Article(id=1322912165740552864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322912162913596032, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793336438832, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1736438400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793336438832, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793336438832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793336438832, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322912162913596032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1736438400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793336438157, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793340633627, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322929760048906989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322912162913596032, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322929760048906990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, issueId=1322912162913596032, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=19, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322912168756257442, articleId=1322912165740552864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=EN, title=Discussion on Clinical Application and Modern Research Progress of Shengma(Cimicifugae Rhizoma)Based on Theory of “Different Use of Raw and Processing Products”, columnId=1256183423710970242, journalTitle=Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnName=New Opinion of Ph.D. Supervisor, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To lay the literature foundation for the study of the processing mechanism of Shengma(Cimicifugae Rhizoma,CR)by clarifying the origin of the theory of “different use of raw and processing products”and sorting out the experience of ancient and modern use and modern research progress.

Methods

By systematically consulting relatedmateriamedica works and ancient and modern medical records,it excavated the origin track of “differentuse of raw and processing products”on the clinical experience,the process of theory formation and the relationship with Chinese medicine processing. The historical evolution on the method of processing and the clinicalexperience of CR were systematically reviewed through the research of materiamedica. And the modern research situation of “differentuse of raw and processing products”of CR was summarized through reviewing the literature.

Results

The experience of “different use of raw and processing products” first appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty,and its theory was formed in the Jin and Yuan Dynasty. Furthermore,the theory of “differentuse of raw and processing products” was used to guide the processing of Chinese medicine in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,which expanded the varieties of Chinese medicine decoction pieces and enriched the processing theory of Chinese medicine. There are various processing methods of CR,including honey-frying,oven earth-frying,yellow rice wine-frying,etc.,and there are differences use among processed products of CR:raw products for detoxification and processing-products for rising Yang.

Conclusion

CR has a long history of clinical use in the aspect of differentuse of raw and processing products. It is helpful to deepen the understanding of the scientific connotation of the theory of “differentuse of raw and processing products” in Chinese medicine processing to accelerate the research of material basis and processing mechanism of CR. This review excavated and sorted out the theoretical origin track of “different use of raw and processing products” and the using experience and modern research progress of CR,which provided references for the accurate understanding of the theory of “differentuse of raw and processing products” of Chinese medicine,the using characteristics of CR based on“different use of raw and processing products”,and the rational clinical application of different decoction of CR.

, authors=Jing ZHU1, Xiaoxia DENG1, 2, Yigeng WU1, Guokang LI1, Ruilin CHEN1, 3, Bingxue YI1, Qianfeng GONG1, authorsList=Jing ZHU, Xiaoxia DENG, Yigeng WU, Guokang LI, Ruilin CHEN, Bingxue YI, Qianfeng GONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322912169918079651, articleId=1322912165740552864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, language=CN, title=基于“生熟异用”理论的中药升麻临床应用探讨及现代研究进展, columnId=1256183426563096985, journalTitle=中华中医药学刊, columnName=博士导师新论, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

借理清“生熟异用”理论源流、整理升麻生熟异用古今用药经验及现代研究进展,为升麻炮制机理研究奠定文献基础。

方法

通过系统查阅相关本草著作及古今医案,从“生熟异用”临床用药经验、理论形成过程及与中药炮制关系挖掘其源流轨迹;通过本草考证系统梳理升麻炮制方法历史演变、升麻生制饮片临床用药经验;通过查阅文献整理升麻生熟异用的现代研究情况。

结果

“生熟异用”用药经验始见于东汉,理论形成于金元,明清时期则用于指导中药炮制,这一应用扩大了中药饮片品种,丰富了中药炮制理论。此外,升麻炮制方法多样,包括蜜炙、土炒、酒炙等,且自古就有升麻生品解毒、制品升阳的用药之异。

结论

升麻生熟异用历史悠久,加快研究升麻生熟异用药效物质基础及炮制机理,有助于加深对中药炮制“生熟异用”理论科学内涵的认识。总之,综述整理了“生熟异用”理论源流轨迹、升麻饮片用药经验及现代研究进展,为中药“生熟异用”理论的精准认识、中药升麻生熟异治的用药特点、不同升麻饮片合理临床应用提供参考。

, authors=祝婧1, 邓晓霞1, 2, 吴乙庚1, 李国康1, 谌瑞林1, 3, 易炳学1, 龚千锋1, authorsList=祝婧, 邓晓霞, 吴乙庚, 李国康, 谌瑞林, 易炳学, 龚千锋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

祝婧(1985-),女,江西玉山人,副教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药炮制技术传承创新与中药饮片质量标准。

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祝婧(1985-),女,江西玉山人,副教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药炮制技术传承创新与中药饮片质量标准。

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祝婧(1985-),女,江西玉山人,副教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药炮制技术传承创新与中药饮片质量标准。

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journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912165740552864, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=34, issue=9, pageStart=4868, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[62], rfOrder=61, authorNames=WU Y, XU Y, YANG A H, journalName=Biomed Chromatogr, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU Y,XU Y,YANG A H,et al.Comparative in vivo pharmacokinetics study of affeic acid,isoferulic acid and ferulic acid in crude and three different prepared Cimicifuga foetida L[J].Biomed Chromatogr,2020,34(9):4868., articleTitle=Comparative in vivo pharmacokinetics study of affeic acid,isoferulic acid and ferulic acid in crude and three different prepared Cimicifuga foetida L, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322912541030097087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912165740552864, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=28, issue=7, pageStart=218, pageEnd=226, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[63], rfOrder=62, authorNames=李盼飞, 刘晨笑, journalName=中国实验方剂学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李盼飞,刘晨笑.升麻的功效源流、变迁及其分析[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2022,28(7):218-226., articleTitle=升麻的功效源流、变迁及其分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322912541101400256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912165740552864, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=38, issue=9, pageStart=4441, pageEnd=4445, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[64], rfOrder=63, authorNames=陈佳慧, 任梓林, 陈丹, journalName=中华中医药杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈佳慧,任梓林,陈丹,等.升麻历代临床用量沿革及量效关系分析[J].中华中医药杂志,2023,38(9):4441-4445., articleTitle=升麻历代临床用量沿革及量效关系分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322912541185286337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912165740552864, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=19, issue=8, pageStart=238, pageEnd=240, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[65], rfOrder=64, authorNames=徐一冰, journalName=世界最新医学信息摘, refType=null, unstructuredReference=徐一冰.升麻功效辨析[J].世界最新医学信息摘,2019,19(8):238-240., articleTitle=升麻功效辨析, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322912529734836346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912165740552864, awardId=2023YFC3504204, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3504204), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322912529885831291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912165740552864, awardId=20224BAB216102, language=CN, fundingSource=江西省自然科学基金项目(20224BAB216102), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322912530024243324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912165740552864, awardId=20212BCJ23019, language=CN, fundingSource=江西省主要学科学术和技术带头人青年人才培养项目(20212BCJ23019), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322912530158461053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912165740552864, awardId=S2021GDQN2519, language=CN, 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朝代书籍炮制临床应用
汉《神农本草经》[8]生品主解百毒,杀百老物殃鬼,辟温疾,障,邪毒蛊。久服不夭
晋《肘后备急方》[9]蜜煎治疗天花
苦酒磨卒毒肿起,急痛方
南北朝《名医别录》[14]生品杀百精老物殃鬼,辟温疾瘴邪毒蛊,久服不夭
《本草经集注》[15]生品主解百毒。杀百精老物殃鬼,辟温疫,瘴气,邪气,蛊毒。入口皆吐出,中恶腹痛,时气毒疠,头痛寒热,风肿诸毒,喉痛口疮。久服不夭,轻身长年
唐《新修本草》[16]生品同《本草经集注》
宋《本草图经》[12]生品以治咽喉肿痛,口舌生疮,解伤寒头痛,凡肿毒之属殊效
蜜丸觉四肢大热,大便难,即服三十丸,取微利为知。若四肢小热,于食上服二十丸,非但辟瘴,兼甚明目
《证类本草》[17]生品同《本草经集注》
蜜丸同《本草图经》
《圣济总录》[18]制炭止血
元《增广和剂局方药性总论》[19]生品同《本草图经》
明《本草蒙筌》[20]生品解百毒,杀百精殃鬼;释诸瘴,辟诸疫瘟邪。去伤风于皮肤,散发热于肌肉。治风肿风痫,疗肺痈肺痿
《雷公炮制药性解》[21]黄精汁制主解百毒,杀精物,辟瘟疫,除蛊毒,止泻痢
《本草纲目》[22]生品喉痹,胃热牙痛,口舌生疮,痱子热痒,解莨菪、野葛等毒
清酒煮产后恶血不尽
蜜煎豌豆斑疮
磨醋突发肿毒
《药鉴》[23]生品治肺痿吐脓血
盐水浸炒提肾气
甘草汁制提脾胃之气
《本草乘雅半偈》[11]生品同《本草经集注》
黄精制炼已筑基,大裨体用,上行者有根可据矣
《医学入门》[24]酒炒发散生用,补中酒炒止咳升者蜜炙
蜜炒不骤升
《宋氏女科秘书》[25]酒炒补中
《普济方》[26]盐水炒下行
炒增效、降低辛散作用
《景岳全书》[3]盐水炒下行
《炮炙大法》[27]醋拌炒治滞下
《滇南本草》[28]生品发表伤寒无汗,发表小儿痘疹要药。解诸毒疮疽,止阳明齿痛,祛诸风热
清《本草备要》[29]蜜水炒用升发火郁,能升阳气于至阴之下。引甘温之药上行,以补卫气之散而实其表
《本草求真》[30]蜜水炒用久泄。脱肛。足寒阴痿。暨蛊毒精鬼。与一切风热斑疹
《本经逢原》[31]生品辟温疫瘴气,邪气蛊毒,入口皆吐出,中恶腹痛,时气毒疠,头痛寒热,风肿诸毒,咽痛,口疮
《得配本草》[32]生品消疮痈,解百毒
蜜炙不骤升
《本草崇原》[33]生品同《本草经集注》
《本草经解》[34]生品同《本草经集注》
《本草述钩元》[35]醋炒噤口痢
蜜炒不骤升
酒炙发散生用,补中酒炒,止咳汗蜜炒,治滞下醋拌炒
《医宗金鉴》[13]土炒增强其升阳举陷之功
蜜炙不骤升
《长沙药解》[36]生品利咽喉而止疼痛,消肿毒而排脓血
《本草易读》[37]生品表散风邪,升发火郁。利咽喉而止疼痛,消肿毒而排脓血。解斑疹疮痘之毒,升脱泻崩带之陷。兼辟瘟疫瘴气,最解蛊精药毒
蜜煎天行斑毒
《本草新编》[38]生品能辟疫气,散肌肤之邪热,止头、齿、咽喉诸痛,并治中恶,化斑点疮疹,实建奇功
《本草便读》[39]生品解散脾胃表邪
蜜炙升气
《类证治裁》[40]用姜拌炒增强其辛散作用
制炭止血
《握灵本草》[41]醋制噤口痢
), ArticleFig(id=1322912529286045817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847919539208197, articleId=1322912165740552864, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

升麻历代炮制方法及临床应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
朝代书籍炮制临床应用
汉《神农本草经》[8]生品主解百毒,杀百老物殃鬼,辟温疾,障,邪毒蛊。久服不夭
晋《肘后备急方》[9]蜜煎治疗天花
苦酒磨卒毒肿起,急痛方
南北朝《名医别录》[14]生品杀百精老物殃鬼,辟温疾瘴邪毒蛊,久服不夭
《本草经集注》[15]生品主解百毒。杀百精老物殃鬼,辟温疫,瘴气,邪气,蛊毒。入口皆吐出,中恶腹痛,时气毒疠,头痛寒热,风肿诸毒,喉痛口疮。久服不夭,轻身长年
唐《新修本草》[16]生品同《本草经集注》
宋《本草图经》[12]生品以治咽喉肿痛,口舌生疮,解伤寒头痛,凡肿毒之属殊效
蜜丸觉四肢大热,大便难,即服三十丸,取微利为知。若四肢小热,于食上服二十丸,非但辟瘴,兼甚明目
《证类本草》[17]生品同《本草经集注》
蜜丸同《本草图经》
《圣济总录》[18]制炭止血
元《增广和剂局方药性总论》[19]生品同《本草图经》
明《本草蒙筌》[20]生品解百毒,杀百精殃鬼;释诸瘴,辟诸疫瘟邪。去伤风于皮肤,散发热于肌肉。治风肿风痫,疗肺痈肺痿
《雷公炮制药性解》[21]黄精汁制主解百毒,杀精物,辟瘟疫,除蛊毒,止泻痢
《本草纲目》[22]生品喉痹,胃热牙痛,口舌生疮,痱子热痒,解莨菪、野葛等毒
清酒煮产后恶血不尽
蜜煎豌豆斑疮
磨醋突发肿毒
《药鉴》[23]生品治肺痿吐脓血
盐水浸炒提肾气
甘草汁制提脾胃之气
《本草乘雅半偈》[11]生品同《本草经集注》
黄精制炼已筑基,大裨体用,上行者有根可据矣
《医学入门》[24]酒炒发散生用,补中酒炒止咳升者蜜炙
蜜炒不骤升
《宋氏女科秘书》[25]酒炒补中
《普济方》[26]盐水炒下行
炒增效、降低辛散作用
《景岳全书》[3]盐水炒下行
《炮炙大法》[27]醋拌炒治滞下
《滇南本草》[28]生品发表伤寒无汗,发表小儿痘疹要药。解诸毒疮疽,止阳明齿痛,祛诸风热
清《本草备要》[29]蜜水炒用升发火郁,能升阳气于至阴之下。引甘温之药上行,以补卫气之散而实其表
《本草求真》[30]蜜水炒用久泄。脱肛。足寒阴痿。暨蛊毒精鬼。与一切风热斑疹
《本经逢原》[31]生品辟温疫瘴气,邪气蛊毒,入口皆吐出,中恶腹痛,时气毒疠,头痛寒热,风肿诸毒,咽痛,口疮
《得配本草》[32]生品消疮痈,解百毒
蜜炙不骤升
《本草崇原》[33]生品同《本草经集注》
《本草经解》[34]生品同《本草经集注》
《本草述钩元》[35]醋炒噤口痢
蜜炒不骤升
酒炙发散生用,补中酒炒,止咳汗蜜炒,治滞下醋拌炒
《医宗金鉴》[13]土炒增强其升阳举陷之功
蜜炙不骤升
《长沙药解》[36]生品利咽喉而止疼痛,消肿毒而排脓血
《本草易读》[37]生品表散风邪,升发火郁。利咽喉而止疼痛,消肿毒而排脓血。解斑疹疮痘之毒,升脱泻崩带之陷。兼辟瘟疫瘴气,最解蛊精药毒
蜜煎天行斑毒
《本草新编》[38]生品能辟疫气,散肌肤之邪热,止头、齿、咽喉诸痛,并治中恶,化斑点疮疹,实建奇功
《本草便读》[39]生品解散脾胃表邪
蜜炙升气
《类证治裁》[40]用姜拌炒增强其辛散作用
制炭止血
《握灵本草》[41]醋制噤口痢
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基于“生熟异用”理论的中药升麻临床应用探讨及现代研究进展
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祝婧 1 , 邓晓霞 1, 2 , 吴乙庚 1 , 李国康 1 , 谌瑞林 1, 3 , 易炳学 1 , 龚千锋 1
中华中医药学刊 | 博士导师新论 2025,43(1): 19-23
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中华中医药学刊 |博士导师新论 2025 , 43 (1) : 19 -23
基于“生熟异用”理论的中药升麻临床应用探讨及现代研究进展
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祝婧(1985-),女,江西玉山人,副教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药炮制技术传承创新与中药饮片质量标准。

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祝婧1, 邓晓霞1, 2, 吴乙庚1, 李国康1, 谌瑞林1, 3, 易炳学1, 龚千锋1
作者信息
  • 1.江西中医药大学,江西 南昌 330004
  • 2.南昌医学院,江西 南昌 330052
  • 3.华润江中制药集团有限公司,江西 南昌 330006
作者简介:

祝婧(1985-),女,江西玉山人,副教授,博士研究生导师,博士,研究方向:中药炮制技术传承创新与中药饮片质量标准。

Discussion on Clinical Application and Modern Research Progress of Shengma(Cimicifugae Rhizoma)Based on Theory of “Different Use of Raw and Processing Products”
Jing ZHU1, Xiaoxia DENG1, 2, Yigeng WU1, Guokang LI1, Ruilin CHEN1, 3, Bingxue YI1, Qianfeng GONG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
  • 2.Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang 330052, Jiangxi, China
  • 3.China Resources Jiangzhong Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
出版时间: 2025-01-10 doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.004
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目的

借理清“生熟异用”理论源流、整理升麻生熟异用古今用药经验及现代研究进展,为升麻炮制机理研究奠定文献基础。

方法

通过系统查阅相关本草著作及古今医案,从“生熟异用”临床用药经验、理论形成过程及与中药炮制关系挖掘其源流轨迹;通过本草考证系统梳理升麻炮制方法历史演变、升麻生制饮片临床用药经验;通过查阅文献整理升麻生熟异用的现代研究情况。

结果

“生熟异用”用药经验始见于东汉,理论形成于金元,明清时期则用于指导中药炮制,这一应用扩大了中药饮片品种,丰富了中药炮制理论。此外,升麻炮制方法多样,包括蜜炙、土炒、酒炙等,且自古就有升麻生品解毒、制品升阳的用药之异。

结论

升麻生熟异用历史悠久,加快研究升麻生熟异用药效物质基础及炮制机理,有助于加深对中药炮制“生熟异用”理论科学内涵的认识。总之,综述整理了“生熟异用”理论源流轨迹、升麻饮片用药经验及现代研究进展,为中药“生熟异用”理论的精准认识、中药升麻生熟异治的用药特点、不同升麻饮片合理临床应用提供参考。

升麻  /  炮制  /  生熟异用  /  临床应用  /  研究进展
Objective

To lay the literature foundation for the study of the processing mechanism of Shengma(Cimicifugae Rhizoma,CR)by clarifying the origin of the theory of “different use of raw and processing products”and sorting out the experience of ancient and modern use and modern research progress.

Methods

By systematically consulting relatedmateriamedica works and ancient and modern medical records,it excavated the origin track of “differentuse of raw and processing products”on the clinical experience,the process of theory formation and the relationship with Chinese medicine processing. The historical evolution on the method of processing and the clinicalexperience of CR were systematically reviewed through the research of materiamedica. And the modern research situation of “differentuse of raw and processing products”of CR was summarized through reviewing the literature.

Results

The experience of “different use of raw and processing products” first appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty,and its theory was formed in the Jin and Yuan Dynasty. Furthermore,the theory of “differentuse of raw and processing products” was used to guide the processing of Chinese medicine in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,which expanded the varieties of Chinese medicine decoction pieces and enriched the processing theory of Chinese medicine. There are various processing methods of CR,including honey-frying,oven earth-frying,yellow rice wine-frying,etc.,and there are differences use among processed products of CR:raw products for detoxification and processing-products for rising Yang.

Conclusion

CR has a long history of clinical use in the aspect of differentuse of raw and processing products. It is helpful to deepen the understanding of the scientific connotation of the theory of “differentuse of raw and processing products” in Chinese medicine processing to accelerate the research of material basis and processing mechanism of CR. This review excavated and sorted out the theoretical origin track of “different use of raw and processing products” and the using experience and modern research progress of CR,which provided references for the accurate understanding of the theory of “differentuse of raw and processing products” of Chinese medicine,the using characteristics of CR based on“different use of raw and processing products”,and the rational clinical application of different decoction of CR.

Shengma(Cimicifugae Rhizoma)  /  processing  /  different use of raw and processing products  /  clinical application  /  research progress
祝婧, 邓晓霞, 吴乙庚, 李国康, 谌瑞林, 易炳学, 龚千锋. 基于“生熟异用”理论的中药升麻临床应用探讨及现代研究进展. 中华中医药学刊, 2025 , 43 (1) : 19 -23 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.004
Jing ZHU, Xiaoxia DENG, Yigeng WU, Guokang LI, Ruilin CHEN, Bingxue YI, Qianfeng GONG. Discussion on Clinical Application and Modern Research Progress of Shengma(Cimicifugae Rhizoma)Based on Theory of “Different Use of Raw and Processing Products”[J]. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025 , 43 (1) : 19 -23 . DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.004
“饮片入药、生熟异治”是中医用药特色。“生熟异用”理论作为中药炮制理论的重要内容,是指中药经炮制后,其药性和功效发生变化,可用治不同的病证。传统中医药理论认为,升麻生品升散力甚,长于发表透疹、清热解毒;炮制后或缓和升散之性,或增强升阳举陷之功[1]。历代医家以升麻入药组方时,常以生品入解时邪、疫病之清解方中,如张仲景在升麻鳖甲汤[2]中取升麻透邪解毒之力以祛阳毒;制品则多见于补益等方中,如张介宾在举元煎[3]中取炒升麻升阳之功,与人参、黄芪等共奏益气升阳之效。随着朝代的更替,对升麻效用的认识也发生着变化:从唐宋及以前“清热解毒”,到金元时期“升阳举陷”,到明清时期二者兼有,再到现代炮制、剂量、剂型等对升麻临床应用的影响,众多学者从不同角度进行了探索研究,但目前尚未有文献基于“生熟异用”理论梳理升麻不同炮制品的应用规律及研究进展。基于此,笔者系统整理了中药炮制“生熟异用”理论的历史渊源、升麻不同炮制品的古今用药经验以及现代研究进展,以期为以升麻为代表的“生熟异用”药物的临床合理应用提供借鉴。
“生熟异用”用药经验始见于东汉时期,《伤寒杂病论》[2]中甘草汤、桔梗汤、升麻鳖甲汤等清解方均以生甘草入药;而炙甘草汤、四逆汤、苓桂术甘汤等补益方中则用炙甘草;盖因仲景先生认为甘草生品性平偏凉,具清热解毒、利咽止痛之功,炮制后性平偏温,有益气健脾、养心通脉、补益脾气之效,故分以用之。又如生地黄甘寒,能清热凉血、养阴生津,多用于清营汤、防己地黄汤等清热方;而玉女煎、六味地黄丸等补益方则选用熟地黄,因其蒸晒后药性由甘、寒转甘、微温,具补血滋阴,益精填髓之效[4]。上述用药经验,均体现了古人“生熟异用”的临床用药经验,亦为中药炮制“生熟异用”理论的出现奠定了临床用药依据。
唐宋、金元时期,众多本草著作均有饮片“生熟异用”的相关记载,如《汤液本草》[5]言:“大凡生升熟降,大黄须煨。恐寒则伤胃气也。”《十药神书》[6]载:“大抵血热则行……见黑则止……”即药物炒炭可止血,等等。以上描述均为“生熟异用”理论的形成奠定了理论基础。直至张元素在《医学启源》[7]中设“药性生熟用法”篇-专论生熟用法,标志着“生熟异用”理论正式形成。
明清时期,生熟异用的理论认识和临床指导作用得到进一步的丰富和完善。医籍中药物生熟异用的专篇论述增多,如《审视瑶函》列“用药生熟各宜论”篇,《药鉴》列“用药生熟法”篇。这一理论指导中药炮制,出现系列不同炮制方法或辅料对中药效用影响的阐述,如李时珍认为甘草补中宜炙用,泻火宜生用;陈嘉谟认为“酒制升提,姜制发散,入盐走肾脏……有抽去心除烦……”,第一次系统概括了辅料炮制对中药效用的影响,以上规律大多沿用至今。为扩大中药饮片种类指明了方向,也为中药炮制研究奠定了理论基础。
升麻始载于《神农本草经》[8],以“解百毒”之名被列为上品,其炮制最早见于《肘后备急方》[9]:“取好蜜通身上摩,亦可以蜜煎升麻,并数数食。”后世沿用此法以蜜升麻作为主流炮制品。《雷公炮炙论》[10]收载黄精汁制升麻之法,明代卢之颐指出其具有“炼已筑基,大裨体用,上行者有根可据矣”[11]。亦有将升麻制成蜜丸以治大便不通,凸显其运化脾胃之效[12]。金元时期,张元素[5]对升麻功用进行梳理,认为升麻具升阳之效;后世医家沿用其理论,更为深入研究升麻“生熟异用”特性,如吴谦[13]用土炒升麻入补中益气汤中,取其升阳之功以治中气不足之证。本草中有关升麻生、制品的炮制方法及临床应用见表1。
由表1知,升麻生品可清热解毒、透疹解表,入清解方,以治疮疡肿毒;而炼蜜性温,引药入中焦,经蜜制既可缓和升散之性,又可借蜜入中焦,发挥益气升阳之效,用于久泄、脱肛;经酒制可增强补益中气之功,以治产后恶血不止、崩漏等证;以醋拌炒,可禁口痢,治泄下;经制炭,可用以止血。可见,升麻经各法炮制后,效用发生显著变化,是以“生熟异用”之品。
升麻生品苦寒,可清热解毒、解表透疹,除瘟疫、瘴气等,是为解毒之要药。自《神农本草经》记载升麻“解百毒,杀百精老物殃鬼,辟瘟疫、瘴气、邪气、蛊毒。”以来,后世医家广泛应用此效。如《伤寒杂病论》曰“阳毒之为病……升麻鳖甲汤主之;阴毒之为病……升麻鳖甲汤去雄黄、蜀椒主之。”此方中升麻为君药,辅以蜀椒等活血化瘀药,治疗阴阳毒(瘟疫)。
唐宋时期,升麻生品的临床应用更广。孙思邈“(升麻)膏成敷上……及热疮肿上”擅用升麻膏外敷,治疗由丹毒引发的斑疮;《太平圣惠方》[42]中卷十一·伤寒绪论(四)之治伤寒口疮诸方中12方有5方配有大量升麻(半两至二两);《活人书》[43]对犀角地黄汤这样描述“若无犀角,以升麻代之”,即以升麻代替犀角发挥具清热解毒之效。
现代临床应用中,升麻生品性寒,主清热解毒,多用于治疗药物性肝炎、急性牙髓炎等炎症[44];同时,以升麻生品为主药的麻黄升麻汤等经典名方在新冠感染疫情防治中发挥了巨大作用[45];此外,升麻生品还具有透疹解表之功,可用于治疗斑疹、红斑狼疮等[46]。
升麻经炮制后,升阳举陷之效增强,用治脾虚诸证。宋代苏颂[12]以升麻蜜丸治疗脾虚导致的“大便难”,初步认识到升麻蜜炙补脾之效。自张元素《医学启源》[7]提出:“升麻,性温味辛,气味俱薄,浮而升,阳也。”广大医家沿用其理论,将升麻制品应用于补益方中。如补中益气汤配伍升麻,借升麻升提之性引君药甘温之气上行,起升阳之效;虽原方中对升麻生、制品的选用并未特别注明,但后世医家对其作出完善,认为宜用制升麻;如清代《医宗金鉴》[13]中所载补中益气汤即为土炒升麻,认为土炒升麻之补脾升阳作用更符合方之需求;《本草述钩元》[35]中提出“补中酒炒”,《本草求真》[30]曰“(升麻)入补剂,蜜水炒用。”《本草便读》[39]“解表生用,升气蜜炙用……”升麻炮制除土炒、酒炙、蜜炙外,还有盐水制、甘草汁制、炒炭等,如升麻制炭后可产生止血作用,并微具提升之性,多用于“血痢”[47];又如《药鉴》[23]载:“(升麻)盐水浸炒,则提肾气。甘草汁制,则提脾胃之气。”均强调了升麻炮制后的升阳举陷之功。
现代临床应用,以蜜升麻入药组方,取益气升阳之功,滋补中焦,辅助脾胃运化,治疗小儿遗尿症,子宫脱垂等中气不足,脾胃失调之证[48];因其可引药上行,调节气血,亦用治气虚、气瘀、清阳不升诸证,如椎基底动脉供血不足、枕大神经痛等[49];还可用于治疗慢性泄泻、排便障碍等[50],引诸药归于脾胃经,缓和升散作用,升阳之效持久而缓和。
现代研究表明,升麻生品具有良好的抗炎、抗病毒作用,可用治乙肝、人体肠道病毒71型、风湿病等疾病,还可用于抑制癌症细胞的增生,均体现其具有良好的清解解毒、解表透疹的功效。SHI Q Q等[51]从升麻中分离出的cimitriteromones I具有细胞毒性;DAI X F等[52]发现升麻通过刺激炎症细胞因子(如干扰素INF-γ等)可有效抑制乙肝病毒的转录和复制;MA Y P等[53]发现升麻中的蜂斗菜酸、升麻酸A和升麻酸J等成分能够有效抑制人类肠道病毒71型(EV-A71)。JIA H等[54]发现升麻生品在体外能显著抑制人乳腺癌MCF-7和MDA-MB-231细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭,在体内能有效抑制MDA-MB-231细胞皮下肿瘤的生长。CHEN J J等[55]从升麻中分离得到cimicitaiwanins A~F等6种化学成分,发现其具有较强的抗一氧化氮(NO)生成活性;HU L F等[56]研究发现升麻可抑制poly(I:C)诱导的人气道上皮细胞系(BEAS-2B细胞)产生炎性细胞因子和趋化因子。亦有研究发现升麻生品中的反式N-氟洛依胺、辛二酸E、9,19-环烷三萜等三萜类和酚酸类成分可通过抑制RAW 264.7细胞中NO、前列腺素E2(PGE2)的产生以及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和环氧合酶-2(COX-2)的表达而发挥抗炎作用[57]。
现代研究表明升麻炮制后,尤其是蜜制或蜜麸制,可缓和辛散之性,增强升举脾阳之功,用治脾虚诸症,如久泻脱肛、胃下垂、子宫脱垂等[58]。祝婧等[59]发现升麻能够促进脾气虚大鼠胃肠功能的恢复,以蜜麸升麻效果最佳,蜜升麻次之;且升麻经蜜或蜜麸制后,挥发性成分均有下降,其中蜜麸升麻的挥发性成分下降较多,推测升麻的升散之性在炮制中得到缓和,升阳作用得以提升[60]。焦广洋等[61]通过网络药理学研究蜜炙升麻“成分-靶点-通路”网络,富集到消化系统的Gastric acid secretion通路及花生四烯酸代谢、醚脂代谢及α-亚麻酸代谢3条脂质代谢信号通路,推测为升麻制品升阳作用机制。WU Y等[62]通过比较大鼠血浆中升麻生、制品中的咖啡酸和异阿魏酸含量,发现生品含量较高,而制品中的酚酸类成分则被消化吸收得更完全,推测升麻制后,酚酸类成分受热分解,提高吸收效率,增强益气升阳作用。
升麻效用历史演变是医家在医疗实践活动中对升麻不断认识的过程。历代医家对升麻功效众说纷纭,大致可分为三类[63]:其一,唐宋以前,以“清热解毒”为主;其二,自张元素提出升麻“升举阳气”之说后,元明清众多医家遵从此法,注重“升阳举陷”之功而忽视“清热解毒”之效;其三,明清时期,多数医家认为升麻兼具“清热解毒”和“升举阳气”。现有研究者对古方中升麻剂量统计发现:升麻大剂量清热解毒、中剂量发表透疹、小剂量升阳举陷[64]。笔者认为升麻功效无论是“清热解毒”或是“升阳举陷”,均是历代医家以疗效为评价指标在临床实践中证明了的,我们需辩证看待,更需利用各种现代技术进行研究、加以验证评价。课题组系统整理了各时期升麻的炮制方法及临床应用,对比了升麻不同炮制品“升阳举陷”之效,深入分析了升麻效用之转变,认为:认识升麻之效用需从中医用药特色(饮片入药、组方入药)出发,结合哲学辩证思考与现代药理学研究成果,多维度、全方位评价其效用。对于升麻饮片的临床应用,现已基本达成共识:取清热解毒之功当生用,升阳举陷之效宜制用[65]。
中医药现代研究离不开中医药理论的指导和支撑,升麻的临床用药经验和中药炮制“生熟异用”理论为升麻的现代研究奠定了基础,并指明了方向。当前有关升麻饮片炮制与应用的研究主要集中在药性功效的文献挖掘、临床应用的经验报道、炮制工艺的优选、化学成分及药理作用研究等。如在升麻炮制工艺优选方面取得了一定成效:饮片质量评价指标多元化(由含量测定转向含量测定+外观性状评价);研究方法多样化(由正交法向正交法、响应面法及星点设计-响应面法发展);检测手段先进化(由分光光度法向高效液相色谱法(HPLC)、液质联用(LC-MS)、气质联用(GC-MS)完善);饮片品种特色化[由大宗品种(蜜升麻、升麻炭)向特色品种(蜜麸升麻、蜜糠升麻)转变]。但目前尚未对“理论-工艺-成分-功效-应用”进行有效关联,未深入研究升麻各炮制品的核心功效物质基础,无法系统阐释升麻炮制机理及“生熟异用”科学内涵,从而限制了特色炮制品种的开发及推广应用。笔者认为,后续研究,应在充分尊重升麻临床用药经验,深入领会升麻炮制原始意图的基础上,将炮制前后的“理论-工艺-成分-功效-应用”进行有机关联,利用现代研究技术及分析方法深度挖掘分析升麻炮制的科学内涵,为实现中药炮制的传承、创新和发展奠定基础。
复方入药是中医临床用药特色,目前有关升麻的研究主要集中于单味药材或饮片、单一组织或器官,未充分体现中医整体观念和复方入药特色。以代谢组学、基因组学等为代表的系统生物学是借助液质联用、核磁共振等现代仪器分析手段,应用大数据等技术分析与构建复杂生物模型的新兴学科,与中医整体观相符,已广泛应用于药效研究及炮制机制研究。课题组前期对樟帮特色升麻炮制工艺、透疹及健脾作用进行了基础研究,后期拟基于指纹图谱利用经典色谱联用技术建立生、制升麻化学成分库,以进一步研究升麻各炮制品核心功效物质基础,明确炮制前后升麻的成分转化;以经典名方如麻黄升麻汤和补中益气汤等为研究对象,建立肺炎、脾虚等病理模型,选择“清热解毒”“益气升阳”药效指标,探讨制升麻“清热解毒”“益气升阳”之效,并利用血清代谢组学、粪便代谢组学及蛋白组学从整体层面明确药效作用机制。概之,升麻后续研究,需在“一个中心”(中医药理论)的指导下,基于“两个基本点”(炮制技术与功效应用),紧密关联炮制前后的“三个转化”(成分转化、功效转化、应用转化),从“四个维度”(数字化、智能化、标准化、绿色化)优化炮制工艺,建立“理论-工艺-成分-功效-应用”五位一体的升麻炮制机理研究模式,以获取更优质升麻饮片,为升麻饮片品种开发、产品转化及合理用药提供数据支撑。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3504204)
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  • 江西中医药大学校级科技创新团队项目(CXTD22003)
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2025年第43卷第1期
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doi: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.01.004
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-01-10
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基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3504204)
江西省自然科学基金项目(20224BAB216102)
江西省主要学科学术和技术带头人青年人才培养项目(20212BCJ23019)
江西省“双千人才”科技创新青年类高端人才项目(S2021GDQN2519)
江西中医药大学校级科技创新团队项目(CXTD22003)
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    1.江西中医药大学,江西 南昌 330004
    2.南昌医学院,江西 南昌 330052
    3.华润江中制药集团有限公司,江西 南昌 330006
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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