg)
造模方式机制文献
甘草素17.8932.760.18300来曲唑降低CYP19mRNA、P450arom水平[23]
甘草苷17.9665.690.7420、40、80 μmol/LKGN细胞调控miR-206/PI3K/AKT通路诱导凋亡[24]
染料木素-17.930.2110、20来曲唑下调3β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,3β-HSD)蛋白表达;上调P450arom蛋白表达[25]
8.75DHEA调控ER-核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2,Nrf2)-叉头框蛋白O1(Forkhead box O1,Foxo1)-ROS通路;提高卵巢、子宫中P450arommRNA、CYP19 mRNA、FSHR表达水平[26]
大豆异黄酮20.3549.030.13250来曲唑降低IL-1β、IL-18水平,但会上调卵巢中雄激素受体(Androgen Receptor,AR)表达[27]
100来曲唑抑制NF-κB p65的磷酸化水平,增加卵巢组织中核因子κB抑制因α(Recombinant
Inhibitory Subunit Of NF Kappa B Alpha,IκBα)的表达
[28]
大豆异黄酮苷元-19.440.1950、100戊酸雌二醇降低卵巢组织IL-6、TNF-α水平,抗氧化[29]
原花青素-23.330.7325、50、100来曲唑调控p53/AMPK通路[30]
50、100、150DHEA促进PI3K/AKT表达[31]
50、150来曲唑调控TGF-β1/Smads通路[32]
花青素-1.360.2420、40、80庚酸睾酮降低TNF-α、IL-6、NF-κB p65 mRNA水平,升高LHR、ESR mRNA表达水平[33]
葛根素-24.030.69120、80硫酸普拉睾酮钠下调卵巢局部TGF-β1表达水平[34]
50、100来曲唑调控PI3K/AKT/FoxO1通路[35]
100DHEA调控TLR4/NF-κB通路[36]
槲皮素14.4046.630.28100DHEA降低NO、MDA水平[37]
100来曲唑上调卵巢组织中AMPK、SIRT-1表达水平[38]
100DHEA抑制TLR/NF-κB通路[39]
100DHEA降低BAX、IL-6、TNF-α的表达;增加FSH和B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(B-cell lym-phoma-2,Bcl-2)表达;抑制AR表达;调节CNP/NPR2表达[40]
水飞蓟素-0.930.9350DHEA下调结缔组织生长因子(Connective Tissue Growth Factor,CTGF)、IL-6水平[41]
柚皮素16.9859.290.2120来曲唑提高过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、SOD和ALT水平[42]
100DHEA促进PI3K/AKT通路活化[43]
芦丁-3.200.68100DHEA增强BAT活性;上调P450C17、芳香化酶、3β-HSD、17β-HSD和STAR的表达[44]
芹菜素-23.060.2120、40戊酸雌二醇降低TNF-α、IL-6、TOS水平,升高TAC与SOD水平[45]
山姜素17.0255.230.2050、100来曲唑降低颗粒细胞层Cleaved天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(Cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-3,Caspase-3)表达及Bax/Bcl-2、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值[46]
羟基红花黄色素A-3.530.683.5DHEA阻断STAR、CYP11A1和HSD3B1在卵巢表达;下调CYP19A1表达;提高GSH含量,增强SOD、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione Peroxidase,GSH-PX)、CAT活性[47]
黄芩苷17.3640.120.7550DHEA抑制炎性因子C反应蛋白(C-reactionprotein,CRP)表达,减少卵巢组织caspase-3蛋白表达[48]
275 μmol/LNCI-H295R细胞调节GATA1与3β-羟类固醇脱氢酶(HSD3B2)启动子的结合,抑制HSD3B2表达[49]
淫羊藿素-15、30、60 μmol/L LDHEA激活PI3K/AKT通路,抑制多囊卵巢综合征颗粒细胞凋亡和自噬[50]
鼠李柠檬素-12.900.275来曲唑增加抗氧化酶基因表达;增加过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ,PPARγ)的活性;抑制卵巢TGF-β1/Smad通路[51]
芒果苷-13.710.7510、20、30DHEA抑制NF-κB、AKT信号通路[52]
), ArticleFig(id=1322922824884691673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322922818781979306, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

具有治疗多囊卵巢综合征HPO分泌紊乱作用的黄酮类单体

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单体半衰期口服生物利用度类药性剂量/
(mg/kg)
造模方式机制文献
甘草素17.8932.760.18300来曲唑降低CYP19mRNA、P450arom水平[23]
甘草苷17.9665.690.7420、40、80 μmol/LKGN细胞调控miR-206/PI3K/AKT通路诱导凋亡[24]
染料木素-17.930.2110、20来曲唑下调3β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,3β-HSD)蛋白表达;上调P450arom蛋白表达[25]
8.75DHEA调控ER-核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2,Nrf2)-叉头框蛋白O1(Forkhead box O1,Foxo1)-ROS通路;提高卵巢、子宫中P450arommRNA、CYP19 mRNA、FSHR表达水平[26]
大豆异黄酮20.3549.030.13250来曲唑降低IL-1β、IL-18水平,但会上调卵巢中雄激素受体(Androgen Receptor,AR)表达[27]
100来曲唑抑制NF-κB p65的磷酸化水平,增加卵巢组织中核因子κB抑制因α(Recombinant
Inhibitory Subunit Of NF Kappa B Alpha,IκBα)的表达
[28]
大豆异黄酮苷元-19.440.1950、100戊酸雌二醇降低卵巢组织IL-6、TNF-α水平,抗氧化[29]
原花青素-23.330.7325、50、100来曲唑调控p53/AMPK通路[30]
50、100、150DHEA促进PI3K/AKT表达[31]
50、150来曲唑调控TGF-β1/Smads通路[32]
花青素-1.360.2420、40、80庚酸睾酮降低TNF-α、IL-6、NF-κB p65 mRNA水平,升高LHR、ESR mRNA表达水平[33]
葛根素-24.030.69120、80硫酸普拉睾酮钠下调卵巢局部TGF-β1表达水平[34]
50、100来曲唑调控PI3K/AKT/FoxO1通路[35]
100DHEA调控TLR4/NF-κB通路[36]
槲皮素14.4046.630.28100DHEA降低NO、MDA水平[37]
100来曲唑上调卵巢组织中AMPK、SIRT-1表达水平[38]
100DHEA抑制TLR/NF-κB通路[39]
100DHEA降低BAX、IL-6、TNF-α的表达;增加FSH和B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(B-cell lym-phoma-2,Bcl-2)表达;抑制AR表达;调节CNP/NPR2表达[40]
水飞蓟素-0.930.9350DHEA下调结缔组织生长因子(Connective Tissue Growth Factor,CTGF)、IL-6水平[41]
柚皮素16.9859.290.2120来曲唑提高过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、SOD和ALT水平[42]
100DHEA促进PI3K/AKT通路活化[43]
芦丁-3.200.68100DHEA增强BAT活性;上调P450C17、芳香化酶、3β-HSD、17β-HSD和STAR的表达[44]
芹菜素-23.060.2120、40戊酸雌二醇降低TNF-α、IL-6、TOS水平,升高TAC与SOD水平[45]
山姜素17.0255.230.2050、100来曲唑降低颗粒细胞层Cleaved天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(Cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-3,Caspase-3)表达及Bax/Bcl-2、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值[46]
羟基红花黄色素A-3.530.683.5DHEA阻断STAR、CYP11A1和HSD3B1在卵巢表达;下调CYP19A1表达;提高GSH含量,增强SOD、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione Peroxidase,GSH-PX)、CAT活性[47]
黄芩苷17.3640.120.7550DHEA抑制炎性因子C反应蛋白(C-reactionprotein,CRP)表达,减少卵巢组织caspase-3蛋白表达[48]
275 μmol/LNCI-H295R细胞调节GATA1与3β-羟类固醇脱氢酶(HSD3B2)启动子的结合,抑制HSD3B2表达[49]
淫羊藿素-15、30、60 μmol/L LDHEA激活PI3K/AKT通路,抑制多囊卵巢综合征颗粒细胞凋亡和自噬[50]
鼠李柠檬素-12.900.275来曲唑增加抗氧化酶基因表达;增加过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ,PPARγ)的活性;抑制卵巢TGF-β1/Smad通路[51]
芒果苷-13.710.7510、20、30DHEA抑制NF-κB、AKT信号通路[52]
), ArticleFig(id=1322922824972772058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322922818781979306, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总黄酮剂量/(mg/kg)造模方式机制文献
山楂叶总黄酮200DHEA降低TNF-α、IL-6、MDA水平,提高SOD浓度[53]
菟丝子总黄酮200、100、50DHEA联合HCG降低下丘脑GnRH及卵巢中AR表达,升高垂体GnRHR表达;上调卵巢Bcl-2蛋白表达,下调Bax蛋白表达;降低卵巢TNF-α和IGF-1蛋白表达[54]
200、100、50来曲唑降低下丘脑、垂体及卵巢中AR的表达[55]
200DHEA抑制MAPK/ERK通路[56]
杜仲总黄酮200来曲唑激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路,抑制卵巢颗粒细胞自噬[57]
220、110、55高脂饮食联合来曲唑调节HPO轴中Kiss1/IGF-1/LEPR/AR的表达[58]
青天葵总黄酮200、100、50DHEA调控JAK2/STAT3通路[59]
小茴香总黄酮240、120、60来曲唑升高卵巢组织PI3K、AKT及GLUT4蛋白的表达[60]
淫羊藿总黄酮50、100、200来曲唑-[61]
), ArticleFig(id=1322922825052463835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322922818781979306, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

具有治疗多囊卵巢综合征HPO分泌紊乱作用的总黄酮

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总黄酮剂量/(mg/kg)造模方式机制文献
山楂叶总黄酮200DHEA降低TNF-α、IL-6、MDA水平,提高SOD浓度[53]
菟丝子总黄酮200、100、50DHEA联合HCG降低下丘脑GnRH及卵巢中AR表达,升高垂体GnRHR表达;上调卵巢Bcl-2蛋白表达,下调Bax蛋白表达;降低卵巢TNF-α和IGF-1蛋白表达[54]
200、100、50来曲唑降低下丘脑、垂体及卵巢中AR的表达[55]
200DHEA抑制MAPK/ERK通路[56]
杜仲总黄酮200来曲唑激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路,抑制卵巢颗粒细胞自噬[57]
220、110、55高脂饮食联合来曲唑调节HPO轴中Kiss1/IGF-1/LEPR/AR的表达[58]
青天葵总黄酮200、100、50DHEA调控JAK2/STAT3通路[59]
小茴香总黄酮240、120、60来曲唑升高卵巢组织PI3K、AKT及GLUT4蛋白的表达[60]
淫羊藿总黄酮50、100、200来曲唑-[61]
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中药黄酮类成分干预多囊卵巢综合征下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴分泌紊乱的研究进展
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李泉洋 1 , 吴国泰 1, 2 , 王瑞琼 1, 2
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(2): 146-152
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (2) : 146 -152
中药黄酮类成分干预多囊卵巢综合征下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴分泌紊乱的研究进展
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李泉洋1, 吴国泰1, 2 , 王瑞琼1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.甘肃中医药大学药学院,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 2.甘肃省中药药理与毒理学重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730000
通讯作者:
吴国泰(1978-),男,甘肃天水人,副教授,博士,研究方向:中药药理、毒理与安全性评价。E-mail:。
王瑞琼(1981-),女,河南洛阳人,副教授,博士,研究方向:中药药理、毒理与安全性评价。E-mail:。
作者简介:

李泉洋(1999-),男,甘肃永昌人,硕士在读,研究方向:中药药理、毒理与安全性评价。

Research Progress on Intervention of Flavonoids in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome(PCOS)with HPO Axis Disorder
Quanyang LI1, Guotai WU1, 2 , Ruiqiong Wang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Pharmacy,Gansu University of Chinese Medicine,Lanzhou 730000,Gansu,China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Gansu Province,Lanzhou 730000,Gansu,China
出版时间: 2025-02-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.02.032
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多囊卵巢综合征(Polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)是一种以内分泌异常为主要特征,以月经紊乱、不孕、多毛等为主要临床表现的生殖内分泌代谢疾病,严重影响患者的生育健康。下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴(Hypothalamicpituitary-ovarian axis,HPO轴)在PCOS中存在分泌异常,如促性腺激素释放激素(Gonadotropin releasing hormone,GnRH)脉冲频率异常、黄体生成素(Luteinizing hormone,LH)/卵泡刺激素(Follicle-stimulating hormone,FSH)比率升高、肾上腺源与卵巢源的雄激素过分泌等。近年来中药在防治PCOS中应用广泛并取得积极的疗效。黄酮类成分是中药常见的活性成分之一,其通过抗炎、抗氧化、影响自噬与凋亡等途径及调控PI3K/AKT通路、TGF-β1/Smad通路、MAPK/ERK通路等对多囊卵巢综合征HPO轴激素紊乱具有改善作用。对近年来黄酮类成分治疗多囊卵巢综合征HPO轴分泌紊乱作用机制进行综述及分析,为其进一步开发和治疗PCOS提供理论参考。

多囊卵巢综合征  /  下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴  /  黄酮类成分  /  作用机制

Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)is a reproductive endocrine metabolic disease characterized by endocrine abnormalities,with menstrual disorders,infertility and hirsutism as the main clinical manifestations,seriously affecting the reproductive health of patients. The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis(HPO axis)has secretion abnormalities in PCOS,such as abnormal pulse frequency of gonadotropin releasing hormone(GnRH),the increased ration of luteinizing hormone(LH)/folliclestimulating hormone(FSH),adrenal and ovarian androgen overproduction. In recent years,traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been widely used in the prevention and treatment of PCOSand has shown positive therapeutic effects. Flavonoids,one of the common active ingredients in Chinese medicine,can improve the hormone disorders in the HPO axis of PCOSthrough anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,autophagy and apoptosis pathways,and modulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway,the TGF-β1/Smad pathway,the MAPK/ERK pathway and so on. This article reviewed and analyzed the mechanisms of flavonoids in the treatment of HPO axis secretion disorders in PCOSin recent years,and provided theoretical references for their further development and treatment of PCOS.

PCOS  /  HPO axis  /  flavonoids  /  mechanism of action
李泉洋, 吴国泰, 王瑞琼. 中药黄酮类成分干预多囊卵巢综合征下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴分泌紊乱的研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (2) : 146 -152 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.02.032
Quanyang LI, Guotai WU, Ruiqiong Wang. Research Progress on Intervention of Flavonoids in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome(PCOS)with HPO Axis Disorder[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (2) : 146 -152 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.02.032
多囊卵巢综合征(Polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)与内源性激素水平存在密切联系,对相关激素的检测与调控是诊断与治疗PCOS的重要手段。下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴(Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis,HPO轴)是女性独有的一种内分泌系统,对维持女性生理健康有着特殊意义。黄酮类成分药理作用广泛,已有证据表明较高黄酮摄入量可使PCOS患者获益。本文系近年来中药黄酮类成分干预多囊卵巢综合征HPO轴内分泌紊乱的研究进行综述,以期为中药黄酮类成分治疗PCOS提供理论参考。
PCOS是女性处于生理育龄期时最常见的内分泌疾病,2019年发病率高达29.5/10万人[1]。其主要临床特征为雄激素过多、无排卵、多囊卵巢形态,同时会伴发胰岛素抵抗和代偿性高胰岛素血症[2]。PCOS发病机制尚不明晰,目前认为肥胖、慢性炎症、氧化应激、卵巢间质纤维化、矿物质缺乏以及肠道菌群紊乱等与PCOS发病存在密切关系[3-5]。
HPO轴是由下丘脑、垂体和卵巢组成的一条完整而协调的神经内分泌系统。分布于下丘脑的促性腺激素释放激素(Gonadotropin releasing hormone,GnRH)神经元分泌GnRH,其分泌机制见图1。在下丘脑中Kisspeptin调节肽与KISS-1R基因编码的GPR54受体结合后,特定作用于下丘脑GnRH神经元进行神经信号的传递,该信号传导通路是Kisspeptin调节HPO轴的主要方式。GnRH向垂体前叶的嗜碱性细胞发出信号,由于PCOS患者的垂体对GnRH敏感性较强,使黄体生成素(Luteinizing hormone,LH)的合成和释放增加,进而刺激卵泡膜细胞产生过量雄激素[6]。卵巢内高水平的雄激素抑制卵泡成熟,高水平LH促进卵巢雄激素的分泌,而低水平卵泡刺激素(Follicle-stimulating hormone,FSH)使卵巢内小卵泡停止发育,途径见图2。进一步研究表明在PCOS病程中GnRH和LH搏动的增加可能是由于下丘脑-垂体中心的GnRH刺激和抑制性神经递质改变所产生的累积效应[7],故认为HPO轴神经内分泌紊乱是PCOS的主要病理特征。
研究发现,多囊卵巢综合征胰岛素抵抗(Polycystic ovary syndrome-insulin resistance,PCOS-IR)患者存在有胰岛素受体底物蛋白-1(Insulin receptor substrate-1,IRS-1)、PI3K、AKT、糖原合成酶激酶-3(Glycogen kinase synthase-3,GSK-3)等多处信号分子异常表达。IRS酪氨酸磷酸化下降,干扰PI3K活化,抑制葡萄糖转运蛋白4(Glucose Transporter,GLUT4)转运,进而诱发胰岛素抵抗。故推测上游PI3K/AKT通路障碍是PCOS-IR发生的主要原因[8]。此外,亦有证据表明miR-320、miR-21过表达可过度激活PI3K/AKT通路,进而加重PCOS-IR[9-10]。
ARTIMANI T等[11]在探究PCOS患者卵泡液中氧化应激水平和炎性细胞因子关系的实验中发现,PCOS妇女的MDA和TOS浓度较非PCOS妇女明显偏高,总抗氧化能力(Total antioxidant capacity,TAC)和硫醇基团含量降低,且其水平与白细胞介素(IL)-6、IL-8、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)等炎症因子存在显著相关性。炎症因子会直接刺激卵巢过度分泌雄激素,体内过高的雄激素引起胰岛素分泌增加,继而诱发高胰岛素血症,导致卵泡停滞进而影响卵泡发育。同时过高的雄激素可促进卵巢颗粒细胞中FSH的活性增强,上调卵泡AMH的表达,导致女性卵巢功能发生改变[12]。ZHOU D N等[13]在脱氢表雄酮(Dehydroepiandrosterone,DHEA)诱导的PCOS大鼠卵巢中发现,巨噬细胞迁移抑制因子(Macrophage migration inhibitory factor,MIF)通过丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号通路参与PCOS的发病。核因子κB(Nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)活化可能会导致PCOS患者体内雄激素水平升高。Toll样受体-4(Toll-like receptor4,TLR-4)、半乳糖凝集-3(Galectin-3)、NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3,NLRP3炎症小体)等激活下游NF-κB后,继而释放如IL-6、TNF-α等炎症因子[14],进一步加重病情。
此外,雷帕霉素靶蛋白(Mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)、腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶(Adenosine 5'-monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase,AMPK)、NAD-依赖性去乙酰化酶Sirtuin-1(NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1,SIRT1)、AMPKα-SIRT1、酪氨酸激酶2/信号转导和转录激活因子3(JAK2/STAT3)、WNT/β-catenin、TGF-β等信号通路异常激活被报道可能与多囊卵巢综合征HPO轴分泌紊乱有关[15-19]。
黄酮类成分多数具有雌激素样作用、抗炎、抗氧化等药理活性。OH J S等[20]研究表明较高的黄酮醇摄入量可能对PCOS妇女的代谢综合征有益。JAMILIAN M等[21]对大豆异黄酮干预PCOS患者代谢状态进行考察,发现服用12周50 mg/d大豆异黄酮的PCOS女性胰岛素抵抗、激素状态、甘油三酯及氧化应激的生物标志物水平较安慰剂组明显改善。近些年来较多证据显示,黄酮类成分可有效干预多囊卵巢综合征HPO轴分泌紊乱。
具有干预多囊卵巢综合征HPO轴分泌紊乱作用的黄酮单体按照结构可分为黄酮醇、黄酮、异黄酮、花色素类、双黄酮类等。研究认为黄酮类和黄烷酮类化合物的B环结构具有抑制3β-HSD和17β-HSD酶的能力,17β-HSD酶被认为是E1转化为E2的关键[22]。黄酮单体半衰期、口服生物利用度、类药性及作用机制见表1,分子结构式见图3。
实验研究发现多种中药的总黄酮成分可用于治疗多囊卵巢综合征HPO轴分泌紊乱,其具体作用机制见表2。
机体慢性炎症反应在多囊卵巢综合征HPO分泌紊乱中扮演着重要的角色。炎症因子IL-6、CRP在疑似PCOS青春期患者中具有高水平的表达[62],其通过不同途径加重HPO轴分泌紊乱,如加重胰岛素抵抗、影响卵巢组织细胞自噬与凋亡、干预激素的生物合成等[63]。大豆异黄酮对PCOS模型大鼠具有显著的保护作用,经大豆异黄酮干预后,IL-1β和IL-18表达较干预前显著下降[27],提示降低炎症反应可能是其作用机制之一。亦有报道山楂叶总黄酮通过抑制TNF-α、IL-6及MDA的表达,升高SOD水平,继而改善模型大鼠HPO轴分泌紊乱[53]。
氧化应激与睾酮及雄烯二酮直接相关,其能够参与卵巢中类固醇的生成[64]。此外,氧化应激会间接影响炎症因子释放、胰岛素抵抗、线粒体功能障碍等,进一步加重代谢紊乱[65]。槲皮素可以明显提高血清中SOD水平,降低NO、MDA浓度,提示其能够有效改善PCOS大鼠的氧化应激状态[37]。LUO M等[47]在探究羟基红花黄色素A干预PCOS小鼠机制的实验中发现,羟基红花黄色素A能够提高卵巢组织中MDA水平,并增强SOD、GSH-PX及CAT的活性,提示其可以有效缓解氧化应激反应,对PCOS小鼠产生有益影响。
黄酮类成分作为芳香化酶抑制剂,通过降低芳香化酶基因表达,抑制芳香化酶活性,进而干预雌激素的生物合成[66]。江璐等[23]给予模型大鼠300 mg/kg甘草素干预后发现,大鼠血清中LH、T水平较模型组明显降低,E2水平明显升高,卵巢组织中CYP19 mRNA含量、P450芳香化酶(P450arom)水平较模型组降低。因此,抑制CYP19、P450arom可以限制T水平异常增高,改善激素紊乱。黄芩苷通过调节转录因子GATA-结合因子1(GATA1)与HSD3B2启动子的结合来抑制HSD3B2的表达,改善NCI-H295R细胞分泌异常,进而降低雄激素水平[49]。
卵泡颗粒细胞参与了卵巢卵泡的发育、成熟、闭锁及卵巢性激素的正常分泌过程,其凋亡被认为是PCOS卵泡退化的根本原因[67]。进一步研究发现PCOS患者较其他原因的不孕患者子宫内膜Bcl-2表达水平显著降低[68],提示Bcl-2介导细胞凋亡通路异常是多囊卵巢形成的重要原因。卵巢颗粒细胞自噬在卵泡发育和卵泡闭锁中发挥重要作用,进而影响生育功能。研究表明高雄激素可能通过抑制颗粒细胞中小泛素样修饰物(Small ubiquitin-like modifier,SUMO)特异肽酶3(SUMO specific peptidase 3,SENP3)的表达,进而激活PCOS患者颗粒细胞的自噬过程[69]。山姜素能够显著降低模型大鼠卵巢组织颗粒细胞层中Caspase-3蛋白阳性表达强度、卵巢颗粒细胞中Bax/Bcl-2及LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值,提示其可能通过抑制卵巢颗粒细胞的自噬性死亡,进而减少卵泡发育异常[46]。毕晓英等[57]发现杜仲总黄酮能够显著减少卵巢组织颗粒细胞自噬率,保护颗粒细胞与卵巢正常功能。CUI X等[24]在研究甘草素是否通过miR-206/PI3K/AKT通路调节人卵巢颗粒细胞样细胞的增殖和凋亡的实验中发现,甘草苷能明显降低KGN细胞中p-AKT的表达和p-AKT/AKT比值,上调MiR-206的表达,提示甘草苷可能通过miR-206/PI3K/AKT通路诱导KGN细胞凋亡,降低细胞活力,进而改善卵巢多囊病变。
PI3K/AKT通路在PCOS的发生和发展中扮演着重要角色,其可影响颗粒细胞增殖与凋亡、胰岛素敏感性及卵母细胞成熟等多个方面[70]。研究显示小茴香总黄酮通过上调PCOS-IR大鼠卵巢中PI3K、AKT及GLUT4蛋白表达,对PCOS-IR模型大鼠IR有效干预[60]。此外,葛根素能够显著下调模型大鼠卵巢组织中p-PI3K、p-AKT和p-FoxO1表达水平[35],亦有临床报道证实葛根素对PCOS患者有益[71]。
TGF-β1是一种能够调节生长和分化的多功能细胞因子,研究发现TGF-β1通过Smad2/3下游信号通路来介导调节P450arom[72]。此外,TGFβ1/Smad3信号通路对PCOS大鼠颗粒细胞凋亡亦有调节作用[73]。研究发现,鼠李柠檬素通过阻断卵巢组织中TGF-β1/Smad通路激活,上调PPARγ表达,继而改善大鼠的代谢紊乱和卵巢纤维化[51]。ZHOU Y Y等[32]给予原花青素干预后,模型大鼠TGF-βR1、p-Smad3、p-Smad2和Smad4的表达水平显著降低,同时逆转了Smad7的下调,提示调控TGF-β1/Smad通路是原花青素治疗PCOS的重要机制之一。
研究发现PCOS患者存在NF-κB高表达,NF-κB与PCOS高胰岛素血症及IR密切相关,NF-κB活化后会调控如TGF-β1、IL-6等炎症相关介质或相关物质的基因转录及蛋白质合成[14]。花青素是一类广泛存在于植物中的水溶性天然色素,研究显示其能显著降低PCOS大鼠TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、IL-18、NF-κB及NF-κB p65 mRNA的转录水平[33],提示其发挥药效的机制可能与NF-κB信号通路相关。葛根素通过下调PCOS模型大鼠卵巢组织中TLR4、NF-κB mRNA水平,下调炎症因子的表达,继而促进排卵[39]。
相关研究发现,从PCOS模型大鼠卵巢中分离的卵巢颗粒细胞中p-ERK1/2水平及细胞活性均高于正常大鼠,且使用PD98059抑制ERK1/2信号通路可降低细胞活性,提示MAPK/ERK信号通路可能是影响PCOS大鼠卵巢颗粒细胞增殖和凋亡的重要途径[74]。菟丝子总黄酮能够降低卵巢组织中p-p38 MAPK/p38MAPK比值、p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2比值及囊性扩张卵泡率,进而改善PCOS大鼠性激素水平,降低胰岛素抵抗,促进排卵[56]。
笔者分析发现,中药黄酮类成分主要通过干预激素生物合成、影响细胞自噬与凋亡、抗炎及抗氧化等多通路、多靶点治疗多囊卵巢综合征HPO轴分泌紊乱。多数黄酮类化合物对来曲唑、DHEA等诱导的PCOS模型具有较好的治疗作用。通过调控激素合成,调节激素受体表达等途径达到降低LH、T水平,升高FSH、E2的效果。
虽然大量体内和体外实验证实黄酮类成分对HPO轴激素紊乱具有调节作用,但是目前存在如下一些问题:①由于缺乏对PCOS发病机制更深层次的认识,动物造模手段过于单一。PCOS发病机制较为复杂,累及炎症反应、氧化应激、自噬等多条通路。目前的研究模型尚不能全面地反映PCOS病理过程的各个环节。②在黄酮类成分治疗多囊卵巢综合征相关机制的研究中,大部分停留在基础实验研究方面,而相关临床研究较少,其部分原因是学者对过度摄取黄酮类成分引发不良反应的担忧。早期研究发现,长期摄入大剂量异黄酮能够导致雄激素异常升高[75]。进一步发现高剂量大豆异黄酮干预PCOS大鼠会导致卵巢组织中AR基因表达异常增高,提示其可能通过上调AR加重高雄激素血症[27]。在临床研究中发现,长期高剂量摄入大豆异黄酮会存在一定的胃肠道反应[76]。同时一些黄酮类成分报道具有遗传毒性和诱变性,其潜在危害不可忽视[77]。③黄酮类化合物在人体内主要通过肝脏与小肠进行代谢,但目前对大多数黄酮类化合物在体内的具体代谢机制尚不明了。大多数黄酮类成分的口服生物利用度较低,影响其药效的发挥。从剂型改良和结构修饰的角度出发或许能够解决这个问题。未来亦可从其化学结构出发,分析黄酮类化合物治疗PCOS的构效关系,挖掘潜在的治疗PCOS的黄酮类活性成分。
综上,黄酮类化合物作为治疗PCOS的潜在天然药物来源,有较高的开发潜力,但存在毒理学研究不足,口服利用度低等问题,未来走向临床尚需进一步研究与评估。
  • 国家自然科学基金地区科学基金项目(81660653)
  • 甘肃省自然科学基金项目(22JR5RA588)
  • 甘肃省青年博士基金项目(2021QB-074)
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2025年第43卷第2期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.02.032
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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国家自然科学基金地区科学基金项目(81660653)
甘肃省自然科学基金项目(22JR5RA588)
甘肃省青年博士基金项目(2021QB-074)
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    1.甘肃中医药大学药学院,甘肃 兰州 730000
    2.甘肃省中药药理与毒理学重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730000

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吴国泰(1978-),男,甘肃天水人,副教授,博士,研究方向:中药药理、毒理与安全性评价。E-mail:。
王瑞琼(1981-),女,河南洛阳人,副教授,博士,研究方向:中药药理、毒理与安全性评价。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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species
占总种数比例
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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