Article(id=1322912343792943291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322912162913596032, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793336481282, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1736438400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793336481282, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793336481282, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793336481282, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322912162913596032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1736438400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793336438157, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340633627, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929760048906989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322912162913596032, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929760048906990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322912162913596032, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=122, endPage=127, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322912344023630012, articleId=1322912343792943291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Liujunzi Decoction(六君子汤)Improves Molecular Mechanism of C2C12 Myoblast Differentiation in Tumor Environment, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To study the molecular mechanism of Liujunzi Decoction(六君子汤)to improve C2C12 myoblast differentiation in tumor environment,providing experimental basis for the treatment of tumor cachexiamuscle atrophy with strengthening spleen and harmonizing stomachmethod.

Methods

It induced the differentiation of myoblasts C2C12 and observed the length of the differentiated myotube with an inverted microscope. Myoblasts C2C12 were co-cultured with lung cancer cell Lewis,and then were divided into blank group,model group,Fork head box protein O1(FoxO1)inhibitor group,Liujunzi Decoction(六君子汤)group and combination group. Western Blot detected the expression of myogenic differentiation antigen(MyoD)in C2C12 cells and the expressions of proteins associated with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha(PGC-1α)/FoxO1 pathway. Electron microscopy observed the changes in the number of mitochondria and ultrastructure of C2C12 cells. Flow cytometry observed the changes inmitochondrial membrane potential of C2C12 cells. Quantitative real-time PCR detected mRNA in the PGC-1α/FoxO1 pathway in C2C12 cells.

Results

Experiments showed that C2C12 cells had the longest transverse diameter in the muscle tube after 48 h of differentiation. Compared with those in the blank group,the MyoD protein expression and mitochondria number were significantly reduced in the model group(P<0.05). The wrinkled boundary of themitochondrial bilayermembrane was not clear or even more C-shaped or stromal swelling,and the number of mitochondrial cristae was reduced. The arrangementwas disordered,fractured or dissolution disappeared into vacuoles. The mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased. The apoptotic ratewas significantly increased(P<0.05). The mRNA expression ofmitochondrial transcription factor A(tFAM)was significantly reduced,and FoxO1 protein expression was significantly increased. The protein expressions of PGC-1α,FTO,mTOR and tFAM were significantly decreased(P<0.05). Compared with themodel group,the expression of MyoD protein increased significantly in Liujunzi Decoction group(P<0.05). In FoxO1 inhibitor group,Liujunzi Decoction group and the combination group,the number of mitochondria was significantly increased(P<0.05),the mitochondrial bilayer outermembrane structure was normal,the mitochondrial membrane potentialwas increased and the apoptosis rate was significantly reduced(P<0.05). The mRNA expressions ofmTOR and tFAM in C2C12 cells weres significantly increased in the combination group(P<0.05),the expressions of FoxO1 protein in C2C12 cells in the FoxO1 inhibitor group,Liujunzi Decoction group and the combination group were significantly reduced,and the protein expressions of PGC-1α,FTO,mTOR and tFAM were significantly increased(P<0.05). Compared with those in the Liujunzi Decoction group,the PGC-1αprotein expression in C2C12 cells in combination group significantly increased(P<0.05).

Conclusion

Liujunzi Decoction can improve mitochondrial function and myoblast differentiation in tumor environment by interfering with PGC-1α/FoxO1 signal pathway.

, authors=Linglun HAO1, Yan ZHANG2, Mengwei PENG1, Yazhou SANG3, Yulong CHEN1, Yan LIU1, Yaosong WU1, authorsList=Linglun HAO, Yan ZHANG, Mengwei PENG, Yazhou SANG, Yulong CHEN, Yan LIU, Yaosong WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yaosong WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322912350344446164, articleId=1322912343792943291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=六君子汤改善肿瘤环境下C2C12成肌细胞分化的分子机制, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

研究六君子汤改善肿瘤环境下C2C12成肌细胞分化的分子机制,为健脾和胃法治疗肿瘤恶病质肌肉萎缩提供实验基础。

方法

诱导成肌细胞C2C12分化,倒置显微镜观察分化后肌管长度;成肌细胞C2C12与肺癌细胞Lewis共培养,分为空白组、模型组、叉头框蛋白O1(forkhead box protein O1,FoxO1)抑制剂组、六君子汤组、联合用药组,蛋白免疫印迹法(western blot,WB)检测C2C12细胞成肌分化抗原(myogenic differentiation antigen,MyoD)的表达及与过氧化物酶体增殖物受体γ辅助激活因子α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha,PGC-1α)/FoxO1通路相关的蛋白表达;电子显微镜观察C2C12细胞线粒体数量及超微结构的变化;流式细胞术(flow cytometry,FCM)观测C2C12细胞线粒体膜电位的变化;实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qPCR)法检测C2C12细胞PGC-1α/FoxO1通路相关分子mRNA。

结果

C2C12细胞于分化48h肌管横径最长;与空白组比,模型组C2C12细胞MyoD蛋白表达明显减少(P<0.05),线粒体数量减少(P<0.05),线粒体双层膜皱曲不清晰甚至呈C形或基质肿胀,线粒体嵴数量减少、排列紊乱、断裂或溶解消失成空泡状,线粒体膜电位降低,细胞凋亡率显著升高(P<0.05),线粒体转录因子A(mitochondrial transcription factor A,tFAM)的mRNA表达明显降低(P<0.05),FoxO1蛋白表达明显增高,PGC-1α、脂肪和肥胖相关基因(fatmass and obesity-associated gene,FTO)、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)、tFAM蛋白表达明显减少(P<0.05);与模型组比较,六君子汤组C2C12细胞MyoD蛋白表达明显增高,FoxO1抑制剂组、六君子汤组、联合用药组中C2C12细胞线粒体数量显著增多(P<0.05),线粒体双层膜结构正常,线粒体膜电位升高,细胞凋亡率显著降低(P<0.05),联合用药组C2C12细胞mTOR和tFAM mRNA表达明显增加(P<0.05),FoxO1抑制剂组、六君子汤组及联合用药组中C2C12细胞FoxO1蛋白表达明显减少,PGC-1α、FTO、mTOR、tFAM蛋白表达明显增高(P<0.05);与六君子汤组比较,联合用药组C2C12细胞PGC-1α蛋白表达升高(P<0.05)。

结论

六君子汤通过调控PGC-1α/FoxO1信号通路,能维持线粒体功能,改善肿瘤环境下成肌细胞分化。

, authors=郝羚伦1, 张艳2, 彭梦薇1, 桑亚洲3, 陈玉龙1, 刘燕1, 吴耀松1, authorsList=郝羚伦, 张艳, 彭梦薇, 桑亚洲, 陈玉龙, 刘燕, 吴耀松, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴耀松, authorNote=

郝羚伦(1994-),女,河南南阳人,硕士在读,研究方向:分子生物学与中医肿瘤方证基础。

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吴耀松(1976-),女,湖南娄底人,教授,硕士研究生导师,硕士,研究方向:分子生物学与中医肿瘤方证基础。E-mail:。
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郝羚伦(1994-),女,河南南阳人,硕士在读,研究方向:分子生物学与中医肿瘤方证基础。

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functional tendon enthesis[J].FASEB J,2016,30(1):301-311., articleTitle=Scleraxis is required for the development of a functional tendon enthesis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322912605504938550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912343792943291, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=209, issue=2, pageStart=501, pageEnd=514, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=MCFARLANEC, PLUMMER E, THOMASM, journalName=JCell Physiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MCFARLANEC,PLUMMER E,THOMASM,et al.Myostatin induces cachexia by activating the ubiquitin proteolytic system through an NF-kappaB-independent,FoxO1-dependent mechanism[J].JCell Physiol,2006,209(2):501-514., articleTitle=Myostatin induces cachexia by activating the ubiquitin proteolytic system through an NF-kappaB-independent,FoxO1-dependent mechanism, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322912605588824631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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journalName=Cell Death Dis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG X B,HUANG N,YANG M,et al.FTO is required for myogenesis by positively regulating mTOR-PGC-1αpathwaymediated mitochondria biogenesis[J].Cell Death Dis,2017,8(3):e2702., articleTitle=FTO is required for myogenesis by positively regulating mTOR-PGC-1αpathwaymediated mitochondria biogenesis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322912605735625273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912343792943291, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=26, issue=7-8, pageStart=474, pageEnd=487, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=SHEN Z T, LIU P, SUN Q, journalName=Apoptosis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHEN Z T,LIU P,SUN Q,et al.FTO inhibits UPRmt-induced apoptosis by activating JAK2/STAT3 pathway and reducing m6A level in adipocytes[J].Apoptosis,2021,26(7-8):474-487., articleTitle=FTO inhibits UPRmt-induced apoptosis by activating JAK2/STAT3 pathway and 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注:红框标注即为肌管形态。

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注:A.空白组;B.模型组;C.六君子汤组。

, figureFileSmall=Id4NaYmkYbRxPuVAAVkfHg==, figureFileBig=XbYVzh3A7RvMF7DAqVtiSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322912599586775555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912343792943291, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DnydXn7JiWyrVAFAyMzHMg==, figureFileBig=QBKNmDUrPoStWK/PBpblAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322912599658078724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912343792943291, language=CN, label=图3, caption=透射电镜观察各组C2C12细胞线粒体超微结构(×30 000)

注:红色箭头:线粒体。

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注:*与空白组比较,P<0.05;#与模型组比较,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=EZCdV+CWzSmbWVqmFWs+WQ==, figureFileBig=OL9LcwL38fd3+DOpg5cG9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322912600052343305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912343792943291, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=gn1x2m9tpuKQP+tVcEkjGw==, figureFileBig=i763hBa6rlzQ0cEBzkj2dQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322912600136229386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912343792943291, language=CN, label=图6, caption=免疫印迹法检测各组C2C12细胞PGC-1α/FoxO1通路相关蛋白表达量

注:A.空白组;B.模型组;C.六君子汤组;D.抑制剂组;E.联合用药组。

, figureFileSmall=gn1x2m9tpuKQP+tVcEkjGw==, figureFileBig=i763hBa6rlzQ0cEBzkj2dQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322912600207532555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912343792943291, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别下室加液上室加液
空白组2%马血清培养基DMEM
模型组2%马血清培养基DMEM+Lewis
抑制剂组2%马血清培养基DMEM+Lewis+FoxO1抑制剂
六君子汤组2%马血清培养基DMEM+Lewis+六君子汤
联合用药组2%马血清培养基DMEM+Lewis+六君子汤+FoxO1抑制剂
), ArticleFig(id=1322912600274641420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912343792943291, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Transwell共培养上下室加液

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别下室加液上室加液
空白组2%马血清培养基DMEM
模型组2%马血清培养基DMEM+Lewis
抑制剂组2%马血清培养基DMEM+Lewis+FoxO1抑制剂
六君子汤组2%马血清培养基DMEM+Lewis+六君子汤
联合用药组2%马血清培养基DMEM+Lewis+六君子汤+FoxO1抑制剂
), ArticleFig(id=1322912600350138893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912343792943291, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列长度/(bp)
PGC-1αFTATGGAGTGACATAGAGTGTGCT134
RCCACTTCAATCCACCCAGAAAG
FoxO1FATGCTCAATCCAGAGGGAGG183
RACTCGCAGGCCACTTAGAAAA
FTOFTTCATGCTGGATGACCTCAATG137
RGCCAACTGACAGCGTTCTAAG
mTORFACCGGCACACATTTGAAGAAG110
RCTCGTTGAGGATCAGCAAGG
tFAMFATTCCGAAGTGTTTTTCCAGCA122
RTCTGAAAGTTTTGCATCTGGGT
GAPDHFTGGTCGTATTGGGCGCCTGGT150
RTCGCTCCTGGAACAGGTGA
), ArticleFig(id=1322912600413053454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912343792943291, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

引物序列及长度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列长度/(bp)
PGC-1αFTATGGAGTGACATAGAGTGTGCT134
RCCACTTCAATCCACCCAGAAAG
FoxO1FATGCTCAATCCAGAGGGAGG183
RACTCGCAGGCCACTTAGAAAA
FTOFTTCATGCTGGATGACCTCAATG137
RGCCAACTGACAGCGTTCTAAG
mTORFACCGGCACACATTTGAAGAAG110
RCTCGTTGAGGATCAGCAAGG
tFAMFATTCCGAAGTGTTTTTCCAGCA122
RTCTGAAAGTTTTGCATCTGGGT
GAPDHFTGGTCGTATTGGGCGCCTGGT150
RTCGCTCCTGGAACAGGTGA
), ArticleFig(id=1322912600488550927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912343792943291, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分化时间段/(h)n肌管横径/(μm)
48101.727±0.299*
72101.224±0.276#
96100.811±0.139
), ArticleFig(id=1322912600564048400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912343792943291, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

倒置显微镜观测C2C12细胞肌管横径(±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分化时间段/(h)n肌管横径/(μm)
48101.727±0.299*
72101.224±0.276#
96100.811±0.139
), ArticleFig(id=1322912600647934481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912343792943291, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别nMyoD/GAPDH
空白组41.579±0.084
模型组41.107±0.205*
六君子汤组41.671±0.344#
), ArticleFig(id=1322912600828289554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912343792943291, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

蛋白免疫印迹法检测各组C2C12细胞MyoD的蛋白表达量(±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别nMyoD/GAPDH
空白组41.579±0.084
模型组41.107±0.205*
六君子汤组41.671±0.344#
), ArticleFig(id=1322912600895398419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912343792943291, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别n线粒体数
空白组48.000±0.816
模型组43.250±0.500*
抑制剂组47.750±0.500#
六君子汤组46.250±0.957#
联合用药组46.500±1.291#
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透射电镜观察共培养条件下各组C2C12细胞线粒体数量(±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别n线粒体数
空白组48.000±0.816
模型组43.250±0.500*
抑制剂组47.750±0.500#
六君子汤组46.250±0.957#
联合用药组46.500±1.291#
), ArticleFig(id=1322912601054781973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912343792943291, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别n目的基因/GAPDH
PGC-1αFoxO1FTOmTORtFAM
空白组61.000±01.000±01.000±01.000±01.000±0
模型组60.583±0.0761.080±0.3980.748±0.1050.493±0.2310.406±0.265*
抑制剂组61.582±1.3201.148±0.4561.038±0.1430.812±0.3570.825±0.390
六君子汤组63.514±2.9321.472±0.7661.241±0.3270.864±0.2920.756±0.351
联合用药组63.596±2.2691.444±0.8371.164±0.6411.091±0.466#0.994±0.365#
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qPCR法检测各组C2C12细胞mRNA相对表达量(±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别n目的基因/GAPDH
PGC-1αFoxO1FTOmTORtFAM
空白组61.000±01.000±01.000±01.000±01.000±0
模型组60.583±0.0761.080±0.3980.748±0.1050.493±0.2310.406±0.265*
抑制剂组61.582±1.3201.148±0.4561.038±0.1430.812±0.3570.825±0.390
六君子汤组63.514±2.9321.472±0.7661.241±0.3270.864±0.2920.756±0.351
联合用药组63.596±2.2691.444±0.8371.164±0.6411.091±0.466#0.994±0.365#
), ArticleFig(id=1322912601235137047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912343792943291, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别n目的蛋白/GAPDH
PGC-1αFoxO1FTOmTORtFAM
空白组52.794±0.5940.658±0.1241.554±0.4423.279±0.5511.948±0.729
模型组51.179±0.226*1.577±0.679*0.622±0.080*0.825±0.780*0.759±0.221*
抑制剂组53.863±0.678#0.500±0.075#1.567±0.359#2.671±0.893#2.442±0.312#
六君子汤组53.420±0.702#0.687±0.327#1.504±0.268#3.147±0.647#1.975±0.351#
联合用药组54.680±0.860#▲0.794±0.271#2.130±0.717#2.609±1.142#2.324±0.153#
), ArticleFig(id=1322912601306440216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912343792943291, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

免疫印迹法检测各组C2C12细胞PGC-1α/FoxO1通路相关蛋白表达量(±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别n目的蛋白/GAPDH
PGC-1αFoxO1FTOmTORtFAM
空白组52.794±0.5940.658±0.1241.554±0.4423.279±0.5511.948±0.729
模型组51.179±0.226*1.577±0.679*0.622±0.080*0.825±0.780*0.759±0.221*
抑制剂组53.863±0.678#0.500±0.075#1.567±0.359#2.671±0.893#2.442±0.312#
六君子汤组53.420±0.702#0.687±0.327#1.504±0.268#3.147±0.647#1.975±0.351#
联合用药组54.680±0.860#▲0.794±0.271#2.130±0.717#2.609±1.142#2.324±0.153#
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六君子汤改善肿瘤环境下C2C12成肌细胞分化的分子机制
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郝羚伦 1 , 张艳 2 , 彭梦薇 1 , 桑亚洲 3 , 陈玉龙 1 , 刘燕 1 , 吴耀松 1
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(1): 122-127
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (1) : 122 -127
六君子汤改善肿瘤环境下C2C12成肌细胞分化的分子机制
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郝羚伦1, 张艳2, 彭梦薇1, 桑亚洲3, 陈玉龙1, 刘燕1, 吴耀松1
作者信息
  • 1.河南中医药大学河南省中医方证信号传导重点实验室,河南省中医方证信号传导国际联合重点实验室,河南 郑州 450046
  • 2.天津中医药大学,天津 300193
  • 3.华中科技大学,湖北 武汉 430064
通讯作者:
吴耀松(1976-),女,湖南娄底人,教授,硕士研究生导师,硕士,研究方向:分子生物学与中医肿瘤方证基础。E-mail:。
作者简介:

郝羚伦(1994-),女,河南南阳人,硕士在读,研究方向:分子生物学与中医肿瘤方证基础。

Liujunzi Decoction(六君子汤)Improves Molecular Mechanism of C2C12 Myoblast Differentiation in Tumor Environment
Linglun HAO1, Yan ZHANG2, Mengwei PENG1, Yazhou SANG3, Yulong CHEN1, Yan LIU1, Yaosong WU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Henan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome and Prescription Signaling, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome and Prescription in Signaling, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
  • 2.Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
  • 3.Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430064, Hubei, China
出版时间: 2025-01-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.022
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目的

研究六君子汤改善肿瘤环境下C2C12成肌细胞分化的分子机制,为健脾和胃法治疗肿瘤恶病质肌肉萎缩提供实验基础。

方法

诱导成肌细胞C2C12分化,倒置显微镜观察分化后肌管长度;成肌细胞C2C12与肺癌细胞Lewis共培养,分为空白组、模型组、叉头框蛋白O1(forkhead box protein O1,FoxO1)抑制剂组、六君子汤组、联合用药组,蛋白免疫印迹法(western blot,WB)检测C2C12细胞成肌分化抗原(myogenic differentiation antigen,MyoD)的表达及与过氧化物酶体增殖物受体γ辅助激活因子α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha,PGC-1α)/FoxO1通路相关的蛋白表达;电子显微镜观察C2C12细胞线粒体数量及超微结构的变化;流式细胞术(flow cytometry,FCM)观测C2C12细胞线粒体膜电位的变化;实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qPCR)法检测C2C12细胞PGC-1α/FoxO1通路相关分子mRNA。

结果

C2C12细胞于分化48h肌管横径最长;与空白组比,模型组C2C12细胞MyoD蛋白表达明显减少(P<0.05),线粒体数量减少(P<0.05),线粒体双层膜皱曲不清晰甚至呈C形或基质肿胀,线粒体嵴数量减少、排列紊乱、断裂或溶解消失成空泡状,线粒体膜电位降低,细胞凋亡率显著升高(P<0.05),线粒体转录因子A(mitochondrial transcription factor A,tFAM)的mRNA表达明显降低(P<0.05),FoxO1蛋白表达明显增高,PGC-1α、脂肪和肥胖相关基因(fatmass and obesity-associated gene,FTO)、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)、tFAM蛋白表达明显减少(P<0.05);与模型组比较,六君子汤组C2C12细胞MyoD蛋白表达明显增高,FoxO1抑制剂组、六君子汤组、联合用药组中C2C12细胞线粒体数量显著增多(P<0.05),线粒体双层膜结构正常,线粒体膜电位升高,细胞凋亡率显著降低(P<0.05),联合用药组C2C12细胞mTOR和tFAM mRNA表达明显增加(P<0.05),FoxO1抑制剂组、六君子汤组及联合用药组中C2C12细胞FoxO1蛋白表达明显减少,PGC-1α、FTO、mTOR、tFAM蛋白表达明显增高(P<0.05);与六君子汤组比较,联合用药组C2C12细胞PGC-1α蛋白表达升高(P<0.05)。

结论

六君子汤通过调控PGC-1α/FoxO1信号通路,能维持线粒体功能,改善肿瘤环境下成肌细胞分化。

六君子汤  /  PGC-1α/FoxO1  /  线粒体  /  肿瘤恶病质  /  肌肉萎缩
Objective

To study the molecular mechanism of Liujunzi Decoction(六君子汤)to improve C2C12 myoblast differentiation in tumor environment,providing experimental basis for the treatment of tumor cachexiamuscle atrophy with strengthening spleen and harmonizing stomachmethod.

Methods

It induced the differentiation of myoblasts C2C12 and observed the length of the differentiated myotube with an inverted microscope. Myoblasts C2C12 were co-cultured with lung cancer cell Lewis,and then were divided into blank group,model group,Fork head box protein O1(FoxO1)inhibitor group,Liujunzi Decoction(六君子汤)group and combination group. Western Blot detected the expression of myogenic differentiation antigen(MyoD)in C2C12 cells and the expressions of proteins associated with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha(PGC-1α)/FoxO1 pathway. Electron microscopy observed the changes in the number of mitochondria and ultrastructure of C2C12 cells. Flow cytometry observed the changes inmitochondrial membrane potential of C2C12 cells. Quantitative real-time PCR detected mRNA in the PGC-1α/FoxO1 pathway in C2C12 cells.

Results

Experiments showed that C2C12 cells had the longest transverse diameter in the muscle tube after 48 h of differentiation. Compared with those in the blank group,the MyoD protein expression and mitochondria number were significantly reduced in the model group(P<0.05). The wrinkled boundary of themitochondrial bilayermembrane was not clear or even more C-shaped or stromal swelling,and the number of mitochondrial cristae was reduced. The arrangementwas disordered,fractured or dissolution disappeared into vacuoles. The mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased. The apoptotic ratewas significantly increased(P<0.05). The mRNA expression ofmitochondrial transcription factor A(tFAM)was significantly reduced,and FoxO1 protein expression was significantly increased. The protein expressions of PGC-1α,FTO,mTOR and tFAM were significantly decreased(P<0.05). Compared with themodel group,the expression of MyoD protein increased significantly in Liujunzi Decoction group(P<0.05). In FoxO1 inhibitor group,Liujunzi Decoction group and the combination group,the number of mitochondria was significantly increased(P<0.05),the mitochondrial bilayer outermembrane structure was normal,the mitochondrial membrane potentialwas increased and the apoptosis rate was significantly reduced(P<0.05). The mRNA expressions ofmTOR and tFAM in C2C12 cells weres significantly increased in the combination group(P<0.05),the expressions of FoxO1 protein in C2C12 cells in the FoxO1 inhibitor group,Liujunzi Decoction group and the combination group were significantly reduced,and the protein expressions of PGC-1α,FTO,mTOR and tFAM were significantly increased(P<0.05). Compared with those in the Liujunzi Decoction group,the PGC-1αprotein expression in C2C12 cells in combination group significantly increased(P<0.05).

Conclusion

Liujunzi Decoction can improve mitochondrial function and myoblast differentiation in tumor environment by interfering with PGC-1α/FoxO1 signal pathway.

Liujunzi Decoction(六君子汤)  /  PGC-1α/FoxO1  /  mitochondrion  /  tumor cachexia  /  muscle atrophy
郝羚伦, 张艳, 彭梦薇, 桑亚洲, 陈玉龙, 刘燕, 吴耀松. 六君子汤改善肿瘤环境下C2C12成肌细胞分化的分子机制. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (1) : 122 -127 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.022
Linglun HAO, Yan ZHANG, Mengwei PENG, Yazhou SANG, Yulong CHEN, Yan LIU, Yaosong WU. Liujunzi Decoction(六君子汤)Improves Molecular Mechanism of C2C12 Myoblast Differentiation in Tumor Environment[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (1) : 122 -127 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.022
肌肉萎缩是导致骨骼肌丢失、体质量下降的重要因素,亦是肿瘤患者恶病质晚期的常见症状[1],具有加重肿瘤病人机体功能损伤、降低抗肿瘤治疗耐受性、促肿瘤转移、增高病死率等危害,是现代医学抗肿瘤方向仍须重视的关键问题。
六君子汤由人参、茯苓、白术、甘草、半夏、陈皮6味中药组成,具有健脾益气,化痰燥湿之功,是临床上治疗肿瘤恶病质的常用方剂。中医理论认为“脾主肌肉”,肌肉的质量及功能有赖于脾胃正常生理功能的支持,而六君子汤能补气健脾,有效改善肿瘤患者食欲,为肌肉维持正常生理状态提供能量,改善肿瘤恶病质。前期研究发现,六君子汤可以改善肺癌恶病质小鼠肌肉萎缩[2]。
线粒体是细胞内产能的关键细胞器,肿瘤环境中,炎症因子的分泌增多使骨骼肌线粒体功能失调,线粒体中腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(adenosine-triphosphate,ATP)合成酶的活性降低,抑制氧化磷酸化过程,使机体产能减少,加速肿瘤患者的能量丢失,引起骨骼肌能量代谢障碍,终致肌肉萎缩[3]。能量失衡是肿瘤进展的重要因素,过氧化物酶体增殖物受体γ辅助激活因子α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha,PGC-1α)通过参与线粒体发生调控机体适应性产热,是骨骼肌细胞的“能量感受器”,能正向调节能量代谢和肌肉组织生长,缓解多种形式的肌肉萎缩,PGC-1α的水平与肌肉形态大小相关,并能抑制叉头框蛋白O1(forkhead box protein O1,FoxO1)的表达[4]。
前期文献并未发现有通过PGC-1α/FoxO1通路改善线粒体功能防治肿瘤恶病质肌肉萎缩的研究,基于此,本研究以小鼠成肌细胞C2C12与小鼠肺腺癌细胞Lewis共培养建立的体外肌管萎缩细胞模型为基础,基于PGC-1α/FoxO1通路探究六君子汤改善肿瘤环境下肌细胞分化、防治肿瘤恶病质肌肉萎缩的分子机制,以期为该方防治肿瘤恶病质肌肉萎缩提供实验依据。
小鼠成肌细胞C2C12(武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司,CL-0044)、小鼠肺腺癌细胞Lewis(中国科学院典型培养物保藏委员会昆明细胞库)。
DMEM高糖培养基(北京Solarbio公司,货号12100);FoxO1抑制剂(美国MCE公司,货号AS1842856);胎牛血清(南美LONSERA公司,批号SF0007001);马血清(武汉Procell公司,批号164215-100);BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(博士德生物,货号AR0146),线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒(JC-1)(北京索莱宝科技有限公司,批号M8650);成肌分化抗原(myogenic differentiation antigen,MyoD)1兔多克隆抗体(武汉三鹰,批号00025860)、小鼠单克隆PGC-1α抗体、小鼠单克隆哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)抗体、兔多克隆脂肪和肥胖相关基因(fatmass and obesity-associated gene,FTO)抗体、HRP-conjugated Affinipure Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG(H+L)(武汉三鹰,批号分别为66369-1、66888-1、27226-1、SA00001-2),兔单克隆FoxO1抗体(英国Abcam,批号为Ab52857),HRP Affinipure Goat Anti-Mouse Ig-G(H+L)(美国Earthox公司,E030110-01),兔多克隆线粒体转录因子A(mitochondrial transcription factor A,tFAM)抗体(美国Immunoway,批号YT2916)。
SW-CJ-1FD型超净工作台(苏州安泰空气技术有限公司);Primovert型倒置显微镜(德国Zeiss公司);CHEMIDOCXRS+型高灵敏度化学发光成像系统(美国Bio-Rad公司);Power Pac1000型电泳仪和转膜仪(美国Bio-Rad公司);流式细胞仪(美国BD公司,FACSCalibur)。
六君子汤,药物组成比例参照《医学正传》中人参∶茯苓∶白术∶甘草∶半夏∶陈皮=2∶2∶3∶2∶3∶2。所有中药饮片均购于北京同仁堂,经河南中医药大学中药实验室鉴定均为正品。中药饮片按以上比例研磨、萃取、干燥后密封储存,出膏率为1.819%。六君子汤用DMEM培养基(不含血清)配置成所需药物浓度,并过滤除菌,用于后续实验。
C2C12细胞常规培养,待细胞传代长至60%~80%时,加入2%马血清分化培养基诱导分化。在分化的第0、24、48、72、96 h用倒置显微镜拍照观察,用Image J软件测量细胞肌管横径。
C2C12细胞接种至6孔Transwell共培养板的下室,以马血清诱导分化,同时设置空白组、模型组、六君子汤组。除空白组外,上室各组接种同等数量的Lewis细胞,六君子汤组加入六君子汤药液,继续培养48 h后提取各组C2C12细胞总蛋白,采用二喹啉甲酸(bicinchoninic acid,BCA)蛋白定量试剂盒检测蛋白浓度,进行电泳、转膜、封闭、孵一抗(MyoD 1∶4000;GAPDH 1∶10 000)、二抗(山羊抗兔GAPDH 1∶10 000;山羊抗鼠GAPDH 1∶7000),显影,分析目标条带灰度值。
C2C12细胞接种于Transwell共培养板的下室,待细胞长至60%~80%加入2%马血清进行诱导分化,同时Lewis细胞按照与C2C12细胞1∶1的细胞数量接种于共培养板的上室,并进行分组,具体分组及加药见表1。本研究实验药品浓度的选择参照本团队前期筛选出的浓度,即六君子汤为100 μg/mL、FoxO1抑制剂为1 μmol/L。培养48 h后,进行指标检测。
取24孔Transwell板,C2C12细胞按2×104个/孔种至下室的细胞爬片上,用2%马血清诱导细胞分化,上室每孔接种Lewis细胞2×104个,按表1加药并培养48 h后取出爬片,固定、收集、再固定过夜,电子显微镜观察各组C2C12细胞线粒体数量及超微结构的变化。
前期细胞处理同2.2,按线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒JC-1说明书处理细胞,FACSCalibur流式细胞仪检测,设置波长为488 nm,每组样本获取1×104个细胞。JC-1单体及聚合物的荧光信号在FL1、FL2探测器上分别获得。因JC-1发射双波长,故利用电子补偿来纠正红色荧光和绿色荧光的重叠部分。FL1-H值代表绿色荧光强度,FL2-H值代表红色荧光强度。CELLQuest软件获取并分析数据。
应用TRIzol法提取细胞RNA,逆转录后进行PCR扩增。以GAPDH为内参基因,采用2-ΔΔCt计算,引物由苏州金唯智生物科技有限公司合成。见表2。
前期细胞处理同2.2,提取各组C2C12细胞总蛋白,采用BCA蛋白定量试剂盒检测蛋白浓度,电泳(SDS-PAGE)、转膜、封闭,加一抗(稀释比列∶PGC-1α 1∶25 000;FoxO1 1∶5000;mTOR 1∶8000;FTO 1∶1500,tFAM 1∶300;GAPDH 1∶10 000)、二抗(稀释比例:山羊抗鼠GAPDH 1∶7000;山羊抗兔GAPDH 1∶10 000)孵育,ECL化学发光法显影,收集图像,分析目标条带灰度值。
采用SPSS 25.0数据统计软件进行正态性和方差齐性检验,若符合正态分布且满足方差齐性,采用单因素方差分析(One-Way ANOVA),组间比较选用LSD检验;若符合正态分布但不满足方差齐性,用Dunnett T3检验;若不符合正态分布,用非参数检验。结果采用的方式,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
实验发现,2%马血清培养基诱导C2C12分化24 h时,细胞出现多核;诱导分化48 h时,细胞呈现肌管形状;诱导分化72 h、96 h,肌管回缩。与分化72 h、96 h比,分化48 h的肌管横径长度差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与分化96 h比,分化72 h的肌管横径长度差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);0 h、24 h时未见肌管形态,故未做统计测量。见表3、插页ⅩⅥ图1。
与空白组比较,模型组C2C12细胞MyoD蛋白表达量明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与模型组比较,六君子汤组C2C12细胞MyoD蛋白表达量明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表4、图2。
结果表明,与空白组相比,模型组C2C12细胞线粒体数量明显减少,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);与模型组相比,抑制剂组、六君子汤组、联合用药组C2C12细胞线粒体数量显著增多,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);其他用药组之间比较差异无统计学意义。形态结构上可以看出,与空白组相比,模型组C2C12细胞线粒体双层膜边界皱曲模糊甚至多呈C形或基质肿胀,线粒体嵴数量减少、排列紊乱、断裂或溶解消失成空泡状;与模型组相比,抑制剂组、六君子汤组、联合用药组C2C12细胞线粒体双层膜结构正常。见表5、插页ⅩⅦ图3。
分析与线粒体膜电位对应的绿色和红色荧光强度的变化。与空白组比较,模型组C2C12细胞线粒体膜电位降低,细胞凋亡率显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);与模型组比较,抑制剂组、六君子汤组C2C12细胞线粒体膜电位升高,细胞凋亡率显著降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);其余各用药组比较差异无统计学意义。见插页ⅩⅧ图4、图5。
结果表明,与空白组比较,模型组C2C12细胞tFAM的mRNA表达量明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);与模型组比较,联合用药组C2C12细胞tFAM mRNA表达量明显增加,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);其余各组比较均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表6。
结果表明,与空白组比较,模型组C2C12细胞中FoxO1蛋白表达量明显增高,PGC-1α、FTO、mTOR、tFAM蛋白表达量明显减少,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);与模型组比较,FoxO1抑制剂组、六君子汤组及联合用药组C2C12细胞FoxO1蛋白表达量明显减少,PGC-1α、FTO、mTOR、tFAM蛋白表达量明显增高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);与六君子汤组比较,联合用药组C2C12细胞PGC-1α的蛋白表达量具有统计学意义(P<0.05),其余各用药组的蛋白表达量比较无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表7、图6。
肿瘤恶病质归属中医“虚劳”的范畴,其发病机制与脾胃功能正常密切相关,脾胃虚则气血化生无源,使机体失于濡养,致肌肉萎缩、消瘦乏力[5]。中医认为脾气虚贯穿着肿瘤发生发展过程的始终,尤其在肿瘤患者恶病质晚期中体现更为明显[6]。健脾和胃治法在临床上治疗肿瘤恶病质具有良好的疗效,能减少恶病质所致的炎症反应,增强机体免疫力、改善食欲,提高患者的生活质量,使患者生存期得以延长[7]。
六君子汤出自《医学正传》,是经典的健脾和胃代表方剂。临床研究表明,六君子汤能有效增强肿瘤患者食欲,为肌肉生长供能,改善肿瘤患者恶病质状态[6];其白术、人参的有效成分可纠正血清细胞因子白细胞介素-6(interleukin 6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumour necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)含量的异常升高而抑制肿瘤恶病质的进展[8]。本团队前期研究亦表明,EC9706细胞可以被六君子汤乙酸乙酯部位抑制增殖,并降低内皮细胞和肿瘤细胞中IL-6生成[9],有效缓解人移植瘤裸鼠饮食减少、大便异常、免疫低下、体质量下降等病理状态[10];并有体内和体外研究发现,六君子汤可能调控信号传导和转录激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)信号通路,或关闭泛素蛋白酶体系统,减缓肿瘤环境下的肌肉蛋白降解[2,11]。
小鼠成肌细胞C2C12呈梭形、贴壁生长,该细胞生长速度快,一旦出现密集分布时,可导致自体分化,因此,使用2%的马血清诱导分化时需把握好关键节点。本研究采用2%马血清诱导C2C12细胞分化,通过观察不同时间段的肌管形态并进行肌管横径测量,结果显示,于分化0 h、24 h未见肌管形态;于诱导分化48 h,C2C12细胞退出细胞增殖周期,大部分细胞呈现出肌管形态,出现多核或串珠样双核结构,肌管增厚变长、横径亦明显增大,分化明显,并出现肌纤维的融合;于诱导分化72 h、96 h,肌管明显回缩、横径变小,可见大量漂浮的成团凋亡细胞。因此,诱导C2C12细胞分化48 h为最佳分化时期,宜于诱导建立肿瘤恶病质肌管萎缩细胞模型。MyoD作为生肌因子家族的成员之一,是肌生成的驱动转录因子和骨骼肌早期分化的标志性蛋白,在骨骼肌肥大和生长过程中起重要作用,能诱导肌细胞增殖和分化,且增殖时MyoD的水平升高最为明显[12]。本研究中,当C2C12细胞与肺腺癌Lewis细胞按照1∶1的数量比例共培养时,模型组C2C12细胞MyoD的蛋白水平显著降低,表明模型构建成功。六君子汤药物干预后,六君子汤组C2C12细胞MyoD的蛋白表达出现明显升高,进一步提示六君子汤能有效改善肿瘤恶病质的肌肉萎缩状态。
肿瘤恶病质引起的肌肉萎缩不仅与蛋白质合成减少、蛋白质降解增多相关,一定程度上也是能量代谢异常的表现,主要是因线粒体的功能障碍致氧化功能受损[13]。线粒体功能紊乱能激活多种细胞内的信号通路如腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶[adenosine 5'-monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase,AMPK]通路,它通过磷酸化自噬或磷酸化PGC-1α致线粒体生物发生[14]。有文献显示,Lewis肺癌细胞外小泡能促进C2C12成肌细胞肌管中脂肪和蛋白质降解[15]。线粒体结构及功能变化是决定细胞凋亡的关键环节,动物实验相关的蛋白质组学分析显示,恶病质小鼠骨骼肌中线粒体超微结构及功能均发生改变,如线粒体的数量减少、线粒体氧化损伤、炎症因子大量分泌,骨骼肌中与线粒体功能和能量稳态相关的蛋白表达亦出现异常[16];此外,在肿瘤恶病质患者的体内发现了线粒体吞噬、线粒体动力学标志物的病理性改变[17]。本研究采用透射电镜观察了细胞形态学的改变,与空白组比较,模型组C2C12细胞的线粒体数量明显减少,甚至呈C形或基质肿胀,线粒体双层膜边界出现皱曲模糊,线粒体嵴数量减少、排列紊乱、断裂或溶解消失成空泡状;药物干预后,各用药组C2C12细胞线粒体数量明显增多,内、外膜结构恢复完整,可见,六君子汤确能恢复线粒体功能及形态,改善肌管萎缩。
线粒体为细胞的增殖和分化供能,其双层膜的交界处有一蛋白性孔道(permeability transition pore,PTP),当细胞受损或死亡时激发信号使PTP开启,出现线粒体的膜电位崩解,并见呼吸链断裂,细胞色素C(cytochrome C,Cyt C)释放进入胞质,激活Caspase途径,致细胞凋亡[18]。线粒体膜电位下降是细胞处于凋亡早期阶段的标志性信号,线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒JC-1是用于检测细胞线粒体膜电位的一种理想的荧光探针。正常的细胞线粒体膜电位较高,JC-1在线粒体基质中聚集,形成聚合物,产生红色荧光;细胞受损后,线粒体膜电位降低,表现为绿色荧光。流式细胞仪检测细胞膜电位变化结果可靠,本研究通过分析与线粒体膜电位对应的荧光强度,结果显示,模型组C2C12细胞的线粒体膜电位降低,早期凋亡率显著升高,这进一步证明了模型构建的成功;各用药组C2C12细胞线粒体膜电位升高,而早期凋亡率均有明显下降,表明六君子汤对线粒体结构和功能有较好地修复作用,明显改善细胞线粒体膜电位,限制细胞凋亡进程。
PGC-1α参与脂肪组织和骨骼肌的生物活性[19],通过激活转录因子促进线粒体生物发生,还能维持线粒体功能,增强线粒体的活性和质量,改善肌肉功能、抑制肌肉萎缩,提高肌肉耐力[20]。FoxO1是叉头框转录因子家族中的一员,其影响骨骼肌线粒体发挥正常功能主要体现在两个方面:首先,抗氧化功能异常会激活FoxO的表达,促进氧自由基清除;其次,FoxO1表达增加能够激活泛素蛋白酶体系统,加速蛋白质降解[21]。PGC-1α是肌肉萎缩生物标志分子的上游调节因子,同时也在上游调节FoxO1信号转导。PGC-1α通过抑制FoxO阻滞E3泛素连接酶肌肉特异性环指蛋白1(muscle RING finger1,MuRF1)和肌肉萎缩基因Fbox-1(muscle atrophy f-box,MAFbx/Atrogin-1)的转录,抵抗肌肉萎缩[22]。体内实验研究结果显示,六君子汤可以介导泛素-蛋白酶体途径(ubiquitin-proteasome pathway,UPP),增加腓肠肌肌纤维横截面积,缓解恶病质小鼠腓肠肌质量及体质量的丢失,延缓肌肉萎缩进程[11]。CHEN J M等[23]的研究发现,四君子汤能缓解Lewis细胞诱导的恶病质小鼠食欲减少、体质量减轻及肠黏膜损伤,恢复线粒体功能,有效抑制恶病质状态小鼠的肌肉损失。本研究显示,Lewis细胞与C2C12细胞共培养后,模型组C2C12细胞PGC-1αmRNA及蛋白表达水平均降低,FoxO1 mRNA及蛋白表达水平均升高,而六君子汤组和FoxO1抑制剂组C2C12细胞的PGC-1αmRNA及蛋白表达升高,FoxO1 mRNA水平较高、但蛋白表达下降,这可能与不同的翻译后修饰类型有关。这些结果表明FoxO1抑制剂有效地阻断了PGC-1α/FoxO1通路,六君子汤有效影响PGC-1α和FoxO1这两个关键蛋白的表达,维持线粒体功能,改善肌管萎缩,进一步证实六君子汤能纠正肿瘤恶病质的肌肉萎缩。
PGC-1α还可以激活tFAM,tFAM通过易位到线粒体,参与线粒体DNA的复制和转录,保护其免受活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和降解的影响,维持线粒体的正常生理功能[24]。本研究中,模型组C2C12细胞tFAM mRNA水平及蛋白表达出现了明显的降低,六君子汤组中则表现出升高的趋势,说明六君子汤能恢复萎缩肌管的线粒体功能,与我们前面观测到的六君子汤组C2C12细胞线粒体膜电位升高、线粒体数量增多及结构相对完整的现象一致。
FTO是一种N6-甲基腺苷(N6-methyladenosine,m6 A)去甲基化酶,在许多恶性肿瘤中参与肿瘤进展和转移,调节脂肪代谢,但其在肿瘤恶病质中的作用仍不清楚。mTOR是一种保守的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶,参与调节线粒体代谢功能,调控细胞骨架和蛋白质合成[25],在萎缩肌肉中,mTOR通路被抑制[26-27]。有研究发现,在C2C12细胞中,FTO通过mTOR-PGC1(途径调控线粒体生物发生,促进肌管分化,并以其去甲基化功能减少内质网应激、氧化应激和细胞凋亡,控制脂肪分解,改善肌肉萎缩[28]。本实验中,与空白组比,模型组C2C12细胞FTO、mTOR mRNA水平及蛋白表达量降低,而六君子汤组C2C12细胞FTO和mTOR mRNA水平及蛋白表达比模型组明显升高,其机理可能是六君子汤抑制了肌管萎缩的C2C12细胞线粒体损伤,降低了细胞早期凋亡及脂肪流失,与报道中的观点一致[29]。
综上所述,六君子汤能促进线粒体生成、减少线粒体损伤并改善其功能,影响成肌细胞分化;通过调控PGC-1α/FoxO1信号通路上影响线粒体功能和肌生成的蛋白调控成肌细胞增殖和分化,可能是六君子汤改善肿瘤恶病质肌肉萎缩的分子机制之一。后续,我们将拟结合PGC-1α/FoxO1这一信号通路进行体内实验或通过其他相关通路研究六君子汤改善线粒体功能防治肿瘤恶病质肌肉萎缩的分子机制,为中医药运用于临床提供更全面的参考依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82074313)
  • 河南省科技攻关项目(192102310160)
  • 河南省高等学校重点科研项目(23A360024)
  • 河南省中医学“双一流”创建科学研究项目(HSRP-DFCTCM-2023-1-28)
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2025年第43卷第1期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.022
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-01-10
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国家自然科学基金项目(82074313)
河南省科技攻关项目(192102310160)
河南省高等学校重点科研项目(23A360024)
河南省中医学“双一流”创建科学研究项目(HSRP-DFCTCM-2023-1-28)
作者信息
    1.河南中医药大学河南省中医方证信号传导重点实验室,河南省中医方证信号传导国际联合重点实验室,河南 郑州 450046
    2.天津中医药大学,天津 300193
    3.华中科技大学,湖北 武汉 430064

通讯作者:

吴耀松(1976-),女,湖南娄底人,教授,硕士研究生导师,硕士,研究方向:分子生物学与中医肿瘤方证基础。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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种数
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species
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total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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