Article(id=1322912285622141703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322912162913596032, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793336467414, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1736438400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793336467414, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793336467414, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793336467414, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322912162913596032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1736438400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793336438157, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340633627, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929760048906989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322912162913596032, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929760048906990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322912162913596032, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=77, endPage=80, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322912285823468296, articleId=1322912285622141703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Mechanism and Treatment of IgA Nephropathy Based on“Interior-Exterior Relationship between Lung and Large Intestine”, columnId=1256183361521967297, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=Target on National Project, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

IgA nephropathy(IgAN)is the most common primary glomerular disease world wide and a common cause of endstage renal disease. At present,it is difficult to explain the etiology and pathogenesis. With the deepening of research,many scholars have found that intestinal flora dysbiosis and mucosal immune response are closely related to the occurrence and development of this disease. The clinical progression of IgAnephropathy caused and exacerbated by respiratory infections cannot be ignored. This article attempted to summarize and analyze the relationship among lung,intestines and IgAN based on the classic traditional Chinese medicine theory of “interior-exterior relationship between lung and large intestine” combined with modern medical research,in order to consider the possible prevention and treatment mechanisms of drugs applied to IgAN based on the theory of “interior-exterior relationship between lung and large intestine” and provide new directions for the clinical treatment and research of IgAN.

, authors=Yanyue ZHANG1, 2, 3, 4, Xuming ZHANG1, 2, 3, 4, Jiabao ZHOU1, 2, 3, 4, Feng YANG1, 2, 3, 4, Zhiyuan WU1, 2, 3, 4, Jiandong GAO1, 2, 3, 4, authorsList=Yanyue ZHANG, Xuming ZHANG, Jiabao ZHOU, Feng YANG, Zhiyuan WU, Jiandong GAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jiandong GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322912288159695629, articleId=1322912285622141703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=基于“肺与大肠相表里”探讨IgA肾病的机制与治疗, columnId=1256183362172142382, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=国家项目点击, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

IgA肾病(IgA nephropathy,IgAN)是全世界最常见的原发性肾小球疾病,是导致终末期肾病的常见原因。目前尚难解释其病因及发病机制,随着研究的深入,众多学者发现肠道菌群失调及黏膜免疫反应与该病的发生发展紧密相关。而呼吸道感染导致并加重IgA肾病的临床进展不容忽视。试从“肺与大肠相表里”的中医经典理论结合现代医学研究,综述分析肺、肠与IgAN的关系,以期思考药物基于“肺与大肠相表里”理论应用于IgAN的可能防治机制,为IgAN的临床治疗及研究提供新方向。

, authors=张艳玥1, 2, 3, 4, 张栩铭1, 2, 3, 4, 周嘉宝1, 2, 3, 4, 杨枫1, 2, 3, 4, 吴志远1, 2, 3, 4, 高建东1, 2, 3, 4, authorsList=张艳玥, 张栩铭, 周嘉宝, 杨枫, 吴志远, 高建东, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=高建东, authorNote=

张艳玥(1996-),女,辽宁丹东人,医师,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治慢性肾脏病。

, correspAuthorsNote=
高建东(1967-),男,山西太原人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治慢性肾脏病。E-mail:。
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张艳玥(1996-),女,辽宁丹东人,医师,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治慢性肾脏病。

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张艳玥(1996-),女,辽宁丹东人,医师,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治慢性肾脏病。

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label=图1, caption=IgAN的发病机制

注:过量的Gd-IgA1作为自身抗原与自身抗体结合,形成免疫复合物沉积在肾小球系膜中损伤肾脏,并激活补体系统,导致炎症和肾小球损伤。

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基于“肺与大肠相表里”探讨IgA肾病的机制与治疗
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张艳玥 1, 2, 3, 4 , 张栩铭 1, 2, 3, 4 , 周嘉宝 1, 2, 3, 4 , 杨枫 1, 2, 3, 4 , 吴志远 1, 2, 3, 4 , 高建东 1, 2, 3, 4
中华中医药学刊 | 国家项目点击 2025,43(1): 77-80
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中华中医药学刊 |国家项目点击 2025 , 43 (1) : 77 -80
基于“肺与大肠相表里”探讨IgA肾病的机制与治疗
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张艳玥(1996-),女,辽宁丹东人,医师,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治慢性肾脏病。

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3.上海市中医临床重点实验室,上海 201203
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张艳玥1, 2, 3, 4, 张栩铭1, 2, 3, 4, 周嘉宝1, 2, 3, 4, 杨枫1, 2, 3, 4, 吴志远1, 2, 3, 4, 高建东1, 2, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1.上海中医药大学附属曙光医院,上海 201203
  • 2.上海中医药大学中医肾病研究所,上海 201203
  • 3.上海市中医临床重点实验室,上海 201203
  • 4.上海中医药大学肝肾疾病病证教育部重点实验室,上海 201203
通讯作者:
高建东(1967-),男,山西太原人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治慢性肾脏病。E-mail:。
作者简介:

张艳玥(1996-),女,辽宁丹东人,医师,硕士在读,研究方向:中医药防治慢性肾脏病。

Mechanism and Treatment of IgA Nephropathy Based on“Interior-Exterior Relationship between Lung and Large Intestine”
Yanyue ZHANG1, 2, 3, 4, Xuming ZHANG1, 2, 3, 4, Jiabao ZHOU1, 2, 3, 4, Feng YANG1, 2, 3, 4, Zhiyuan WU1, 2, 3, 4, Jiandong GAO1, 2, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 2.Nephropathy Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 3.Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 4.Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2025-01-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.015
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IgA肾病(IgA nephropathy,IgAN)是全世界最常见的原发性肾小球疾病,是导致终末期肾病的常见原因。目前尚难解释其病因及发病机制,随着研究的深入,众多学者发现肠道菌群失调及黏膜免疫反应与该病的发生发展紧密相关。而呼吸道感染导致并加重IgA肾病的临床进展不容忽视。试从“肺与大肠相表里”的中医经典理论结合现代医学研究,综述分析肺、肠与IgAN的关系,以期思考药物基于“肺与大肠相表里”理论应用于IgAN的可能防治机制,为IgAN的临床治疗及研究提供新方向。

肺与大肠相表里  /  IgA肾病  /  肠道菌群  /  黏膜免疫

IgA nephropathy(IgAN)is the most common primary glomerular disease world wide and a common cause of endstage renal disease. At present,it is difficult to explain the etiology and pathogenesis. With the deepening of research,many scholars have found that intestinal flora dysbiosis and mucosal immune response are closely related to the occurrence and development of this disease. The clinical progression of IgAnephropathy caused and exacerbated by respiratory infections cannot be ignored. This article attempted to summarize and analyze the relationship among lung,intestines and IgAN based on the classic traditional Chinese medicine theory of “interior-exterior relationship between lung and large intestine” combined with modern medical research,in order to consider the possible prevention and treatment mechanisms of drugs applied to IgAN based on the theory of “interior-exterior relationship between lung and large intestine” and provide new directions for the clinical treatment and research of IgAN.

interior-exterior relationship between lung and large Intestine  /  IgA nephropathy  /  intestinal flora  /  mucosal immunity
张艳玥, 张栩铭, 周嘉宝, 杨枫, 吴志远, 高建东. 基于“肺与大肠相表里”探讨IgA肾病的机制与治疗. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (1) : 77 -80 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.015
Yanyue ZHANG, Xuming ZHANG, Jiabao ZHOU, Feng YANG, Zhiyuan WU, Jiandong GAO. Mechanism and Treatment of IgA Nephropathy Based on“Interior-Exterior Relationship between Lung and Large Intestine”[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (1) : 77 -80 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.015
IgA肾病(IgA nephropathy,IgAN)是最常见的原发性肾小球肾炎[1],占中国原发性肾小球肾炎患者的一半,是东亚国家患者肾衰竭的主要原因,20%~40%的IgAN患者在穿刺确诊后的10~20年内发生肾衰竭[2-3]。典型特征是免疫球蛋白A(immunoglobulin A,IgA)或其免疫复合物沉积在肾小球内[4-5]。大多数患者症状不明显或有以血尿、蛋白尿为主的轻度症状,肾小球滤过率降低普遍较缓慢。遗传和环境可能与其发病密切相关,总发病率为每10万人中至少有2.5例,因IgAN需要通过肾活检确诊[3,6],而许多疑似患者拒绝活检[7],因此真实的发病率应该比统计的发病率更高。
目前的治疗主要是严格控制血压、控制蛋白尿、避免感染、管理饮食等支持治疗,以及肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system,RAAS)阻滞剂、糖皮质激素、免疫抑制治疗的应用。严格控制血压要求当患者蛋白尿>1 g/d时,推荐血压的控制目标<125/75mm Hg,当患者蛋白尿>0.3 g/d时,推荐血压的控制目标<130/80 mm Hg。控制蛋白尿要求尽可能达到蛋白尿缓解(<0.5 g/d)。管理饮食指严格限盐,非高蛋白饮食,控制体质量,戒烟等。RAAS阻滞剂指血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors,ACEI)和血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(angiotensin receptor antagonists,ARB),对于蛋白尿超过0.5 g/d或存在高血压(>130/80 mm Hg)的IgAN患者均应使用。目前,改善全球肾脏病预后组织(Kidney Disease:Improving Global Outcomes,KDIGO)指南建议对于经过3~6个月最适宜的支持治疗(包括使用ACEI和ARB控制血压的治疗后尿蛋白仍然持续≥1 g/d且估算肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)>50 mL/(min·1.73 m2)的患者可接受6个月的糖皮质激素治疗。免疫抑制剂治疗在IgAN中一直存在着很大的争议,是否需要糖皮质激素联合免疫抑制剂治疗目前尚无共识。目前KDIGO指南关于免疫抑制剂(包括环磷酰胺,硫唑嘌呤,霉酚酸酯和环孢素)在IgAN中的应用建议:除非新月体性IgAN伴有肾功能快速下降,否则不建议糖皮质激素联合环磷酰胺或者硫唑嘌呤用于IgAN(2D);除非新月体性IgAN伴有肾功能快速下降,不建议对于eGFR<30 mL/min的患者使用免疫抑制剂(2C);不建议霉酚酸酯用于IgAN患者(2C)。从指南的建议级别和证据质量级别能看出IgAN的免疫抑制剂的治疗上缺乏足够的临床研究证据。也有其他治疗策略,如扁桃体切除可能有助于减轻血尿、蛋白尿的急性发作,而对肾功能保护作用缺乏前瞻性研究。目前一些新的探索性治疗正在开展,包括抑制黏膜免疫,清除B细胞,抑制B细胞增生活化和抑制B细胞信号传导,以及抑制补体替代途径和凝激素途径活化[8]。
临床观察发现大量IgAN患者症状加重前多有感冒的诱因及消化道反应[9],予抗炎药、益生菌等可明显改善患者症状,且随着微生态学的发展,许多研究[9-10]证明IgAN的发生与肠道菌群失调致肺-肠-肾轴失衡及黏膜免疫紊乱明显相关。追本溯源,现代医学的“肺-肠轴”理论与中国传统医学提出的“肺与大肠相表里”理论不谋而合。
现代医学对其发病机制阐述尚不明确,现达成共识的是免疫复合物沉积与引起的免疫炎症反应而损伤肾脏,根据“四重打击”学说[2-3,9]:IgAN患者循环中产生异常升高的半乳糖缺乏型IgA1(glycosylation-deficient IgA1,Gd-IgA1)(打击一),激活免疫系统产生针对Gd-IgA1的IgG抗体(打击二),Gd-IgA1与特异性抗体IgG结合形成免疫复合物沉积在肾小球系膜区(打击三),引起补体活化最终引起肾脏的炎症反应和损伤(打击四)。见插页ⅩⅤ图1。
“肺与大肠相表里”在气血津液、经络学说等方面说明了二者的相互观察、相互表征及相互配合[11]。肺经与大肠经的经气相通,经脉络属,表里配合,生理上相互协同,病理上相互影响,治疗上相互为用,《灵枢·经脉》云:“肺手太阴之脉,起于中焦,下络大肠……大肠手阳明之脉……,络肺,下膈,属大肠”。在生理上,肺与大肠在津液代谢中密切相关,《血证论·便闭》云:“肺遗热于大肠则便结,肺津不润则便结……”。在病理上,肺病及肠,《伤寒论》第36条:“太阳与阳明合病,喘而胸满者,不可下,宜麻黄汤”;肠病及肺,吴鞠通《温病条辨·卷二》“阳明温病,下之不通……喘促不宁,痰涎壅滞,右寸实大,肺气不降者,宣白承气汤主之”。在治疗上[12],肠病治肺,《伤寒论》第235条:“阳明病,脉浮,无汗而喘者,发汗则愈,宜麻黄汤”;肺病治肠,《伤寒论》第242条:“小便不利,大便乍难乍易,时有微热,喘冒不能卧者,有燥屎也,宜大承气汤”。肺肠合治,己椒苈黄丸分消水饮,《金匮要略·痰饮咳嗽病脉证并治》记载:“腹满,口舌干燥,此肠间有水气,己椒苈黄丸主之”。
现代医学研究证明“肺与大肠”密切相关。在组织胚胎学上,肺肠同源“肺与大肠相表里”中的“大肠”大致可定位于“回肠、结肠”,肺与回肠、结肠在胚胎组织发生上存在时相上的同步性[13]。在生化方面,研究[14]证实小鼠肠道中也表达出了在肺泡表面表达的可降低肺泡表面张力的肺表面活性相关蛋白A。在免疫学上,肠道免疫与呼吸道免疫都属黏膜免疫的范畴,研究[15]表明,免疫可以在不同的黏膜部位转移,许多免疫细胞需迁移至肠道中才能发育成熟,如木瓜蛋白酶诱导的哮喘小鼠存在结肠组织炎症病理改变,且体内CD4+ T细胞亚群可特异性迁移到结肠黏膜固有层[16]。在微生态学方面,现代“肺-肠”轴的研究提示肺与肠道之间存在微生物、游离的免疫细胞和炎症反应动态介导上的密切联系[17-18],研究[19]表明,肠道菌群为“肺与大肠相表里”理论的微观表现,肠道菌群是否平衡既影响消化功能是否正常,又影响呼吸道黏膜免疫防御的强弱,微生物群对肠道及对肺稳态至关重要[15],如慢性阻塞性肺病与肠道菌群密切相关,肠道菌群及其代谢产物短链脂肪酸可通过转化生长因子-β1作用于肠上皮黏膜细胞进而促进向调节性T细胞的分化,产生抑炎因子,以此来使机体产生免疫耐受,影响慢性阻塞性肺病炎症的疾病进程;冠状病毒2号感染的恒河猴[20]的肺部和肠道组织有明显的免疫反应。
已有研究[21]结果表明,肺与大肠解剖的同质性促进了肺-肠黏膜免疫,而肺与大肠疾病的病理机制与黏膜免疫、先天淋巴细胞的迁移归巢相关。当病原体入侵时,肠系膜淋巴组织表面的微褶皱细胞可以识别病原体并将其呈递给树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DCs),DCs转移至淋巴结,刺激T、B淋巴细胞产生免疫应答[22]。当肠道微环境失衡而引发肺部疾病时,肠道微生物群会在免疫系统的指挥下来募集免疫细胞,并调节T淋巴细胞的活性进而增强机体的免疫防御。HUANG Y F等[23]的研究表明,先天淋巴细胞(innate lymphoid cells,ILCs)有助于机体抵御炎症、修复组织和代谢稳态。ILCs富集于肠道,在发生炎症过程中,ILCs一般会被白介素-25(interleukin-25,IL-25)和白介素-33(interleukin-33,IL-33)激活,随后通过1-磷酸鞘氨醇进入淋巴管,依赖血液循环迁移至肺部,从而参与肺的免疫应答和组织修复。
中医学认为喉、肾关系密切,肾经入肺中,循喉咙,《疡医大全》[24]记载:“肾水不能潮润咽喉,故其病也。”传统医学提到的“肺”非指解剖学的肺脏,而是指整个呼吸系统。现代医学认为IgAN由免疫介导,常因上呼吸道感染诱发或加重,临床研究发现,IgAN患者临床常见症状有咽炎、颈部淋巴结肿大、恶心腹泻、血尿、蛋白尿等典型症状[25],常有上呼吸道、消化道及泌尿系感染[9],感染部位多在黏膜分布处,诱因多为劳累或外感邪气,提示肺与IgAN存在某种内在联系。第一次研究IgAN和扁桃体之间的关系是在1983年进行的,研究[26]报道了从IgAN患者的肾脏样本中洗脱的IgA与扁桃体细胞的特异性结合,提示沉积的IgA来源于扁桃体,在微生物触发下,B细胞可以在扁桃体的生发中心被刺激、分化和增殖,导致聚合IgA的合成,IgAN患者扁桃体中产生IgA的浆细胞水平较高,高于对照组,甚至高于复发性扁桃体炎患者,这些浆细胞来源于记忆细胞,长期持续产生IgA抗体,并可能迁移到骨髓,在循环中合成和释放Gd-IgA1。
产生Gd-IgA1的浆细胞主要来自肠相关淋巴组织,T细胞依赖和非T细胞依赖是抗原影响B细胞的成熟和分化的主要机制,B细胞激活因子(B cell activating factor,BAFF)和增殖诱导配体(a proliferative inducing ligand,APRIL)参与T细胞依赖途径,促进B细胞成熟并分化为能产生Gd-IgA1的浆细胞[27]。肠道黏膜免疫系统受肠道菌群的抗原刺激[28],免疫系统能通过肠道屏障的维持和免疫排斥来调节肠道菌群[29],微生物菌群也能影响黏膜相关淋巴组织活性,调节免疫细胞的组成和发育成熟[30]。肠黏膜免疫系统由上皮细胞、免疫细胞与有关分子和共生菌组成,三者相互作用,共同维持对抗病原体的防御机制[31],其中IgA抗体在黏膜表面分布极其丰富[32]。肠道菌群密切接触肠黏膜上皮并为其供能,调节肠道免疫系统[33]。尿蛋白的多少是IgAN预后的重要评价指标之一,而大肠中结肠微生物群可将氨基酸通过降解发酵等反应形成蛋白尿[34-36],也提示了肠与IgA肾病的联系。
IgAN“肠-肾轴”学说由COPPO R[30]首先提出,他认为免疫耐受缺陷可能会导致微生物群的异常反应和肠道屏障的改变,包括消化道抗原和细菌毒素吸收增加,引发黏膜相关的淋巴组织激活和亚临床肠道炎症。肠道菌群稳态失调最终导致肠道微生物功能的变化,包括生化过程和发酵产生的变化,肠道菌群正常的免疫平衡被打乱可能使宿主容易受到肠道感染[9]。HAN SS[37]的研究发现IgAN存在肠道菌群失调,菌群失调可能参与了IgAN疾病进展的机制。REN F H等[38-40]研究发现肠道生态失调的IgAN患者,大肠杆菌-志贺氏菌属的显著扩张。WANG F等[40]通过孟德尔随机化研究,建立了放线菌与IgAN发病率之间的因果关系,并用粪便样本进行的临床验证表明放线菌可能与IgAN的发病和较差的预后有关。SALLUSTIO F等[41]的研究结果表明,IgAN患者和健康受试者肠道活化B淋巴细胞的数量有显著差异,证实了肠黏膜高反应性在IgAN中起致病作用的假设。MA Y H[42]发现部分患者接种2019冠状病毒病疫苗后会发生IgAN,分析了肠道与呼吸道黏膜的关系,描述了抗原呈递细胞活化途径和B细胞归巢的差异。
邹燕勤教授[43-44]认为本病应特别注意喉肾之间的相互联系,治疗中常加入沙参、百合、玄参、芦根之品利咽养阴;王永钧教授[45]治疗本病中外感及毒邪阻络致咽喉不利者常用连翘、金银花、牛蒡子、蝉蜕等;补肾利咽方可改善黏膜感染诱发的toll样受体4(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)信号转导系统介导的免疫反应,减少异常糖基化的IgA1,减轻IgAN模型大鼠的肾损伤[46];黄芪注射液可上调IgAN患者外周B淋巴细胞表达,逆转IgA1异常糖基化水平[47];张程亮等[48]的临床研究发现柴胡-黄芩药对有调节肠道菌群及抗炎等药理作用,可通过缓解肾脏炎症和肾纤维化达到改善肾功能的目的;固本通络方可通过调控TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB通路,对大鼠的固有层B淋巴细胞起到治疗作用,从而治疗IgAN[49];宣清和化方有效改善了IgAN患者的细胞炎症,利于恢复免疫平衡机制[50];白术调节小鼠肠道菌群提高机体的免疫功能[51];郑静等[52]用凉血散瘀汤下调IgAN患者炎性细胞因子水平,减轻炎症浸润;大黄酸和大黄酚可保护大鼠肠道黏膜免受损伤、阻止肾小球硬化及肾间质纤维化、调节免疫、抗炎、保护肾脏细胞和减少凋亡[53]。
虽然近些年研究发现扁桃体切除术治疗IgA肾病意义不大,且在成年人中危险性较高,2021KDIGO指南已不推荐这种治疗方式,但研究发现扁桃体切除联合药物治疗相较于单纯药物治疗可有效减低血中IgA水平[54-56];阿塞西普是BAFF/APRIL双重抑制剂,能够抑制扁桃体B细胞通路,减少IgA生成[57];双歧杆菌等益生菌在机体病理状态下通过调节机体免疫和肠道菌群稳态,从而显著改善IgAN患者的肠道菌群失调,可用作IgAN的辅助治疗[21];靶向肠道免疫的布地奈德控释胶囊可将药物输送到回肠远端和结肠近端(主要为派尔集合淋巴结部位)释放,在肠道局部发挥抗炎及免疫抑制的作用,从而减少Gd-IgA1产生,达到治疗IgAN的作用[58];口服抗生素利福昔明可诱导肠道微生物群的正向调节,对宿主有益,但目前该药物还没有对IgAN患者进行相关的临床试验研究[59]。
IgAN患者有明显的消化道及呼吸道症状,本文讨论了呼吸系统、肠道菌群、IgAN三者之间的相关性,阐述了肺、肠、肾三者之间的关系,目前对IgAN机制及治疗的研究还存在许多不足之处,本文综述了近几年调控肠道菌群稳态、抑制黏膜免疫治疗IgAN的机制与手段,并基于“肺与大肠相表里”理论总结分析探讨从肺-肠轴防治IgAN的新思路与方法,进一步发掘IgAN的机制,为研究IgAN的早期检测指标和找到潜在的治疗靶点提供价值,基于中医理论探讨,联系IgAN的机制与中医理论的关系,扩展中医药治疗IgAN的思路与方向。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(81874437; 82274415)
  • 上海市中医临床重点实验室项目(20DZ2272200)
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2025年第43卷第1期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.015
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-01-10
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国家自然科学基金项目(81874437; 82274415)
上海市中医临床重点实验室项目(20DZ2272200)
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    1.上海中医药大学附属曙光医院,上海 201203
    2.上海中医药大学中医肾病研究所,上海 201203
    3.上海市中医临床重点实验室,上海 201203
    4.上海中医药大学肝肾疾病病证教育部重点实验室,上海 201203

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高建东(1967-),男,山西太原人,主任医师,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中医药防治慢性肾脏病。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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